Americans on the moon cockpit. The film about the landing of American astronauts on the moon was filmed on earth
The moon is not a bad place. Definitely worth a short visit.
Neil Armstrong
Almost half a century has passed since the Apollo flights, but the debate about whether Americans were on the Moon does not subside, but is becoming increasingly fierce. The piquancy of the situation is that supporters of the “moon conspiracy” theory are trying to challenge not real historical events, but their own, vague and error-ridden idea of them.
Lunar epic
First the facts. On May 25, 1961, six weeks after Yuri Gagarin's triumphant flight, President John F. Kennedy delivered a speech to the Senate and House of Representatives in which he promised that an American would land on the moon before the end of the decade. Having suffered defeat at the first stage of the space “race,” the United States set out not only to catch up, but also to overtake the Soviet Union.
The main reason for the lag at that time was that the Americans underestimated the importance of heavy ballistic missiles. Like their Soviet colleagues, American specialists studied the experience of German engineers who built the A-4 (V-2) missiles during the war, but did not give these projects serious development, believing that in a global war long-range bombers would be sufficient. Of course, Wernher von Braun's team, taken from Germany, continued to create ballistic missiles in the interests of the army, but they were unsuitable for space flights. When the Redstone rocket, the successor to the German A-4, was modified to launch the first American spacecraft, Mercury, it could only lift it to suborbital altitude.
Nevertheless, resources were found in the United States, so American designers quickly created the necessary “line” of launch vehicles: from Titan-2, which launched the two-seat Gemini maneuvering spacecraft into orbit, to Saturn 5, capable of sending the three-seat Apollo spacecraft "to the Moon.
Redstone 
Saturn-1B 
Saturn-5 
Titan-2
Of course, before sending expeditions, a colossal amount of work was required. Spacecraft of the Lunar Orbiter series carried out detailed mapping of the nearest celestial body - with their help it was possible to identify and study suitable landing sites. The Surveyor series vehicles made soft landings on the Moon and transmitted beautiful images of the surrounding area.
The Lunar Orbiter spacecraft carefully mapped the Moon, determining future landing sites for astronauts.
Surveyor spacecraft studied the Moon directly on its surface; parts of the Surveyor-3 apparatus were picked up and delivered to Earth by the crew of Apollo 12
At the same time, the Gemini program developed. After unmanned launches, Gemini 3 launched on March 23, 1965, maneuvering by changing the speed and inclination of its orbit, which was an unprecedented achievement at that time. Soon Gemini 4 flew, on which Edward White made the first spacewalk for Americans. The ship operated in orbit for four days, testing attitude control systems for the Apollo program. Gemini 5, which launched on August 21, 1965, tested electrochemical generators and a docking radar. In addition, the crew set a record for the duration of stay in space - almost eight days (Soviet cosmonauts managed to beat it only in June 1970). By the way, during the Gemini 5 flight, Americans for the first time encountered the negative consequences of weightlessness - a weakening of the musculoskeletal system. Therefore, measures have been developed to prevent such effects: a special diet, drug therapy and a series of physical exercises.
In December 1965, Gemini 6 and Gemini 7 approached each other, simulating a docking. Moreover, the crew of the second ship spent more than thirteen days in orbit (that is, the full time of the lunar expedition), proving that the measures taken to maintain physical fitness are quite effective during such a long flight. The docking procedure was practiced on the ships Gemini 8, Gemini 9 and Gemini 10 (by the way, the commander of Gemini 8 was Neil Armstrong). On Gemini 11 in September 1966, they tested the possibility of an emergency launch from the Moon, as well as a flight through the Earth's radiation belts (the ship rose to a record altitude of 1369 km). On Gemini 12, astronauts tested a series of manipulations in outer space.
During the flight of the Gemini 12 spacecraft, astronaut Buzz Aldrin proved the possibility of complex manipulations in outer space
At the same time, the designers were preparing the “intermediate” two-stage Saturn 1 rocket for testing. During its first launch on October 27, 1961, it surpassed the Vostok rocket in thrust, on which Soviet cosmonauts flew. It was assumed that the same rocket would launch the first Apollo 1 spacecraft into space, but on January 27, 1967, there was a fire at the launch complex in which the crew of the ship died, and many plans had to be revised.
In November 1967, testing of the huge three-stage Saturn 5 rocket began. During its first flight, it lifted into orbit the Apollo 4 command and service module with a mock-up of the lunar module. In January 1968, the Apollo 5 lunar module was tested in orbit, and the unmanned Apollo 6 went there in April. The last launch almost ended in disaster due to a failure of the second stage, but the rocket pulled out the ship, demonstrating good survivability.
On October 11, 1968, the Saturn 1B rocket launched the command and service module of the Apollo 7 spacecraft with its crew into orbit. For ten days, the astronauts tested the ship, conducting complex maneuvers. Theoretically, Apollo was ready for the expedition, but the lunar module was still “raw.” And then a mission was invented that was not initially planned at all - a flight around the Moon.
The flight of Apollo 8 was not planned by NASA: it was an improvisation, but was carried out brilliantly, securing another historical priority for American astronautics
On December 21, 1968, the Apollo 8 spacecraft, without a lunar module, but with a crew of three astronauts, set off for a neighboring celestial body. The flight went relatively smoothly, but before the historic landing on the Moon, two more launches were needed: the Apollo 9 crew worked out the procedure for docking and undocking the ship modules in low-Earth orbit, then the Apollo 10 crew did the same, but this time near the Moon . On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong and Edwin (Buzz) Aldrin stepped on the surface of the Moon, thereby proclaiming US leadership in space exploration.
The crew of Apollo 10 conducted a “dress rehearsal”, performing all the operations necessary for landing on the Moon, but without landing itself
The Apollo 11 lunar module, named Eagle, is landing
Astronaut Buzz Aldrin on the Moon
Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin's lunar walk was broadcast through the Parkes Observatory radio telescope in Australia; the original recordings of the historical event were also preserved and recently discovered
This was followed by new successful missions: Apollo 12, Apollo 14, Apollo 15, Apollo 16, Apollo 17. As a result, twelve astronauts visited the Moon, conducted terrain reconnaissance, installed scientific equipment, collected soil samples, and tested rovers. Only the crew of Apollo 13 was unlucky: on the way to the Moon, a liquid oxygen tank exploded, and NASA specialists had to work hard to return the astronauts to Earth.
