How exactly is HIV transmitted through sexual contact? HIV prevention and algorithm of actions at high risk of infection

– a dangerous disease that is diagnosed too often and in some countries its spread has become an epidemic. Modern medicine can offer the patient maintenance therapy in a timely manner, but it is much wiser to know the rules of HIV prevention in order to avoid infection.

General rules for HIV prevention

More likely, general rules prevention of HIV infection are familiar to many people, if not everyone. And yet, it would not be amiss to remind them - they play a major role in reducing the risk of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus to zero. These preventive measures include:

1. Sexual intercourse should only be carried out using a condom. Even if partners decide to live together, but have had sexual intercourse before, a condom should become a common addition to sex. Of course, if you pass tests and receive a negative result, you can ignore this rule of prevention, but only if you have clear confidence in your partner’s fidelity.

Note:During sexual intercourse, you need to use special lubricants only on a water basis, because those made on the basis of medical petroleum jelly can lead to the destruction of latex and the condom will not protect against infection.

1. must give up addictions. But this is an ideal solution to the problem, which, alas, almost never comes to fruition. Therefore, this category of people should use only disposable syringes and needles as part of HIV prevention.
2. If the parents are HIV-positive (or one of the spouses has the human immunodeficiency virus), then pregnancy is possible - this process should be accompanied by an advance examination of both the man and the woman, monitoring the health of the expectant mother and fetus by experienced doctors. Often, HIV-positive spouses choose sperm purification in order to give birth to a healthy child. Prevention of HIV when there is a high probability of transmission of infection from mother to child also involves taking specific medications throughout the entire period of pregnancy and avoiding breastfeeding an already born baby.
3. When carrying out medical procedures, workers must use disposable instruments, gloves and sterilize all instruments using modern methods.

HIV post-exposure prophylaxis

This term refers to a number of measures that need to be taken when a situation arises with a high possibility of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. Post-exposure prophylaxis should begin within 24-36 hours of the exposure, with a possible maximum of 72 hours. As part of such prevention, it is necessary to take certain medications for 30 days that can stop the development of HIV.

Some features of HIV post-exposure prophylaxis:

Possible side effects from taking medications for HIV post-exposure prophylaxis:

• intense;
• disorders of the digestive system - and those that appear for no apparent reason;
• constant feeling of fatigue.

Medicines used for HIV post-exposure prophylaxis:

• Isentress (raltegravir) – 400 mg twice a day;
• Viread (tenofovir) – 300 mg once a day;
• Emtriva (emtricitabine) – 200 mg per day.

These medications are taken at the same time, the doctor will select an individual combination.

Note:prescribed medications as part of post-exposure prophylaxis for the human immunodeficiency virus must be taken for 30 days without breaks or dosage reduction. IN otherwise, the desired effect will not be provided.

High risks of HIV infection - what to do as part of prevention

Unforeseen situations can happen to any person - someone accidentally stepped on a syringe stained with blood that was lying on the street or in the entrance, unplanned sexual contact occurred (including violence). And many people are afraid of direct communication with an HIV-positive person, sharing the same utensils or toilet with him. In general, there are many similar situations - it is stupid to react to each of them with panic and depression, you just need to have reliable information.

If you step on a dirty syringe

This situation may, in principle, not bother a person. The fact is that the human immunodeficiency virus is not capable of surviving in the external environment - it dies quite quickly. But there is always a risk of contracting other complex infectious diseases, so doctors recommend doing an initial HIV test after 6 weeks, and then repeating the examination 3 months from the moment of possible infection.

Note:no methods of cleansing the injection site in in this case inappropriate. Many begin to apply some kind of traction bandages, wash the wound with disinfectants - all this will only save you from the inflammatory process, but will not help protect yourself from viral infections.

If unprotected sexual intercourse occurs

We are, of course, talking about casual sexual contact and violence. In this case, you need to visit an infectious disease doctor - he will prescribe medications as part of post-exposure prophylaxis. Remember that all the specialist’s prescriptions must be carried out accurately and without self-correction.

You must take an ELISA test 6 weeks after unprotected intercourse. And even if it gives a negative result, it is recommended to undergo a secondary examination 3 months from the moment of possible infection.

Note:Seeing a doctor after unprotected sexual intercourse should occur within 48 hours - only in this case will post-exposure prophylaxis be appropriate.

