Global issues of humanity. Interconnection of global problems

Problems have existed for humanity throughout the entire path of its development. However, for a number of reasons, many problems have recently become global in nature. Their decision or non-decision is directly related to the survival of humanity. The threat of irreversible changes in the ecological properties of the environment, disruption of the emerging integrity of the world community and, in general, self-destruction of civilization is the reality of our days.

The concept of “global problems” became widely known in the last decades of the 20th century.

Global are problems that cover the whole world, pose a threat to the present and future of humanity and require the joint efforts of all states and peoples of the Earth to be solved.

There are various lists and classifications of global problems, where their number varies from 8 to 45. The main global problems of our time are the following 8 problems:

the problem of maintaining peace;

ecological problem;

energy and raw materials problem;

demographic problem;

food problem;

the problem of overcoming the backwardness of developing countries;

the problem of using the World Ocean;

problem of peaceful space exploration.

In addition to those listed, there are a number of important, but more specific, problems that require global participation: crime, drug addiction, interethnic relations, natural disasters, etc.

1. The problem of maintaining peace

The essence of the problem: any modern large-scale war using weapons of mass destruction can lead to the destruction of entire countries and even continents, an irreversible global environmental disaster, and on the territory of industrialized countries even a war using conventional weapons can lead to such consequences.

This problem has long been the No. 1 problem in the world. Currently, its severity has decreased slightly, but the problem remains quite acute.

Causes of the problem:

the emergence of weapons of mass destruction at the end of the 20th century and their spread throughout the planet;

huge accumulated world reserves of modern weapons, capable of destroying the entire population of the planet many times over;

constant increase in military spending;

the constant increase in the scale of the arms trade;

increasing unevenness in the level of socio-economic development between developing and developed countries, aggravation of energy, raw materials, territorial and other problems leading to an increase in the possibility of interstate conflicts, etc.

Ways to solve the problem:

a comprehensive approach to the problem of disarmament (inclusion of more countries in treaties on the limitation or destruction of weapons; phased elimination of weapons of mass destruction, etc.);

demilitarization of the countries' economies (conversion of the military-industrial complex);

strict international control over the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction;

reducing the tension of interstate conflicts through political measures;

reducing the gap in the level of socio-economic development of countries, solving food and other problems.

Examples and numbers:

According to experts’ estimates, the following died during the wars: 17th century - 3.3 million people, 18th century - 5.4 million, 19th century - 5.7 million, World War 1 - 20 million, World War 2 - 50 million;

global military spending exceeds the income of the entire poorest half of humanity and amounts to more than $700 billion a year; this is significantly more than military spending during the Second World War;

US military spending for 2004 – $400 billion;

the arms trade now reaches 25–30 billion dollars a year;

leading arms suppliers - USA, UK, France, Russia;

the cost of importing weapons and equipment in developing countries exceeds the cost of importing all other goods, including food.

The global problems of our time should be understood as a set of problems on the solution of which the further existence of civilization depends.

Global problems are generated by the uneven development of different areas of life of modern humanity and the contradictions generated in the socio-economic, political-ideological, socio-natural and other relations of people. These problems affect the life of humanity as a whole.

Global problems of humanity- these are problems that affect the vital interests of the entire population of the planet and require the joint efforts of all states of the world to be solved.

The global problems of our time include:

This set is not constant and as human civilization develops, the understanding of existing global problems changes, their priority is adjusted, and new global problems arise (space exploration, weather and climate control, etc.).

North-South problem is a problem of economic relations between developed countries and developing countries. Its essence is that in order to bridge the gap in the levels of socio-economic development between developed and developing countries, the latter require various concessions from developed countries, in particular, expanding access for their goods to the markets of developed countries, increasing the influx of knowledge and capital (especially in the form assistance), debt write-off and other measures in relation to them.

One of the main global problems is poverty problem. Poverty refers to the inability to provide the simplest and most affordable living conditions for most people in a given country. Large levels of poverty, especially in developing countries, pose a serious threat not only to national but also to global sustainable development.

World food problem lies in the inability of humanity to date to fully provide itself with vital food products. This problem appears in practice as a problem absolute food shortage(malnutrition and hunger) in the least developed countries, as well as nutritional imbalances in developed countries. Its solution will largely depend on the effective use of agriculture, scientific and technological progress in agriculture and the level of government support.

Global energy problem is the problem of providing humanity with fuel and energy now and in the foreseeable future. The main reason for the global energy problem should be considered the rapid increase in the consumption of mineral fuels in the 20th century. While developed countries are now solving this problem primarily by slowing the growth of their demand by reducing energy intensity, in other countries there is a relatively rapid increase in energy consumption. Added to this may be growing competition in the global energy market between developed countries and newly large industrialized countries (China, India, Brazil). All these circumstances, combined with military-political instability in some regions, can cause significant fluctuations in the level of energy resources and seriously affect the dynamics of supply and demand, as well as the production and consumption of energy goods, sometimes creating crisis situations.

The ecological potential of the world economy is increasingly undermined by human economic activity. The answer to this was environmentally sustainable development concept. It involves the development of all countries of the world, taking into account current needs, but not undermining the interests of future generations.

Environmental protection is an important part of development. In the 70s 20th century economists realized the importance of environmental issues for economic development. Processes of environmental degradation can be self-replicating, which threatens society with irreversible destruction and resource depletion.

Global demographic problem falls into two aspects: in a number of countries and regions of the developing world and the demographic aging of the population of developed and transition countries. For the former, the solution is to increase economic growth and reduce population growth. For the second - emigration and reform of the pension system.

The relationship between population growth and economic growth has long been the subject of research by economists. As a result of research, two approaches to assessing the impact of population growth on economic development have been developed. The first approach is to one degree or another connected with the theory of Malthus, who believed that population growth is faster than growth and therefore the world population is inevitable. The modern approach to assessing the role of population on the economy is comprehensive and identifies both positive and negative factors in the influence of population growth on.

Many experts believe that the real problem is not population growth per se, but the following problems:

• underdevelopment - retardation in development;
• depletion of the world's resources and environmental destruction.

The problem of human development- this is the problem of matching qualitative characteristics with the nature of the modern economy. In the conditions of post-industrialization, the requirements for the physical qualities and especially for the education of the worker increase, including his ability to constantly improve his skills. However, the development of the qualitative characteristics of the labor force in the world economy is extremely uneven. The worst indicators in this regard are demonstrated by developing countries, which, however, act as the main source of replenishment of the world labor force. This is what determines the global nature of the problem of human development.

Increasing interdependence and reduction of time and space barriers create a situation of collective insecurity from various threats, from which a person cannot always be saved by his state. This requires the creation of conditions that enhance a person’s ability to independently withstand risks and threats.

Ocean problem is the problem of preserving and rationally using its spaces and resources. Currently, the World Ocean, as a closed ecological system, can hardly withstand the greatly increased anthropogenic load, and a real threat of its destruction is created. Therefore, the global problem of the World Ocean is, first of all, the problem of its survival and, consequently, the survival of modern man.

Ways to solve global problems of our time

Solving these problems is an urgent task for all of humanity today. The survival of people depends on when and how they begin to be resolved. The following ways to solve global problems of our time are identified.

Preventing World War with the use of thermonuclear weapons and other means of mass destruction that threaten the destruction of civilization. This involves curbing the arms race, prohibiting the creation and use of weapons systems of mass destruction, human and material resources, the elimination of nuclear weapons, etc.;

Overcoming economic and cultural inequalities between the peoples inhabiting the industrialized countries of the West and East and the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America;

Overcoming a crisis interaction between humanity and nature, which is characterized by catastrophic consequences in the form of unprecedented environmental pollution and depletion of natural resources. This makes it necessary to develop measures aimed at the economical use of natural resources and the reduction of pollution of soil, water and air by waste from material production;

Declining population growth rate in developing countries and overcoming the demographic crisis in developed capitalist countries;

Preventing the negative consequences of the modern scientific and technological revolution;

Overcoming the downward trend in social health, which involves combating alcoholism, drug addiction, cancer, AIDS, tuberculosis and other diseases.

a set of problems of humanity, on the solution of which social progress and the preservation of civilization depend:

preventing global thermonuclear war and ensuring peaceful conditions for the development of all peoples;

bridging the gap in economic level and per capita income between developed and developing countries by eliminating their backwardness, as well as eliminating hunger, poverty and illiteracy on the globe;

stopping rapid population growth (“population explosion” in developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa) and eliminating the danger of “depopulation” in developed countries;

prevention of catastrophic environmental pollution; ensuring the further development of humanity with the necessary natural resources;

prevention of immediate and long-term consequences of the scientific and technological revolution.

Some researchers also include among the global problems of our time problems of health care, education, social values, relations between generations, etc.

Their features are: - They have a planetary, global character, affecting the interests of all peoples of the world. - They threaten degradation and/or death of all humanity. - Need urgent and effective solutions. - They require collective efforts of all states, joint actions of peoples for their resolution.

