Modern savagery. The wildest tribes of the Amazon: films, photos, videos watch online

Surprisingly, there are still the most savage tribes of the Amazon and Africa who have managed to survive the onset of a ruthless civilization. We are here surfing the Internet, struggling to conquer thermonuclear energy and flying further into space, and these few remnants of prehistoric times lead the same way of life that was familiar to them and our ancestors a hundred thousand years ago. To completely immerse yourself in the atmosphere wildlife, it’s not enough to just read the article and look at the pictures, you need to go to Africa yourself, for example, by ordering a safari in Tanzania.

The wildest tribes of the Amazon

1. Piraha

The Pirahã tribe lives on the banks of the Mahi River. Approximately 300 Aboriginal people are engaged in gathering and hunting. This tribe was discovered by Catholic missionary Daniel Everett. He lived next to them for several years, after which he finally lost faith in God and became an atheist. His first contact with the Pirahã took place in 1977. Trying to convey the word of God to the aborigines, he began to study their language and quickly achieved success in this. But the more he sank into primitive culture, the more surprised I was.
The Pirahãs have a very strange language: there is no indirect speech, words denoting colors and numerals (anything more than two is “many” for them). They did not, like us, create myths about the creation of the world, they do not have a calendar, but for all this, their intellect is no weaker than ours. The Piraha have not thought of private property, they do not have any reserves - they immediately eat the caught prey or the collected fruits, so they do not rack their brains over storage and planning for the future. Such views seem primitive to us, however, Everett came to a different conclusion. Living one day at a time and with what nature provides, the Pirahã are freed from fears for the future and all sorts of worries with which we burden our souls. That's why they are happier than us, so why do they need gods?

2. Sinta Larga

In Brazil there lives a wild tribe called the Sinta Larga, numbering approximately 1,500 people. It once lived in the rubber jungle, but their massive cutting down led to the fact that the Sinta Larga moved to nomadic life. They engage in hunting, fishing and collecting gifts of nature. Sinta Larga are polygamous - men have several wives. During his life, a man gradually acquires several names that characterize either his qualities or the events that happened to him; there is also a secret name that only his mother and father know.
As soon as the tribe catches all the game near the village, and the depleted land stops bearing fruit, it leaves the place and moves to a new place. During the move, the names of the Sinta Largs also change; only the “secret” name remains unchanged. Unfortunately for this small tribe, civilized people found on their lands occupying 21,000 square meters. km, rich reserves of gold, diamonds and tin. Of course, they couldn’t just leave these riches in the ground. However, the Sinta Largi turned out to be a warlike tribe, ready to defend themselves. So, in 2004, they killed 29 miners on their territory and did not suffer any punishment for this, except that they were driven into a reservation with an area of ​​2.5 million hectares.

3. Korubo

Closer to the sources of the Amazon River lives very warlike tribe korubo They make their living mainly by hunting and raiding neighboring tribes. Both men and women participate in these raids, and their weapons are clubs and poisoned darts. There is evidence that the tribe sometimes reaches the point of cannibalism.

4. Amondava

The Amondava tribe living in the jungle has no concept of time; there is no such word even in their language, as well as such concepts as “year”, “month”, etc. Linguists were discouraged by this phenomenon and are trying to understand whether it is typical and other tribes from the Amazon basin. Among the Amondawa, therefore, ages are not mentioned, and when growing up or changing his status in the tribe, the aborigine simply takes a new name. Also absent in the Amondava language are phrases that describe the process of the passage of time in spatial terms. We, for example, say “before this” (meaning not space, but time), “this incident was left behind,” but in the Amondava language there are no such constructions.

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5. Kayapo

In Brazil, in the eastern part of the Amazon basin there is a tributary of the Hengu, on the banks of which the Kayapo tribe lives. This is very mysterious tribe The population of approximately 3,000 people is engaged in the usual activities of the aborigines: fishing, hunting and gathering. The Kayapo are great experts in the knowledge of the healing properties of plants, they use some of them to treat their fellow tribesmen, and others for witchcraft. Shamans from the Kayapo tribe use herbs to treat female infertility and improve potency in men.
However, most of all they interested researchers with their legends, which tell that in the distant past they were guided by heavenly wanderers. The first Kayapo chief arrived in a kind of cocoon, drawn by a whirlwind. Some attributes from modern rituals are also consonant with these legends, for example, objects resembling aircraft and space suits. Tradition says that the leader who descended from heaven lived with the tribe for several years and then returned to heaven.

