How many words are there in the Turkic language? Osipov Valery Danilovich - “the single language of humanity”

            The first to pay serious attention to the long-standing connections between Slavic languages ​​and Turkic languages ​​was the Czech researcher J. Peisker ( J. Peisker, 1905).). His views were criticized, in particular by L. Niederle, since it was believed that there simply could not be Slavic-Turkic contacts if we were talking about some kind of “Turanian rapprochement.” Taking into account the presence of the ancient Bulgar-Scythians on the territory of what is now Western Ukraine, long-standing contacts Western Slavs with the Turks (Turkic-speaking Scythians) have a real basis and explanation. Turkic linguistic influences on the Slavs cover a very wide period and the later Turkic borrowings, of which there are many in both the South Slavic and East Slavic languages, cannot be attributed to them. But the presence of words of Turkic origin in Western Slavic languages ​​is very significant. True, Turkisms could penetrate into the Polish language through Ukrainian, and into Slovak and Czech through Hungarian. For example, slts. čakan"hoe" is clearly of Turkic origin (chagat. čakan"battle ax"), but there is a weng. csakany, so this word cannot be taken into account. The same can be said about slts., h. salas, russian hut"hut", which has equivalents in both the Turkic and Hungarian languages. There are many such words, however, in Mahek’s etymological dictionary there are examples of Turkisms, the ways of penetration of which into the Czech and Slovak languages ​​remain mysterious ( Machek V., 1957). In such a situation, special attention should be paid to the linguistic (mainly lexical) correspondences between the Chuvash and West Slavic languages. However, there is Chuvash language words without reliable parallels in other Turkic languages ​​that have equivalents in Ukrainian. In this study, Slavic correspondences to Chuvash words will mainly be considered. Borrowings could be mutual. It should be recalled that in the languages ​​of the population of Eastern Europe there was a special sound, a hissing vibrant rz /rs , which could change in different languages ​​either into r /l , either in s/š . The fact that such a sound could exist is confirmed by Polish and Czech grammars, which provide for the designation rz And ř for a specific phoneme, which replaced the Proto-Slavic soft in Czech and Polish r' . IN Czech language ř matches sounds rž And rš , and Polish rz – sounds ž And š . Since the ancient ancestors of modern Czechs inhabited an area not far from the area of ​​the Bulgars (Scythians), the replacement of the Proto-Slavic r' on rz could have occurred under the influence of the Bulgarian substrate, and in the Polish language a similar phenomenon occurred under the influence of Czech. The existence of a special sound similar to r Armenian orthography also confirms that it distinguishes two sounds, r And rr (long). And for writing in Armenian. antar“forest”, a word with a Turkic correspondence andyz, long is used rr , which reflects the fact that in in this case in the language of the Proto-Armenians took place in addition to the usual sonorant r , also a slightly different sound, which testifies in favor of the hypothesis about the existence of a sound in the Turkic language rz /rs . The Türks, who moved to Asia, brought this feature of their phonetics there as well. The ancient ancestors of the Mongols and Tungus, having borrowed many Turkic words, articulated this sound from the very beginning as r , while the Bulgars simplified the pronunciation rz /rs to normal r much later, but the same result of replacing a complex sound with a simpler one now gives grounds to talk about imaginary Bulgar-Mongol connections, which in fact never took place. In the scientific world, the phenomena of imaginary transitions z V r and vice versa are called rotacism or, respectively, zetacism. Below is a list of discovered ancient Turkic-Slavic lexical correspondences, which, naturally, will be constantly updated with new finds. From the phonological features of the given examples, except for the encountered hissing vibrant rz /rs , denoted by the letter ř , you can pay attention to the fairly frequent transition b↔ m .

babai “grandfather” is mostly used in the sense of “ scary grandfather”, which is used to scare small children - Chuv. Popeye"grandfather". Among the Scythians, the ancestors of the Chuvash, the main deity, according to Herodotus, was Popeye. The ancestors of the Ukrainians did not honor the foreign god, but, obviously, they were afraid, giving him terrible features.

            Ukr. bachiti , floor. baczyć, Russian, Slc. bačit", etc. “look, pay attention” – Turkic. bak- “look” (Chuv. păkh) "look"

            Ukr. (Western dialect), batyar , floor. batiar, baciarz"young light man behavior, rake” – Chuv. Matyar“frivolous, flighty.” Perhaps the word comes from the common Turkic batyr"hero".

Braga , Ukrainian Braga– Max Vasmer admits the origin of the word from the Chuv. pěraga“Braga, liquid beer.” I didn’t find such a word in the Chuvash dictionary.

