How many outdated words are there in the sentence? Outdated words and neologisms in various speech styles

It doesn’t matter what faith you are, what social status you have,
sexual orientation and food preferences,
You will definitely need a dictionary of outdated words.

Abiye - immediately, since, when.

Aki - as, since, like, as if, as if.

Even - if, although, when.

Barber - barber, hairdresser.

To be vigilant is to take care; be on guard, vigilant.

Fluency is speed.

Take care - be careful.

Incessantly - unconditionally, undoubtedly, incessantly.

Shameless - shameless.

Blagoy - kind, good.

Bo - for, because.

Blockhead - statue, idol, block of wood.

Will - if, if, when, if.

Shafts are waves.

Suddenly - again, again.

Guilt is a reason, a reason.

Vlasno - exactly, actually.

Wave is wool.

In vain - in vain.

In vain - in vain, in vain.

I will take it out - always, at all times, incessantly.

Greater - greater, higher.

Gehenna is hell.

Grief is upward.

Actors are actors.

Dennitsa - morning dawn.

Gum, right hand - right, right hand.

Ten - ten times.

Divyy - wild.

Today - now, now, today.

To suffice is to be sufficient.

Dominates - follows, should, must, decently.

Dondezhe - until then.

When - when.

Hedgehog - which.

Eliko - how much.

Epancha - cloak, blanket.

Eating is food.

Nature is nature.

Lives - it happens.

Belly - life, property.

They live - they happen.

Jealous - envious.

The gap is a shame.

Legal - illegal.

Here - here.

Zelo - very.

Green - huge, strong, great.

Zenitsa - eye, pupil.

Evil deeds are atrocities.

Hydra - hydra.

Also - what, who, which.

Inde - somewhere, somewhere else, ever.

Art is experience.

Executor - preacher.

Execution is punishment, retribution.

The Cartagineans are the inhabitants of Carthage.

Which one, which one, which one - which one, which one, which one.

Koliko - how much, how.

Kolo - wheel, circle.

Concha - true, certainly, of course, very much.

Inert - slow, unhurried, motionless.

Krasik is handsome.

Red - beautiful, wonderful, decorated.

Cres<т>tsy - crossroads.

Kruzhalo is a tavern, a drinking house.

A lazy person is a lazy person, a couch potato.

Deprivation - excess.

Lovitva - hunting.

Loskiy - smooth, shiny.

Lzya - it’s possible.

To flatter - to deceive, to seduce.

Metaphrase is an arrangement, an allegory.

Multi-species - diverse.

Wet - It's possible.

Mraz - frost.

Me - me.

Nan - at him.

The boss is the founder, the initiator.

No - no.

Below - and not, not at all, also not.

To coerce - to force.

Obesity - gluttony, gluttony.

Abundance - wealth, treasures.

The image is resentment, insult, dissatisfaction.

Ov, ova, ovo - this, this, this; that, that, that.

Right hand - right.

One-person - the same, unchangeable, the same.

This one is the one.

Cool - trouble, resentment, insult, shame, annoyance.

From here - from here.

From now on.

To get rid of - to suffer, to lose, to lose.

Weaning - removal.

Oshuyu is on the left.

Sinus - bay.

Packy - again, again.

More than that.

Percy - chest.

Fingers - fingers.

Finger - ashes, dust.

Flesh is the body.

Habit is a habit.

A disgrace is a spectacle, a performance.

Full is enough.

Polk - stage.

More gently - because.

Breed - origin (noble).

After - after.

Pottage - flattery, servility.

Right - fair, true.

Charm is deception, temptation, deceit.

To abhor - to prohibit.

The butt is an example.

Attribute - dedicate.

Providence - destiny, care, thought.

Contrary - opposite, on the contrary.

Coolness - pleasure, pleasure.

Five - five times.

To please is to care.

To blush is to blush, to be ashamed.

Decide - say, utter.

A freedman is a freedman.

In other words, that is.

Dignified - worthy, decent, appropriate.

The caretakers are spectators.

One hundred times.

Path is a road, a way.

Bitch is dead.