The wildest African tribes

6. Nuba

The African Nuba tribe numbers about 10,000 people. Nuba lands lie in Sudan. This is a separate community with its own language, which does not come into contact with outside world, so for now it has been protected from the influence of civilization. This tribe has a very remarkable makeup ritual. Women of the tribe scar their bodies with intricate patterns, pierce their lower lip and insert quartz crystals into it.
Their mating ritual, associated with annual dances, is also interesting. During them, girls point to their favorites, placing their leg on their shoulder from behind. The happy chosen one does not see the girl’s face, but can inhale the smell of her sweat. However, such an “affair” does not have to end in a wedding; it is only permission for the groom to sneak into her parents’ house, where she lives, secretly from her parents at night. The presence of children is not a basis for recognizing the legality of a marriage. A man must live with his pets until he builds his own hut. Only then will the couple be able to sleep together legally, but for another year after the housewarming, the spouses cannot eat from the same pot.

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7. Mursi

Women from the Mursi tribe business card became exotic underlip. It is cut for girls when they are children, and pieces of wood are inserted into the cut over time. bigger size. Finally, on the wedding day, a debi is inserted into the drooping lip - a plate made of baked clay, the diameter of which can reach up to 30 cm.
Mursi easily become drunkards and constantly carry clubs or Kalashnikovs with them, which they are not averse to using. When fights for supremacy take place within a tribe, they often end in the death of the losing side. Mursi women's bodies typically look sickly and flabby, with sagging breasts and hunched backs. They are almost devoid of hair on their heads, hiding this defect with incredibly fluffy headdresses, the material for which can be anything that comes to hand: dried fruits, branches, pieces of rough leather, someone's tails, swamp mollusks, dead insects and other carrion. It is difficult for Europeans to be near Mursi because of their unbearable smell.

8. Hamer (hamar)

On the eastern side of Africa's Omo Valley live the Hamer or Hamar people, numbering approximately 35,000 - 50,000 people. Along the banks of the river there are their villages, made up of huts with pointed roofs, covered with thatch or grass. The entire household is located inside the hut: a bed, a hearth, a granary and a goat pen. But only two or three wives and children live in the huts, and the head of the family always either grazes cattle or protects the tribe’s possessions from attacks by other tribes.
Dating with wives occurs very rarely, and at these rare moments, children are conceived. But even after returning to the family for a while, the men, having beaten their wives to their hearts content with long rods, are satisfied with that, and go to sleep in pits that resemble graves, and even cover themselves with earth to the point of mild asphyxia. Apparently, they like this semi-fainting state more than intimacy with their wives, and even those, to tell the truth, are not delighted with the “caresses” of their husbands and prefer to please each other. As soon as a girl develops external sexual characteristics (at about 12 years of age), she is considered ready for marriage. On the wedding day, the newly-made husband, having beaten the bride hard with a reed rod (the more scars remain on her body, the more deeply he loves), puts a silver collar around her neck, which she will wear for the rest of her life.

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9. Bushmen

IN South Africa There is a group of tribes collectively called the Bushmen. These are people of short stature, wide cheekbones, with narrow eyes and swollen eyelids. Their skin color is difficult to determine, since in the Kalahari it is not customary to waste water on washing, but they are definitely lighter than neighboring tribes. Leading a wandering, half-starved life, the Bushmen believe in an afterlife. They have neither a tribal leader, nor a shaman, and in general there is not even a hint of social hierarchy. But the elder of the tribe enjoys authority, although he does not have privileges or material advantages.
The Bushmen surprise with their cuisine, especially “Bushman rice” - ant larvae. Young Bushmen are considered the most beautiful in Africa. But as soon as they reach puberty and give birth, they appearance changes radically: the buttocks and thighs spread sharply, and the stomach remains bloated. All this is not a consequence of dietary nutrition. To distinguish a pregnant Bushwoman from the rest of her potbellied tribesmen, she is coated with ocher or ash. And Bushmen men at 35 already look like 80-year-old men - their skin sags everywhere and becomes covered with deep wrinkles.

10. Maasai

The Maasai people are slender, tall, and they braid their hair in clever ways. They differ from other African tribes in their manner of behavior. While most tribes easily come into contact with outsiders, the Maasai, who have an innate sense of dignity, keep their distance. But these days they have become much more sociable, even agreeing to video and photography.
The Maasai number about 670,000 and live in Tanzania and Kenya in East Africa, where they engage in livestock farming. According to their beliefs, the gods entrusted the Maasai with the care and guardianship of all the cows in the world. Maasai childhood, which is the most carefree period in their lives, ends at the age of 14, culminating in an initiation ritual. Moreover, both boys and girls have it. The initiation of girls comes down to the terrible custom of circumcision of the clitoris for Europeans, but without it they cannot get married and do housework. After such a procedure, they do not feel pleasure from intimacy, so they will be faithful wives.
After initiation, boys turn into morans - young warriors. Their hair is coated with ocher and covered with a bandage, they are given a sharp spear, and something like a sword is hung on their belt. In this form, the moran should pass with his head held high for several months.

Small groups of people representing uncontacted tribes, are completely unaware of the moon landings, nuclear weapons, the Internet, David Attenborough, Donald Trump, Europe, dinosaurs, Mars, aliens and chocolate, etc. Their knowledge is limited to their immediate environment.

There are probably several other tribes that have yet to be discovered, but let's stick to the ones we know about. Who are they, where do they live and why do they remain isolated?

Although it's a bit of a vague term, we define an "uncontacted tribe" as a group of people who have had no significant direct contact with modern civilization. Many of them have only a brief acquaintance with civilization, since the conquest of the New World resulted in ironically uncivilized results.

Sentinel Island

Hundreds of kilometers east of India are the Andaman Islands. About 26,000 years ago, during the heyday of the latter ice age, the land bridge between India and these islands jutted out of the shallow sea and then sank under the water.

The Andamanese peoples were nearly wiped out by disease, violence and invasion. Today, only about 500 of them remain, and at least one tribe, the Jungli, is extinct.

However, on one of Northern Isles the language of the tribe living there remains incomprehensible, and little is known about its representatives. It seems that these miniature people cannot shoot and do not know how to grow crops. They survive by hunting, fishing and gathering edible plants.

It is not known exactly how many of them are alive today, but there may be anywhere from several hundred to 15 people. The 2004 tsunami, which killed about a quarter of a million people across the region, also hit these islands.

Back in 1880, British authorities planned to kidnap members of this tribe, keep them well captive, and then release them back to the island in an attempt to demonstrate their benevolence. They captured an elderly couple and four children. The couple died of illness, but the young people were given gifts and sent to the island. Soon the Sentinelese disappeared into the jungle, and the tribe was no longer seen by the authorities.

In the 1960s and 1970s, Indian authorities, soldiers and anthropologists tried to establish contact with the tribe, but it hid inside the jungle. Subsequent expeditions were met with either threats of violence or attacks with bows and arrows, and some ended in the death of the attackers.

Uncontacted tribes of Brazil

Vast areas of the Brazilian Amazon, especially in the interior of the western state of Acre, are home to up to one hundred uncontacted tribes, as well as several other communities that would readily establish contact with the outside world. Some tribal members were wiped out by drugs or gold diggers.

As is known, respiratory diseases common in modern society, can quickly destroy entire tribes. Since 1987, official government policy has been not to engage with tribes if their survival is at risk.

Very little is known about these isolated groups, but they are all distinct tribes with different cultures. Their representatives tend to avoid contact with anyone who tries to contact them. Some hide in the forests, while others defend themselves using spears and arrows.

Some of the tribes, such as the Awá, are nomadic hunter-gatherers, which makes them more resilient to outside influences.

Kawahiwa

This is another example of uncontacted tribes, but it is primarily known for its nomadic lifestyle.

It appears that in addition to bows and baskets, its members may use spinning wheels to make strings, ladders to collect honey from bee nests, and elaborate animal traps.

The land they occupy has received official protection, and anyone who trespasses on it faces severe persecution.

Over the years, many of the tribes engaged in hunting. The states of Rondonia, Mato Grosso and Maranhao are known to contain many dwindling uncontacted tribes.

Loner

One man presents a particularly sad picture simply because he is last representative of your tribe. Living deep in the rainforest of Tanaru in the state of Rondônia, this man always attacks those nearby. His language is completely untranslatable, and the culture of the disappeared tribe to which he belonged remains a mystery.

Besides the basic skills of growing crops, he also likes to dig holes or lure animals. Only one thing is certain, when this man dies, his tribe will become nothing more than a memory.

Other uncontacted tribes of South America

Although Brazil contains a large number of uncontacted tribes, such groups of people are known to still exist in Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Paraguay, French Guiana, Guyana and Venezuela. In general, little is known about them compared to Brazil. Many tribes are suspected of having similar yet distinct cultures.

Uncontacted tribes of Peru

A nomadic group of Peruvian peoples have endured decades of aggressive deforestation to rubber industry. Some of them even deliberately contacted the authorities after fleeing drug cartels.

In general, keeping away from all other tribes, most of them rarely turn to Christian missionaries, who are accidental spreaders of disease. Most tribes like Nanti can now only be seen from a helicopter.

Huaroran people of Ecuador

This people are connected common language, which does not appear to be related to any other in the world. As hunter-gatherers, the tribe has over the past four decades settled on a long-term basis in a fairly developed area between the Curaray and Napo rivers in the east of the country.

Many of them had already made contact with the outside world, but several communities rejected this practice and instead chose to move to areas untouched by modern oil exploration.

The Taromenan and Tagaeri tribes number no more than 300 members, but are sometimes killed by loggers looking for valuable mahogany wood.

A similar situation is observed in neighboring countries, where only certain segments of tribes such as the Ayoreo from Bolivia, the Carabayo from Colombia, the Yanommi from Venezuela remain completely isolated and prefer to avoid contact with the modern world.

Uncontacted tribes of West Papua

In the western part of the island New Guinea There are about 312 tribes, 44 of which are uncontacted. The mountainous region is covered in dense, Viridian forests, which means we still don't notice these wild people.

Many of these tribes avoid socializing. Many human rights violations have been reported since their arrival in 1963, including murder, rape and torture.

The tribes usually settle along the coast, wander through the swamps and survive by hunting. In the central region, which is at a high elevation, the tribes are engaged in growing sweet potatoes and raising pigs.

Little is known regarding those who have not yet installed official contact. In addition to the challenging terrain, researchers, human rights organizations and journalists are also prohibited from exploring the region.

West Papua (extreme left side New Guinea) is home to many uncontacted tribes.

Do similar tribes live in other places?

There may be uncontacted tribes still lurking in other forested parts of the world, including Malaysia and parts Central Africa, but this has not been proven. If they exist, it might be best to leave them alone.

Outside world threat

Uncontacted tribes are mostly threatened by the outside world. This article serves as a cautionary tale.

If you want to know what you can do to prevent them from disappearing, then it is recommended that you join a rather interesting non-profit organization Survival International, whose staff works around the clock to ensure that these tribes live out their unique lives in our colorful world.

Hot water, light, TV, computer - all these items are familiar to modern man. But there are places on the planet where these things can cause shock and awe like magic. It's about about the settlements of wild tribes that have preserved their way of life and habits since ancient times. And these are not the wild tribes of Africa, who now wear comfortable clothes and know how to communicate with other peoples. We are talking about Aboriginal settlements that were discovered relatively recently. They do not seek to meet modern people, quite the contrary. If you try to visit them, you may be met with spears or arrows.

The development of digital technology and the exploration of new territories leads a person to meet unknown inhabitants of our planet. Their habitat is hidden from prying eyes. Settlements may be located in deep forests or on uninhabited islands.

Tribes of Nicobar and Andaman Islands

On a group of islands located in the Indian Ocean, 5 tribes live to this day, the development of which stopped in the Stone Age. They are unique in their culture and way of life. The official authorities of the islands look after the aborigines and try not to interfere in their lives and everyday life. The total population of all tribes is about 1000 people. The settlers are engaged in hunting, fishing, farming and have virtually no contact with the outside world. One of the most evil tribes is the inhabitants of Sentinel Island. The number of all settlers of the tribe does not exceed 250 people. But, despite their small numbers, these natives are ready to repel anyone who sets foot on their lands.