            Russian. tubercle , Ukrainian bugir, magura– Chuv. măkăr“bump, lump.”

            Ukr. budz “fresh sheep cheese” – Chuv. Puç"head".

gang “crowd, group” - M. Vasmer suggests the Bulgarian origin of the word (Vol. Chuv. * vătağ“family, home”).

            Ukr. viriy, irey “Dreamland, where birds fly in autumn, warm countries” - The origin of this word has this explanation. The Chuvash language has words ir"morning" and uj"field, steppe." M. Vasmer suggests original form words like *vyroj. Then Bulgarian * iroj could mean "morning (i.e. eastern or southern) steppe." When the Slavs still lived in the forest zone, they could see how birds in the fall fly somewhere to the south, in the steppe, and then they said that the birds were flying to “Iriy”.

vьrĕti , Ukrainian lie, h. vřiti, wrzeć“boil” – Chuv. vĕre"boil".

            Russian. go away Ukrainian gatka, h. hat, Serbian gat“dam” – Chuv. cat"dam".

            Western Slavic * dǔbati (ukr. dbati, floor. dbać, h. dbati) “to take care of, keep in order” – Chuv. tăp"careful".

zerz “iron, rust.” Most linguists reconstruct the Slavic word for rust in the form * rǔdja according to gender rdza, Bulgarian rǔžda, russian rust, Ukrainian irzha, h. rez, with Slavic * ruda"ore". But in the Upper Lusatian language there is a word zerz“rust”, which cannot be a derivative of the word * rǔdja. The root of the Slavic word is of Turkic origin. The Turks use words jez,zez, čes(feel. yes) for the name of copper or bronze, which is derived from the ancient form jerz/zerz. The Indo-Europeans borrowed this word from the Turkic languages ​​at a time when the technology of iron production was not yet known and used it to name copper and bronze. Later this word was transferred in some Indo-European languages ​​to the name iron (more details in the section). It was the original Turkic form of the name for copper that was preserved in the Lusatian word zerz "rust". This form was transformed in Slavic languages ​​into *zelz-o with the meaning “iron” (Ukr. zalizo, russian iron, Bulgarian iron, floor. żelazo etc.). On the other hand, the ancient Turkic form of the word zerz preserved in a slightly modified form in Ukrainian. wool“tin” ( Russian word lost r ). It remains a mystery to scientists where the word came from in the Ukrainian word r , if both Russian and Ukrainian words come from Turkic žes, which is generally accepted.

            Sl želězo “iron” (Russian) iron, Ukrainian zalizo, floor. żelazo etc.) – see zerz .

            Ukr. Kaganets , russian kaganets, gender, kaganiec, slvts., h. kahan“the simplest lamp with a handle” - M. Vasmer considers this word “dark”, but allows comparison with s.. kăkan"pen".

            Ukr. kapar (dial.) “poor, wretched” – Chuv. kapar“greedy for food.”

            Russian, Ukrainian. pocket – Chuv. kărman“body” (here is the ancient Greek κορβανασ “temple treasury”? see M. Vasmer).

klobouk, Art. slvts. klobuk, kobluk, russian cap, Ukrainian Kovpak“hat with a high top” – Turkic. qalpaq"a cap". The Turkic origin of Slavic words is generally accepted (Chuv. kalpak"a cap").

            Ukr. kiyak , cues, kiah“cattail (Typha)” – Chuv. hăyah“sedge (Carex).” Sedge and cattail are similar aquatic (marsh) plants.

            Sl. * kǔniga “book” (Russian, Ukrainian. book, gender. book, h. kniha etc.) – M. Vasmer and other linguists agree with the Turkic origin of the word. (other Chuv. *koniv ← *konig).

            Sl. * kobyla “mare” (Ukrainian, Russian, ch., Slvts. kobyla etc.), lat. caballus“horse”, Pers. kaval“fast horse”, gr. ιπποσ, Finnish hepo, est. hobu“horse”, etc. – all these words originate from the Turkic jaby"horse".

            Russian. carpet , h., slvts. koberec, floor. kobierzec“carpet”, Eng cover“to cover, to cover” - Max Vasmer admits the Bulgarian origin of Slavic words (Chuv. * kavêr ← *kebir), referring to Turkic words kiviz, kigiz"carpet". All of them can come from Turkic kap- “to cover.”