Major global problems

Destruction of the natural environment

Today, the biggest and most dangerous problem is the depletion and destruction of the natural environment, the disruption of the ecological balance within it as a result of growing and poorly controlled human activities. Exceptional harm is caused by industrial and transport disasters, which lead to mass death of living organisms, contamination and contamination of the world's oceans, atmosphere, and soil. But an even greater negative impact is caused by continuous emissions of harmful substances into the environment. Firstly, a strong impact on people’s health, all the more destructive since humanity is increasingly crowded in cities, where the concentration of harmful substances in the air, soil, atmosphere, directly in the premises, as well as in other influences (electricity, radio waves, etc.) very high. Secondly, many species of animals and plants disappear, and new dangerous microorganisms appear. Thirdly, the landscape is deteriorating, fertile lands are turning into piles, rivers into sewers, and the water regime and climate are changing in places. But the greatest danger is global climate change (warming), possible, for example, due to an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This could lead to the melting of glaciers. As a result, vast and densely populated areas in different regions of the world will be under water.

Air pollution

The most common air pollutants enter the atmosphere mainly in two forms: either in the form of suspended particles or in the form of gases. Carbon dioxide. As a result of fuel combustion and cement production, huge amounts of this gas are released into the atmosphere. This gas itself is not poisonous. Carbon monoxide. The combustion of fuel, which creates most of the gaseous and aerosol pollution in the atmosphere, serves as a source of another carbon compound - carbon monoxide. It is poisonous, and its danger is aggravated by the fact that it has neither color nor smell, and poisoning with it can occur completely unnoticed. Currently, about 300 million tons of carbon monoxide enters the atmosphere as a result of human activity. Hydrocarbons entering the atmosphere as a result of human activities make up a small proportion of naturally occurring hydrocarbons, but their pollution is very important. Their release into the atmosphere can occur at any stage of production, processing, storage, transportation and use of substances and materials containing hydrocarbons. More than half of the hydrocarbons produced by humans enter the air as a result of incomplete combustion of gasoline and diesel fuel during the operation of cars and other vehicles. Sulphur dioxide. Atmospheric pollution with sulfur compounds has important environmental consequences. The main sources of sulfur dioxide are volcanic activity, as well as the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide and other sulfur compounds. Sulfurous sources of sulfur dioxide have long surpassed volcanoes in intensity and are now equal to the total intensity of all natural sources. Aerosol particles enter the atmosphere from natural sources. The processes of aerosol formation are very diverse. This is, first of all, crushing, grinding and spraying of solids. In nature, mineral dust raised from the surface of deserts during dust storms has this origin. The source of atmospheric aerosols is of global importance, since deserts occupy about a third of the land surface, and there is also a tendency for their share to increase due to unwise human activity. Mineral dust from the surface of deserts is carried by the wind for many thousands of kilometers. Volcanic ash, which enters the atmosphere during eruptions, occurs relatively rarely and irregularly, as a result of which this source of aerosol is significantly inferior in mass to dust storms, its significance is very high, since this aerosol is thrown into the upper layers of the atmosphere - into the stratosphere. Remaining there for several years, it reflects or absorbs some of the solar energy that would, in its absence, reach the Earth's surface. The source of aerosols is also the technological processes of human economic activity. A powerful source of mineral dust is the building materials industry. Extraction and crushing of rocks in quarries, their transportation, cement production, construction itself - all this pollutes the atmosphere with mineral particles. A powerful source of solid aerosols is the mining industry, especially during the extraction of coal and ore in open pits. Aerosols enter the atmosphere when solutions are sprayed. The natural source of such aerosols is the ocean, which supplies chloride and sulfate aerosols resulting from the evaporation of sea spray. Another powerful mechanism for the formation of aerosols is the condensation of substances during combustion or incomplete combustion due to lack of oxygen or low combustion temperature. Aerosols are removed from the atmosphere in three ways: dry deposition under the influence of gravity (the main route for large particles), deposition on obstacles, and removal by precipitation. Aerosol pollution affects weather and climate. Chemical inactive aerosols accumulate in the lungs and lead to damage. Ordinary quartz sand and other silicates - mica, clay, asbestos, etc. accumulates in the lungs and penetrates into the blood, leading to diseases of the cardiovascular system and liver disease.

Soil pollution

Almost all pollutants that are initially released into the atmosphere eventually end up on the surface of land and water. Settling aerosols may contain toxic heavy metals - lead, mercury, copper, vanadium, cobalt, nickel. They are usually inactive and accumulate in the soil. But acids also enter the soil with rain. By combining with it, metals can transform into soluble compounds available to plants. Substances that are constantly present in the soil also turn into soluble forms, which sometimes leads to the death of plants.

Water pollution

Water used by humans ultimately returns to the natural environment. But, apart from the evaporated water, this is no longer pure water, but domestic, industrial and agricultural wastewater, usually not treated or not treated sufficiently. Thus, freshwater bodies of water - rivers, lakes, land and coastal areas of the seas - are polluted. There are three types of water pollution – biological, chemical and physical. Pollution of the oceans and seas occurs due to the entry of pollutants with river runoff, their fall out from the atmosphere and, finally, due to human activity. A special place in the pollution of the oceans is occupied by pollution by oil and petroleum products. Natural pollution occurs as a result of oil seepage from oil-bearing layers, mainly on the shelf. The greatest contribution to ocean oil pollution comes from maritime oil transportation, as well as sudden spills of large quantities of oil due to tanker accidents.

Ozone layer problems

On average, about 100 tons of ozone are formed and disappeared every second in the Earth's atmosphere. Even with a slight increase in dose, a person develops burns on the skin. Skin cancer, as well as eye disease, leading to blindness, is associated with an increase in the intensity of UV radiation. The biological effect of UV radiation is due to the high sensitivity of nucleic acids, which can be destroyed, leading to cell death or mutations. The world learned about the global environmental problem of “ozone holes.” First of all, the destruction of the ozone layer is caused by the increasingly developing civil aviation and chemical production. Application of nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture; chlorination of drinking water, widespread use of freons in refrigeration units, for extinguishing fires, as solvents and in aerosols have led to the fact that millions of tons of chlorofluoromethanes enter the lower layer of the atmosphere in the form of a colorless neutral gas. Spreading upward, chlorofluoromethanes are destroyed under the influence of UV radiation, releasing fluorine and chlorine, which actively participate in the processes of ozone destruction.

Air temperature problem

Although air temperature is the most important characteristic, it, of course, does not exhaust the concept of climate, for the description of which (and corresponding to its changes) it is important to know a number of other characteristics: air humidity, cloudiness, precipitation, air current speed, etc. Unfortunately, there is currently no or very little data that would characterize changes in these quantities over a long period on the scale of the entire globe or hemisphere. Work on collecting, processing and analyzing such data is underway, and it is hoped that soon it will be possible to more fully assess climate change in the twentieth century. The situation seems to be better than others with precipitation data, although this climate characteristic is very difficult to objectively analyze globally. An important characteristic of climate is “cloudiness,” which largely determines the influx of solar energy. Unfortunately, there are no data on changes in global cloudiness over the entire hundred-year period. a) The problem of acid rain. When studying acid rain, we must first answer two basic questions: what causes acid rain and how it affects the environment. Every year about 200 mil. are emitted into the Earth's atmosphere. Solid particles (dust, soot, etc.) 200 mil. t. sulfur dioxide (SO2), 700.mil. t. carbon monoxide, 150.mil. tons of nitrogen oxides (Nox), which in total amounts to more than 1 billion tons of harmful substances. Acid rain (or, more correctly), acid precipitation, since the fallout of harmful substances can occur both in the form of rain and in the form of snow, hail, causes environmental, economic and aesthetic damage. As a result of acid precipitation, the balance in ecosystems is disrupted, soil productivity deteriorates, metal structures rust, buildings, structures, architectural monuments, etc. are destroyed. Sulfur dioxide is adsorbed on the leaves, penetrates inside and takes part in oxidative processes. This entails genetic and species changes in plants. Some lichens die first; they are considered “indicators” of clean air. Countries should strive to limit and gradually reduce air pollution, including pollution that extends beyond their borders.

Greenhouse effect problem

Carbon dioxide is one of the main culprits of the “greenhouse effect”, which is why other known “greenhouse gases” (and there are about 40 of them) determine only about half of global warming. Just as in a greenhouse the glass roof and walls allow solar radiation to pass through, but do not allow heat to escape, so do carbon dioxide along with other “greenhouse gases”. They are practically transparent to the sun's rays, but they retain the Earth's thermal radiation and prevent it from escaping into space. A rise in average global air temperature should inevitably lead to an even more significant reduction in continental glaciers. Climate warming is leading to the melting of polar ice and rising sea levels. Global warming can cause major agricultural zones to shift in temperature, major floods, persistent droughts, and forest fires. Following the upcoming climate changes, changes in the position of natural zones will inevitably occur: a) reduction in coal consumption, replacement of its natural gases, b) development of nuclear energy, c) development of alternative types of energy (wind, solar, geothermal) d) global energy saving. But the problem of global warming, to some extent, is currently being compensated for by the fact that another problem has developed on its basis. Global dimming problem! At the moment, the planet's temperature has risen only one degree in a hundred years. But according to scientists’ calculations, it should have risen to a higher value. But due to global dimming, the effect was reduced. The mechanism of the problem is based on the fact that: rays of sunlight that should pass through the clouds and reach the surface and, as a result, increase the temperature of the planet and increase the effect of global warming, cannot pass through the clouds and be reflected from them as a result of never reaching the surface of the planet. And it is precisely thanks to this effect that the planet’s atmosphere does not heat up rapidly. It would seem easier to do nothing and leave both factors alone, but if this happens, then the person’s health will be in danger.

