Eastern Europe (Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova): general characteristics of the region. culture of moldova

is a comprehensively developed country, filled with many important historical events that are associated with its culture. Culture of Moldova came under the influence of Romania. Also, much was adopted from the Old Russian and Turkish population.

Religion in Moldova

Confessing Religion in Moldova does not have a single direction, and the leading one is Christianity, which is professed by 90% of the inhabitants. Christianity is confessed in all three directions at once: Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Protestantism. In addition, there are adherents of Judaism, Islam and Hinduism in Moldova. According to the census, 33,000 residents identified themselves as atheists.

Economy of Moldova

The national currency of Moldova is the Moldovan leu. Economy of Moldova develops mainly through the development Agriculture, services and industry. In addition, Moldova is successfully engaged in the export of food products, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, machinery, equipment and clothing.

Science of Moldova

Moldova is a country that hosts many scientific research. Developing, provoked the construction of a leading center fundamental research. The institution is engaged in research of social and natural sciences.

Art of Moldova

culture in the country was formed from many factors. Outstanding Destination Moldovan art is fine art. It developed under the influence of Byzantium and since then many frescoes, miniatures and icons have remained. The most valuable monument of architecture and painting is located in the city of Kushen. There is the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin, which was painted by Voikul, Radu and Stanchul. It is these sights and many others that encourage travelers to take a closer look at tourism in Moldova After all, understanding the culture, you can understand the people.

Moldovan cuisine

A characteristic feature of the Moldavian cuisine is the abundance of vegetables, fruits and meat. Moldovan cuisine formed due to the influence of many countries. The leading dishes of the country are Sarmale, Placinda with cottage cheese and Muzhdei. Sarmale resembles in its appearance and methods of cooking dolma and cabbage rolls. Placinda is a national pie, more like a round or square flat cake. Mujdei is a garlic sauce in vegetable or meat broth.

Customs and traditions of Moldova

Moldova is a country whose people honor their traditions and there are a very large number of them. They are passed on to descendants and kept for each generation. Customs and traditions Moldovans are associated with hospitality. Moldovans celebrate the same holidays as Slavic peoples. Including New Year but with an added twist. The first day of the holiday is accompanied by the sprinkling of grain at home. At Christmas they carol, and after Easter, a week later, all relatives visit the graves of loved ones and relatives.

Sports of Moldova

Moldova is actively sports life, the main proof of this is the participation of the country in the Olympic Games. Sports of Moldova are swimming, equestrian and cycling, rowing, swimming, boxing, shooting and archery, biathlon and football.

Natives of Moldova in world culture

In the 20-30s, the ambassador of Moldovan culture in Europe was a brilliant opera performer, a famous soprano originally from -. Another opera celebrity, the prima donna of the National Opera of the Republic of Moldova, having become the best Cio-Cio-san at the International Competition in Japan (1967), has been giving the world singing national culture for several decades. Another representative of Moldova () - Lidia Amarfey became one of the best opera singers Russian speaking on stage Bolshoi Theater in Moscow.

The mutual influence of world cultures is due to the efforts of cultural and art figures. On the initiative of many of them, artistic events were organized in Moldova, which have become a tradition in our country and gained international popularity. Thus, since 1967, the Republic has been hosting the International Festival of Folk Music "Martisor", the festival "Days new music», international competitions sports dance"Chisinau OPEN", where the multiple world and European champion performs with invariable success -. Prominent groups and soloists of contemporary musical art and choreography from around the world take part in these large-scale cultural celebrations. They acquaint the Moldovan public with the achievements of their talents, and, leaving for their homeland, they take away impressions from the art of our region.

The beauty of the folk song was carried far beyond the borders of Moldova by the favorites of the Moldavian people,. Pop music - from the beginning of the 70s - was widely promoted variety ensemble(later "Contemporanul") under the direction of Mihai Dolgan.

This is how our art, by receiving guests and going beyond its native borders, acquaints the world with the values ​​of national culture.

After graduating from the Chisinau Institute of Arts, she actively entered pop music. Most of the hits of the popular singer, which she talentedly performs on the stages of Ukraine, Russia and other CIS republics, are based on Moldovan folklore. On World Festival youth and students in Moscow (1985), his anthem "Avante, avante", performed by a Moldovan pop singer, became a hit of the festival, sounding on different languages peoples of the world.