            Russian. feather grass , Ukrainian forged , kovila, Bulgarian forged– Karl Menges gave three possible options Turkic origin of this word ( Menges K.G., 1978). All three options are distant semantically and phonetically. (Wed. 1. Uyg. qomy“to be on the move, to worry.” 2. alt. gomyrğaj“plant with a hollow stem”, “pipe”. 3. Turk. qavla“lose, shed skin, leaves”). The Bulgarian language is more suitable as a source of borrowing, since Chuv. khămăl“stem, stubble” is similar to the word feather grass both in form and content more. The word of this root is also found in Tatar - qamlı.

            Ukr. colimaga , russian rattlesnake, Art. floor. kolimaga, Art. h. kolimah etc. “cart” different types” - many scientists believe that this is a borrowing from Mongolian (Mong. xalimag“Kalmyk is, in fact, a tall cart.” But the path of penetration of the Mongolian word into the Slavic languages ​​remains dark. Most likely the word is of Bulgarian origin (Chuv. call"harness" yupah ← jubax"horse"). In this case, the Mongolian word is borrowed from Turkic ( jabaq, jaby“horse” is a widespread word in Turkic languages). Ukr. Kulbak"saddle" of the same origin.

            Russian. cap , h. klobouk, Art. slts. klobuk, kobluk"hat, cap", Ukrainian Kovpak– Chuv., Tat. kalpak, tour kalpak.

            Sl. korĭcĭ rus. korets, Ukrainian stump, floor. korzec and other glory. “ladle, mug, measure of grain” – Chuv. trigger"ladle".

tavern , floor. karczma, h., slvts. krčma etc. “tavern, tavern” - M. Vasmer considers this word “dark”, but it is of Bulgarian origin (Chuv. k(rchama"Braga"). A. Brückner points out that in Church Slavonic the word meant not only a drinking establishment, but also the intoxicating drink itself.

            Russian, bonfire , Ukrainian fire pit“linen, hemp fire”, floor. kostra“hemp fire” and other slavs. – Chuv. koštra“chaff, waste”, obviously borrowed earlier from Thracian (Alb. kashtё“chaff, straw”).

            Russian. bloom “a block of iron covered with slag”, Ukrainian. screaming“steel” – Chuv. khurǎç, khurçǎ(tat. korıç, Kaz. quryš etc.) “steel” (formerly “sharp”).

            Russian. Kuga , Ukrainian Kuga,cook“cattail (Typha)” – Chuv. cook“cattail (Typha).” The word is also present in other Turkic languages.

            Ukr. Kulbak - cm. rattlesnake .

            Sl. kyta “a bunch of hay, a brush, a bouquet” (Ukrainian, Russian. whale, slvts., floor. kita etc.) – Chuv. kětě"bush".

            Sl. lava “bench, shelf” (Russian, Ukrainian, lava, lavka, h. lavice, slvts lavica etc.) – Chuv. lava"WHO".

            Ukr., Russian. horse “foal”, Russian. horse“horse” – Chuv. horse“horse” (Turkish, Tat, etc.) alasha).

            Sl. * malina “raspberry” (Russian, Ukrainian) raspberries , h., floor. malina) – Chuv. palan, Tat. balan“Viburnum”. Transfer of meaning is all the more likely with the widespread rhyme “viburnum-raspberry”.

            Art. h. maňas “dandy, fool” – Chuv. mănaç"proud".

            Sl. * morzǔ “frost” (Russian, Ukrainian. freezing, floor. mroz, h., Slvts., Bulgarian, Serb. mraz) – Common Turkic buř, i.e. burz(feel. par, tat boz, tour buz“ice”, etc.).

            Ukr. hello “let” – Chuv. Not“what” + xǎy"dare". Cm hi .

            Russian. pie , floor. pirog , Ukrainian pie, h., slvts. piroh“pie, meat pie” - There are similar words in Turkic languages ​​(Turk. börek, Chuv. porěk etc.), but M. Vasmer rejects the Turkic origin of Slavic words, since similar words are absent in the South Slavic languages. As we know, Western and East Slavs could contact the Bulgars without an intermediary.

            Sl. * pĭšeno “millet” (Russian) millet, part pšeno, ukr. pshono), Serbian pšena“a special type of clover” (Meliotus), Sl pĭšenica“wheat” – Chuv. piçen"sow thistle" (Cirsium vulgare). The seeds of this plant could be eaten before the spread of cultivated cereals, and its name, borrowed from the Bulgars, could be extended to millet and wheat. The meaning of the Serbian word supports this assumption.

            Sl. * proso “millet” (Ukrainian, Russian) millet, pol., bolg, h, slvts. proso) - M. Vasmer, V. Mahek, and A. Brückner consider the origin of this word “dark”. Maybe the word has Bulgarian origin? (feel. parça"peas").