Tribes of North Sentinel Island

The inhabitants of Sentinel Island belong to the group of so-called uncontacted tribes. They differ high level aggression and unsociability towards a stranger. It is interesting that the appearance and development of the tribe is still not fully known. Scientists cannot understand how in this limited space Black people could begin to live on an island washed by the ocean. There is an assumption that these lands were inhabited by inhabitants more than 30,000 years ago. People remained within their lands and homes and did not move to other territories. Time passed, and water separated them from other lands. Since the tribe did not develop in terms of technology, they did not have contacts with the outside world, therefore any guest for these people is a stranger or enemy. Moreover, communication with civilized people is simply contraindicated for the Sentinel Island tribe. Viruses and bacteria, to which modern humans have immunity, can easily kill any member of the tribe. The only positive contact with the settlers of the island was made in the mid-90s of the last century.

Wild tribes in the Amazon forests

Are there wild tribes today that have never been contacted? modern people? Yes, there are such tribes, and one of them was recently discovered in the dense forests of the Amazon. This happened due to active deforestation. Scientists have long said that these places could be inhabited by wild tribes. This guess was confirmed. The only video filming of the tribe was carried out from a light aircraft by one of the largest US television channels. The footage shows that the settlers' huts are made in the form of tents covered with leaves. The inhabitants themselves are armed with primitive spears and bows.

Piraha

The Piraha tribe numbers about 200 people. They live in the Brazilian jungle and differ from other aborigines in their very weak development of language and the absence of a number system. Simply put, they can't count. They can also be called the most illiterate inhabitants of the planet. Members of the tribe are forbidden to talk about what they have not learned on own experience or adopt words from other languages. In Piraha speech there is no designation of animals, fish, plants, color shades and weather. Despite this, the natives are not malicious towards others. Moreover, they often act as guides through the jungle.

Loaves

This tribe lives in the forests of Papua, New Guinea. They were discovered only in the mid-90s of the last century. They found a home in the thickets of forests between two mountain ranges. Despite their funny name, the Aborigines cannot be called good-natured. The cult of the warrior is widespread among the settlers. They are so hardy and strong-willed that they can feed on larvae and pasture for weeks until they find suitable prey while hunting.

Loaves live mainly in trees. By making their huts from branches and twigs like huts, they protect themselves from evil spirits and witchcraft. The tribe reveres pigs. These animals are used like donkeys or horses. They can be slaughtered and eaten only when the pig becomes old and can no longer carry a load or a person.

In addition to the aborigines living on islands or in tropical forests, you can meet people who live according to old customs in our country. So in Siberia for a long time lived the Lykov family. Fleeing persecution in the 30s of the last century, they went into the remote taiga of Siberia. For 40 years they survived by adapting to the harsh conditions of the forest. During this time, the family managed to almost completely lose the entire crop of plants and recreate it anew from a few surviving seeds. Old Believers were engaged in hunting and fishing. The Lykovs made their clothes from the skins of killed animals and coarse home-woven hemp threads.

The family has preserved old customs, chronology and the original Russian language. In 1978, they were accidentally discovered by geologists. The meeting became a fatal discovery for the Old Believers. Contact with civilization led to diseases of individual family members. Two of them died suddenly from kidney problems. Died a little later younger son from pneumonia. This once again proved that contact between modern man and representatives of more ancient peoples can become deadly for the latter.

On the banks of the Meihi River lives the wild Pirahu tribe, numbering about three hundred people. The natives survive by hunting and gathering. The peculiarity of this tribe is their unique language: it contains no words denoting shades of colors, no indirect speech, and also interesting fact, it does not contain numerals (Indians count - one, two and many). They have no legends about the creation of the world, no calendar, but despite all this, the Pirahu people have not been found to have the qualities of reduced intelligence.

Video: Amazon Code. In the deep jungle of the Amazon River lives the wild Piraha tribe. Christian missionary Daniel Everett came to them to bring the word of God, but as a result of becoming acquainted with their culture, he became an atheist. But much more interesting than this is a discovery related to the language of the Piraha tribe.

Another known wild tribe of Brazil is the Sinta Larga, numbering about one and a half thousand people. Previously, this tribe lived in the rubber jungle, however, due to their deforestation, the Sinta Larga became a nomadic tribe. The Indians engage in fishing, hunting and farming. There is patriarchy in the tribe, i.e. a man can have several wives. Also, throughout his life, a Cinta Larga man receives several names, depending on individual characteristics or certain events in his life, but there is one special name that is kept secret and only those closest to him know it.