Falsification theory
On the Luna-1 spacecraft, devices were installed to create an artificial sodium comet
It would seem that the reality of expeditions to the Moon should not have been in doubt. NASA regularly published press releases and newsletters, specialists and astronauts gave numerous interviews, many countries and the global scientific community participated in technical support, tens of thousands of people watched the takeoffs of huge rockets, and millions watched live television broadcasts from space. Lunar soil was brought to Earth, which many selenologists were able to study. International scientific conferences were held to understand the data that came from instruments left on the Moon.
But even during that eventful time, people appeared who questioned the facts of the astronaut landing on the Moon. Skepticism towards space achievements appeared back in 1959, and the likely reason for this was the policy of secrecy pursued by the Soviet Union: for decades it even hid the location of its cosmodrome!
Therefore, when Soviet scientists announced that they had launched the Luna-1 research apparatus, some Western experts spoke out in the spirit that the communists were simply fooling the world community. Experts anticipated the questions and placed a device on Luna 1 for evaporating sodium, with the help of which an artificial comet was created, whose brightness was equal to the sixth magnitude.
Conspiracy theorists even dispute the reality of Yuri Gagarin's flight
Claims arose later: for example, some Western journalists doubted the reality of Yuri Gagarin’s flight, because the Soviet Union refused to provide any documentary evidence. There was no camera on board the Vostok ship; the appearance of the ship itself and the launch vehicle remained classified.
But the US authorities never expressed doubts about the authenticity of what happened: even during the flight of the first satellites, the National Security Agency (NSA) deployed two surveillance stations in Alaska and Hawaii and installed radio equipment there capable of intercepting telemetry that came from Soviet devices. During Gagarin's flight, the stations were able to receive a television signal with an image of the astronaut, transmitted by an on-board camera. Within an hour, printouts of selected footage from the broadcast were in the hands of government officials, and President John F. Kennedy congratulated the Soviet people on their outstanding achievement.
Soviet military specialists working at Scientific Measuring Point No. 10 (NIP-10), located in the village of Shkolnoye near Simferopol, intercepted data coming from the Apollo spacecraft throughout the flights to the Moon and back.
Soviet intelligence did the same. At the NIP-10 station, located in the village of Shkolnoye (Simferopol, Crimea), a set of equipment was assembled that made it possible to intercept all information from the Apollo missions, including live television broadcasts from the Moon. The head of the interception project, Alexey Mikhailovich Gorin, gave the author of this article an exclusive interview, in which, in particular, he said: “For guidance and control of a very narrow beam, a standard drive system in azimuth and elevation was used. Based on information about the location (Cape Canaveral) and launch time, the flight trajectory of the spacecraft was calculated in all areas.
It should be noted that during about three days of flight, only occasionally did the beam pointing deviate from the calculated trajectory, which was easily corrected manually. We started with Apollo 10, which made a test flight around the Moon without landing. This was followed by flights with the Apollo landings from the 11th to the 15th... They took fairly clear images of the spacecraft on the Moon, the exit of both astronauts from it and the journey across the surface of the Moon. Video from the Moon, speech and telemetry were recorded on appropriate tape recorders and transmitted to Moscow for processing and translations.”
In addition to intercepting data, Soviet intelligence also collected any information on the Saturn-Apollo program, as it could be used for the USSR's own lunar plans. For example, intelligence officers monitored missile launches from the Atlantic Ocean. Moreover, when preparations began for the joint flight of the Soyuz-19 and Apollo CSM-111 spacecraft (ASTP mission), which took place in July 1975, Soviet specialists were allowed to access official information on the ship and rocket. And, as is known, no complaints were made against the American side.
The Americans themselves had complaints. In 1970, that is, even before the completion of the lunar program, a brochure by a certain James Craney was published, “Has Man Landed on the Moon?” (Did man land on the Moon?). The public ignored the brochure, although it was perhaps the first to formulate the main thesis of the “conspiracy theory”: an expedition to the nearest celestial body is technically impossible.
Technical writer Bill Kaysing can rightfully be called the founder of the “moon conspiracy” theory.
The topic began to gain popularity a little later, after the release of Bill Kaysing’s self-published book “We Never Went to the Moon” (1976), which outlined the now “traditional” arguments in favor of the conspiracy theory. For example, the author seriously argued that all deaths of participants in the Saturn-Apollo program were associated with the elimination of unwanted witnesses. It must be said that Kaysing is the only author of books on this topic who was directly related to the space program: from 1956 to 1963, he worked as a technical writer at the Rocketdyne company, which was designing the super-powerful F-1 engine for the rocket. Saturn-5".
However, after being fired “of his own free will,” Kaysing became a beggar, grabbed any job, and probably did not have warm feelings for his previous employers. In the book, which was reprinted in 1981 and 2002, he argued that the Saturn V rocket was a "technical fake" and could never send astronauts on interplanetary flight, so in reality the Apollos flew around the Earth, and the television broadcast was carried out using unmanned vehicles.
Ralph Rene made a name for himself by accusing the US government of faking flights to the moon and organizing the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001
At first, they also did not pay attention to Bill Kaysing’s creation. His fame was brought to him by the American conspiracy theorist Ralph Rene, who posed as a scientist, physicist, inventor, engineer and science journalist, but in reality did not graduate from a single higher educational institution. Like his predecessors, Rene published the book “How NASA Showed America the Moon” (NASA Mooned America!, 1992) at his own expense, but at the same time he could already refer to other people’s “research”, that is, he looked not like a loner, but like a skeptic in searching for truth.
Probably, the book, the lion's share of which is devoted to the analysis of certain photographs taken by astronauts, would also have gone unnoticed if the era of television shows had not come, when it became fashionable to invite all kinds of freaks and outcasts to the studio. Ralph Rene managed to make the most of the sudden interest of the public, fortunately he had a well-spoken tongue and did not hesitate to make absurd accusations (for example, he claimed that NASA deliberately damaged his computer and destroyed important files). His book was reprinted many times, each time increasing in volume.
Among the documentaries dedicated to the “lunar conspiracy” theory, there are outright hoaxes: for example, the pseudo-documentary French film “The Dark Side of the Moon” (Opération lune, 2002)
The topic itself also begged for film adaptation, and soon films appeared with claims to be documentaries: “Was it just a paper Moon?” (Was It Only a Paper Moon?, 1997), “What Happened on the Moon?” (What Happened on the Moon?, 2000), “A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Moon” (2001), “Astronauts Gone Wild: An Investigation into the Authenticity of the Moon Landing” Investigation Into the Authenticity of the Moon Landings, 2004) and the like. By the way, the author of the last two films, film director Bart Sibrel, twice pestered Buzz Aldrin with aggressive demands to admit to deception and was eventually punched in the face by an elderly astronaut. Video footage of this incident can be found on YouTube. The police, by the way, refused to open a case against Aldrin. Apparently, she thought the video was faked.
In the 1970s, NASA tried to cooperate with the authors of the “lunar conspiracy” theory and even issued a press release that addressed Bill Kaysing’s claims. However, it soon became clear that they did not want dialogue, but were happy to use any mention of their fabrications for self-PR: for example, Kaysing sued astronaut Jim Lovell in 1996 for calling him a “fool” in one of his interviews.
However, what else can you call the people who believed in the authenticity of the film “The Dark Side of the Moon” (Opération lune, 2002), where the famous director Stanley Kubrick was directly accused of filming all the astronaut landings on the Moon in the Hollywood pavilion? Even in the film itself there are indications that it is a fiction in the mockumentary genre, but this did not stop conspiracy theorists from accepting the version with a bang and quoting it even after the creators of the hoax openly admitted to hooliganism. By the way, another “evidence” of the same degree of reliability recently appeared: this time an interview with a man similar to Stanley Kubrick surfaced, where he allegedly took responsibility for falsifying materials from lunar missions. The new fake was quickly exposed - it was done too clumsily.
Cover-up operation
In 2007, science journalist and popularizer Richard Hoagland co-authored with Michael Bara the book “Dark Mission. Secret History of NASA" (Dark Mission: The Secret History of NASA), which immediately became a bestseller. In this weighty volume, Hoagland summarized his research on the “cover-up operation” - it is allegedly carried out by US government agencies, hiding from the world community the fact of contact with a more advanced civilization that has mastered the solar system long before humanity.
Within the framework of the new theory, the “lunar conspiracy” is considered as a product of the activities of NASA itself, which deliberately provokes an illiterate discussion of the falsification of the lunar landings so that qualified researchers disdain to study this topic for fear of being branded “marginal”. Hoagland deftly fit all modern conspiracy theories into his theory, from the assassination of President John F. Kennedy to “flying saucers” and the Martian “Sphinx.” For his vigorous activity in exposing the “cover-up operation,” the journalist was even awarded the Ig Nobel Prize, which he received in October 1997.
Believers and non-believers
Supporters of the “moon conspiracy” theory, or, more simply, “anti-Apollo” people, are very fond of accusing their opponents of illiteracy, ignorance, or even blind faith. A strange move, considering that it is the “anti-Apollo” people who believe in a theory that is not supported by any significant evidence. There is a golden rule in science and law: an extraordinary claim requires extraordinary evidence. An attempt to accuse space agencies and the global scientific community of falsifying materials of great importance to our understanding of the Universe must be accompanied by something more significant than a couple of self-published books published by an aggrieved writer and a narcissistic pseudo-scientist.
All hours of film footage from the lunar expeditions of the Apollo spacecraft have long been digitized and are available for study.
If we imagine for a moment that in the United States there was a secret parallel space program using unmanned vehicles, then we need to explain where all the participants in this program went: the designers of the “parallel” equipment, its testers and operators, as well as the filmmakers who prepared kilometers of films of the lunar missions. We are talking about thousands (or even tens of thousands) of people who needed to be involved in the “lunar conspiracy.” Where are they and where are their confessions? Let's say they all, including foreigners, swore an oath of silence. But there must remain piles of documents, contracts and orders with contractors, corresponding structures and testing grounds. However, apart from quibbles about some public NASA materials, which are indeed often retouched or presented in a deliberately simplified interpretation, there is nothing. Nothing at all.
However, “anti-Apollo” people never think about such “little things” and persistently (often in an aggressive form) demand more and more evidence from the opposite side. The paradox is that if they, asking “tricky” questions, tried to find answers to them themselves, it would not be difficult. Let's look at the most typical claims.
During the preparation and implementation of the joint flight of the Soyuz and Apollo spacecraft, Soviet specialists were allowed to access official information of the American space program
For example, “anti-Apollo” people ask: why was the Saturn-Apollo program interrupted and its technology lost and cannot be used today? The answer is obvious to anyone who has even a basic understanding of what was happening in the early 1970s. It was then that one of the most powerful political and economic crises in US history occurred: the dollar lost its gold content and was devalued twice; the protracted war in Vietnam was draining resources; youth were swept by the anti-war movement; Richard Nixon was on the verge of impeachment in connection with the Watergate scandal.
At the same time, the total costs of the Saturn-Apollo program amounted to 24 billion dollars (in terms of current prices we can talk about 100 billion), and each new launch cost 300 million (1.3 billion in modern prices) - it is clear that further funding became prohibitive for the shrinking American budget. The Soviet Union experienced something similar in the late 1980s, which led to the inglorious closure of the Energia-Buran program, the technologies of which were also largely lost.
In 2013, an expedition led by Jeff Bezos, the founder of the Internet company Amazon, recovered from the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean fragments of one of the F-1 engines of the Saturn 5 rocket that delivered Apollo 11 into orbit.
However, despite the problems, the Americans tried to squeeze a little more out of the lunar program: the Saturn 5 rocket launched the heavy orbital station Skylab (three expeditions visited it in 1973–1974), and a joint Soviet-American flight took place. Soyuz-Apollo (ASTP). In addition, the Space Shuttle program, which replaced the Apollos, used the Saturn launch facilities, and some technological solutions obtained during their operation are used today in the design of the promising American SLS launch vehicle.
Working box with moon rocks in the Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility storage
Another popular question: where did the lunar soil brought by astronauts go? Why isn't it being studied? Answer: it has not gone anywhere, but is stored where it was planned - in the two-story Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility building, which was built in Houston, Texas. Applications for soil studies should also be submitted there, but only organizations that have the necessary equipment can receive them. Every year a special commission reviews applications and approves from forty to fifty of them; On average, up to 400 samples are sent out. In addition, 98 samples with a total weight of 12.46 kg are exhibited in museums around the world, and dozens of scientific publications have been published on each of them.
Images of the landing sites of Apollo 11, Apollo 12 and Apollo 17 taken by LRO's main optical camera: the lunar modules, scientific equipment and the “paths” left by the astronauts are clearly visible
Another question in the same vein: why is there no independent evidence of visiting the Moon? Answer: they are. If we discard the Soviet evidence, which is still far from complete, and the excellent space films of the lunar landing sites, which were made by the American LRO apparatus and which “anti-Apollo” people also consider “fake”, then the materials presented by the Indians (Chandrayaan-1 apparatus) are quite sufficient for analysis ), the Japanese (Kaguya) and the Chinese (Chang'e-2): all three agencies have officially confirmed that they have discovered traces left by the Apollo spacecraft.
"Moon deception" in Russia
By the end of the 1990s, the “moon conspiracy” theory came to Russia, where it gained ardent supporters. Its wide popularity is obviously facilitated by the sad fact that very few historical books on the American space program are published in Russian, so an inexperienced reader may get the impression that there is nothing to study there.
The most ardent and talkative adherent of the theory was Yuri Mukhin, a former engineer-inventor and publicist with radical pro-Stalinist beliefs, noted for historical revisionism. In particular, he published the book “The Corrupt Wench of Genetics,” in which he refutes the achievements of genetics in order to prove that repressions against domestic representatives of this science were justified. Mukhin's style is repulsive with its deliberate rudeness, and he builds his conclusions on the basis of rather primitive distortions.
TV cameraman Yuri Elkhov, who participated in the filming of such famous children's films as “The Adventures of Pinocchio” (1975) and “About Little Red Riding Hood” (1977), undertook to analyze the film footage taken by the astronauts and came to the conclusion that they were fabricated. True, for testing he used his own studio and equipment, which has nothing in common with NASA equipment of the late 1960s. Based on the results of the “investigation,” Elkhov wrote the book “Fake Moon,” which was never published due to lack of funds.
Perhaps the most competent of the Russian “anti-Apollo activists” remains Alexander Popov, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, a specialist in lasers. In 2009, he published the book “Americans on the Moon - a great breakthrough or a space scam?”, in which he presents almost all the arguments of the “conspiracy” theory, supplementing them with his own interpretations. For many years he has been running a special website dedicated to the topic, and has now agreed that not only the Apollo flights, but also the Mercury and Gemini spacecraft were falsified. Thus, Popov claims that the Americans made their first flight into orbit only in April 1981 - on the Columbia shuttle. Apparently, the respected physicist does not understand that without extensive previous experience, it is simply impossible to launch such a complex reusable aerospace system as the Space Shuttle the first time.
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The list of questions and answers can be continued indefinitely, but this makes no sense: the views of the “anti-Apollo” are not based on real facts that can be interpreted in one way or another, but on illiterate ideas about them. Unfortunately, ignorance is persistent, and not even Buzz Aldrin's hook can change the situation. We can only hope for time and new flights to the Moon, which will inevitably put everything in its place.
MOSCOW, July 20 - RIA Novosti. The famous cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, who personally prepared to participate in the Soviet lunar exploration program, denied many years of rumors that American astronauts were not on the Moon, and the footage broadcast on television around the world was allegedly edited in Hollywood.
He spoke about this in an interview with RIA Novosti on the eve of the 40th anniversary of the first landing in the history of mankind by US astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin on the surface of the Earth's satellite, celebrated on July 20.
So were the Americans or were they not on the moon?
“Only absolutely ignorant people can seriously believe that the Americans were not on the Moon. And, unfortunately, this whole ridiculous epic about footage allegedly fabricated in Hollywood began precisely with the Americans themselves. By the way, the first person who began to disseminate these rumors, he was imprisoned for libel,” Alexey Leonov noted in this regard.
Where did the rumors come from?
“And it all started when, at the celebration of the 80th birthday of the famous American film director Stanley Kubrick, who based his brilliant film “2001 Odyssey” on the book of science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke, journalists who met with Kubrick’s wife asked to talk about her husband’s work on the film in Hollywood studios. And she honestly reported that there are only two real lunar modules on Earth - one in a museum, where no filming has ever been carried out, and it is even forbidden to walk with a camera, and the other is located in Hollywood, where, in order to develop the logic of what is happening on the screen, Additional filming of the American landing on the Moon was carried out,” the Soviet cosmonaut specified.
Why was studio additional filming used?
Alexey Leonov explained that in order for the viewer to be able to see on the movie screen the development of what is happening from beginning to end, elements of additional shooting are used in any movie.
“It was impossible, for example, to film Neil Armstrong’s real opening of the hatch of the descent ship on the Moon - there was simply no one to film it from the surface! For the same reason, it was impossible to film Armstrong’s descent to the Moon along the ladder from the ship. These are the moments that were actually filmed Kubrick in Hollywood studios to develop the logic of what was happening, and laid the foundation for numerous gossips that the entire landing was allegedly simulated on the set,” explained Alexey Leonov.
Where truth begins and editing ends
“The real shooting began when Armstrong, who first set foot on the Moon, got used to it a little, installed a highly directional antenna through which he was broadcasting to Earth. His partner Buzz Aldrin then also left the ship on the surface and began filming Armstrong, who in turn filmed its movement on the surface of the Moon,” the astronaut specified.
Why did the American flag fly in the airless space of the moon?
“The argument is made that the American flag fluttered on the Moon, but it shouldn’t have. The flag really shouldn’t have fluttered - the fabric was used with a rather rigid reinforced mesh, the panel was twisted into a tube and tucked into a cover. The astronauts took with them a nest, which they first inserted " , - explained the “phenomenon” Alexey Leonov.
“To argue that the entire film was shot on Earth is simply absurd and ridiculous. The USA had all the necessary systems that monitored the very launch of the launch vehicle, acceleration, correction of the flight orbit, flight around the Moon by the descent capsule and its landing,” - concluded the famous Soviet cosmonaut.
What did the “moon race” lead to between two space superpowers?
“My opinion is that this is the best competition in space that humanity has ever carried out. The “moon race” between the USSR and the USA is the achievement of the highest peaks of science and technology,” says Alexey Leonov.
According to him, after Yuri Gagarin's flight, US President Kennedy, speaking in Congress, said that the Americans were simply too late to think about the triumph that could be achieved by launching a man into space, and therefore the Russians triumphantly became the first. Kennedy's message was clear: within ten years, land a man on the moon and return him safely back to Earth.
“This was a very right step by a great politician - he united and rallied the American nation to achieve this goal. Huge funds were also involved at that time - 25 billion dollars, today it is, perhaps, all fifty billion. The program included a flyby of the Moon, then Tom Stafford's flight to the hover point and selection of a landing site on Apollo 10. The departure of Apollo 11 included the direct landing of Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the Moon. Michael Collins remained in orbit and waited for the return of his comrades," - said Alexey Leonov.
18 Apollo-type ships were made to prepare for the landing on the Moon - the entire program was implemented perfectly, except for Apollo 13 - from an engineering point of view, nothing special happened there, it simply failed, or rather, one of the fuel elements exploded , the energy weakened, and therefore it was decided not to land on the surface, but to fly around the Moon and return to Earth.
Alexey Leonov noted that only the first flyby of the Moon by Frank Borman, then the landing of Armstrong and Aldrin on the Moon and the story of Apollo 13 remained in the memory of Americans. These achievements united the American nation and made every person empathize, walk with their fingers crossed and pray for their heroes. The last flight of the Apollo series was also extremely interesting: American astronauts no longer just walked on the Moon, but drove on its surface in a special lunar vehicle and took interesting photographs.
In fact, it was the peak of the Cold War, and in this situation, the Americans, after the success of Yuri Gagarin, simply had to win the “moon race.” The USSR then had its own lunar program, and we also implemented it. By 1968, it had already existed for two years, and crews of our cosmonauts were even formed for the flight to the Moon.
On censorship of human achievements
“The American launches as part of the lunar program were broadcast on television, and only two countries in the world - the USSR and communist China - did not broadcast this historical footage to their people. I thought then, and now I think - in vain, we simply robbed our people ", the flight to the Moon is the heritage and achievement of all mankind. The Americans watched Gagarin's launch, Leonov's spacewalk - why couldn't the Soviet people see this?!", laments Alexey Leonov.
According to him, a limited group of Soviet space specialists watched these launches on a closed channel.
“We had military unit 32103 on Komsomolsky Prospekt, which provided space broadcasts, since there was no control center in Korolev at that time. We, unlike all other people in the USSR, saw the landing of Armstrong and Aldrin on the Moon, broadcast by the USA throughout world. The Americans placed a television antenna on the surface of the Moon, and everything they did there was transmitted through a television camera to Earth, and several repetitions of these television broadcasts were also made. When Armstrong stood on the surface of the Moon, and everyone in the USA clapped, we are here in the USSR , Soviet cosmonauts, also crossed their fingers for luck, and sincerely wished the guys success,” recalls the Soviet cosmonaut.
How the Soviet lunar program was implemented
“In 1962, a decree was issued, signed personally by Nikita Khrushchev, on the creation of a spacecraft to fly around the Moon and use a Proton launch vehicle with an upper stage for this launch. In 1964, Khrushchev signed a program for the USSR to fly around the Moon in 1967 , and in 1968 - landing on the Moon and returning to Earth. And in 1966 there was already a decree on the formation of lunar crews - a group was immediately recruited for landing on the Moon," recalled Alexey Leonov.
The first stage of the flight around the Earth's satellite was to be carried out by launching the L-1 lunar module using a Proton launch vehicle, and the second stage - landing and returning back - on a giant and powerful N-1 rocket, equipped with thirty engines with a total thrust of 4.5 thousands of tons, with the rocket itself weighing about 2 thousand tons. However, even after four test launches, this super-heavy rocket never flew normally, so it had to be abandoned in the end.
Korolev and Glushko: the antipathy of two geniuses
“There were other options, for example, using a 600-ton engine developed by the brilliant designer Valentin Glushko, but Sergei Korolev refused it, since it worked on highly toxic heptyl. Although, in my opinion, this was not the reason - just two leaders , Korolev and Glushko - could not and did not want to work together. Their relationship had its own problems of a purely personal nature: Sergei Korolev, for example, knew that Valentin Glushko had once written a denunciation against him, as a result of which he was sentenced to ten years When Korolev was released, he found out about this, but Glushko didn’t know that he knew about it,” said Alexey Leonov.
A small step for a man, but a giant leap for all mankind
On July 20, 1969, NASA's Apollo 11, with a crew of three astronauts: Commander Neil Armstrong, Lunar Module Pilot Edwin Aldrin, and Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, became the first to reach the Moon in the USSR-US space race. The Americans did not pursue research objectives in this expedition; its goal was simple: to land on the Earth’s satellite and return successfully.
The ship consisted of a lunar module and a command module, which remained in orbit during the mission. Thus, of the three astronauts, only two went to the Moon: Armstrong and Aldrin. They had to land on the moon, collect samples of lunar soil, take photographs on the Earth's satellite and install several instruments. However, the main ideological component of the trip was the hoisting of the American flag on the moon and the holding of a video communication session with the Earth.
The launch of the ship was observed by US President Richard Nixon and the scientist-creator of German rocket technology, Hermann Oberth. A total of about a million people watched the launch at the cosmodrome and mounted observation platforms, and the television broadcast, according to the Americans, was watched by more than a billion people all over the world.
Apollo 11 launched toward the moon on July 16, 1969 at 1332 GMT and entered lunar orbit 76 hours later. The command and lunar modules were undocked approximately 100 hours after launch. Despite the fact that NASA intended to land on the lunar surface in automatic mode, Armstrong, as the commander of the expedition, decided to land the lunar module in semi-automatic mode.
The lunar module landed in the Sea of Tranquility on July 20 at 20 hours 17 minutes 42 seconds GMT. Armstrong descended to the surface of the Moon on July 21, 1969 at 02:56:20 GMT. Everyone knows the phrase he said when he set foot on the moon: “That’s one small step for a man, but one giant leap for all mankind.”
15 minutes later Aldrin walked onto the moon. The astronauts collected the required amount of materials, placed instruments and installed a television camera. After that, they placed an American flag in the camera's field of view and conducted a communication session with President Nixon. The astronauts left a memorial plaque on the Moon with the words: “Here people from planet Earth first set foot on the Moon. July 1969 AD. We come in peace on behalf of all Mankind.”
Aldrin spent about an hour and a half on the moon, Armstrong - two hours and ten minutes. At the 125th hour of the mission and the 22nd hour of being on the Moon, the lunar module launched from the surface of the Earth's satellite. The crew splashed down on the blue planet approximately 195 hours after the start of the mission, and soon the astronauts were picked up by an aircraft carrier that arrived in time.
Interview with Stanley Kubrick about filming the moon landing; 3 days later he passed away.
A dying interview with the famous film director Stanley Kubrick has been published, in which he spoke in detail about how all the lunar landings were fabricated by NASA and how he filmed all the footage of American lunar expeditions on Earth...
The interview was published 15 years after his death. Director T. Patrick Murray interviewed Stanley Kubrick three days before his death in March 1999. Previously, he was forced to sign an 88-page non-disclosure agreement (NDA) about the contents of the interview for 15 years from the date of Kubrick's death.
Kubrick's dying interview has become a sensation all over the world in recent days.
In 1971, Kubrick left the US for the UK and never returned to America. All of his subsequent films were shot only in England. For many years, the director led a reclusive life, fearing murder. According to the English newspaper The Sun, the director “was afraid of being killed by American intelligence services, following the example of other participants in the television support of the US lunar scam.”
The director died suddenly, allegedly of a heart attack, at the end of the editing period of the film “Eyes Wide Shut,” in which Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman played the main roles. It was Kidman who, in an interview with the American newspaper The National Enquirer in July 2002, reported that Kubrick had been killed. The director called her 2 hours before the official time of “sudden death” and asked her not to come to Hertfordshire, where, as he put it, “we will all be poisoned so quickly that we won’t even have time to sneeze.” According to British journalists, employees of the US National Security Agency first tried to kill Kubrick back in 1979.
The violent nature of Kubrick's death on March 7, 1999 at an English estate near Harpenden (Hertfordshire) later became the reason for the revelations of his widow. In the summer of 2003, in an interview with French television, and later, on November 16, 2003, in the program “The Dark Side of the Moon” (CBC Newsworld television channel), the director’s widow, German actress Christiane Susanne Harlan, made a public confession, the essence of which is as follows:
At a time when the USSR was already fully exploring space, US President Richard Nixon, inspired, according to the widow, by her husband’s science-fiction epic film, which went down in history as one of the best masterpieces of Hollywood “2001: A Space Odyssey” (1968), called on the director, along with other Hollywood professionals, to “save the national honor and dignity of the United States.” That’s what the masters of the “dream factory”, led by Kubrick, did. The decision to falsify was made personally by the President of the United States.
Similar statements from participants in the “project” have been made before.
In particular, rocket engineer Bill Kaysing, who worked at Rocketdyne, the company that built rocket engines for the Apollo program, and author of the book “We Never Flew to the Moon. America's $30 Billion Swindle (We Never Went to the Moon: America's Thirty Billion Dollar Swindle), published in 1974 and co-written by Randy Reid, also claimed that under the guise of live coverage of NASA's lunar module landing distributed a fake filmed on Earth. A military training ground in the Nevada desert was used for filming. In photographs taken at various times by Soviet reconnaissance satellites, one can clearly see huge hangars, as well as a large area of the “lunar surface” dotted with craters. It was there that all the “lunar expeditions” took place, filmed by Hollywood specialists.
There were daredevils even among the astronauts themselves. Thus, American astronaut Brian O’Leary, answering a direct question, said that “he cannot give a 100 percent guarantee that Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin really went to the moon.”
P.S. Excerpt from A. Novykh’s book “Sensei VI”
Yes, it’s cool for America,” Kostya said enthusiastically. - Who would have thought!
“It’s a pity for the people who live there,” Victor said sympathetically. - Behind the outward show of “freedom” there is such slavery in the shackles of archontic “democracy”!
Yeah,” Kostya chimed in, “but they said that this is the coolest country in the world, that everything there is at the highest level - from the standard of living to advanced technologies, they were even the first to visit the Moon...
No, but really, why were the Americans the first to go to the moon, and ours not? - Ruslan was offended. - We were the first to fly into space!
If you want, I’ll tell you a big secret,” Sensei said with a barely noticeable smile, watching the guys’ conversations. - The Americans have never been to the moon. And in general, no human foot has ever set foot there,” and he clarified with humor, “in the sense of a creature, and not a print from his shoe.
How is it that you haven’t been to the moon?! - Kostya and Ruslan were surprised at the same time.
Yes, very simple. People have not been to the Moon,” Sensei repeated again.
What, really? - Nikolai Andreevich asked intrigued.
Yes. “Flight to the Moon” is a big hoax, disinformation and a large-scale scam, which, however, brought considerable income to its organizers.
Zhenya looked at Sensei with curiosity.
Yes? This is getting interesting...
Wait,” Nikolai Andreevich stopped Zhenya and turned to Sensei: “How can this be a scam, if, as far as I know, this is a well-known fact.” At the same time, as they write, more than half a million television viewers around the globe watched the landing of astronauts on the Moon. And this lunar epic lasted practically from 1969 to 1972, when American astronauts flew there almost every six months. And in general, at that time the USA and the USSR had a whole race for the championship of the flight to the Moon. If the Americans were cheating, I think the Soviet Union would not remain silent about it.
It's not as simple as you think. Behind the world PR that you are talking about were the “Freemasons” of the highest level. From this project they have downloaded almost forty billion dollars from the American people alone, as law-abiding taxpayers. Although in reality there was no manned flight to the Moon, and even with those technologies,” Sensei grinned. - Even now, at the current level of scientific development, this is simply not realistic. So all this was just another successful match of the Archons in big politics.
Hmm, more details,” Volodya expressed his general desire, looking at Sensei.
Of course, you can go into more detail,” Sensei shrugged. - Although this information, in my opinion, is not of particular interest. These are just games of big politics...
But they tickle your nerves, your heels itch,” Zhenya said, causing the kids to laugh.
You need to wash more often! - Victor answered him with humor.
No, really, Sensei, tell me,” Volodya asked again.
What can I tell you? Dirty story. So many good people died because of this... This scam was started by the Archons during the years of the so-called “great space race” between the USSR and the USA. The faithful servants of the Archons - the “Freemasons” - very prudently played on the ambitions of big politicians... At this time, the USSR was in the lead. - And somehow smiling kindly, as if remembering something good, Sensei said warmly: - Why not lead! After all, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev himself headed the cosmonautics. He was a good man, of high decency and morality, and very responsible for his thoughts, actions and decisions.
Korolev? Who is this? Politician? - asked Slavik.
Come on! - Andrey grinned. - This is a scientist!
An outstanding scientist,” Sensei emphasized. - Talented design engineer.
“Now I know,” the guy answered with a smile.
Korolev was not just an outstanding scientist-practitioner,” Sensei stated, “but also a talented organizer. Everyone who worked with him on the same team admired his incredible enthusiasm. He simply infected people with his absolute confidence in victory. And as they say now, he “intuitively” developed promising directions. It `s naturally. After all, Korolev was far from an ordinary person. Few people know that in the early thirties, then a young engineer Sergei Korolev met not only with Tsiolkovsky, but also with quite extraordinary non-public personalities who, in addition to the “theory” of astronautics, revealed to him many very interesting things. It was after those meetings that Korolev became “sick” with the topic of developing jet interplanetary flights. It was thanks to those meetings that he was able, as they would write later, to “predetermine and predict” the future of aviation and astronautics for many years to come, ahead of his time.
Who did he meet? - Ruslan said impatiently.
Sensei only smiled mysteriously and, without answering his question, continued the story further.
So, thanks to Korolev’s inexhaustible enthusiasm, a whole era of astronautics began in the Union. Already in 1957, the USSR launched the first Earth satellite. Then there were launches of automatic interplanetary stations, including to the Moon, where soil samples were repeatedly taken. Again, it was the Soviet automatic station Luna-2 that first reached the surface of the Moon in 1959. The first human flight into space in history on the Vostok spacecraft was also a merit of the USSR, and so on and so forth. The Americans also did not lag behind and, as they say, stepped on the heels of the Union in space exploration. If Yuri Gagarin made a flight on April 12, 1961, then the American Alan Shepard - on May 5, 1961. That is, with a small time difference. However, the American was already the second person to visit space. And now we were talking about the country’s prestige on the world stage. The Archons took advantage of this situation and the exorbitant ambitions of people.
Through then US President John Kennedy, the priority of the lunar conquest program was announced. By the way, the technical development of this project was carried out by none other than the German designer of rocket and space technology, former SS Sturmbannführer, chief designer of the A-4 (V-2) rocket (used in World War II to bombard cities in Great Britain and Belgium) - Wernher von Braun. This man also came from the family of a major German financier and influential political figure, Baron Magnus von Braun, who was in the same “team” from the Freemasons as Hjalmar Schacht. And after the war, Wernher von Braun will receive American citizenship and will calmly work for the US military-industrial complex, as he did for Nazi Germany. Moreover, he will be elevated up the career ladder to senior management positions at NASA (US National Aeronautics and Space Administration).
So, the media will begin to intensively convince the American people that since their cosmonauts did not manage to be the first to fly into space, they simply have to make sure that it is the American who is the first to set foot on the surface of the Moon. As a result of all these manipulations and speculations, the US Congress allocated appropriations for this “lunar” program that were simply astronomical at that time, removing them from the pockets of taxpayers, as if the Americans had no other problems than conquering the Moon. And for these tens of billions of dollars, they showed the whole world a cheap series about the “epic of man’s conquest of the Moon,” calling it the loud name “Apollo Program.”
Is it in honor of the ancient Greek Olympian god? - Kostya asked with the air of an “expert”.
Nikolai Andreevich said, as if complementing the guy’s words:
- ...healer, soothsayer, and patron of the arts... As I see it, the Archons are great lovers of ancient Greek poetry.
Of course,” Sensei grinned. - Who owns the creation of the Olympic religion of Homer... Only the name of this program did not arise in honor of the mythical god Apollo, although it was presented to the masses in such a beautiful package. Archons are big fans of double meanings. In fact, with the appearance of the name of the program, everything was much simpler. It’s just that the Archon who came up with this whole large-scale scam is nicknamed “Phoebus” in narrow circles for his brilliant mind (which is translated from Greek “phoibos” as “brilliant”). And if we consider the word Phoebus in the context of mythology, then this is simply another name for Apollo, as the “all-seeing solar deity.”
Well, yes,” Victor laughed along with the team, “as they say, everything ingenious is simple!
They staged such a “cosmic” performance that the famous screenwriters couldn’t compete with them! Six expeditions successfully landed on the Moon without a hitch. Twelve people visited the Moon. But the Apollo 13 spacecraft could not land on the lunar surface due to an accident on board. He flew around the Moon and returned to Earth with nothing.
So this was all really a performance?! - Kostya couldn’t believe it.
Certainly. They simply played on people’s ambitions and stole a lot of money. Not only were the American people fleeced, but the Soviet Union was also involved in this senseless race.
So, wait,” Nikolai Andreevich said doubtfully. - What, didn’t our specialists know that it was a “linden”?
Of course they knew. But in exchange for silence and support for the “lunar version”, the Soviet Union received huge benefits on the international market... And then, how did the “Freemasons” cover their tracks, from government reshuffles to the elimination of “unreliable” individuals?! And I wouldn’t be surprised if in the future someone becomes seriously interested in this scam, it suddenly turns out that the original footage of this performance, in which it must be said there were a lot of blunders, will disappear without a trace. And, as you know, there are no documents, there is no subject of conversation.
So, American astronauts never landed on the moon? - Victor clarified again.
Naturally not. To get to the Moon, it is necessary to overcome the belts of enormous radiation.
But how do astronauts fly into space, go out into outer space and return from there alive?
Well, they are under the protection of the earth’s gravitational, magnetic field and do not go beyond its limits. That is, they fly in near-Earth space within acceptable limits from the Earth’s surface. And then, when increased cosmic radiation penetrates these layers, they are forced to reduce the flight altitude... Naturally, in the future, with the development of nanotechnology, flights to both the Moon and other nearby planets will be quite possible for humans.
In the lunar epic there are always 2 camps: those who believe that the Americans were on the Moon, and those who do not believe. And if the chief director from NASA himself said that he filmed the Moon landing on Earth, would that convince you? Because this video appeared in December 2015, 15 years after Kubrick's death in 1999, so that his family would not suffer.
1. Why did you decide to do this interview? Because he has matured as a person, he says “he has gone through personal evolutionary growth,” when morality means more to him than money and fame. This happened against the backdrop of how former astronaut Neil Armstrong, who is considered the first person to walk on the surface of the Moon, became isolated and drank himself because of all this falsehood of the government and NASA, which was forbidden to talk about with anyone. from those around.
2. Kubrick made a video about the lunar landing, filmed on Earth. For this purpose the technology was used FRONT PROJECTIONS “, already tested in “2001: A Space Odyssey,” to make it seem to you that there is an endless lunar landscape behind the astronauts, although each set where they moved was only a few tens of meters.
3. Kubrick regrets making this fake, although he is proud of it, calling it “the greatest masterpiece.” An ambiguous feeling for him seems to be bad, but it is very pleasant and warming, he does not want to give it up.
4. The long breaks between his films are explained by the fact that within the director’s personality there was a struggle for fame, and observation of the effect of the spread of lies. Therefore, after the film "" 1980, which we reviewed in the previous article, he waited a whole 7 years to film " Full metal jacket", and then another 13 years to film " With eyes wide shut" V 1999. By the way, " With eyes wide shut"was released in July 1999, exactly 30 years after the Moon landing (July 1969). Kubrick always loved the language of symbols, saying that people (we all) live with " eyes wide shut «.
5. He filmed the “moon landing” to keep up with President John F. Kennedy’s promise: “There will be Americans on the moon before the end of the 1960s.” Therefore, the landing was shown in 1969, exactly as predicted. It was necessary to report to voters.
6. In the beginning, it was planned that they would film everything on Earth, type for insurance, if they don’t keep up, and as soon as the technical opportunity arises, they will send Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins there first, so that they don’t feel like the world’s deceivers, but we have to wait a little. Then it was postponed again and again, and in the end they were told that it was unrealistic. But the video of the lunar landing had already gone viral, and it was too late to admit it was fake.
7. Wernher von Braun, the head of the NASA Space Flight Center, immediately said that this project is nonsense, and it is impossible for people to fly to the Moon with current technologies, but they did not listen to him, but were told to draw a rocket. In parallel with this, a video was shot and scenery was prepared in the form of modules and rovers. How did it happen that respected engineer Wernher von Braun became embroiled in a scam? So he was taken from Germany after the war, he was an advanced specialist, he made excellent VAF and V-2 rockets for Hitler, and now his life depended only on the USA. They told him: “We are flying.” He took the lead and until 1970 headed this center, designed a gigantic pseudo-rocket Saturn-5, which after only 2 test launches, one of which was unsuccessful, was accepted for manned flights. After the "successful lunar landings" and the closure of the "successful" lunar program, the rocket never flew again. Moreover, the German left NASA in 1972 “very disappointed,” and the flights lasted until 1975. 11 successful launches in a row, also the successful launch of the American Skylab laboratory into orbit. Do directors get fired for this? Or do they fire you when you have fulfilled your role as a “technical decoration” and are no longer needed?
There were drawings for the Saturn 5 rocket and F1 engines, naturally, “lost by NASA.” Today, Americans buy and fly Soviet RD-180 and NK-33 engines.
To give you an idea of the size of what the Americans allegedly flew, see the picture below. Number 1 and number 2 are the Soyuz and Proton rockets, developed during the 1960s lunar race. Current technology. They exist, they are built, they fly. Today they deliver crews and cargo to the ISS. Number 3 - Saturn 5. A huge fucking canoe, it could launch several ready-made modules into orbit today, deploy a ready-made station. After all, every single launch costs money, right? I would deliver the goods, yeah. If... I could fly...
8. Kubrick even made absurd videos with astronauts (for example, Apollo 13) even playing golf on the moon, because people in America needed to show something, preferably entertaining. They already jumped, ran, rode in a car, they need something new. The golf idea seemed “American” to him. Golf has been removed! After all, this is why they send to the moon... to play golf!
It seems there is nothing more to add here. Although, no. There is something else.
American super emotions
afterlanding on the moon!
This is what the first interview of Americans Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, Michael Collins looks like in 1969, after the flight.
Just appreciate their delight, because they just became the first earthlings in the history of mankind (!) to reach and return from the Moon... What a success! The performance boiled down to the fact that they showed videos and photographs that everyone had already seen, but they commented on them, which Felt at the time of filming, that Felt before the frame, what after the moment. Do they look like people who have just completed an incredible flight by all standards and complexity?
Or do they look at each other in fear, so as not to completely screw up?
In the video, someone introducing himself as the director makes a supposed dying confession that the main US space mission was filmed on a pavilion
Another “exposure of the big lie” - the historical fact of the American landing on the moon in 1969 - was made by American director Patrick Murray. At least, on his behalf, a video interview with Stanley Kubrick, made 15 or 16 years ago, was posted on the Internet, where the famous director admits that all the videos of Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin landing on the moon are fake.
In a conversation that allegedly took place before the film director's death, Stanley Kubrick states: “I have committed a huge fraud on the American public. With the participation of the United States government and NASA. The moon landing was faked, all the landings were faked, and I was the person who filmed it." According to the director, in fact, he filmed the footage in an ordinary studio on Earth. According to him, landing on the moon was a fantasy of President Nixon, who really wanted to make it a reality. The government offered the director a large sum of money to implement the idea, and he agreed to make a “movie.”
However, people interested in astronautics immediately suspected a trick with the video and saw in it the dissimilarity of Kubrick speaking on behalf of the famous director. In particular, blogger Vitaly Egorov posted a real photo of Kubrick, whose face is really different from the one in the video. From it you can immediately note several inconsistencies, for example, the real Kubrick has no moles on his cheek, and a different face shape.
Other researchers of the issue recalled that NASA at one time actually admitted that it had filmed some footage of the Armstrong and Aldrin landing on the moon, fearing that the real footage turned out to be very weak and did not express the full solemnity of the moment.
As for the very essence of the issue, as MK was told at the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the main evidence that the Americans were on the Moon was and remains the lunar soil they brought in large quantities. Its elemental and isotopic composition, which has no analogue on Earth, completely coincided with those samples of regolith that were delivered at different times by three Soviet automatic lunar stations.
According to Head of the Space Gamma Spectroscopy Laboratory of the Institute of Space Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences Igor MITROFANOV, all these disputes about the American landing on the Moon, apparently, will not subside until we again begin to systematically, professionally explore our eternal companion. “We took the last soil sample from the Moon back in 1976, and since then there has not been a single mission! But the Moon is our seventh continent, it is the future springboard of humanity, which we must study, first, of course, with the help of automatic stations, says Igor Georgievich. - If everything works out as we plan, and in 2020 our Luna-26 orbiter enters satellite orbit, then the cameras installed on it with a resolution of 1 meter will “see” and provide everyone with a photo of the Soviet lunar rover and traces of NASA astronauts' presence on the Moon.
Help "MK". The very first Russian mission after a 42-year break "Luna-25" scheduled for November 2018. It involves delivering a spacecraft with scientific equipment to the lunar surface in the southern circumpolar region, as well as testing the technology for soft landing and survival during the lunar night.
Project "Luna-26" is planned to be implemented in 2020. It involves launching a spacecraft into lunar orbit at an altitude of 50-100 kilometers, followed by a transition to an altitude of 500 km.
Project "Luna-27" involves the delivery of a landing vehicle with scientific equipment to the surface of the Moon, in the area of the South Pole.
Project "Luna-28" involves the delivery to the Moon of a device with a soil sampling device for taking cryogenic samples of regolith from a depth of up to 2 meters and delivering them to Earth.