            Ukr. please “knutovishche”, Ukrainian, Russian. scarecrow, “whip” – Chuv. pusha"whip".

            Russian. wheatgrass , Ukrainian pyriy– Chuv. pǎri“spelt”.

            Ch. salat "blaze", slvts. salat'“radiate, glow” – V. Mahek suggests that the previous meaning of the words was “throw, scatter.” In this case, Chuv. salad"scatter" may be related to Slavic words.

            Slvts. sanka “lower jaw” – Chuv. sanka"frontal bone".

            Russian. flash , blr. sit down“jump” – Chuv. sik"jump".

            Ukrainian, Russian. fourty – Chuv. hěrěkh“forty” (in other Turkic languages ​​the word “forty” is used qyrq and under.). In general, the Turkic origin of the East Slavic word is accepted by many linguists.

            Russian. camp , floor. tabor, h., slvts. tabor, Ukrainian tabir“camp”, etc. – Slavic words can be borrowed from Hungarian (Hung. tabor“camp”, which comes from Chuv. tapăr“watering place”), but the Bulgarian word could have been borrowed into some Slavic languages ​​directly, since there is a Russian word tabyr“herd” (M. Vasmer).

            Russian. cottage cheese , h., slvts. tvaroh, floor. twaróg etc. “cottage cheese” – Chuv. tour"ryazhenka, Varenets" and Kurd. turaq"cottage cheese".

            Russian. comrade, Ukrainian comrade– Chuv. tavrash "kin, clan"

            Russian. interpreter , h. tlumač, floor. tłumač and other Slavic words with the meaning “translator” - the Turkic origin of the word is generally accepted.

            Ukr. thyrsus “feather grass” – Chuv. tyrsa"feather grass".

            Ukr. xaboz , xabuz“elderberry (Sambucus)”, “sow thistle (Cirsium)”, chabaź“weed” – Chuv. xăvăš“honeysuckle (Lonicera).”

            Ukr. xaj “let” – Chuv. xǎj “dare, dare.”

            Gender. harcerz “scout” – Chuv. harsăr"brave" comes from Turkic * qors“brave, angry.” The Polish word was preserved by other Turkic people. sound rz . Similar words with the meaning “thief, robber” are found in modern Turkic languages. Ukr. harcyz ,harcyzyaka“robber, robber” was borrowed from one of them later than the Polish word. This also includes the word “corsair”, which spread in Europe from Latin language (corsarius), but with its roots in the Turkic base.

            Sl. xǔmeljĭ "hops" (Russian) hop, Bulgarian hops, Ukrainian khmil, floor. chmiel, h., slvts. chmel i etc.) - words of this root are widespread in many Indo-European and Finno-Ugric languages. Scientists believe that the ways of their spread are very complex, but they agree that there must be a common source of borrowing. Some see it in the Bulgar language (cf. Chuv. hamla“hops”), while others doubt the possibility of the Bulgarian word penetrating far into Europe (lat. humulus, Art. eng. hymele, north German humli).

            Russian, Ukrainian. clamp , h. chomout, slvts. chomút, floor. chomaąt“collar” – Chuv. xămăt“collar”. The Bulgarian origin of the word can be considered justified, since similar words exist in other Turkic languages. Doubts are caused by the same reasons as in the previous case. However, the appearance of the nasal vowel ą in Polish the word requires explanation.

            Sl. xyža “hut” (Ukrainian) hut, russian hut, h. chýše, slvts. chyža etc.) – Chuv. hello“hut, hut.” Words of this root are present in the Germanic languages ​​(German. hūsa, German Haus, eng. house etc.) In F. Kluge’s dictionary it is noted “the origin is unclear.”

            Ukr. Chepurny “beautiful, elegant”, slvts., h. čiperný“live, dexterous, lively”, Serbian. Ceperan“alive, agile” - Chuv. chipper"beautiful", tat. cyber"Beautiful".

            Ukr. chakan , russian chakan“cattail (Typha)” – Chuv. chakan"cattail".

            Ukr. chakan “cattail (Typha)” – Chuv. čakan"cattail".

            Russian. crap , Ukrainian damn, floor. czart, h., slvts. čert– Chuv. khert-surt"brownie". In Scandinavian mythology there is Surt"Fire giant"

            Ukr. chi – question word – Chuv. – shi– interrogative particle.

            Ukr. sha! “quiet, calm down!” – Chuv. sha!“That’s it, it’s over!”