If you have to live in the same space with an HIV-positive person

You don't have to worry about this at all! Medicine knows for certain that the human immunodeficiency virus is not transmitted through household items, dishes, bed and underwear, personal hygiene items (loofah, soap, toilet paper, etc.). The fact is that HIV is transmitted only through direct contact of biological materials of a sick person with a healthy one.

Naturally, some caution needs to be taken - for example, if there is an open wound on the skin, then you need to prevent any biological materials from an HIV-positive person from getting into it.

If anxiety remains, then it is recommended as a preventative measure to simply take blood tests for HIV every 3 months.

If you had a kiss with an HIV-positive person

A lot has been written about the fact that HIV is not transmitted through kissing. Many begin to doubt this and argue their position by the fact that if there are wounds and abrasions on the oral mucosa in two partners at the same time (both healthy and HIV-infected) or caries, the human immunodeficiency virus can be transmitted. Doctors say that this scenario only happens if two people kiss with open bleeding wounds, and the kisses themselves are long and deep. In addition, the level of the virus in the blood of an infected person must be simply prohibitive.

Conclusion: kissing an HIV-positive person does not pose any danger; the disease is not transmitted in this case.

Swimming in pools and open water

Let there be 50 people with the immunodeficiency virus and only one healthy person - infection will not occur! The fact is that HIV quickly dies in water, so even minor wounds on the skin of an infected person will not lead to infection of others.

Do not forget that unprotected sexual intercourse with an HIV-positive partner in water is a dangerous situation - post-exposure prophylaxis will be necessary.

Is it possible NOT to get infected with AIDS by sleeping with a sick person just once?

Answers

2 0

8 (115673) 8 15 114 5 years

Maybe. It's not 100% likely.

It is estimated that the average risk of HIV transmission as a result of a single unprotected anal intercourse for the “receiving” partner ranges from 0.8% to 3.2% (from 8 to 32 cases per 1,000). With a single vaginal contact, the statistical risk for a woman is from 0.05% to 0.15% (from 5 to 15 cases per 10,000).

For the “receiving” partner, when the second partner is HIV+, - 0.82%;
for the “receiving” partner, when the HIV status of the second partner is unknown - 0.27%;
for the “introducing” partner - 0.06%.

When having unprotected oral sex with a man, the risk for the “receiving” partner is 0.04%. There is virtually no risk for the "giving" partner, since he is only in contact with saliva (unless, of course, there is bleeding or open wounds in the "receiving" partner's mouth). The low average risk of infection after a single contact is not a reason to be complacent. In the study cited above, 9 out of 60, that is, 15% of those infected, acquired HIV as a result of one or two episodes of unprotected “receptive” anal sex.
Factors that increase the risk of infection through sexual contact

The risk of infection for both partners increases with concomitant sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Sexually transmitted diseases are rightly called “gateways for the virus” because they cause ulcers or inflammation of the mucous membrane of the genital organs. At the same time, the surface of the mucous membrane receives a large number of lymphocytes, especially those that serve as a target for HIV (T-4 lymphocytes). Inflammation also causes changes in the cell membrane, which increases the risk of virus entry.
The likelihood of a woman getting infected from a man through sexual contact is approximately three times higher than a man getting it from a woman. When a woman has unprotected sexual intercourse, a large amount of the virus contained in the man’s seminal fluid enters the body. The surface area through which the virus can penetrate inside is much larger in women (vaginal mucosa). In addition, HIV is found in higher concentrations in seminal fluid than in vaginal secretions. The risk for a woman increases with STDs, cervical erosion, wounds or inflammation of the mucous membrane, during menstruation, and also with rupture of the hymen.
The risk of infection for both men and women increases if the partner has cervical erosion. For a woman - since erosion serves as an “entry gate” for the virus. For a man - since in an HIV-positive woman, erosion can lead to the peeling of cells containing the virus from the cervix.
The risk of infection during anal intercourse is much higher than during vaginal intercourse, since there is a high probability of injury to the mucous membrane of the anus and rectum, which creates an “entry gate” for infection.

1 0

5 (4903) 2 2 7 5 years

it is possible not to get infected even 10 times, there were cases where people lived for years without becoming infected, everything is strictly individual (like walking on minefield, there are lucky ones, but there are only a few of them)

0 0

6 (5008) 4 19 49 5 years

The chance of contracting AIDS is pure psychosomatics; if you have no reason for such an infection, you will never get sick at all, due to the lack of suitable conditions in your body for this disease.

Andryushka, don’t worry about your brain, go to the emergency room with your hand, wait in line, they’ll see you, tell you that your hand is bothering you and that’s it.. and then they’ll do procedures.. if they don’t find anything (and they’ll make a diagnosis anyway), they’ll advise something else. a place to go, they will write out a new direction..
And you will leave these rubles for treatment... you will pay pennies...
2nd City is still accepting.


It’s clear that this is not very pleasant, but why bring it up for public discussion?
If you have any complaints, bring them to the company where she works. Such claims are quite valid.
But don't make a scapegoat out of the waitress - she is a human being after all.


Hepatitis can finally be different. Hepatitis A is quite easy to catch, but it can be treated calmly, B is less common and more difficult, C only through the blood, etc. Don’t be fooled, you will live, the main thing is to run to the doctor and get some tests!

Am I the only one sitting now with a runny nose and throat? Or are there others like that?




No, me too. -.- And my girl.

read a book\listen to music\watch videos\watch movies\watch TV series\play games\chat with friends on the Internet\wash the dishes\clean the apartment\work at home\do something you’ve been putting off all the time, etc. In general, at 19 years old it’s a shame to ask such questions. Time is poorly distributed.

Two woodpeckers will come out and they will kill each other.

You need to undergo a computed tomography scan and donate blood for biochemistry.
There can be so many causes and treatments that a page is not enough to describe.
Starting with a simple bruise and ending with cancer.

If an old and sick woman from Urlas.lv, then she can tear it off.

Can. But only A and B. Hepatitis C only through the blood. Well, if a person has a wound in his mouth, then it’s possible

from me))) I was called to work today) and finally ripped off without warning. and I’m sitting here right now without even a pass, without food until the morning, without mood, WITHOUT HEADPHONES!!! to at least watch a movie)))

Many girls, after unprotected sexual intercourse, wonder if I have contracted HIV-AIDS. Maybe everything went well and I’m not sick? The same question is asked by men who have had unprotected sexual intercourse. On the forums you can find a large number of such questions, for example: “Did I become infected with AIDS - HIV or avoid infection if I had sexual intercourse with a girl with HIV?” We recommend that you read

WHAT IS THE RISK OF TREATING HIV DURING UNPROTECTED SEXUAL ACTUAL

If you had unprotected sex with a guy or girl, and you don’t know whether your partner is sick with HIV (AIDS), then the risk of infection is significantly low, since it is not a fact that your partner was sick.

If you are a woman and you have had sexual contact with a man who is known to have HIV (AIDS), your risk of infection depends on two factors. If a man’s sperm enters your vagina and you continue sexual intercourse, there are defects in your vagina (erosion, wounds, menstruation, etc.) or you have a sexually transmitted disease and a weakened immune system, answer the question: “have I contracted AIDS (HIV)? )” you can answer 50% yes. If during sexual contact with an infected man he did not cum in you, you have good immunity, and your vagina has no defects or wounds, then the risk of infection will be much less than in the previous case, but it still exists. HIV infection is found in male sperm and lubricating secretions from the penis, so if sperm and its lubricating secretions do not get into you, then the risk of getting sick is minimal.

It is impossible to say in percentage terms “Did I become infected, or did I become infected with HIV-AIDS or not, if I had unprotected sexual intercourse with an HIV-positive partner,” since such studies have not been conducted, but we can say with confidence that the chance of contracting HIV for for women is three times more than for men.

Vaginal infection: The risk and probability of contracting HIV through vaginal contact ranges from 0.01% to 0.32% for a passive partner, from 0.01% to 0.1% for an active partner, and can vary widely depending on various conditions.

Anal infection: Since microcracks are created during anal contact, the risk and probability of infection increases compared to vaginal contact and amounts to 1% for the receiving partner, and 0.06% for the active partner and can vary widely, depending on various conditions.

Oral infection: The risk and probability of contracting HIV through oral contact for a passive partner is 0.03%, on average, and can vary greatly, depending on the specific situation.

WHEN CAN I FIND OUT IF I HAVE BEEN INFECTED WITH HIV?

One month after infection: The probability of finding out whether I have become infected (sick) with HIV or not is very small and practically comes down to a very small percentage.

Three months after infection: The chances of seeing a positive test in case of HIV infection increases to 50%.

Six months after infection: In almost 90% of cases, if a person becomes infected with HIV, after such a period of time it is possible to determine HIV infection using an analysis. We recommend that you read

After twelve months: This is the case when the analysis shows the result of the disease in 100% of cases. So, if you take an HIV test a year later and it shows a negative result, then you can safely tell yourself that you have not become infected with HIV.