The problem of overpopulation of the planet

The number of earthlings is growing rapidly, although at a constantly slowing pace. But every person consumes a large amount of different natural resources. Moreover, at present this growth occurs primarily in weakly or underdeveloped countries. However, they are focused on the development of a state where the level of well-being is very high, and the amount of resources consumed by each resident is enormous. If we imagine that the entire population of the Earth (the bulk of which today lives in poverty, or even starves) will have a standard of living like in Western Europe or the USA, our planet simply cannot stand it. But to believe that the majority of earthlings will always vegetate in poverty, ignorance and squalor is unfair, inhumane and unjust. The rapid economic development of China, India, Mexico and a number of other populous countries refute this assumption. Consequently, there is only one way out - limiting the birth rate with a simultaneous decrease in mortality and improving the quality of life. However, birth control faces many obstacles. These include reactionary social relations, the huge role of religion, which encourages large families; primitive communal forms of management, in which those with many children benefit; illiteracy and ignorance, poor development of medicine, etc. Consequently, backward countries face a tight knot of complex problems. However, very often in backward countries, those who put their own or tribal interests above the state ones rule, and use the ignorance of the masses for their own selfish purposes (including wars, repression, etc.), the growth of armaments and similar things. The problem of ecology, overpopulation and backwardness are directly related to the threat of a possible food shortage in the near future. Today, in a large number of countries, due to rapid population growth and insufficient development of agriculture, modern methods. However, the possibilities for increasing its productivity are apparently not unlimited. After all, an increase in the use of mineral fertilizers, pesticides, etc. leads to a deterioration of the environmental situation and an increasing concentration of substances harmful to humans in food. On the other hand, the development of cities and technology takes a lot of fertile land out of production. Lack of good drinking water is especially harmful.

Problems of energy resources.

Artificially low prices misled consumers and served as an impetus for the second phase of the energy crisis. Nowadays, the energy obtained from fossil fuels is used to maintain and increase the achieved level of consumption. But as the state of the environment deteriorates, energy and labor will have to be spent on stabilizing the environment, which the biosphere can no longer cope with. But then more than 99 percent of the electrical and labor costs will go to stabilizing the environment. But the maintenance and development of civilization remains less than one percent. There is no alternative to increasing energy production yet. But nuclear energy has come under the powerful pressure of public opinion, hydropower is expensive, and unconventional forms of generating energy from solar, wind, and tidal energy are under development. What remains is... traditional thermal power engineering, and with it the dangers associated with air pollution. The work of many economists has shown: electricity consumption per capita is a very representative indicator of the standard of living in the country. Electricity is a commodity that can be spent on your needs or sold for rubles.

The problem of AIDS and drug addiction.

Fifteen years ago, it was hardly possible to foresee that the media would pay so much attention to the disease, which received the short name AIDS - “acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.” Now the geography of the disease is striking. The World Health Organization estimates that at least 100,000 cases of AIDS have been detected worldwide since the outbreak began. The disease has been detected in 124 countries. The largest number of them are in the USA. The social, economic and purely humanitarian costs of this disease are already great, and the future is not so optimistic as to seriously count on a quick solution to this problem. No less evil is the international mafia and especially drug addiction, which poisons the health of tens of millions of people and creates a breeding ground for crime and disease. Already today, even in developed countries, there are countless diseases, including mental ones. In theory, the hemp fields should be protected by the workers of the state farm - the owner of the plantation. The foreman's are red from constant lack of sleep. When understanding this problem, it is necessary to take into account that in this small North Caucasian republic there is no cultivation of poppy and hemp - neither public nor private. The republic has become a “transshipment base” for dope traders from various regions. The growth of drug addiction and the struggle with the authorities resembles a monster that is being fought. This is how the term “drug mafia” arose, which today has become synonymous with millions of ruined lives, broken hopes and destinies, a synonym for the catastrophe that befell an entire generation of young people. In recent years, the drug mafia has been spending part of its profits on strengthening its “material base.” That is why the caravans with the “white death” in the “golden triangle” are accompanied by detachments of armed mercenaries. The drug mafia has its own runways, etc. A war has been declared on the drug mafia, in which tens of thousands of people and the latest achievements of science and technology are involved on the part of governments. Among the most commonly used drugs are cocaine and heroin. The health consequences are exacerbated by the alternating use of two or more types of different drugs, as well as by particularly dangerous methods of administration. Those who inject them into a vein face a new danger - they run a huge risk of contracting acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which can be fatal. Among the reasons for the growing craving for drugs among young people are those who do not have a job, but even those who have a job are afraid of losing it, no matter what it is. There are, of course, “personal” reasons - relationships with parents are not working out, unlucky in love. And in difficult times, thanks to the “concerns” of the drug mafia, drugs are always at hand... “White Death” is not satisfied with the positions it has gained, feeling the growing demand for its goods, the sellers of poison and death continue their offensive.

The problem of thermonuclear war.

No matter how serious the dangers for humanity are that accompany all other global problems, they are not even in the aggregate comparable to the catastrophic demographic, environmental and other consequences of a global thermonuclear war, which threatens the very existence of civilization and life on our planet. Back in the late 70s, scientists believed that a global thermonuclear war would be accompanied by the death of many hundreds of millions of people and the resolution of world civilization. Studies on the likely consequences of thermonuclear war have revealed that even 5% of the currently accumulated nuclear arsenal of the great powers will be enough to plunge our planet into an irreversible environmental catastrophe: the soot rising into the atmosphere from incinerated cities and forest fires will create a screen impenetrable to sunlight and will lead to a drop in temperature by tens of degrees, so that even in the tropical zone there will be a long polar night. The priority of preventing a global thermonuclear war is determined not only by its consequences, but also by the fact that a non-violent world without nuclear weapons creates the need for prerequisites and guarantees for the scientific and practical solution of all other global problems in the conditions of international cooperation.

Chapter III. Interrelation of global problems. All global problems of our time are closely related to each other and mutually conditioned, so that an isolated solution to them is practically impossible. Thus, ensuring the further economic development of mankind with natural resources obviously presupposes the prevention of increasing environmental pollution, otherwise this will lead to an environmental disaster on a planetary scale in the foreseeable future. That is why both of these global problems are rightly called environmental and are even considered, with some justification, as two sides of a single environmental problem. In turn, this environmental problem can only be solved along the path of a new type of environmental development, fruitfully using the potential of the scientific and technological revolution, while simultaneously preventing its negative consequences. And although the pace of environmental growth over the past four decades, in general, in developing times this gap has increased. Statistical calculations show: if the annual population growth in developing countries were the same as in developed countries, then the contrast between them in terms of per capita income would have been reduced by now. Up to 1:8 and could turn out to be comparable per capita amounts twice as high as they are now. However, this “demographic explosion” itself in developing countries, according to scientists, is due to their continued economic, social and cultural backwardness. The inability of humanity to develop at least one of the global problems will most negatively affect the ability to solve all the others. In the view of some Western scientists, the interconnection and interdependence of global problems form a kind of “vicious circle” of disasters insoluble for humanity, from which there is either no way out at all, or the only salvation is the immediate cessation of environmental growth and population growth. This approach to global problems is accompanied by various alarmist, pessimistic forecasts for the future of humanity.

Christianity

Christianity began in the 1st century in Israel in the context of the messianic movements of Judaism.

Christianity has Jewish roots. Yeshua (Jesus) was raised as a Jew, observed the Torah, attended synagogue on Shabbat, and observed holidays. The apostles, the first disciples of Yeshua, were Jews.

According to the New Testament text of the Acts of the Apostles (Acts 11:26), the noun “Χριστιανοί” - Christians, adherents (or followers) of Christ, first came into use to designate supporters of the new faith in the Syrian-Hellenistic city of Antioch in the 1st century.

Initially, Christianity spread among the Jews of Palestine and the Mediterranean diaspora, but, starting from the first decades, thanks to the preaching of the Apostle Paul, it gained more and more followers among other peoples (“pagans”). Until the 5th century, the spread of Christianity occurred mainly within the geographical boundaries of the Roman Empire, as well as in the sphere of its cultural influence (Armenia, eastern Syria, Ethiopia), later (mainly in the 2nd half of the 1st millennium) - among the Germanic and Slavic peoples, later (by the XIII-XIV centuries) - also among the Baltic and Finnish peoples. In modern and recent times, the spread of Christianity outside of Europe occurred due to colonial expansion and the activities of missionaries.

Currently, the number of adherents of Christianity around the world exceeds 1 billion [source?], of which in Europe - about 475 million, in Latin America - about 250 million, in North America - about 155 million, in Asia - about 100 million, in Africa - about 110 million; Catholics - about 660 million, Protestants - about 300 million (including 42 million Methodists and 37 million Baptists), Orthodox and adherents of “non-Chalcedonian” religions of the East (Monophysites, Nestorians, etc.) - about 120 million.