            Ukr. shuvar “swamp calamus” (Acorus. calamus) – Dobrodomov admits the ancient Bulgarian origin of the word (See M. Vasmer’s dictionary).                       

Borrowed vocabulary in Russian

Words of non-original origin are called borrowed. Borrowings appear both as a result of direct territorial contacts and as a result of the exchange of cultural information, when, along with new objects and concepts, native speakers receive words denoting them. Borrowings are used not only to name new realities, but also to rename old ones.

The following borrowings in the Russian language are distinguished:

• from Slavic languages, in particular from the Old Church Slavonic language (see in detail:);
• from non-Slavic languages ​​(Latin, Greek, Scandinavian, Turkic, German, French, English and other borrowings).

Borrowed words can be distinguished from native Russian words by a number of characteristics.

A. Phonetic features:

1. The presence of the initial letter “a”: lampshade, April, scarlet, army, pharmacy. Russian words with the initial “a”, with the exception of words formed on the basis of borrowings, are rare. These are mainly interjections, onomatopoeias and words formed on their basis: yeah, ah, ah, ah, gasp, ah, echo etc.

2. The presence of the letter “e” in the root of the word: mayor, aloe, emotions, phaeton. In native Russian words, the letter “e” is found in words of an interjection and pronominal nature - hey, eh, this one, that's why, as well as in words formed in the Russian language on the basis of borrowings ( nth, ensky, SR).

3. The presence of the letter “f” in the word: decanter, spacesuit, February. The exceptions are interjections, onomatopoeia - ugh, ugh, fi, as well as the word owl.

4. The presence of combinations of two or more vowels in the roots of words: diet, duel, halo, poem, guard.

5. The presence of combinations of consonants “kd”, “kz”, “gb”, “kg” in the roots of words: joke, station, barrier, warehouse.

6. The presence of combinations “ge”, “ke”, “he” in the root: legend, sneakers, trachea. In Russian words, such combinations usually occur at the junction of the stem and ending: on the road, to my daughter-in-law, in the sand.

7. Availability of combination "bu", "vu", "kyu", "mu" in the roots of words: bureau, engraving, ditch, communiqué.

8. The presence of double consonants in the roots of words: villa, progress, profession, session, bath. In native Russian words, double consonants occur only at the junction of morphemes.

9. Pronunciation of a hard consonant sound before the vowel [e] (letter “e”): model[de], test [te].

10. The initial “e” distinguishes mainly Greek and Latinisms: e pokha, e ra, e tika, e examen, e execution, e effect, e tazh.

B. Morphological characteristics:

1. Indeclinability of nouns: coffee, jury, depot, hummingbird, kangaroo.

2. Morphological lack of expression of number and gender of nouns: coat, taxi.

B. Word-formation features:

1. Foreign language prefixes: inter shaft, de duction, in individualism, re gress, archi mandrit, counter admiral, anti Christ.

2. Foreign language suffixes: dean at, stud ent, technician mind, editor torus, literary ur ah, proletarians at, popul change, social ist, controversy edit etc.

3. Presence of some type roots aqua-, marine-, geo-, graphic- etc.: aquarium, marine painter, surveyor.

In addition to “international” features, there are also features that help determine which language the word was borrowed from.

1. TO Greek borrowings ( Greekisms) include, for example:

• words from the field of religion: anathema, angel, archbishop, demon, metropolitan, choir, lamp, icon, archpriest, sexton;
• scientific terms: mathematics, philosophy, history, grammar;
• everyday terms: tub, bathhouse, lantern, bed, notebook,certificate, sail, ribbon;
• names of plants and animals: cypress, cedar, beetroot, crocodile;
• proper names: Georgy, Elena, Sophia;
• terms from art and science: trochee, anapest, comedy, mantle, verse, idea, logic, physics, analogy.

Features of borrowings from this group:

• sound f (philosophy, lantern);
• initial uh (ethics, epigraph);
• combinations ps, ks (vocabulary, x);
• roots auto-, -logos, photo-, aero-, anthropo-, philo- and etc.;
• consoles a-, anti-, pan- and etc.

2. Borrowings from Latin language(Latinisms):

• words related to learning: school, dean, office, vacation, director, dictation, exam, student, audience, professor, class;
• political and philosophical terms: evolution,dictatorship, constitution, corporation, proletariat, process, public, revolution, republic, erudition;
• scientific concepts: tangent, sine, herbarium, radius, proportion,meridian, maximum, minimum;
• words related to art: literature, arena, octave, circus;
• month names: January, July, August;
• administrative names: republic, chancellery, deputy;
• proper names: Julia, Marina, Victor, Roman.