And in the western part of the Amazon River valley lives a very aggressive Korubo tribe. The main occupation of the Indians of this tribe is hunting and raids on neighboring settlements. Moreover, both men and women, armed with poisoned darts and clubs, take part in the raids. There is evidence that cases of cannibalism occur in the Korubo tribe.

Video: Leonid Kruglov: GEO: Unknown world: Earth. Secrets of the new world. "The Great River of the Amazons." "Korubo Incident".

All these tribes represent a unique find for anthropologists and evolutionists. By studying their life and culture, language, and beliefs, one can better understand all stages of human development. And it is very important to preserve this heritage of history in your in its original form. In Brazil, a special government organization (National Indian Foundation) has been created to deal with the affairs of such tribes. The main task of this organization is to protect these tribes from any interference of modern civilization.

Adventure Magic - Yanomami.

Film: Amazonia / IMAX - Amazon HD.

I wonder if our lives would be much calmer and less nervous and hectic without all the modern technological advances? Probably yes, but it’s unlikely to be more comfortable. Now imagine that on our planet in the 21st century there are tribes living peacefully who can easily do without all this.

1. Yarawa

This tribe lives on the Andaman Islands in the Indian Ocean. It is believed that the age of the Yarawa is from 50 to 55 thousand years. They migrated there from Africa and now there are about 400 of them left. The Yarawa live in nomadic groups of 50 people, hunt with bows and arrows, and fish in coral reefs and collect fruits and honey. In the 1990s, the Indian government wanted to give them more modern conditions for life, but the Yarava refused.

2. Yanomami

The Yanomami carry on as usual ancient image of life on the border between Brazil and Venezuela: 22 thousand live on the Brazilian side and 16 thousand on the Venezuelan side. Some of them have mastered metal processing and weaving, but the rest prefer not to contact the outside world, which threatens to disrupt their centuries-old way of life. They are excellent healers and even know how to catch fish using plant poisons.

3. Nomole

About 600-800 representatives of this tribe live in the tropical forests of Peru, and only since about 2015 have they begun to appear and cautiously contact civilization, not always successfully, it must be said. They call themselves "nomole", which means "brothers and sisters". It is believed that the Nomole people do not have the concept of good and evil in our understanding, and if they want something, they do not hesitate to kill their opponent in order to take possession of his thing.

4. Ava Guaya

The first contact with Ava Guaya occurred in 1989, but it is unlikely that civilization has made them happier, since deforestation actually means the disappearance of this semi-nomadic Brazilian tribe, of which there are no more than 350-450 people. They survive by hunting, live small family groups, have many pets (parrots, monkeys, owls, agouti hares) and have proper names, naming himself after his favorite forest animal.

5. Sentinelese

If other tribes somehow make contact with the outside world, then the inhabitants of North Sentinel Island (Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal) are not particularly friendly. Firstly, they are supposedly cannibals, and secondly, they simply kill everyone who comes to their territory. In 2004, after the tsunami, many people on the neighboring islands were affected. When anthropologists flew over North Sentinel Island to check on its strange inhabitants, a group of aborigines came out of the forest and threateningly waved stones and bows and arrows in their direction.

6. Huaorani, Tagaeri and Taromenan

All three tribes live in Ecuador. The Huaorani had the misfortune of living in an oil-rich area, so most of them were resettled in the 1950s, but Tagaeri and Taromenan split from the main Huaorani group in the 1970s and went into the rainforest to continue their nomadic, ancient way of life. . These tribes are quite unfriendly and vindictive, so no special contacts were established with them.

7. Kawahiwa

The remaining members of the Brazilian Kawahiwa tribe are mostly nomads. They do not like contact with people and simply try to survive through hunting, fishing and occasional farming. The Kawahiwa are endangered due to illegal logging. In addition, many of them died after communicating with civilization, having contracted measles from people. According to conservative estimates, there are now no more than 25-50 people left.

8. Hadza

The Hadza are one of the last tribes of hunter-gatherers (about 1,300 people) living in Africa near the equator near Lake Eyasi in Tanzania. They are still living in the same place for the last 1.9 million years. Only 300-400 Hadza continue to live in the old ways and even officially reclaimed part of their land in 2011. Their way of life is based on the fact that everything is shared, and property and food should always be shared.