Stoolchak - stoolchak, toilet seat.

Obstinate - obstinate.

Stud is a shame.

Also - then, later.

Ti - for you.

Current - flow.

To hurry is to be timid, fearful.

Three times, three times - three times.

Thorough - generous, diligent, caring.

Ubo - because, since, therefore.

Oud - sexual organ (male)

Convenient - capable.

Charter - order, custom.

Phrasis is a phrase, expression.

Praiseworthy - worthy of praise.

Frail - weak, frail.

Chernets is a monk.

Chin - order.

Loins - hips, lower back, waist.

Reader - reader.

Honorable - respected, revered.

Alienated - alienated.

Shipok, spike - rose, pink.

Edition - publication.

Ephesians are the inhabitants of Ephesus.

South - what, which.

Even - what, which.

Language - people, tribe.

U old words, as well as dialectal, can be divided into two different groups: archaisms And historicisms .

Archaisms- these are words that, due to the emergence of new words, have fallen out of use. But their synonyms exist in modern Russian.

Eg:

right hand- right hand, cheeks- cheeks, ramen- shoulders, loins- lower back and so on.

But it is worth noting that archaisms may still differ from modern synonymous words. These differences may be in the morphemic composition ( fisherman- fisherman, friendship - friendship), in their lexical meaning ( stomach- life, guest- merchant,), in grammatical form ( at the ball- at the ball, fulfill- perform) and phonetic features ( mirror- mirror, Spanish- Spanish). Many words are completely outdated, but they still have modern synonyms. For example: destruction- death or harm, hope- hope and firmly believe, so that- to. And in order to avoid possible mistakes in the interpretation of these words, when working with works of art, it is strongly recommended to use a dictionary of outdated words and dialect phrases, or an explanatory dictionary.

Historicisms- these are words that denote such phenomena or objects that have completely disappeared or ceased to exist as a result of the further development of society.

Many words that denoted various household items of our ancestors, phenomena and things that were in one way or another connected with the economy of the past, the old culture, and the socio-political system that once existed became historicisms. Many historicisms are found among words that are one way or another connected with military topics.

Eg:

Redoubt, chain mail, visor, arquebus and so on.

Most obsolete words refer to items of clothing and household items: prosak, svetets, endova, camisole, armyak.

Also, historicisms include words that denote titles, professions, positions, classes that once existed in Rus': tsar, footman, boyar, steward, stable boy, barge hauler,tinker and so on. Types of production activities such as horse tram and manufactory. Phenomena of patriarchal life: purchase, quitrent, corvée and others. Disappeared technologies such as mead making and tinning.

Words that arose during the Soviet era also became historicisms. These include words such as: food detachment, NEP, Makhnovist, educational program, Budenovo and many others.

Sometimes it can be very difficult to distinguish between archaisms and historicisms. This is due both to the revival of the cultural traditions of Rus', and to the frequent use of these words in proverbs and sayings, as well as other works of folk art. Such words include words denoting measures of length or measurements of weight, naming Christian and religious holidays, and so on and so forth.

Dictionary of obsolete words by letter of the alphabet:

Depending on the reasons why a particular word is classified as obsolete, historicisms and archaisms are distinguished.

Historicisms

Archaisms

The role of obsolete words in the Russian language is varied. Historicisms in special scientific literature are used to most accurately describe the era. In works of fiction on historical themes, historicisms and archaisms help to recreate the flavor of the era, and are also a means of speech characterization of characters.
Examples of such use of outdated vocabulary can be the novels “Razin Stepan” by A.P. Chapygina, “Peter I” A.H. Tolstoy, “Emelyan Pugachev” by V.Ya. Shishkova, “Ivan the Terrible” by V.I. Kostyleva and others.
In the text of any of these works of art you can find various types of archaisms:
I learned this: according to information from Taty Fomka, thieves were caught outside the Nikitsky Gate (Chapygin).
Archaisms can be used to create a solemn style, which is especially characteristic of poetry of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Examples include the works of A.N. Radishcheva, G.R. Derzhavina, V.A. Zhukovsky, A.S. Pushkina and others.
Archaisms can also be used to create comic and satirical effects: Finally, look at your own person - and there, first of all, you will meet the head, and then you will not leave the belly and other parts without a sign (S. Shch.)

Balagan- a temporary wooden building for theatrical and circus performances, which has become widespread at fairs and folk festivals. Often also a temporary light building for trade at fairs.
About booth having heard
Our wanderers have also gone
Listen, look. (N.A. Nekrasov. Who lives well in Rus').

Balance- joke, joke; talk, tell something funny and cheerful.
He was great play around,
He wore a red shirt,
Cloth girl,
Grease boots... (N.A. Nekrasov. Who lives well in Rus').

Barezhevy- made from barège - wool, silk or cotton fabric of rare weave.
What a charm my cousin gave me!
Oh! Yes, barezhevy! (A.S. Griboyedov. Woe from Wit).
She was wearing light barezhevoe dress. (I.S. Turgenev. Fathers and Sons).

Master– 1. Nobleman, landowner, landowner.
Several years ago, an old Russian lived on one of his estates. master, Kirilla Petrovich Troekurov. (A.S. Pushkin. Dubrovsky).
He was simple and kind master,
And where his ashes lie,
The tombstone reads:
Humble sinner, Dmitry Larin... (A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin).
2. Master, owner, owner.
I entered the billiard room and saw a tall master, about thirty-five years old, with a long black mustache, in a dressing gown, with a cue in his hand and a pipe in his teeth. (A.S. Pushkin. The captain's daughter).
[Neschastlivtsev:] Look, don’t let it slip; I am Gennady Demyanich Gurmyzhsky, retired captain or major, as you wish; in a word, I master, and you are my lackey. (A.N. Ostrovsky. Forest).

Baron– noble title lower than count; a person who holds the title of barony, the lowest degree of titled nobility.
[Repetilov:] I served as a civil servant then.
Baron von Klotz was aiming for ministers,
And I -
To be his son-in-law. (A.S. Griboyedov. Woe from Wit).

Barishnik- one who resells for the sake of profit - profit, gain; reseller.
...And there are many properties
To the traders went. (N.A. Nekrasov. Who lives well in Rus').

Batalha- battle, combat, military action.
"Well? - said the commandant. - How is it going? battle? Where is the enemy? (A.S. Pushkin. The captain's daughter).

Gazebo– the turret of the house, from which a view of the surrounding area opens.
...a river flowed out and meandered between the hills in the distance; on one of them, above the dense greenery of the grove, a green roof rose and gazebo a huge stone house...(A.S. Pushkin. Dubrovsky).
...he began to build a bridge, then a huge house with such a high belvedere that you can even see Moscow from there and drink tea there in the evening in the open air and talk about some pleasant subjects. (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).

Ticket– paper banknote; a receipt presented to the master's office for payment of money.
[Famusov:] We take tramps both into the house and tickets. (A.S. Griboyedov. Woe from Wit)

Boa– women's scarf, headband made of fur or feathers.
He's happy if he throws it at her
Boa fluffy on the shoulder,
Or touches hotly
Her hands, or spread
Before her is a motley regiment of liveries,
Or he will lift the scarf for her. (A.S. Pushkin. Evgeny Onegin).

Almshouse- a charitable (private or public) institution for the care of the elderly or those unable to work.
Every house seemed longer than usual to her; white stone almshouse with narrow windows it lasted unbearably long... (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).

Charitable institutions– hospitals, nursing homes, orphanages.
[Governor:] Without a doubt, a passing official will want to first of all inspect those under your jurisdiction charitable institutions- and therefore you should make sure that everything is decent: the caps would be clean, and the sick would not look like blacksmiths, as they usually do at home. (N.V. Gogol. Inspector).

Bolivar– a high-brimmed hat. Named Bolivar (Simon Bolivar) - liberator of the South American colonies from the rule of Spain (born in Caracas on July 24, 1783, died in Santa Marta on December 17, 1830.
While in morning dress,
Putting on wide bolivar,
Onegin goes to the boulevard
And there he walks in the open space... (A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin).

Boston- a type of commercial card game.
Neither the gossip of the world nor Boston,
Not a sweet look, not an immodest sigh,
Nothing touched him
He didn't notice anything. (A.S. Pushkin. Evgeny Onegin).
The consequence of this was that the governor made him [Chichikov] an invitation to come to him that same day for a house party, other officials, too, for their part, some for lunch, some for Bostonian, who's for a cup of tea. (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).

Over the knee boots- boots with a high, hard top, with a bell at the top and a popliteal notch.
He [the mayor:] is dressed as usual, in his uniform with buttonholes and boots with Spurs. (N.V. Gogol. Inspector).
The police chief was definitely a miracle worker: as soon as he heard what was happening, at that very moment he called to the policeman, a lively fellow in patent leather boots, and, it seems, he whispered only two words in his ear and only added: “You understand!”... (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).

Boyarin- a large landowner who held important administrative and military positions in Russia until the beginning of the 18th century. Boyarynya is the wife of a boyar.
...A boyar Matvey Romodanovsky
He brought us a glass of foamy honey,
A noblewoman his white face
She brought it to us on a silver platter.
The towel is new, sewn with silk. (M.Yu. Lermontov. Song about the merchant Kalashnikov).

Branny– military. Scolding (obsolete) – fight, battle.
Your horse is not afraid of dangerous work;
He, sensing the master's will,
Then the humble one stands under the arrows of enemies,
It rushes along abusive field... (A.S. Pushkin. Song about the prophetic Oleg).
But only a little from the outside
Expect war for you
Or a raid of power abusive,
Or another uninvited misfortune. (A.S. Pushkin. The Golden Cockerel).

Breguet- clock with ringing; named after the manufacturer of such watches, the Parisian mechanic Breguet (or rather, Breguet) Abraham-Louis (1747–1823).
...Onegin goes to the boulevard
And there he walks in the open space,
While awake Breguet
Dinner won't ring his bell. (A.S. Pushkin. Evgeny Onegin).

Breter- a fan of fighting duels for any reason; bully.
It was Dolokhov, a Semyonov officer, a famous gambler and breter. (L.N. Tolstoy. War and Peace).

Foreman- military rank of the 5th class, intermediate between an army colonel and a major general.
He was a simple and kind gentleman,
And where his ashes lie,
The tombstone reads:
Humble Sinner, Dmitry Larin,
The Lord's servant and foreman,
Under this stone he tastes peace. (A.S. Pushkin. Evgeny Onegin).

Shave foreheads- hand over peasants as soldiers, usually forever.
She went to work
Salted mushrooms for the winter,
Managed expenses shaved foreheads,
I went to the bathhouse on Saturdays... (A.S. Pushkin. Evgeny Onegin).

Britzka– a light semi-open carriage with a folding leather top.
In the morning the Larins' house is visited by guests
All full; whole families
The neighbors gathered in carts,
In tents, in chaises and in a sleigh. (A.S. Pushkin. Evgeny Onegin).
IN chaise sat a gentleman, not handsome, but not bad-looking either, neither too fat nor too thin; One cannot say that he is old, but not that he is too young. (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).
And before that, what was rushing here?
strollers, brichek C grades... (N.A. Nekrasov. Who lives well in Rus').

Brezhzhi– frills on the collar of the shirt and the same frills on the chest.
...Civilians wear light blue ties, military ones let them out from under the collar mesentery. (M.Yu. Lermontov. Hero of our time).

Watchman- city watchman, a lower police rank who monitored order in the city and was in the booth.
He didn’t notice any of this, and then, when he came across watchman, who, having placed his halberd near him, was shaking tobacco from the horn onto his calloused fist, then only came to his senses a little, and that was because the watchman said: “Why are you bothering...”. (N.V. Gogol. Overcoat).
After asking in detail watchman, where you can go closer, if necessary, to the cathedral, to government places, to the governor, he [Chichikov] went to look at the river flowing in the middle of the city... (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).

Mace- a long stick with a spherical knob, which served as part of the ceremonial clothing of the doorman at the entrance to large institutions and private aristocratic houses of Tsarist Russia.
One doorman is already looking like a generalissimo: the gilded mace, count's face. (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).

Bulat– 1. Antique, hard and elastic steel for blades with a patterned surface.
My dagger shines with a golden finish;
The blade is reliable, without blemishes;
Bulat he is protected by a mysterious temperament -
The legacy of the abusive east. (M.Yu. Lermontov. Poet).
2. Sword, steel blade, edged weapon.
Our colonel was born with a grip:
Servant to the king, father to the soldiers...
Yes, I feel sorry for him: smitten Damask steel,
He sleeps in damp ground. (M.Yu. Lermontov. Borodino).

Burnous– a spacious women's coat with wide sleeves.
Sonechka got up, put on a handkerchief, put on burnusik and left the apartment, and came back at nine o’clock. (F.M. Dostoevsky. Crime and Punishment).

Russian language

Archaisms and historicisms - what is the difference between them?

2 comments

Cultural, economic, and social changes occur in the life of society: science develops, technology appears, life improves, and political transformations occur.

This leads to the fact that words cease to be used, become obsolete, and are replaced by new words. Let's look at some illustrative examples of what historicisms and archaisms are. Two layers of vocabulary coexist. The first is words that native speakers know and use (active vocabulary).

The other layer is words that do not sound in speech, the majority of language users do not know them, require additional explanations, or understandable names that have ceased to function in speech - passive vocabulary.

The passive dictionary includes obsolete words. They differ in the level of obsolescence and the reasons why they became so.

The difference between historicisms and archaisms

Historicisms are not used in speech; the objects and concepts that they named do not exist. Archaisms denote objects and phenomena that still exist today, but have been replaced by other phrases. The difference between the two groups is that archaisms have synonyms, this is important.

Examples: ramena (shoulders), tuga (sadness), destruction (death)

Historicisms have been in use for a very long time. Words that were once popular under Soviet rule have already become forgotten - pioneer, communist, Soviet power, Politburo. Sometimes words become common vocabulary: lyceum, gymnasium, police, governor, department

It also happens that outdated words return to speech in a new understanding. For example, the word squad in Ancient Rus' it meant “princely army.” In vocabulary, its meaning is “a voluntary community of people formed for a specific purpose” - people's squad.

Historicisms - how did they appear?

Society is developing at a rapid pace, and therefore cultural values ​​are changing, some things are becoming obsolete, and new ones are appearing. Fashion moves forward and the previously popular kaftan is now just an outdated word. Such clothes are not worn, and many outdated names can be found in ancient books or historical films.

For modern people, historicisms are part of history, they can be studied for development, but there is no need to use them in speech, others will not be able to understand their meaning. Misunderstandings will arise.
To understand historicisms, consider examples and interpretation of words.

Among the reasons for the formation of historicisms: the improvement of tools, the complication of production processes, the development of culture, and political transformations.

The abolition of the dependence of the peasant on the landowner in Russia left the words: master, quitrent, corvee, tax, serf in the past. The main thing is that historicisms remain in the history of mankind and do not return to speech, therefore they do not matter. No one will wear a caftan now or there will be no corvée and serfdom.

Historicisms can be divided into groups to understand the meaning of words:

• old clothes and shoes – salop, armyak, camisole, hose, shoe, bast shoes;
• names of social life phenomena – duel, Comintern member, farm laborer, collective farmer, kulak, self-destructive;
• craft and professions of people: squire, buffoon, journeyman, water-carrier, cooper;
• monetary units – half, imperial, five-altyn;
• measures of weight and length - verst, vershok, span, pound, fathom, pud;
• titles and positions - excellency, driver, highness, mayor, hussar, orderly;
• military household items - mace, chain mail, axe, flail, aventail, squeal;
• names of administrative units – district, parish, province;
• letters of the ancient alphabet - beeches, yat, lead.

Outdated phrases can be found in a scientific style to denote phenomena in an epoch-making period, to give expressiveness to heroes and images in an artistic style.
In modern language one cannot find a synonym for historicism. What is remarkable is the fact that historicisms can date back several centuries.

Archaisms - what are they?

These are outdated names of objects and concepts that have been replaced with other words familiar to modern society. The world is changing, people are changing along with it, and the language is expanding with new concepts, and new words are being invented for the old ones.

Archaisms have taken on a new look, therefore they can be classified as synonyms of modern words, but still their use in the Russian language will be strange rather than a common occurrence. For understanding ancient objects, for an in-depth study of the culture of ancient people, archaisms and their meaning can play a role.

To figure it out, let's look at the table where the interpretations of old words are written. It is not necessary to know them, but it will be a godsend for a historian.

Archaisms are divided into groups. Sometimes it is not the whole word that becomes obsolete, but only part of it. Let's take meanings that are completely outdated: verses (verses). Some words have outdated morphemes - prejudice.
The process of formation of archaisms is uneven. Thematic groups of archaisms are different:

• person's character - word sower(chatterbox, idle talker), lover of words(scientist, expert), wordsmith(flatterer), fusser(idle talker);
• profession - jump rope(gymnast), cattle feeder(cattle breeder), warehouseman(writer), skoroposolnik(messenger, messenger);
• social relations - coverb(companion), friend(friend, companion), suvrazhnik(enemy);
• family relations - sister(sister), kindred, kindred(relative);
• objects of surrounding reality - Selina(a. dwelling, building; b. crevice), sennitsa(tent, tent);
• natural phenomena - arrow(lightning), students(cold, cold);
• things - saddle(chair, armchair), Servet(napkin), scramble(peel, skin, shell), screenshot(chest, casket), standing(stand);
• abstract concepts - literature(eloquence), cleverness(inference), laughing(mockery), commonwealth(acquaintance, friendship).

Archaisms are rarely used in literature. If the writer is literate enough and speaks not only modern, but also ancient language, then such words will add a special “zest” to the speech. The reader will ponder and delve deeper into the reading, trying to understand and unravel what the author meant. It will always be interesting and informative.

Archaisms perform this function in rhetoric, judicial debates, and fiction.

Types of archaisms

Archaisms in literature and social activities of people are usually divided into types. For a deeper understanding of the language and its historical development. No novel based on historical events can do without mentioning outdated words.

1. Semantic archaisms

Words that previously had a different meaning, but in modern language they have a new meaning. We understand the word “housing” as a kind of real estate where a person lives. But earlier the word had a different meaning: he feels so bad as if he was walking to the fifth building; (housing - floor).

2. Phonetic archaisms

They differ from modern ones in one or two letters, even the spelling can be similar, as if one letter was removed or added. It may even seem like a mistake, but it's just an outdated expression.
For example: poet - drink, fire - fire, dishonest - dishonored.

3. Derivatives

Obsolescence occurs only in part of a word and usually in a suffix. It is easy to guess the meaning for understanding, but it is more common to recognize archaisms if you already know which letters have been replaced, removed or added.

• The rubber ball bounces off the floor (rubber - rubber).
• What a wonderful pencil drawing (pencil - pencil).
• The entire audience, competing with each other, shouted out different phrases (competing - competing).
• This nervous person is simply terrible (nervous - nervous).

4. Phraseological

When we talk about this type of archaism, we understand entire sayings, flying expressions, a special ancient combination of words that was previously in use.
Examples of stable expressions include: I’ll buy myself a farm; wifey makes a nice profit from coke and juice; stuck it to whoever it should be.

5. Grammar

Such words remain in modern speech, but their gender has changed. Examples include tulle and coffee. Our coffee is masculine, but they want to make it mean. The word tulle is masculine, but sometimes it is confused and people want to make it feminine.
Examples of words: swan - was previously feminine, now has a masculine gender. Previously, poets wrote that a lonely swan floats.

The importance of obsolete words

Outdated vocabulary is valuable material for forming knowledge about the history of a people, introducing it to national origins. These are tangible threads that connect us to history. Its study makes it possible to restore information about the historical, social, and economic activities of ancestors, and to gain knowledge about the way of life of the people.

Outdated words are a means that allows you to diversify speech, add emotionality to it, and express the author’s attitude to reality.