3. Among Turkic borrowings ( Turkisms) most words from Tatar language, which is explained by historical conditions (long-term Tatar-Mongol yoke):

• words from military, commercial and everyday speech: caravan, holster, mound, quiver, astrakhan fur, flail, treasury, money, altyn, bazaar, carpet, raisins, watermelon, basin, iron, hearth, epancha, trousers, sash, sheepskin coat, arshin, groceries, noodles, stocking, shoe, chest, robe, fog, mess, feather grass, jerboa, pearls, idol, palace, beads;
• almost all names of horse breeds and colors: argamak(a breed of tall Turkmen horses), roan, dun, bay, karak, brown, brown.

A sign of words of Turkic origin is vowel harmony ( synharmonism) - the natural use in one word of vowels of only one row: back [a], [y] or front [e], [i]: ata man, kara van, kara nda sh, bashma k, a rkan, sundu k, sara fan, bar raba n, kabluk, kusha k, u lu s, me what, bi gray.

4. Scandinavian There are relatively few borrowings (Swedish, Norwegian) in the Russian language. Words of trade vocabulary, maritime terms, everyday words, and also:

• proper names Igor, Oleg, Rurik;
• individual words like herring, chest, pood, hook, anchor, sneak, pleat, whip, mast;
• names of natural phenomena: blizzard;
• geographical names: Volga.

5. TO German borrowings ( Germanisms) relate:

• military terms: attack, uniform, officer, corporal, camp, headquarters;
  
• names of household items, clothing: decanter, mattress, hat, tie, boots;
  
• trade terms: accountant, price list;
• names of plants and animals: spinach, onions, potatoes,poodle;
• vocabulary from the field of art: easel, dance,bandmaster;
  
• instrument names: jigsaw, jack,workbench, chisel, jointer.

Features of Germanisms:

• combinations th, pc, xt, sp, ft: mail, fine, watch, sprats, landscape;
• initial ts: workshop, zinc;
• compound words without a connecting vowel: sandwich, leitmotif, grandmaster.
  

6. Dutch are some nautical terms borrowed in the era of Peter I: buer, shipyard, pennant, harbour, drift, pilot, sailor, raid, flag, fleet,cruiser and etc.

7. From English language ( Anglicisms) included, for example:

• some nautical terms: midshipman, bot, brig, schooner, yacht;
• words related to development public life, technology, sports, etc.: boycott, leader, rally; tunnel, trolleybus, basketball, football, sports, hockey, finish line; steak, cake, pudding;
• English words became especially widespread ( often in the American version) in the 90s of the XX century. in connection with economic, social and political transformations in Russian society. Borrowings from the end of the 20th century. touched on different areas of life:

technical ( computer, display, file, byte),
sports ( bobsleigh, overtime, fighter),
financial and commercial ( barter, broker, dealer, distributor, leasing),
arts ( remake, talk show, underground, thriller),

Phonetic features of Anglicisms:

• combinations tch, j: match, jazz;
• combinations va, ve, ve: Whatman paper, whiskey, corduroy;
• final -ing, -men, -er: briefing, businessman, timer.

8. TO French borrowings ( Gallicisms) relate:

• terminology of a socio-political nature: bourgeois, regime, parliament;
• words from the field of art: conductor, poster,actor, play, director,ballet;
• military vocabulary: artillery, battalion, garrison, cannonade, gun;
• names of food products, clothing, jewelry, furnishings: jelly, blouse, bracelet, sconce, boudoir, wardrobe, vest, coat, tights, broth, marmalade, cutlet, toilet.

Phonetic features of Gallicisms:

• stress on the last syllable: marmalade, pavilion;
• final -o, -i, -e in unchangeable words: puree, manto;
• combination wow: veil, exploitation;
• combinations byu, ryu, vu, nu, fu:dressing table, music stand, engraving;
• combinations he, an, en, am: control, intermission;
• final -er, -azh, -ans, -ant: landscape, director, renaissance, debutant.

9. From Italian borrowings are highlighted:

• musical terminology: aria, allegro, libretto, tenor, bravo, series, slapstick, sonata, carnival, cavatina;
• some everyday words: vermicelli, pasta(came through French), gondola;
• vocabulary of financial relations: credit, debit, currency.

10. A small number of words came from Spanish language (vocabulary related to art): serenade, castanets, guitar, mantilla, caravel, caramel, cigar, tomato and etc.