Main features of the Christian religion

1) spiritualistic monotheism, deepened by the doctrine of the trinity of Persons in the single being of the Divine. This teaching has given and continues to give rise to the deepest philosophical and religious speculations, revealing the depth of its content over the centuries from new and new sides:

2) the concept of God as an absolutely perfect Spirit, not only absolute Reason and Omnipotence, but also absolute Goodness and Love (God is love);

3) the doctrine of the absolute value of the human person as an immortal, spiritual being created by God in His image and likeness, and the doctrine of the equality of all people in their relationship to God: they are still loved by Him, like children of the Heavenly Father, all are destined for eternal blissful existence in union with God, everyone is given the means to achieve this destiny - free will and divine grace;

4) the doctrine of the ideal purpose of man, which consists in endless, comprehensive, spiritual improvement (be perfect, as your Heavenly Father is perfect);

5) the doctrine of the complete dominance of the spiritual principle over matter: God is the unconditional Lord of matter, as its Creator: He has given man dominion over the material world in order to fulfill his ideal purpose through the material body and in the material world; Thus, Christianity, dualistic in metaphysics (since it accepts two foreign substances - spirit and matter), is monistic as a religion, for it places matter in unconditional dependence on the spirit, as a creation and medium for the activity of the spirit. Therefore it

6) equally far from metaphysical and moral materialism, and from hatred towards matter and the material world as such. Evil is not in matter and not from matter, but from the perverted free will of spiritual beings (angels and humans), from whom it passed onto matter (“cursed is the earth because of your deeds,” God says to Adam; during creation, everything was “good and evil” ").

7) the doctrine of the resurrection of the flesh and the bliss of the resurrected flesh of the righteous together with their souls in the enlightened, eternal, material world and

8) in the second cardinal dogma of Christianity - in the teaching about the God-man, about the Eternal Son of God truly incarnate and made human to save people from sin, curse and death, identified by the Christian church with its Founder, Jesus Christ. Thus, Christianity, with all its impeccable idealism, is a religion of harmony of matter and spirit; it does not curse or deny any of the spheres of human activity, but ennobles them all, inspiring us to remember that they are all only means for man to achieve spiritual, god-like perfection.

In addition to these features, the indestructibility of the Christian religion is facilitated by:

1) the essential metaphysical nature of its content, making it invulnerable to scientific and philosophical criticism and

2) for the Catholic churches of the East and West - the doctrine of the infallibility of the church in matters of dogma due to the Holy Spirit acting in it at all times - a doctrine that, in the correct understanding, protects it, in particular, from historical and historical-philosophical criticism.

These features, carried by Christianity through two millennia, despite the abyss of misunderstandings, hobbies, attacks, and sometimes unsuccessful defenses, despite all the abyss of evil that was and is being done supposedly in the name of Christianity, lead to the fact that if Christian teaching could always be accepted and not accept, believe in it or not believe, then it is impossible and will never be possible to refute it. To the indicated features of the attractiveness of the Christian religion, it is necessary to add one more and by no means the least: the incomparable Personality of its Founder. To renounce Christ is perhaps even much more difficult than to renounce Christianity.

Today in Christianity there are the following main directions:

Catholicism.

Orthodoxy

Protestantism

Catholicism or Catholicism(from the Greek καθολικός - universal; for the first time in relation to the church the term “η Καθολικη Εκκλησία” was used around 110 in a letter of St. Ignatius to the inhabitants of Smyrna and enshrined in the Nicene Creed) - the largest branch of Christians in terms of the number of adherents (more than 1 billion) stva , formed in the 1st millennium on the territory of the Western Roman Empire. The final break with Eastern Orthodoxy occurred in 1054.

Orthodoxy(tracing paper from Greek ὀρθοδοξία - “correct judgment, glorification”)

The term can be used in 3 similar but distinctly different meanings:

1. Historically, as well as in theological literature, sometimes in the expression “Orthodoxy of Jesus Christ”, denotes the teaching approved by the universal Church - as opposed to heresy. The term came into use at the end of IV and in doctrinal documents was often used as a synonym for the term “catholic” (in the Latin tradition - “Catholic”) (καθολικός).

2. In modern wide usage, it denotes a direction in Christianity that took shape in the east of the Roman Empire during the first millennium AD. e. under the leadership and with the leading role of the department of the Bishop of Constantinople - New Rome, which professes the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed and recognizes the decrees of the 7 Ecumenical Councils.

3. The set of teachings and spiritual practices that the Orthodox Church contains. The latter is understood as a community of autocephalous local Churches that have Eucharistic communion with each other (Latin: Communicatio in sacris).

It is lexicologically incorrect in Russian to use the terms “orthodoxy” or “orthodox” in any of the given meanings, although such usage is sometimes found in secular literature.

Protestantism(from lat. protestans, gen. p. protestantis - publicly proving) - one of the three, along with Catholicism (see Papacy) and Orthodoxy, the main directions of Christianity, which is a collection of numerous and independent Churches and denominations associated with their origins with the Reformation - a broad anti-Catholic movement of the 16th century in Europe.

Global problems are problems of particular importance, on the overcoming of which depends the possibility of the continuation of life on Earth. The solution to global problems is possible as a result of not only uniting the economic efforts of countries, but also taking political steps, changes in public consciousness, in the field of international law, etc. However, the economic prerequisites and global economic significance of solving these problems seem to be the most important.

Signs of global problems:
without their solution, the survival of humanity is impossible;
they are of a universal nature, i.e. affect all countries;
solutions require the combined efforts of all humanity;
they are essential, i.e. their decision cannot be postponed or transferred to the shoulders of future generations;
their appearance and development are interconnected. The listed signs require some explanation.

Without solving global problems, the survival of humanity is impossible. This means not only that their development gradually or simultaneously destroys or is capable of destroying humanity. For example, the proliferation of nuclear weapons across conflicting countries and regions of the world potentially threatens all inhabitants of the Earth with a nuclear catastrophe and its consequences. Some problems in themselves are not a problem in the negative sense of the word. Simply, in the absence or insufficiency of universal efforts in certain directions (for example, in the exploration of space or the World Ocean), it will not be possible to create the material basis for universal survival.

The universal nature of global problems means that manifestations of global problems can be seen in any country. At the same time, not every problem common to all countries is global. For example, unemployment exists in any country, but we do not call this problem global because it is internal to countries. In addition, the problem of unemployment does not meet other characteristics characteristic of global problems. Global problems affect all countries, but they affect them differently. For example, the demographic problem associated with the exponential growth of humanity has a different nature in different groups of countries.

The need to unite the efforts of all mankind in the context of the current imbalance in the economic development of the countries of the developed North and the backward South predetermines the different contributions of individual nations to the process of solving global problems. In addition, the severity of individual global problems varies for different countries and, therefore, the degree of interest and participation of countries in resolving individual global problems varies. Thus, resolving the problem of poverty in the underdeveloped countries of the African region is key to the survival of the majority of the local population. The participation of the countries of the “golden billion” in resolving this problem is determined only by moral motives and is often expressed in the form of humanitarian aid or other forms of charity.

The emergence and development of global problems is associated with human activity, and not necessarily negative, aimed at self-destruction. Moreover, almost all global problems arose as a result of the creative activity of people. They are a consequence of progress, which, as we see, has too deep negative consequences.

There are no uniform formulations or lists of global problems in scientific publications or international organizations. Often, individual problems are grouped into more general ones. For example, they often talk about the natural resource problem, which includes raw materials, energy and food. The most common point of view is as follows.

Global problems include:
environmental;
the problem of peace and disarmament, prevention of nuclear war;
overcoming poverty;
demographic;
raw materials;
energy;
food;
international terrorism;
exploration of space and the world's oceans.

The list and hierarchy of global problems is not constant. Despite the fact that the development of certain global problems is approaching the point beyond which they are irreversible (for example, environmental or raw materials), the significance of certain problems in recent years has decreased significantly or their nature has changed significantly (the problem of peace and disarmament). International terrorism has been added to the list of such problems in recent years.

The most pressing problem today seems to be the global environmental problem. The brief but capacious concept of “environmental problem” hides a long series of changes in the quality of the natural environment that are unfavorable for human life and health. It is no coincidence that many scientists talk about the development of several global environmental problems. They are interconnected and flow from one another. Thus, as a result of atmospheric pollution by industrial emissions, the Earth’s ozone layer decreases and the climate warms, although scientists name not only anthropogenic (as a result of human activity), but also natural (natural) causes for the development of global environmental problems. Anthropogenic factors include irrational environmental management and an increase in the amount of waste that pollutes the environment.

Negative changes are observed in each of the three components of the environment today: in the atmosphere, on land and in the aquatic environment. The changes that occur affect physical (glacial shifts, changes in air composition, etc.) and biological objects (fauna and flora) in each of the named elements and, ultimately, have a detrimental effect on human health and life (Fig. 3.2). Recently, scientists have started talking about potential threats to human life from outer space (asteroids, “space debris”, etc.).

In the atmosphere, the main negative manifestations of global environmental problems should be considered deterioration in air quality, acid rain, depletion of the ozone layer of the stratosphere, as well as temperature and other climate changes. As an example, we note that air pollution alone is the cause of 5% of all diseases in the world's population, and it complicates the consequences of many diseases. In rural areas of developing countries, about 2 million people die every year due to high concentrations of harmful particles in the air.