Modern musical culture of peoples former USSR enriched with masterpieces of neo-folklore orientation of various composers: R. Shchedrin, E. Stankevich, Y. Yuzelyunas, A. Terteryan, M. Gadzhiev. In Moldova, it manifested itself in the work of composers,. This orientation is consistent naturally with a peak in the evolution of the New Folklore Wall, expressed in the work of composers from the post-Soviet space.

Did a lot for propaganda musical culture and the image of our country The National Symphony Orchestra of the State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company under the direction of the conductor and composer G. Musti. Thanks to many years of creative search and tireless touring work, he became known to the whole world, for many years he was invariably led. Choreographer M. Kaftanat created three ballet companies in Vietnam.

International festivals "Maria Biesu Invites", "Days of New Music", Biennale and One Actor Theater "One man show" successfully acquaints the world with modern music and theatrical art our country. The Moldavian cinema became known to the world thanks to creativity. Successfully working at the Mosfilm studio, he helped to gain wide popularity and invariably starred in his films,. The theater director, working for many years in Moscow theaters, contributed to the promotion of Moldovan theatrical culture and dramaturgy, staging plays. Unique creativity this truly national writer of Moldova, who lives in Moscow, having traveled all over Russia and the world, left in millions of human hearts a unique image of our land and its peasant heroes, endowed with spiritual wisdom and beauty.

The contribution of immigrants from Moldova to world science

Our wonderful compatriots, talented in various fields of science, left a deep mark on the history of world science in the 20th century. One of them is a native of Bender Lev Berg (1876-1950). A well-known Soviet physical geographer and biologist, professor of ichthyology and geography, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, one of the founders of the Geographical Institute and chairman of the Geographical Society of the USSR, this versatile scientist made a huge contribution to many areas of physical geography, zoogeography, and ichthyology. Developing the teachings of V. Dokuchaev about the natural zones of the earth, he, a passionate explorer and traveler, studied the landscapes of Siberia, Central Asia, the Caucasus, the Volga region and Ukraine, explored the Aral and Bering Seas, lakes Ilmen, Balkhash, Baikal, Issyk-Kul and the Pamir glaciers , creating as a result a theory about the landscapes of the earth. Berg wrote many books, among which there are works dedicated to our region: “Bessarabia. Territory, population, economy”, “Population of Bessarabia. Population and ethnographic composition.

A volcano in Kamchatka, a peak in the Pamirs, glaciers in the Pamirs and the Dzungarian Alatau, a cape in the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago, the Zoological Museum of Moscow State University, as well as more than 60 animals and plants are named after Berg.

Another outstanding countryman of ours - a world-class organic chemist - is Nikolai Zelinsky from Tiraspol (1861-1953). One of the founders of the theory of organic catalysis, he created classical works on organic catalysis, petrochemistry, developed methods for the extraction of aromatic hydrocarbons, which serve as raw materials for the synthesis of rubber, dyes, plastics, medicines, etc. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, professor at Moscow State University, Doctor of Science, founder of a major scientific school that made a fundamental contribution to the development of organic chemistry, he did a lot for people's lives, responding to the most painful points of the time. For example, during the First World War, Zelinsky created a coal gas mask that saved the lives of millions of soldiers in warring armies. Streets in Chisinau and Tiraspol are named after him. Commemorative plaques were installed on the facade of the house where N. Zelinsky lived and the school where he studied.

Our national pride is Academician Nikolai Dimo, born in Orhei (1873-1959). A prominent Soviet soil scientist, academician of VASKhNIL, one of the organizers of the Central Asian and Kishinev Institutes of Soil Science, which since 1959 bears the name of a scientist, Nikolai Aleksandrovich devoted his whole life to the earth. The object of his scientific work was the geography of soils, salinization, biology, physics and soil reclamation in the central regions of the European part of the USSR, Central Asia, Transcaucasia, Moldova. Having studied saline soils, the great scientist proposed a series of measures to improve solonetzes and solonchaks, created the first soil map of Central Asia and other regions, and established the relationship between humus content and its structure in Moldavian black soils. A street in Chisinau is named after him.

One of the prominent architects of the twentieth century was our compatriot, Chisinau native, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences Alexei Shchusev (1873-1949). Organizer and director of the Museum of Architecture in Moscow, lecturer at the famous Stroganov School of Industrial Art, author of more than 200 scientific papers, he, sensitively peering into the traditions of national architecture of the past, developed original solutions modern buildings in Moscow (Moskvoretsky bridge, Moscow hotel, Komsomolskaya-Koltsevaya metro station, etc.), Tashkent (Navoi Opera and Ballet Theatre), Baku, Batumi, Sochi. Peak creative achievement The architect was the Mausoleum of V. Lenin, the noble forms of which organically fit into the ensemble of the ancient Red Square. After the Patriotic War, A. Shchusev devoted a lot of energy to the reconstruction of the destroyed cities - Novgorod, Istra, Kyiv. In 1947-1949, the architect developed a plan for the general reconstruction of the capital of Moldova. A street in the center of Chisinau is named after him.

Our compatriots left a deep imprint on Romanian science as well. So academician Nikita Smokine (1894-1980) - a native of the village of Dubossary district - was a prominent Romanian Slavist and historian of the Transnistrian Moldavians. And Mihail Guboglu (1911-1990), who was born in, became a well-known Romanian historian and orientalist. As a professor at the universities of Bucharest, Paris and Ankara, he published Turkish sources who shed light on the history of Romania. It is also interesting that his nephew - bearing the same surname - became one of the largest Russian ethnographers.

One cannot ignore Grigory Obrezhan (1911-1991), who was born in the village of Tiginsky district. An agronomist by profession, he entered science as one of the remarkable researchers in the field of soil reclamation, was elected an academician of the Romanian, Czechoslovak and Soviet Academies of Sciences. Significant scientific discoveries were made under his leadership. For example, the Polizesti-28 rice variety, known throughout the world for its rich harvests, has been created.

Moldavian science at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries

Science has made progress in various fields. Our country has given civilization outstanding scientists, among whom are over 30 members of the USSR Academy of Sciences, among them academicians: geographer L. Berg, chemists N. Zelinsky, L. Pisarzhevsky, A. Frumkin, architect A. Shchusev, soil scientist N. Dimo, doctors - surgeons A. Sklifosofsky and N. Georgiou, etc.; 79 members of the Romanian Academy of Sciences - archaeologist I. Suruceanu, astrophysicist N. Donich, historian Sh. Ciobanu, Slavist A. Kochubinsky (academician of the Czech Academy of Sciences), geologist K. Parfengolts (academician of the Armenian Academy of Sciences), etc. These prominent scientists, bright rich personalities not only made fundamental scientific discoveries, but also founded scientific institutes, laboratories, societies, schools, organized difficult and unexpected research expeditions, developed latest methods to advance the most daring discoveries into life.

The start for the development of science in our country was given when the research base of the USSR Academy of Sciences was created in Chisinau (March 11, 1946), which in 1949 became the Moldavian branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. These transformations ended significant event August 2, 1961, when the Moldavian Academy of Sciences was founded - a beneficent source of national science and culture. Academician-historian J. Grosul (1961-1976) was elected its first president, later the main scientific center of the country was headed by geneticist A. Zhuchenko (1977-1989), physicist A. Andriesh (1989-2004), and nowadays - chemist G Duka (since 2004). Year by year, new forces are maturing within the walls of the Academy, major scientific names, the competitiveness of research is growing, new scientific schools are being formed: in the field of chemistry - academician A. Blov and G. Lazurevsky; agrochemistry and genetics - academicians I. Dikusar and A. Kovarsky; algebra and physics of crystals - academicians V. Andrunakievich and T. Malinovsky; biology - academician B. Matienko; linguistics - academician N. Korlatyanu; technicians - S. Radautan. Well-known academicians, the Moskalenko brothers, had their say in theoretical physics. New scientific areas were opened by academicians T. Furdui in biomedicine and academician I. Bostan - in the field of planetary transmissions. Academic biologist A. Cibotaru founded.

Today, the Academy of Sciences of Moldova is the country's leading scientific center, uniting 31 research institutions with a staff of 5,600 employees. The conditions created in recent years have contributed to the achievement of new scientific discoveries of the highest level in the field of stress physiology, ecological genetics, geoinformation systems, ecophysiology, etc. Physicians V. Anestiadi and I. Ababiy, mathematician M. Ciobanu, biologist A. Ursu, political scientists V. Benyuk and G. Rusnak, philosophers A. Rosca and V. Tsapok, sociologist A. Timush, historians A. Lazarev, N. Tudoryan, E. Chertan, A. Yeshan; lawyer A. Smokine and others. The Code of Science and Innovations in the Republic of Moldova (2004) became the fundamental legislative basis for the development of national science. Having proclaimed the scientific and innovative process a strategic priority in the socio-economic life of the country, this document confirmed in all seriousness the interest of the state in scientific progress. To stimulate scientific activity - for the most outstanding achievements - 10 State Prizes of the Republic of Moldova were established, each worth a million lei.

For the first time in the history of national science, the highest governing body of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic was created - the Assembly, consisting of full members and corresponding members of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova and 78 doctors of sciences elected on a democratic basis by the scientific community of the country. The Assembly, in turn, created an executive body - Supreme Council for Science and Technological Development.

Culture of Moldova in the late XX - early XXI century

The active development of the culture of Moldova, which began after the creation of the MSSR, continues successfully to this day. Today 14 professional theaters, three major concert institutions - the National Philharmonic with two concert halls, Organ Hall and the National Palace, where numerous art ensembles of pop and folk music are engaged in creative work. Over the years, theatrical and musical groups have achieved a high performance skills, each time replenished with young artists, conductors, directors, musicians - graduates of the most prestigious higher educational institutions in Moscow, Leningrad, Tbilisi, Kiev, Odessa, where they were taught by world-famous master teachers. Competitions, national and union festivals, decades of Moldovan art and literature in Moscow and the capitals of the republics of the former USSR, tours of different countries in joint multinational groups - all this, stimulating creative exchange and promotion of our leaders in Big world art, enriched the palette of national art. Today - after achieving independence - cultural and artistic ties with the countries of the world have expanded significantly. Tours, competitions, festivals, in which both entire groups and individual performers participate, have become more frequent and varied.

Carrying out all kinds of cultural and artistic events of republican significance, Moldova does a lot to improve international artistic contacts. Among them, the most striking are the International Festival of Opera and Ballet Stars "Maria Biesu Invites", inspired by the soloist Maria Bieshu for many years; the music festival "Martisor", the festival "Days of New Music", initiated by the composer G. Ciobanu; the brainchild of the director - the biennale of the theater. Eugene Ionesco. These festivals, gathering talents from all over the world, have turned into folk holidays for the people of Chisinau, into a real celebration of high art.

It should be noted the role of other artistic talents that contributed to the glory of national art. Among them is director E. Loteanu, whose films, having received awards at international festivals, not only affirmed Moldovan cinematography, but also shaped the beautiful and poetic image of our Moldova in the souls of people. The wide popularity of the prose and plays of the national writer Ion Druta, staged in hundreds of theaters of the former USSR and attracting the attention of leading actors and directors of the world, glorified the wise image of the Moldavian peasant, the hero of Drutsev's works. The creative ties of Moldovan artists have expanded, participating in numerous foreign exhibitions and creative meetings. A separate line in their row are unique, unparalleled in contemporary art works folk artist Moldova

Traditions and customs of the inhabitants of the Moldovan land, rooted deep in the past, are sacredly preserved and passed down from generation to generation.

Hospitality is a hallmark of the Moldovan people. It is customary to greet guests with bread - salt and a glass of good wine.

Each village in Moldova honors a certain saint, who is their patron, and in connection with this they celebrate the Temple of the village / city.

On this day, all houses are cleaned and tables are set.

The hostesses prepare delicious dishes: sermalutse moldovenesti (stuffed cabbage), kyrnacei, mititei, vertuts, pies, hominy, feta cheese and many others.

The owner takes out his best wines from the cellar and treats his relatives and friends.

In the national game trynte, the strongest is determined, who receives the main prize - a ram. Unites all the choir - a collective dance.

Capital Chisinau celebrates its birthday on the Intercession of the Mother of God - October 14th.

In the morning, divine services are held in all churches, and then festivities are held on the streets of the city.

Winemakers from all over the country come to the central square to treat their young wine, and the best one is determined at the competition.

Guests from many countries of the world come to participate in this holiday.

Autumn in Moldova is rich not only in harvest, but also in weddings. Many newlyweds prefer to create families at this time of the year.

The customs of the Moldavian wedding are aimed at creating a strong family, for this purpose, the newlyweds choose the planted parents - nanash and nanash, for whom they become fins. In the future, Nanashi are the mentors of a young family, and they, in turn, should listen to their advice, visit, and congratulate them on the holidays.

The ritual of giving gifts to newlyweds, according to folk tradition, is called Masa Mare (Big Table). Each guest with congratulations and wishes publicly announces his gift. Imprisoned parents set an example and, as a rule, give the most significant gift.

With the birth of a child - Moldova, mostly an Orthodox country - he is baptized, choosing godparents and celebrating kumetriya (christening). All godfathers, and there can be up to 50 of them, receive kalachi from their parents and, in turn, give gifts to the baby.

From time immemorial, all Moldovans have been united by the holiday Martisor, which is celebrated with the arrival of spring - March 1. Everyone, young and old, gives each other red and white handmade jewelry in the form of two woven threads with flowers at the end.

Martisor is worn for a month, attached to clothes, on the left side of the chest. At the end of the month, they take it off, make a wish and hang it on a tree.

On national holidays celebrated in many countries of the world, the Moldovan people added their own color. So on the first day of the New Year, it is customary to scatter grain in houses as a symbol of the future rich harvest;

, Ukraine and Russia, as well as other countries neighboring Moldova.

1. History

The development of the culture of Moldova is closely connected with the history of the country. She was influenced by Romanian roots, which was the era of the 2nd century AD, the period of the Roman colonization of Dacia. As a result, the majority of the population of Moldova, Moldovans, have a common ethnicity with Romanians. The formation of the actual Moldavian culture took place in the Middle Ages with the emergence of the Moldavian Principality. It was formed under the conditions of contacts with the East Slavic and Old Russian population, as well as the neighborhood and dominion of the Ottoman Empire. During the 19th century, the territory of modern Moldavia was liberated from the Ottoman and included in the Bessarabian Governorate, which left its mark on the culture. After the October Revolution, Bessarabia ceded to Romania for 22 years, and the Moldavian ASSR was formed on the left bank of the Dniester, as a result of which the development of culture in them evolved in different ways. During the years of the existence of the MSSR, the rapid development of culture began, the film studio "Moldova-Film" was created, science developed, etc. The collapse of the USSR and gaining independence led to the emergence of national motives in contemporary culture Moldova.

1.1. Middle Ages

For many centuries after the departure of the Romans in the year of our era, the population of today's Moldova did not have its own statehood, was under the influence of the Byzantine Empire and neighboring Slavic, as well as Hungarian peoples, and later under a long Turkish yoke.

The local population began to identify themselves under the name "Moldova" before the fourteenth century, but continued to maintain close cultural ties with other Danubian principalities. One of the ancient sources certifying the appearance of the ethnonym "Moldavanin" is the pastoral ballad "Mioritsa". Another example of Moldavian medieval creativity is the "legend about the founding of the Moldavian Principality". Doins, Kolinda, urethra, snoaves were common, many of which have survived to this day. The majority of the population of medieval Moldova professed Orthodoxy, which led to cultural ties with other Orthodox peoples who lived on the territory of modern Ukraine. Byzantine-South Slavic writing influenced the Moldavian-Slavic annals, while Polish historiography influenced the official annals, which was carried out under the patronage of the Moldavian masters.

Church of the monastery "Hinku"

Since the development of culture took place in the Moldavian principality in the conditions of a feudal society, it is possible to single out the culture of the ruling class, represented by written monuments and folk culture, reflected in folklore and in the arrangement of life. Formation ideological orientation medieval culture Moldova took place in two stages. In the first, pre-Ottoman period (XIV - first half of the XVI century), the ideological need to create a strong centralized and independent state. The period of the empire is characterized by the development of the idea of ​​struggle for the overthrow of the Turkish yoke and gaining independence.

From medieval Moldavian chroniclers famous Grigore Ureki, Miron Costin and Nikolai Costin.

The first books (in the form of religious texts) appeared in Moldova in the middle XVII century under the host Vasily Lupu with the participation of Metropolitan Varlaam and with the help of Moscow, Kyiv and Lvov, from where printing equipment and paper were brought.

1.2. 19th century

Starting from the nineteenth century, the Frenchization of Romanian literature and art began, enriched the culture and brought it closer to the pan-European. Such a process also took place in Zaprut Moldova, which was part of Romania, but in Bessarabia it was much slower.

After the accession of Bessarabia to Russia, the connection with Zaprutsky Moldova, which remained under Ottoman rule, was not completely interrupted. For example, this appeared in fiction. In the 19th century, such writers as Gheorghe Asachi, Alexandru Donici, Constantin Negruzzi, Alicu Russo, Mihai Kogelniceanu, Vasile Alexandri, Constantin Stamati and many others worked. The works of Derzhavin, Zhukovsky, Lermontov, Karamzin, Pushkin were translated into the Moldavian language.

In the second half of the 19th century, Ion Creanga, Mihai Eminescu, Bogdan-Petriceicu Hasdeu made their debuts.

1.3. Bessarabia within Romania

After joining Romania, education was reorganized based on the Romanian system. From to year quantity primary schools increased from 1564 to 2188, but the number of secondary schools, on the contrary, almost halved - from 76 per year to 39 in 1940. By the mid-1990s, there was an increase in the number vocational schools, but their number has decreased from 55 per year to 43 per year. According to the Romanian census, more than 72% of the population remained illiterate, 86.3 thousand people (3.02%) had secondary education, and 10.8 thousand (0.3%) had higher education.

1.4. Moldavian ASSR

Of the negative trends of the interwar period, the closure of churches should be noted, which was accompanied by the destruction or loss of many church documents. Criticism of bourgeois nationalism was widespread, and some writers, scientists and cultural figures declared bourgeois were persecuted.

1.5. Moldavian SSR

Although the Soviet government promoted education, it also did its best to sever the region's cultural ties with Romania. Many ethnically Romanian intellectuals either emigrated, or were killed or exiled during or after the German-Soviet War, certainly led to the deterioration of the cultural situation in Moldova. To make up for the losses, the Soviet government developed urban, cultural and scientific centers and institutions, which were subsequently filled with Russian and other non-Romanian ethnic groups.

Immediately after the accession of Bessarabia to the USSR in June of the year, the Soviet government assumed responsibility for providing general free education. A network of institutions of public education, printing, book publishing, cultural enlightenment, physical culture and sports was created. By the year, 1896 schools were operating in the Moldavian SSR, in 70% of which education was conducted in the Moldavian language. In 1940-41, more than 100 thousand schoolchildren received clothes and shoes for free. The number of teachers almost doubled in a year. In the autumn of 1940, unions of writers, composers, architects and artists were created, a state philharmonic society was formed, three new theaters were created, opera studio. In 1940, 138 books were issued with a circulation of 1.5 million, of which 1.2 million were in the Moldavian language. It turned out 56 newspapers and 3 magazines.

The development of culture was interrupted by the German-Soviet War, however, after the end of the war, rapid development began, as a result of which culture became the property of the broad masses of the population.

It was during the times of the MSSR that the formation of cinema in Moldova began. A film studio "Moldova-Film" was created, producing several full-length films feature films per year, excluding documentaries and animated films.

In the Soviet period, the culture of the Gagauz also developed, living compactly in southern regions Moldova. An alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet was created, dictionaries, school textbooks, books were published: "Legendary easy" (Follows legends), "Uzun kervan" (Long caravan), "Zhanavar yortulary" (Holy wolf) and many others.

1.6. Music

In 1940, a state conservatory, a philharmonic society, a musical drama theater, and a secondary music school were opened in Chisinau. The Philharmonic included a symphony orchestra, a choir "Doina", as well as a group of pop artists. In the autumn of the same year, the first amateur art competition was held. In 1940 it was organized jazz orchestra Under the leadership of Shiko Aranov, during the years of the German-Soviet War, he performed in military units and hospitals. During the war years came fruitful period creativity of the Moldavian composer Stefan Neaga. In the year he wrote the symphonic suite "Moldavia", in 1943-44 - "Doina" for coloratura soprano accompanied by piano and a concerto for violin and symphony orchestra, c - "Poem about the Dniester", dedicated to the struggle of the Moldovan people against the invaders. He also owns choral works based on poems by Emelian Bukov "Chorus of Victory" and "We Carry Victory on Banners". D. G. Gershfeld, S. B. Shapiro and others worked in the genre of patriotic song.

After the war, musical groups resumed their activities, and the rapid development of music began. Stefan Nyaga creates cantatas "Stefan the Great" (1945), "Bessarabka" (1947), "Jubilee" (1949), the oratorio "Song of the Renaissance" (1951). Yevgeny Koka creates string quartets, the symphonic poem "Codry" (1948), the oratorio "Song of Kotovsky" (1950), the composition "New Doina" for voice and an orchestra of folk instruments. Composers such as L. S. Gurov, S. M. Lobelya, V. R. Zagorsky, V. L. Polyakov, G. S. Nyaga, P. B. Rivilis, N. I. Makovy, T. V. Kiriyak.

In the genre instrumental concert work D. R. Gershfeld, D. R. Fedov, A. B. Mulyar, S. M. Tkach, E. D. Doga. Moldavian composers of the Soviet period create numerous rhapsodies, suites, ballads, adaptations of Moldavian folk songs, music for children, romances. Much attention is paid to the development of choral art.

The genres of opera and ballet are not bypassed. The Moldavian historical-legendary opera "Grozovan" () by David Gershfeld to the libretto of V. A. Russo gained popularity. Gershfeld's opera "Aurelia" (1958) is dedicated to the defenders of the motherland in the Great Patriotic war. Opera A. G. Torchu "Heart of Dominica" () tells about the struggle of the Bessarabia underground for reunification with the Soviet Union. E. L. Lazarev creates the operas The Bedbug (1963) based on the play by Vladimir Mayakovsky, Called by the Revolution (1970), Dragon (1976) based on the fairy tale by Yevgeny Schwartz, the radio opera Pigeons in an oblique line (1976). The ballets "Dawn" by V. G. Zagorsky (1959), "The Broken Sword" (1959), "Ghosts" (1959), "Antony and Cleopatra" (1965), "Arabesques" (1970) by E. L. receive public recognition. Lazarev, "Radd" by D. G. Gershfeld (1975), "Crossroads" by V. G. Zagorsky (1974).

During the Soviet period great attention devoted to the development music education. Created in the year state institute of Arts named after G. V. Muzichesku, three music schools, more than 50 children's music schools, secondary special music boarding school.

The academic ensemble of folk dance "Zhok", the orchestra of Moldovan folk instruments "Fluerash", the ensemble "Codru", the groups "minks", "Contemporanul", "Orizont", "Play" enjoyed great popularity.

2. Modern Moldova

2.1. Historical outline

The collapse of the USSR and gaining independence were accompanied by the announcement of the Romanian language as the only official language, the translation of writing into the Latin basis, the introduction of the course "History of Romanians" in school curriculum and other similar transformations, partly caused the Transnistrian conflict. In the same year, a presidential decree was published, according to which it was planned to conduct a knowledge exam in the year state language for civil servants, and the examiners were given the right to decide on the release of any employee. Later, the Moldovan Parliament postponed the language certification. In the year a new constitution was adopted, according to which official language Moldovan was declared in the country, and citizens were given the right to choose the language of instruction for children.

2.2. Church building

End XX - beginning of XXI century is characterized by the mass restoration of temples, cathedrals, churches and monasteries: Kalarashovsky monastery, Kapriyansky, Khinku, Cathedral Chisinau and many others. Simultaneously with coming to power, monuments to Lenin were restored and demolished earlier in a number of settlements country, the memorial to the soldiers who fell in the Great Patriotic War is also being restored.

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2.3. Cinema

After the collapse of the USSR, due to lack of funds, the activity of the film studio "Moldova-Film" was sharply reduced. New films after a year are practically not released. If they are released, they are usually small-length short films.

2.4. Music

Moldovan music has deep national traditions. It is characterized by the use of such folk musical instruments as the most, fluer, etc. In recent decades, modern musical trends have been developing. Musical rock bands "Zdob SI Zdub" and "Gindul Mitsei", as well as pop singers Aura, Ricky Artezian and others are becoming famous in the country and abroad. Cleopatra Stratan, the daughter of the Moldovan singer Pavel Stratan, is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the youngest pop singer. She began performing on stage at the age of three. In recent years, Moldova has been actively participating in the European song contest - Eurovision. In 2006, the group "Zdob SI Zdub" performed for Moldova, in 2006 - Natalia Gordienko and Arsenium.

The first thing that comes to mind at the mention of Moldova is great wine and endless vineyards. Even looking at the map of the country, you can see the outlines of a bunch of grapes. Here the Wine Festival in early October is a national celebration.

On this day, which is held under the patronage of the president himself, festivities are held. People sing, dance, watch performances folk groups, have fun and, of course, drink wine with amazing taste.

With grapes and storks (another of the symbols of Moldova) there is a beautiful ancient legend. When the Turkish Janissaries tried to conquer the fortress of Gorodeshty, the defenders of the homeland fought to the death. Forces were running out, provisions and water ran out, but the proud Moldavians fought to the last. And suddenly white storks appeared in the sky, they were visible, invisible, and each carried a bunch of grapes in its beak.

The surprised conquerors froze, and the warriors - the defenders of the fortress - were fed up with grapes and continued the battle with a vengeance. The fortress was defended, and the white-winged stork with a bunch of grapes in its beak turned into a symbol of freedom and happiness.

Moldova is an agrarian country, here each farmstead has its own vineyard and cellar for storing wine. The cultivation of vineyards and the production of wine is both a source of income and a tradition that has been preserved for many centuries. Feteasca Alba, Feteasca Regala, Rare Neagre- the most famous varieties of wine that the country produces for export.

Song and dance traditions of Moldova

Doins and Colindas - folk songs Moldovans, unusually beautiful and melodic, are still used in conducting folk rituals weddings, baptisms, Christmas and many others. The lyricism and smoothness of the doins are especially expressed in female and ensemble singing. Initially, they were the tunes of shepherds, later they were reborn into one of the symbols of national culture.

Incendiary Moldavian folk dances - zhok, moldovenyaska, chora- known to all. IN Soviet times shone on the world stages of the dance group "Zhok". Now folk dances can be admired on national holidays and art festivals.

The name is inextricably linked with Moldova Evgeniya Dogi — Soviet composer, the author of the beautiful "Waltz" from the film "My sweet and gentle beast» and many other works. The Moldovan singer Nadezhda Chepraga, a popular performer of pop and national songs in her time, was brought up on folk tunes and the unique traditions of song culture.

Song and dance rituals of Moldovans are carefully and lovingly preserved as the greatest value. Until now, they can be seen - for example, at the celebration of a wedding. folk music creates a joyful, uplifting mood. And the newlyweds, and parents, and guests are happy to participate in singing, dancing to the music performed on folk instruments(fluer, nai, cymbals, kobza).

One of the most beautiful traditions of Moldova is the spring holiday of Martisor. It is celebrated on the first day of spring and is also associated with folk legend. Spring, coming into its own, cleared the ground of snow to help the first flower, the snowdrop, break through. Winter, not wanting to give way, got angry and sent a blizzard on the beautiful Spring. She, protecting the snowdrop from the wind, scratched herself on the thorns of the blackthorn. Drops of blood fell on the snow.

The symbol of the holiday is considered to be woven from threads of red and white color decorations - martisors. They are given to each other by the inhabitants of Moldova in honor of the onset of spring. These delicate ornaments are worn whole month, and at the end of March they hang them on trees in the forest, while making cherished wishes. It is believed that they always come true.

Folk crafts

The oldest craft of Moldova - pottery - has earned recognition in many parts of Europe. Handmade ceramics is decorated with national ornaments and drawings depicting animals and plants. Pots and other earthenware are widely used in Moldavian cuisine; baked vegetables and meat are especially delicious.

Moldovan wood carving masters create delightful patterned souvenirs and interior items. It is also common to decorate wooden buildings with carvings. The houses in Calarasi, Rezina and Straseni regions of Moldova are especially beautiful.

Carpets and national embroidery are another type of needlework that the people of the country are proud of. Carpets decorated with flowers are completely smooth to the touch. This speaks of the high skill of Moldovan needlewomen. Embroidered products are real works of art. You can admire them in the Chisinau Museum of Local Lore.

Each nation has its own unique traditions and customs. Moldova is a country with a special flavor, its cultural heritage is different bright colors and sunny mood.