11. Few borrowings are from Finnish language: walrus, dumplings, blizzard; from Hungarian: bekesha, farm and other languages.

Information about the origin of words can be obtained from dictionaries and dictionaries of foreign words.

Additionally:

• Appendix “Borrown words in Russian” on the website wiktionary.org (lists for each language)

Sources:

• Section “Phonetic and morphological features of borrowed words” in the manual by Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B., Telenkova M.A. "Modern Russian language"
• Section “Characteristics of borrowed words"in the manual" Philology and linguistics. Fundamentals of the Science of Language» on the website lingvotech.com

In connection with the expansion and strengthening of relationships between the speakers of two cultures, Turkic and Slavic, Turkic-Slavic contactology is actively developing, which has created a solid basis for the study of linguistic contacts of the two cultures. These relationships, which have arisen since ancient times, are due to territorial proximity and the vital need to maintain trade and develop the economy. The result of political, economic, trade, scientific-cultural and other connections of the Russian people with the Turkic peoples in the Russian language is the appearance huge amount words borrowed from various Turkic languages ​​(or through Turkic languages). These borrowings enriched the Russian language and introduced qualitative and quantitative changes to the language system.

Borrowings from Turkic languages ​​mainly date back to the period of the 11th-17th centuries. The borrowed layer of vocabulary from Turkic languages ​​in the Russian language is quite significant. Story Turkic borrowings in Russian it is divided into three periods: before the Horde, during it and after. In the pre-Mongol period, few borrowings appeared in the Russian language. To this day, some of them are used in speech, for example, such as pearls, cart, horse, gang and others. But Turkic-Slavic contactology developed especially actively during the period of the Mongol-Tatar yoke. During this period, military vocabulary and vocabulary of trade and measures actively function in the Russian language. In the 21st century, the influx of Turkic words into the Russian language slowed down for the first time; and borrowings from Western European languages ​​pushed them into the background. But over the entire history of relations between representatives of the peoples of two cultures, Turkic and Slavic, the borrowed layer of vocabulary from Turkic languages ​​in the Russian language has been significantly expanded. Among them, we can highlight such thematic areas of interlingual interaction as the names of dishes (cauldron, casket, tub), names of products (raisins, watermelon), plants (lemon, tea), names of jewelry (pearls, earrings).

Historically, trade relations between the peoples of the two cultures we are considering are developing rapidly. Of course, this could not but affect the vocabulary. Words of this group, such as buy, tavern, dozen, goods, etc., are so firmly rooted in the Russian language that they are mistaken for native Russians. A typical example is the word money. Money was the name given to small silver coins - “scales”, which were minted in Moscow, Novgorod, Ryazan and other centers from the second half of the 14th century. It comes from a Turkic word meaning a silver coin of various values, including the ruble; The name of the Kazakh currency - tenge - is etymologically related to Russian money. The root of the word from which money originated, in a number of Turkic languages ​​(Tatar, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uzbek) meant both squirrel and penny, reflecting the fact of using fur as a monetary unit. Later, the money was finally assigned the Moscow meaning - one two-hundredth of a ruble, that is, half a kopeck.

Military vocabulary actively functions in Russian speech. Basically, words of this group appear in the language during the period of the Mongol-Tatar yoke. So, for example, during the time of the Horde, the word karaul came into Russian, which in the Turkic languages ​​meant patrol, guard and came from the verb “to watch.” In different Turkic languages, this word can mean not only a guard detachment or a post, but also, for example, a front sight on a gun. The appearance of the word “hero” is interesting. This is the word that means epic hero, distinguished by intelligence and strength, came from the Turkic languages, where it means “brave, military leader, hero”; it is related to the Kyrgyz batyr. There is also a qualitative change in this word. “o” appears in the first syllable, this is explained by the influence of the Russian word rich. Indeed, for example, in some regions, Smolensk and Kursk, the word “bogatyr” meant “rich man.” From the designations of other spheres of life, there are also words of horse breeding vocabulary (arkan, dun, savras, herd); nomenclature of animals (badger, wolverine, long-eared aurochs). Studying vocabulary borrowed from Russian languages Turkic peoples, contributes to the establishment of patterns of lexical-semantic development large group terms such as those of animal husbandry, agriculture, kinship, military ranks and rituals, flora, fauna and animal names. These categories of words significantly expanded the vocabulary of the Russian language and made it more diverse. Therefore, we can say that contacts with Turkic languages ​​played big role as sources of replenishment of the lexical composition of the Russian language. The study of Turkic-Slavic contactology allows us to expand knowledge about qualitative changes in the language that occurred as a result of the interaction of two intersecting cultures. These include various semantic connections and relationships with the Russian lexical environment, restructuring of synonymous series, changes in the semantics of Russian words interacting with Turkic ones. For example, the word “bazaar” now has a synonym “bargaining,” which expands the synonymic range of this word. It is possible to distinguish other synonymous series formed with the help of Turkisms. For example, horse - horse - nag, herd - herd, interpreter - translator, income - bashish, etc.