The limited and largely non-renewable resources of the land are no less susceptible to rapid and widespread deterioration than the atmosphere. The main problems here are soil degradation, desertification, deforestation, reduction in biological diversity (diversity of species), etc. Only the problem of desertification, i.e. The increase in the scale of desert lands in the world affects the vital interests of every third inhabitant of the Earth, since this process involves from a third to half of the land surface.

Environmental problems also affect the aquatic environment, which is reflected in an acute shortage
fresh water (40% of the world's population is water scarce), its purity and potability (1.1 billion people rely on unsafe drinking water), marine pollution, overexploitation of living marine resources, loss of coastal habitats.

For the first time, the global problem of protecting the environment from the harmful effects of humans came to the international level in 1972 at the first UN Conference on the Environment, which received the name Stockholm after its convening. Even then, it was recognized that natural resources must be protected, the Earth's ability to regenerate renewable resources must be maintained, and pollution must not exceed the environment's ability to clean itself. In the same year, the international organization United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) was created. In the 1970s and 1980s, the international community adopted a number of international conventions in the field of ecology. Among them: the World Heritage Convention, 1972; “On International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)”, 1973; “On the conservation of migratory species of wild animals”, 1979; Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987; Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, 1989, etc.

The next major milestones in international cooperation in this area were the creation in 1983 of the World Commission on Environment and Development and the holding of the UN Conference of the same name in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro. The Rio de Janeiro summit revealed unequal opportunities for countries of the North and South to transition to sustainable development and endorsed the document “Agenda 21”. According to calculations made during the summit, it is necessary to allocate $625 billion annually to implement the provisions of the document in developing countries. The main idea contained in this document is to find a balance between three directions of human development on the path to sustainable development: social, economic and environmental. The Framework Convention on Climate Change was also signed in Rio de Janeiro and the principle of shared and differentiated responsibility was introduced, reflecting the fact that industrialized countries make the largest contribution to atmospheric carbon dioxide pollution.

In 1997, at an international conference in Kyoto (Japan), a legal instrument of the Framework Convention - the Kyoto Protocol - emerged. According to the Protocol, signatories and ratifiers must reduce their total greenhouse gas emissions by at least 5% relative to 1990 levels. The Protocol contains a new, hitherto unused market mechanism for achieving this goal, including:
the possibility of jointly fulfilling obligations to reduce emissions;
trading of greenhouse gas emissions quotas. A selling country that exceeds its emissions reduction commitments may sell certain units of already reduced emissions to another party;
the possibility of participation of legal entity-enterprises in actions to receive, transfer or purchase emission reduction units.

By December 2001, 84 countries had signed the Kyoto Protocol and a further 46 had ratified or acceded to it. The Protocol will enter into force only 90 days after its ratification by at least 55 signatory countries.

Global problems of humanity - problems and situations that cover many countries, the Earth's atmosphere, the World Ocean and near-Earth space and affect the entire population of the Earth

Global problems, having ceased to be a subject of interest only to a narrow circle of specialists, became widely known by the 60s of the twentieth century, at the same time the interest of the general public in this topic first appeared, and the process of discussing it in the widest circles began.

The reason for this increased interest in this topic was a number of factors. In the process of its development, connections between different regions of the world have invariably strengthened, as a result of which humanity has naturally arrived at a situation where serious problems arising in one region of the earth inevitably affect the state of the entire planet. This effect is observed both in economic, environmental, energy, and many other areas.

An equally important reason was the development of scientific and technological progress, the consequences of which manifested themselves in literally all spheres of people’s lives. For example, the incredibly increased capabilities of man have allowed him to create the most advanced weapons of mass destruction: chemical, bacteriological, and nuclear weapons. In this context, the issues of maintaining peace on earth and preventing various kinds of conflicts that can lead to irreversible consequences for humanity arise especially seriously.

We can say that a system of qualitatively new, closely interrelated problems, called global, is becoming more and more clearly recorded in the public consciousness. It is obvious that various problems, to one degree or another, accompanied the process of formation and development of civilization. And before, both all of humanity and at the local level faced food, energy and raw material problems, environmental disasters occurred, and at all times people suffered from wars and conflicts.

The scale and severity of the problems that existed before cannot be compared with the phenomena and processes characteristic of the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

Universal problems grow out of local and national ones, but at the same time, their solution requires not isolated efforts of individual countries, but joint actions of the world community

All of the above factors determined relevance our research.

Target work - to consider and analyze the priorities of Russian diplomacy in the modern world

In accordance with the set goal, the following were decided main goals :

Describe the global problems of humanity;

Consider the threat of thermonuclear catastrophe and new world wars;

Study the global problem of international terrorism;

Consider the problem of overcoming poverty and backwardness;

Analyze the demographic problem;

Study the socio-economic aspects of the food problem;

Identify global environmental problems.

Research methods:

Processing, analysis of scientific sources;

Analysis of scientific literature, textbooks and manuals on the problem under study.

Object of study - global problems of the world

Subject of study– analysis and ways to solve global problems of humanity

1. POLITICAL GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF HUMANITY

1.1 The essence and signs of global problems of humanity

The modern era has presented society with new problems that require philosophical understanding. Among them are the so-called global problems. The very name of these problems comes from the French word global - universal and from the Latin globus (terrae) - globe. It means a set of pressing problems of humanity, on the solution of which social progress and the preservation of civilization depend.

Global problems of our time are a set of contradictory processes that make up the content of the modern crisis of world civilization.

The sources of global problems of our time can be divided into two groups: deepening disagreements between man and nature (environmental, food, energy and other problems); relations between people (the problem of war and peace, protection and development of the spiritual sphere, demography, the fight against crime, etc.)

Both the global problems of our time and the determination of ways to solve them are complex, interdisciplinary in nature, and this requires not only the global integration of the efforts of all countries of the world, but also, according to Vernadsky’s teaching on the noosphere, the integration of philosophical-political, natural and technical-economic knowledge in relevant areas of human activity. One of the most important prerequisites for such “double” integration and the following solutions to global problems is a radical change in policy principles: the departure of all countries of the world from a conflict orientation, the transition to cooperation on the basis of recognition of the priority of universal human values, a common search for the most effective ways to form a global - “viable society” "

Let us note the features inherent in global problems of humanity and distinguishing them from others

· global scale of manifestation, beyond the boundaries of one state or group of countries;

· severity of manifestation;

· complex nature: all problems are closely intertwined with each other;

· influence on the further course of human history;

· the possibility of solving them only through the joint efforts of the entire world community, all countries and ethnic groups

According to the classification proposed by the World Economic Forum, global problems affecting the economy are divided into 4 groups:

1) Economic problems:

a) Oil prices/energy consumption

b) Asset prices/huge debt

c) US current account deficit

d) Money crisis

e) The rise of China

2) Environmental problems:

a) Biological diversity

b) Climate change

c) Water supply/quality

d) Natural disasters

e) Air, water and soil pollution

e). The problem of shortage of energy resources

3) Social problems:

a) Radical Islam

b) The threat of religious wars

c) Demographic: aging population, lack of population in developed countries, predominance of the male population

d) Forced migration

e) Infectious diseases

f) Poverty

g) Ambiguous public attitude towards technological achievements (biotechnology, nanotechnology, other fields of science)

5) Geopolitical problems:

a) Terrorism

b) Organized crime

c) Hot spots (Israel/Palestine, India/Pakistan, Iraq, Chechnya, Korean Peninsula, China/Taiwan, Iran, Saudi Arabia)

d) Conflicts due to lack of resources

f) Creation of weapons of mass destruction

These are the questions that confronted scientists at the beginning of the second half of the 20th century and are becoming increasingly important today.

As human civilization develops, new global problems can and are already arising. Thus, the problem of the development and use of the resources of the World Ocean, as well as the problem of the development and use of space, began to be classified as global.

Changes that occurred in the 70-80s and especially in the 90s. allow us to talk about a change in priorities in global problems. If in the 60-70s. While the main problem was considered to be preventing a global nuclear war, now some experts put the environmental problem first, others the demographic problem, and still others the problem of poverty and backwardness.

The issue of prioritizing global problems has not only scientific, but also important practical significance. According to various estimates, the annual costs of humanity to solve global problems should be at least 1 trillion. dollars, or 2.5% of world GDP.

1.2 The threat of thermonuclear catastrophe and new world wars

The complex of global problems of our time rests on the theory of global balances, according to which the stability of processes (the stability of their state) in nature and society depends on the degree of their balance. There are up to two dozen global balances, starting with generally accepted ones, such as fuel and energy, materials and raw materials, intersectoral, food, transport, trade, environmental, demographic, etc., and ending with more or less debatable ones, such as the balance of weapons, security forces and violation of public order , loss and training of personnel in social production, demolition and development of buildings, morbidity and recovery, drug addiction and denarcotization of society (consumption of nicotine, alcohol and stronger drugs), destruction and creation of cultural values, various balances in international relations, in information systems, etc.

About two decades ago, the key global problem of our time was the arms race, which absorbed the lion's share of the total gross product of almost all countries of the world, and, moreover, threatened a new world war. Actually, as it has now become clear, it was essentially the main battlefield of the Third World War of 1946-1991, which went down in history under the pseudonym “Cold War”. A real war with tens of millions of killed, wounded, disabled, refugees, orphans, monstrous destruction and devastation. A war in which one side (the “world socialist system” led by the USSR) was defeated, capitulated and disintegrated, because it was four times inferior to the enemy (NATO led by the USA) economically and an order of magnitude inferior technologically.

In the 90s, the key global problem, instead of the arms race, which took on a qualitatively different character with the invention and production of fundamentally new weapons, became the confrontation between the so-called Third and First Worlds, i.e. developing countries of Asia, Africa, Latin America and developed countries of North America, Western Europe, plus Japan and several others. This confrontation is hopeless in many respects, because the Third World is still following the path of development of the First World, and this path is unpromising on a global scale: it is “blocked” by the limitations of global energy, ecology and culture.

The threat of a thermonuclear catastrophe has now become global, i.e. planetary in nature, have gone beyond state borders and continents and represent a universal human task. Currently, the interaction between the cultures of the West and the East is of particular importance, since this is where most scientists see the key to human progress and overcoming global problems. The idea gradually matured that the cultures and civilizations of the West and the East are complementary and represent a certain integrity, and the rationalism of the West and the intuitionism of the East, the technological approach and humanistic values ​​should be combined within the framework of a new planetary civilization.

Three technical aspects of thermonuclear weapons made thermonuclear war a threat to the very existence of civilization. This is the enormous destructive power of a thermonuclear explosion, the relative cheapness of thermonuclear missile weapons and the practical impossibility of effective defense against a massive nuclear missile attack.

However, weapons of mass destruction are literally floating into the hands of adventurers - chemical, bacteriological and, possibly, nuclear. As soon as they more or less get used to it, a repetition of Desert Storm is inevitable, but this time with a much more unfavorable balance of forces for the West. The situation is increasingly reminiscent of the last years of the Roman Empire. No one knows how to solve this problem under existing conditions.

1.3 International terrorism as a global problem

Recently, the problem of international terrorism has become one of the most pressing global problems of our time related to the sphere of international relations. This transformation is due, in our opinion, to the following reasons:

Firstly, international terrorism, unfortunately, is becoming increasingly widespread on a planetary scale. It manifests itself both in regions of traditional international conflicts (for example, the Middle East, South Asia), and even the most developed and prosperous states (in particular the USA and Western Europe) are not immune from this dangerous phenomenon.

Secondly, international terrorism poses a serious threat to the security of individual states and the entire world community as a whole. Every year hundreds of acts of international terrorism are committed in the world, and the sad count of their victims amounts to thousands of killed and maimed people;

Thirdly, the efforts of one great power or even a group of highly developed states are not enough to combat international terrorism. Overcoming international terrorism as an escalating global problem requires the collective efforts of the majority of states and peoples on our planet, the entire world community.

Fourthly, the connection between the modern phenomenon of international terrorism and other pressing global problems of our time is becoming increasingly clear and visible. At present, the problem of international terrorism should be considered as an important element of the entire complex of universal, global problems.

The problem of international terrorism has many common features characteristic of other universal problems, such as the planetary scale of manifestation; great sharpness; negative dynamism, when the negative impact on the life of humanity increases; need for an urgent solution, etc. At the same time, the global problem of international terrorism also has specific, characteristic features. Let us consider in more detail the most important of them.

First of all, you should pay attention to the fact that the problem of international terrorism is connected with the main spheres of life of the world community and societies of individual countries: politics, national relations, religion, ecology, criminal communities, etc. This connection is reflected in the existence of various types of terrorism, which include: political, nationalist, religious, criminal and environmental terrorism.

Members of groups carrying out political terror set as their task the achievement of political, social or economic changes within a particular state, as well as the undermining of interstate relations and international law and order. Nationalist (or as it is also called national, ethnic or separatist) terrorism pursues the goals of solving the national question, which has recently become increasingly separatist aspirations in various multi-ethnic states.

The religious type of terrorism is caused by attempts by armed groups professing one or another religion to fight against a state dominated by another religion or another religious trend. Criminal terrorism is formed on the basis of any criminal business (drug trafficking, illegal arms trafficking, smuggling, etc.) with the aim of creating chaos and tension in the conditions of which it is most likely to receive excess profits. Environmental terrorism is carried out by groups that use violent methods in general against scientific and technological progress, environmental pollution, the killing of animals and the construction of nuclear facilities

Another distinctive feature of the global problem of international terrorism is the significant influence of international criminal communities, certain political forces and some states on it. This influence undoubtedly leads to an aggravation of the problem under consideration.

In the modern world, there are manifestations of state terrorism associated with attempts to eliminate heads of foreign states and other political figures; with actions aimed at overthrowing the governments of foreign countries; creating panic among the population of foreign countries, etc.

International terrorism is now an integral part of the proliferation of transnational criminal organizations supported by corrupt government officials and politicians

Another specific feature of the global problem of international terrorism is its difficulty in predicting. In many cases, the subjects of terrorism are mentally unstable people and overly ambitious politicians. Terrorism is often seen as a way to achieve goals on the world stage and in international relations that cannot be achieved by any other methods. In modern conditions, the forms of terrorist activity are becoming more and more complex, and are increasingly in conflict with universal human values ​​and the logic of world development.

Thus, the problem of international terrorism poses a real planetary threat to the world community. This problem has its own specificity, which distinguishes it from other universal human difficulties. However, the problem of terrorism is closely interconnected with most global problems of modern international relations. It can be considered one of the most pressing global problems of our days.

However, the latest terrorist attacks, primarily the tragic events of September 11, 2001 in New York, have become unprecedented in the history of mankind in their scale and influence on the further course of world politics. The number of victims, the extent and nature of the destruction caused by terrorist attacks at the beginning of the 21st century were comparable to the consequences of armed conflicts and local wars. The response measures caused by these terrorist acts led to the creation of an international anti-terrorist coalition, which included dozens of states, which previously took place only in the case of major armed conflicts and wars. Retaliatory anti-terrorist military actions have also acquired a planetary scale.

2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

2.1 The problem of overcoming poverty and backwardness

The most important problem of the world economy at the beginning of the 21st century. - overcoming poverty and backwardness. In the modern world, poverty and backwardness are characteristic primarily of developing countries, where almost 2/3 of the world's population lives. Therefore, this global problem is often called the problem of overcoming the backwardness of developing countries.

Most of these countries, especially the least developed ones, are characterized by severe backwardness. As a result, many of these countries experience appalling levels of poverty. Thus, 1/4 of the population of Brazil, 1/3 of the inhabitants of Nigeria, 1/2 of the population of India consume goods and services for less than $1 per day.

As a result, about 800 million people suffer from malnutrition in the world. In addition, a significant portion of poor people are illiterate. Thus, the share of illiterate people among the population over 15 years of age is 17% in Brazil, 43% in Nigeria and 48% in India.

The huge scale of poverty and backwardness raises doubts about whether it is even possible to talk about normal development and progress of human society, when most of the planet's inhabitants find themselves below the line of a decent human existence. The problem is aggravated by the fact that the achievements of global scientific and technical progress are bypassed by many developing countries, their enormous labor resources are little used, and these countries themselves, for the most part, do not actively participate in global economic life.

It would be extremely unreasonable not to see the dangers that arise from the continuation of such a situation. Thus, it forms in the broad public consciousness of these countries a negative attitude towards the existing order in the world. This is expressed in various ideas about the responsibility of developed countries for the situation in developing countries, as well as in demands for the redistribution of income in the world economy, a kind of “equalization” on a global scale (for example, the movement of developing countries to establish a new international economic order).

Most economists agree that the development of effective national development strategies in developing countries, based on domestic economic resources based on an integrated approach, is of decisive importance in solving the problem of poverty and underdevelopment. With this approach, not only industrialization and post-industrialization, liberalization of economic life and transformation of agrarian relations are considered as prerequisites for creating a modern economy and achieving sustainable economic growth, but also educational reform, improving the healthcare system, mitigating inequality, pursuing a rational demographic policy, and stimulating problem solving employment

They are carried out primarily through the so-called official development assistance from developed countries in the form of providing financial resources. For the poorest countries (namely, they are the main recipients of this assistance), official development assistance is 3% in relation to their GDP, including for countries in tropical Africa - more than 5%, although per each inhabitant of this region it is only $26 in year.

Even greater opportunities for overcoming backwardness are provided by attracting foreign private investment - direct and portfolio investment, as well as bank loans. The influx of these financial resources into developing countries is growing particularly rapidly and is currently the basis of external financing for Third World countries. But the effectiveness of all these financial flows is often negated by corruption and simple theft, which are quite widespread in developing countries, as well as by the ineffective use of the funds received.

Unemployment problem

The annual report of the International Labor Organization (ILO) states that in 2006, the unemployment rate in the world remained extremely high - 195.2 million people were unemployed, or 6.3% of the total number of people of working age. This figure has remained virtually unchanged compared to 2005. In the countries of Central and Eastern Europe that are not members of the European Union, as well as in the CIS countries, the situation is even worse - 9.3% of the working population is unemployed. A decade ago the figure was little better - 9.7%.

The global unemployment rate rose in 2006 as global economic development fails to meet the needs of all people seeking work - particularly young people, whose unemployment numbers continue to rise. A number of natural disasters, rising energy prices, as well as the “powerlessness” of the economies of many countries to direct GDP growth to open new jobs and increase wages, have seriously affected the situation of the so-called “low-income workers”.

The significant economic growth experienced in many countries around the world in recent years has not led to a noticeable reduction in unemployment. Over the past decade, the world's working population has grown by only 16.6%, but most of the working poor have not been able to escape poverty.

It is worth noting that in 2006, 18.6% of young people living in the CIS remained unemployed. The low level of employment in this region leads to the formation of large-scale migration flows - many people, including young professionals, emigrated to the West.

Moreover, in 2006, of the more than 2.8 billion people working in the world, 1.4 billion still did not earn enough money to raise their standard of living and lift their families out of poverty. This is almost impossible to do on wages that are approximately US$2 per day and have remained virtually unchanged for the past 10 years.

However, between 2001 and 2006, the total number of workers living on $2 a day in Central and Eastern European (non-EU) and CIS countries fell significantly.

In 2006, 10.5% of all workers in the region had such low incomes, while in 1996 - 33%. The most noticeable reduction in the unemployment rate was observed in industrialized countries - from 2005 to 2006, the number of unemployed decreased by 0.6% and amounted to 6.2%.

Even economic development is unable to resolve the problems of global unemployment. This confirms the fact that although poverty levels have decreased in many countries, this still has not led to a solution to the problem. The gigantic scale of global unemployment, and the lack of concrete measures to overcome this situation, requires a review of policies and practices related to this problem

2.2 Demographic problem

The demographic problem affects not only the situation of individual countries of the world. but it also influences the development of the world economy and international relations and requires serious attention from both scientists and governments of various states.

The demographic problem has the following main components. First of all, we are talking about the birth rate and the population dynamics of both the world as a whole and individual countries and regions, which largely depend on it.

The population of the planet has been constantly increasing throughout the existence of mankind. By the beginning of our era, 256 million people lived on Earth, in 1000 - 280; by 1500 -427 million, in 1820 - 1 billion; in 1927 - 2 billion people.

The modern population explosion began in the 1950s and 1960s. In 1959, the world population was 3 billion; in 1974 - 4 billion; in 1987 5 billion people,

It is expected that by 2050 the planet's population will stabilize at 10.5-12 billion, which is the limit of the biological population of humanity as a species.

Currently, the global demographic situation has its own characteristics:

1) The demographic crisis in a number of developed countries has already led to a disruption in the reproduction of the population, its aging and a reduction in its population.

2) Rapid population growth in Asia, Africa and Latin America.

3) 3 times more people live in third world countries than in developed ones.

4) Unfavorable socio-economic conditions persist.

5) Environmental problems are increasing (maximum permissible loads on the ecosystem, environmental pollution, desertification and deforestation are exceeded).

Scientists note that the peak of the population explosion, which occurred in the 60s, is already behind us and there is a constant decline in the birth rate in all countries with the second type of population reproduction, excluding Africa. To solve current demographic problems, world demographic policy must be accompanied by an improvement in economic and social living conditions. Educational work among believers is important (the church needs to change its focus on high birth rates and the ban on contraception). According to modern calculations, the optimal option for minimum population reproduction is 2.7 children per 1 woman.

In developed countries, scientific and technological progress has led to an increase in unemployment, which in turn has led to a decrease in the birth rate. And in countries with a transitional type of reproduction, the decrease in mortality is not accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the birth rate. In developing countries, a specific age structure is being formed, where a large proportion is occupied by young people under 17 years of age (more than 2/5 of the population, while in Europe this figure is 1/3).

The main areas of UN activity in the field of population:

· collection, processing and dissemination of demographic information;

· research of population problems, including analysis of the interaction of demographic, social, environmental and economic processes;

· organization and holding, under the auspices of the UN, of international conferences on population at the intergovernmental level.

From 1946 to the mid-1960s, the leading areas of UN activity in the field of population were problems of population registration and statistics. With the technical assistance of the UN, within the framework of population censuses, they were carried out in many developing countries, and the programs of a number of national censuses were unified. After the 1970-1980s, issues of taking into account and using demographic factors in demographic measures of economic and social policy and international cooperation in the field of ecology. In order to solve the demographic problem, the UN adopted the “World Plan of Action on DV” (an important place was given to family planning).

In the field of fertility and population growth in the modern world, two opposing trends have developed:

Stabilization or reduction in developed countries;

Sharp growth in developing countries.

This situation is largely reflected by the so-called Demographic Transition Concept.

Demographic transition concept.

It assumes that in a traditional society the birth and death rates are high and the population is growing slowly.

The demographic transition to the modern stage of population reproduction (low birth rate - low mortality - low natural increase) is carried out almost simultaneously with the formation of industrial society. In European countries it ended by the middle of the 20th century, in China, some countries of Southeast Asia and Latin America - in its last quarter.

At the first stage of this transition, the decrease in mortality (due to improved quality of nutrition, the fight against epidemics and improved sanitary and hygienic living conditions of people) occurs faster than the decrease in the birth rate, resulting in a sharp increase in natural population growth (demographic explosion).

In the second stage, mortality continues to decline, but the birth rate falls even faster. As a result, population growth slows down.

The third stage is characterized by a slowdown in the decline in the birth rate with a slight increase in mortality, so that the natural increase remains at a low level. Industrialized countries, including Russia, are currently close to completing this phase. At the fourth stage, the birth and death rates become approximately the same, and the process of demographic stabilization ends.

2.3 Socio-economic aspects of the food problem

The world food problem is called one of the main unresolved problems. Over the past 50 years, significant progress has been made in food production - the number of undernourished and hungry people has almost halved. At the same time, a large part of the world's population still experiences food shortages. The number of people in need exceeds 800 million people, i.e. Every seventh person experiences an absolute food shortage (in terms of calories).

The problem of food shortages is most acute in many developing countries (according to UN statistics, these also include a number of post-socialist states). Togo and Mongolia are among the countries in greatest need, where average per capita food consumption by energy value is less than 2000 kcal per day and continues to decline. At the same time, in a number of developing countries, per capita consumption currently exceeds 3000 kcal per day, i.e. is at a completely acceptable level. This category includes, in particular, Argentina, Brazil, Indonesia, Morocco, Mexico, Syria.

Global agricultural production is constrained by limited land in both developed and developing countries. This is due to the high level of urbanization, the need to preserve forests, and limited water resources. The problem of food shortages is most acute in the poorest countries, which are unable to allocate significant funds for food imports.

Although most food is consumed where it is produced, international food trade is intense. The volume of global food exports is more than $300 billion per year. The main participants in international food trade are developed countries: the USA, France, the Netherlands, Germany, etc. They account for 60% of world exports and imports. Approximately a third of food purchases and sales occur in countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The share of countries with economies in transition is insignificant and amounts to less than 5%.

The most active international trade is in grain products, and to a lesser extent in meat and dairy products and sugar. The main grain suppliers are the USA, Canada, the EU (mainly France), Argentina and Australia. They account for 9/10 of world exports of wheat and coarse grains.

Countries that are leading food exporters are also major food buyers. Thus, the United States, having secured a key position in the supply of strategic food raw materials, imports large quantities of fruits and vegetables, coffee, cocoa, tea, spices and a number of other goods.

The system of international trade in agricultural products, including food, is currently undergoing fundamental changes. The need to implement reforms in this area was caused by the growth of government support and protectionism in many countries, especially developed ones.

The ongoing policy of supporting high domestic prices led to overproduction of a number of agricultural goods and widespread export subsidies and import restrictions, which in turn complicated interstate relations in the foreign economic sphere. The lack of internationally agreed upon rules and procedures has repeatedly given rise to contradictions that could undermine the stability of international trade and lead to trade wars. The main “battles” took place between the EU and the USA, which, due to problems with sales, practiced large-scale use of subsidies when supplying their grain to foreign markets. These actions provoked active opposition from Canada, Australia and other smaller exporters whose financial situation does not allow for large subsidies.

The issue of weakening protectionism in foreign trade in agricultural products is one of the main ones in the activities of the World Trade Organization (WTO). An important place in its main documents is occupied by the Agreement on Agriculture, which involves the transfer of all non-tariff barriers into tariff equivalents and a gradual reduction of tariffs, a reduction in export subsidies, and a reduction in the level of state support for agricultural production.

At the same time, developing countries accept reduced obligations (2/3 of the obligations of developed countries), and they are put into effect over 10 years. Least developed countries are generally exempt from obligations.

As a result of the implementation of these measures, we can expect a strengthening of the position in the world food market of countries that have the most developed agriculture, focused on the needs of the external market (USA, EU, Canada, Australia, Argentina, etc.). At the same time, agricultural producers in countries that are net food importers, if they fail to adapt to new conditions, will suffer significant losses due to reduced subsidies for their production. The population of these countries may face increasing imports of basic types of agricultural products, primarily grain, sugar, meat and dairy products, and, accordingly, an increase in the price of sold food, because local products will no longer be subsidized.

Many international experts agree that food production in the world in the next 20 years will generally be able to satisfy the population's demand for food, even if the planet's population grows by 80 million people annually. At the same time, the demand for food in developed countries, where it is already quite high, will remain approximately at the current level (the changes will mainly affect the structure of consumption and the quality of products). At the same time, the efforts of the world community to solve the food problem are expected to lead to a real increase in food consumption in countries where there is a shortage, i.e. in a number of countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Eastern Europe.

2.4 Global environmental problems

The environmental crisis in the modern world is directly related to the huge increase in the world's population. The current population is more than 6 billion people. In science, such a concept as a population explosion has appeared.

The demographic explosion - a periodic, sharp increase in population, was characteristic of the 60-70s. XX century, is currently in decline. However, it is the rapid growth of the world population that has already created a kind of foundation for all other global problems of humanity, because the more people there are, the greater the load on the territory, the more food and natural resources are required.

Today, the environmental situation in the world can be described as close to critical. Among the global environmental problems the following can be noted:

Thousands of species of plants and animals have been destroyed and continue to be destroyed;

Forest cover has been largely destroyed;

The available reserves of mineral resources are rapidly declining;

The world's oceans are not only depleted as a result of the destruction of living organisms, but also cease to be a regulator of natural processes;

The atmosphere in many places is polluted to the maximum permissible levels, and clean air is becoming scarce;

The ozone layer, which protects all living things from cosmic radiation, is partially damaged;

Surface pollution and disfigurement of natural landscapes: it is impossible to find a single square meter of surface on Earth where there are no artificially created elements.
The harmfulness of man’s consumer attitude towards nature only as an object for obtaining certain wealth and benefits has become completely obvious. It is becoming vitally necessary for humanity to change the very philosophy of attitude towards nature.

In the last quarter of the 20th century. A sharp warming of the global climate began, which in the boreal regions is reflected in a decrease in the number of frosty winters. The average temperature of the surface air layer has increased by 0.7°C over the past 25 years. In the equatorial zone it has not changed, but the closer to the poles, the more noticeable the warming. The temperature of subglacial water in the North Pole region increased by almost two degrees, as a result of which the ice began to melt from below.

Now the majority of climatologists in the world recognize the role of the anthropogenic factor in climate warming.

The level of the World Ocean is rising at a rate of 0.6 mm per year, or 6 cm per century. At the same time, vertical rises and falls of coastlines reach 20 mm per year. Thus, transgressions and regressions of the sea are determined by tectonics to a greater extent than by the rise in the level of the World Ocean.

At the same time, climate warming will be accompanied by increased evaporation from the surface of the oceans and climate humidification, as can be judged from paleogeographic data. Just 7–8 thousand years ago, during the Holocene climatic optimum, when the temperature at the latitude of Moscow was 1.5–2°C higher than today, a savannah with acacia groves and high-water rivers spread out on the site of the Sahara, and in Central Asia the Zeravshan flowed into Amu Darya, the Chu River - to the Syr Darya, the level of the Aral Sea was at around 72 m and all these rivers, wandering through the territory of modern Turkmenistan, flowed into the sagging depression of the Southern Caspian Sea. Similar things happened in other now arid regions of the world.

Environmental pollution is the introduction into an ecosystem of living or nonliving components or structural changes that are not characteristic of it, interrupting the cycle of substances, the flow of energy, as a result of which the system is destroyed or its productivity decreases.

A pollutant can be any physical agent, chemical, or biological species that enters or occurs in the environment in quantities beyond its normal concentration.

The ingredients of pollution are thousands of chemical compounds, especially metals or their oxides, toxic substances, and aerosols.

According to WHO, up to 500 thousand chemical compounds are currently used in practice. Moreover, about 40 thousand compounds have properties that are very harmful to living organisms, and 12 thousand are toxic. The most common pollutants are ash and dust of various compositions, oxides of non-ferrous and ferrous metals, various compounds of sulfur, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine, radioactive gases, aerosols, etc.

The greatest atmospheric pollution comes from carbon oxides - about 200 million tons per year, dust - about 250 million tons per year, ash - about 120 million tons, hydrocarbons - about 50 million tons per year.

The saturation of the biosphere with heavy metals - mercury, germanium, zinc, lead, etc. - is progressing. It should be noted that when burning fuel, especially coal, with ash and waste, more is released into the environment than is extracted from the ground: magnesium - 1.5 times, molybdenum - 3; arsenic - in 7; uranium and titanium - in 10; aluminum, cobalt, iodine - 15; mercury - 50; lithium, vanadium, strontium, beryllium, zirconium - hundreds of times, helium and germanium - thousands of times; yttrium - in tens of thousands.

The percentage of harmful emissions produced by countries is approximately as follows: USA - 23%; China - 13.9%; Russia - 7.2%; Japan -5%; Germany - 3.8%; all others - 47.1%.

Pollutants are also divided according to their state of aggregation into 4 masses: solid, liquid, gaseous and mixed. For all of humanity, their volume is 40-50 billion tons per year. By 2025, their number may increase 4-5 times. Currently, only 5-10% of all extracted and received raw materials goes into final products, while 90-95% of it turns into waste during processing.

The structure of solid waste is dominated by industrial and especially mining waste. They are especially large in Russia, the USA, and Japan. And in terms of per capita indicator, the United States leads, where each resident produces an average of 500-600 kg of garbage per year. Despite the ever-increasing recycling of solid waste: in most countries it is either at an early stage or completely absent.

Currently, the main environmental problems that have arisen under the influence of anthropogenic activities are: destruction of the ozone layer, deforestation and desertification of territories, pollution of the atmosphere and hydrosphere, acid rain, and a decrease in biodiversity. In this regard, the most extensive research and in-depth analysis of changes in the field of global ecology are needed, which could help in making fundamental decisions at the highest level in order to reduce damage to natural conditions and ensure a favorable habitat.

First of all, we must move from the consumer-technocratic approach to nature to the search for harmony with it. For this, in particular, a number of targeted measures are needed to green production: environmentally friendly technologies, mandatory environmental assessment of new projects, and the creation of waste-free closed-cycle technologies.

Another measure aimed at improving the relationship between man and nature is reasonable self-restraint in the consumption of natural resources, especially energy sources (oil, coal), which are of utmost importance for the life of mankind. Calculations by international experts show that, based on the current level of consumption, coal reserves will last for another 430 years, oil for 35 years, and natural gas for 50 years. The period, especially for oil reserves, is not that long. In this regard, reasonable structural changes in the global energy balance are necessary towards expanding the use of nuclear energy, as well as the search for new, efficient, safe and maximally harmless to nature energy sources, including space energy.

Nowadays, interstate forms of cooperation are reaching a qualitatively new level. International conventions on environmental protection are concluded (fish quotas, a ban on whaling, etc.), and a variety of joint developments and programs are carried out. The activities of public organizations to protect the environment - "green" (Greenpeace) - have intensified. The environmental international Green Cross and Green Crescent is currently developing a program to solve the problem of “ozone holes” in the Earth’s atmosphere. However, it should be recognized that, given the very different levels of socio-political development of the countries of the world, international cooperation in the environmental sphere is still very far from being perfect.

Another direction for solving the environmental problem, and perhaps in the future the most important of all, is the formation in society of environmental consciousness, people’s understanding of nature as another living being that cannot be dominated without damage to it and oneself. Environmental education and upbringing in society should be placed at the state level and carried out from early childhood. Regardless of any insights generated by reason and aspirations, the constant vector of human behavior should remain its harmony with nature.

CONCLUSION

Thus, the term (“global problems”) has been widely used since the 60s to designate a whole complex of the most pressing human problems considered on a planetary scale.

These primarily include: preventing a global thermonuclear war and ensuring peaceful conditions for the development of all peoples; overcoming the growing contrast in economic levels and per capita income between developed and developing countries by eliminating the backwardness of the latter, as well as eliminating hunger, poverty and illiteracy across the globe; stopping rapid population growth (population explosion in developing countries) and eliminating the danger of depopulation in developed countries; prevention of catastrophic anthropogenic pollution of the environment, including the atmosphere, the World Ocean, etc.; ensuring the further economic development of mankind with the necessary natural resources, both renewable and non-renewable, including food, industrial raw materials and energy sources; prevention of immediate and long-term negative consequences of the scientific and technological revolution.

Currently, problems of health care (for example, the threat of the AIDS pandemic), international crime (especially terrorism and drug mafia), education and upbringing of the younger generation, preservation of social and cultural values, familiarizing the population with planetary environmental consciousness, overcoming national and social egoism are also becoming global in nature. . Global problems, which to one degree or another existed before as local and regional contradictions, have acquired a planetary character in recent decades due to a sharp exacerbation of the unevenness of socio-economic and scientific and technological progress, as well as the growing process of internationalization of all social activities and related integration humanity.

The threatening nature of global problems is largely due to the enormously increased means of human influence on the world around us and the enormous scope (scale) of its economic activity, which has become comparable to geological and other planetary natural processes.

Global problems of humanity cannot be solved by the efforts of one country; jointly developed regulations on environmental protection, coordinated economic policies, assistance to backward countries, etc. are needed.

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