Analyzing the part-speech affiliation of Turkisms, we noticed that Turkisms-nouns mainly predominate (Jumble, shackles, suitcase, mess, pencils, etc.). This is explained by the fact that Turkic borrowings perform predominantly a nominative function, i.e. name objects or phenomena that do not have alternative names in Russian. The dominant affiliation of borrowed words from Turkic languages ​​to nouns influenced the specificity of the word-formation nest with the original basis - Turkism. This specificity lies in the fact that the central lexeme that forms the word-formation nest is the noun. This feature distinguishes these nests from the general language system, where the initial basis of a word-formation nest can be words of all parts of speech. For example, barberry-barberry; mosque-mosque; bazaar-bazaarishko-bazaarny, etc. When word-forming nests are formed on the basis of Turkic borrowings, a wide variety of lexemes, formed by the actual Russian affixes (-nn-, -ets-, -n-, -k-, -sk) act as derivatives - etc.) . This indicates the adaptation of Turkic borrowings into the Russian language. The history of the development of Russian-Turkic contacts is very rich and varied. The study of the processes of mastering Turkic vocabulary showed that Turkic words are actively used in the Russian language. These words can be found both in colloquial speech and in fiction. In describing Turkisms in the Russian language it is not enough to be limited to certain chronologically. It is important to take into account the “life” of a word at all levels of the language, at all stages of its development, in order to observe what semantic and external “coloring” they acquired in the Russian language at the turn of the century. The study of Turkisms gives new material to interpret the relationships between units of the lexical-semantic system of a language, for example, the relationships of words that form synonymous, derivational and other groups of words.

I found a rather interesting article on Wikipedia. I used to think that the Yakut language has many words borrowed from the Russian language and not only. But as it turned out, in the Russian language (I of course knew this, but didn’t pay attention) there is a large number of words of Turkish origin.

Chronologically, several layers of Turkic borrowings can be distinguished:

Inherited Turkisms from the Proto-Slavic language. Old Russian borrowings of the pre-Mongol period. Old Russian borrowings from Turkic languages ​​of the Golden Horde period. Borrowings from the 16th-17th centuries. Borrowings from the 18th-20th centuries. 1. Pre-Slavic period

The only reliably established (that is, with a Turkic etymon, coinciding both formally and semantically with the Proto-Slavic word) Proto-Slavic Turkism is the word minting (*čakanъ). Probably also the Turkic origin of the words idiot And product. A Turkic medium for words is assumed ram(Iranian) and book(Chinese?).

Etymologists have divergent opinions regarding words elephant, clamp, banner: there are versions (unconvincing) about their Turkic etymology or mediation.

2. Pre-Mongol period

The surviving Turkisms (from Turkic languages ​​or through them from others) of the pre-Mongol period are counted in units: boyar, tent, hero, gang, pearl,kumiss, horse, hinny, horde. If we also add a word of unknown origin carpet, the list will be exhaustive.

A special group consists of several

Borrowed through

beads

the ark

idol

palace

3. Period of the Golden Horde

During this period, a number of important words related to the state ( yam, coachman, label, Cossack, guard, wander) and economic ( money, coffers, treasurer,tamga(where customs), profit, master, grub, it is also possible bondage) device.

Other borrowings relate to areas such as construction ( brick, tin, shack), decorations ( earring, diamond, emerald), beverages ( Braga, booza), vegetable garden ( watermelon, rhubarb), fabrics ( atlas, calico, calico, braid), clothes and shoes ( shoe, cap, veil, stocking, kaftan). Some other borrowings from this period: fist, mound, scarlet, badger, busurman,brown, target, cup, steelyard, cockroach, jail, tub, damask steel.

Borrowings of this time are especially numerous, which is explained by the huge cultural influence Ottoman Empire . This influence even extends to beginning of XVIII centuries: such well-known borrowings as the Peter the Great era includehead, flaw, pencil, porcelain etc. 16th century

Babai (from baba- father).

A number of words denoting “eastern” realities were borrowed from Turkish into Western European languages. Through Western media they entered the Russian language. Some of the most famous: