The modern role and significance of the military-patriotic club “Nakhimovets” in the moral education of youth. Social and pedagogical foundations of the activities of military commissariats to improve the pre-conscription training of young people Mukhamadeev Marat Masgutovich not

Time has placed two dates side by side: February 23, 1918 - the Birthday of our Armed Forces (according to the modern calendar - Defender of the Fatherland Day) - and April 8, 1918, when at the state level the formation of new territorial bodies of military administration began, the name of which appeared The French word “commissariat” is unusual for Russian ears.
The path traveled by the military commissariats was not long by historical standards, but it was not easy. During difficult periods in the formation and development of the army and navy, military commissariats were given large-scale and responsible tasks for recruiting troops, and they successfully solved them. Today, professional training and the daily hard work of the personnel of military commissariats, as before, are subordinated to the implementation of the main goal - increasing the combat readiness of the Armed Forces and ensuring military security states.

The system of local military authorities was born long before 1917, with the emergence of the need to create a mass regular army.
Military commissariats (local military administration bodies) were created taking into account the history and experience of the departments of local brigades, departments of district military commanders, provincial and district conscription presences, which were directly in charge of registration and mobilization issues when recruiting army troops.
After October 1917, a situation developed in Russia new system state power. Its armed defense was carried out by soldiers, sailors who sided with the new government, and the Red Guard, consisting of young workers from Moscow and Petrograd.
From February to May 1918, military departments of volost, district and provincial councils were created and operated. These departments were collegial bodies. They included representatives of the local council, the headquarters of the Red Guard, the headquarters of a military unit or garrison.
All local military administration bodies were built in relation to the voluntary method of recruiting the army. In different places they were called differently: “Military Department”, “Commission for the Organization of the Red Army”, “Military Administrative Department”, “Military Collegium”, “Headquarters of the Red Army”, etc. The main tasks of these bodies were the recruitment of volunteers, the formation detachments and units of the Red Army and their material support.
The volunteer method of recruitment was maintained until the spring of 1918. By this time, the army of the new government numbered about 300 thousand people. At the same time, the number of the opposing side is at least 700 thousand people, so, despite the heroism and steadfastness of the Red Guard, it could not carry out the increasingly complex tasks of protecting the state. And it was forced to take up the organization of a regular Red Army.
Its creation began with the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of January 15, 1918. In April of the same year, the Higher Military Inspectorate was created, designed to provide assistance to local military authorities, control the formation and training of units and formations of the Red Army.
By the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of April 8, 1918, approved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on April 22, 1918, a unified network of local military administration bodies - military commissariats - was created throughout the country. April 8, 1918 is the day of the creation of military commissariats in our country.
In accordance with the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars, military commissariats were created in volosts, districts, provinces and districts. By the end of 1918, 7 district, 39 provincial, 395 district and about 7 thousand volost military commissariats were formed on the territory of the RSFSR. In the center they were subordinate to the All-Russian Main Headquarters (from February 10, 1921 - to the Headquarters of the Red Army), and in the districts - to the commander of the fronts (from January 9, 1925 - to the commander of territorial military districts).
The decree determined that commissariats for military affairs were created to take into account the population fit for military service, its conscription, the formation of the armed forces of the republic, the training of all workers and peasants who do not exploit the labor of others in military affairs, the management of troops intended to serve local needs, and the satisfaction of material needs military supplies.
On May 29, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a resolution “On the transition to the general mobilization of workers and poor peasants into the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army,” which determined the decision on compulsory military service.
On June 29, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars adopted the Decree on Military Registration. In accordance with this decree, military commissariats carried out a lot of work to identify and register those liable for military service.
Military commissariats at that time were assigned certain responsibilities.
The volost military commissariats kept records of the entire male population fit for military service. military service, as well as horses and carts, organized local military training for workers, deployed mobilization squads and equipped assembly points for the mobilized, and collected and processed information for mobilization plans. The volost military commissariats retained full responsibilities of the volost military departments for organizing recruiting work, agitation and recruitment of volunteers into the Red Army.
The district military commissariats were entrusted with the following responsibilities: management of the activities of the volost military commissariats within their district; accounting of human and transport resources; training workers in military affairs; conducting training sessions; propaganda work among the population and registration of volunteers; drawing up a mobilization plan; carrying out mobilization in case of declaration of war; material support for troops and assistance in their deployment; management of all military institutions and warehouses located on the territory of the county; formation of units and military units from those enrolled in the Red Army; meeting the cultural and educational needs of the troops.
Compared to the activities of the district military commanders of pre-revolutionary Russia, the functions of the district military commissariats expanded significantly - they began to additionally engage in conducting propaganda work among the population and training workers in military affairs.
Provincial military commissariats were ordered to manage the activities of district military commissariats; carry out recruitment and propaganda activities among the population; organize conscription for military service in the districts and military training of workers in the province. Their responsibilities also included organizing military training with those liable for military service, forming military units and their improvement.
All military units and institutions (infirmaries, hospitals, warehouses) stationed on the territory of the province were subordinate to the provincial military commissariats. The provincial military commissar was the head of the garrison and the commandant at the point of his stay, with the exception of cities where special commandant's offices were established.
The staffing level of the provincial military commissariat (with a commandant's office) was 321 people, and the district one (with a transit point) - from 152 (first category) to 103 people. (third category).
District military commissariats were vested with military-administrative power in the district. Provincial, district and volost councils were obliged to assist the district military commissariat in the implementation of the state defense plan.
Along with the tasks common to the lower-level military commissariats, the district military commissariats were entrusted with such functions as the allocation between district military commissariats, in the provinces of the district, orders of the All-Russian Collegium or the General Staff for the conscription of people and the supply of horses; control over the implementation of these orders; receiving formed military units and sending them to their destination; supplying troops with everything necessary and creating all types of supplies.
By April 1920, the Red Army numbered over 3 million people. In achieving this result, the contribution of military commissariats is obvious.
By the beginning of 1921, in connection with the cessation of hostilities on the fronts and the emerging reorganization and reduction in the size of the Red Army, local military administration bodies also underwent changes. By decree of the Council of People's Commissars of March 21, 1921, the volost military commissariats were abolished. Instead, military records were created that kept records of those liable for military service and mobilization work.
In 1921-1923 the number and strength of military commissariat personnel were reduced. In 1921 alone, the number of military commissariats from 2,276 (their number was 196 thousand 168 people) decreased initially to 1,216 (with a staff of 98 thousand 543 people), and at the end of the year - to 1,036 with a total staff strength of 73 thousand 292 people .
During this period, provincial military commissariats were the highest military administrative bodies of the provinces. They were entrusted with leadership and control over the activities of district military commissariats, military units, institutions and institutions of local importance. District military commissariats were the highest military administrative bodies in the district.
Military reform 1924-1925 introduced changes in the field of military development in the country in order to strengthen the Red Army and reduce its number in accordance with peacetime conditions and the economic capabilities of the country. A mixed system of organizing the Armed Forces was adopted, which made it possible, at lower costs, to have a small personnel army capable of ensuring the security of the country's borders, and in case of war, quickly mobilizing the army. At the same time, extensive military training was provided for workers liable for military service. The organizational structure of the troops was streamlined, the recruitment system was regulated, the personnel structure was qualitatively updated, the supply system was reorganized, a planned system of combat training was established, and much more.
The most important issue of military reform was the determination of the recruitment system, which provided for the combination of regular troops with territorial police formations. Most of the formations and units of the border military districts, technical and special troops, as well as the Navy remained personnel. Territorial troops were local formations of internal districts. These were, as a rule, rifle or cavalry formations and units, which contained 16-20% of the personnel, and the rest were assigned from surrounding villages and cities. Combat training of assigned (temporary) personnel was carried out at annual training camps lasting 1-3 months for five years. Then the fighters of the territorial troops were enlisted in the reserves.
Military reform also affected military commissariats. In accordance with the resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of January 9, 1925, territorial military districts were created, and provincial military commissariats were reorganized into the departments of territorial districts: corps, divisional or independent provincial. The district military commissariats remained in their previous form and with the same functions of the main registration and mobilization body with the rights of military departments of the district executive committees with subordination to the departments of the territorial districts.
Administratively, the departments of territorial districts were military departments of local provincial executive committees.
In this form, the military commissariats existed until 1938.
With the transfer of the Armed Forces to a personnel recruitment system in 1938 and in connection with the new administrative division of the country into regions and districts, a radical reorganization of local military administration bodies was carried out.
According to the Regulations on local bodies of military administration, announced in the order of the People's Commissar of Defense of 1938 No. 0104 (Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars No. 112 of June 7, 1938), local authorities military administration were: military commissariats of union and autonomous republics, territories, regions; united city, city, district (in national districts), united regional and regional military commissariats.
The military commissariats were at the same time the military departments of the corresponding councils of ministers of the union and autonomous republics, the executive committees of the regional, regional, district, city and regional councils of workers' deputies. The local military administration bodies were led by the General Staff and the commanders of the military districts.
Before the war and in the post-war period, military commissariats were required to solve the following tasks: preparation and conduct of military mobilization; preparing young people for military service, conscripting citizens for active military service and training camps; organization of mass defense and military-patriotic work among those liable for military service, conscripts and pre-conscription youth; accounting of human and economic resources suitable for the needs of the army; providing conscripts with deferments from conscription and monitoring the correct organization of their registration and reservation at enterprises, institutions, organizations and educational institutions. In addition, military commissariats were subsequently entrusted with the following responsibilities: to prepare documents for receiving pensions for officers discharged from military service, long-term servicemen and their families; assist in the employment and provision of living space for officers discharged from the armed forces; select candidates from civilian youth to be sent to study in the military educational establishments, as well as workers and employees to work in military units and institutions; consider and resolve complaints from conscripts, military personnel, military personnel, war invalids, members of their families, as well as family members of fallen soldiers.
On September 1, 1939, the Law “On General Military Duty” was adopted, and from August 15 to December 31, 1940, a recount of mobilization resources was carried out throughout the country. The re-accounting was carried out in accordance with the new Accounting Manual, which was put into effect
June 5, 1940 by order of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR No. 143.
As a result of the work carried out, as of January 1, 1941, 20.3 million people were taken into general registration (sergeants and privates) and 2.1 million people into special registration (reserved). The number of military-trained human resources at that time was: trained - 15.8 million people; few trained - 2.3 million people; untrained - 4.2 million people.
Accounting Vehicle(cars, tractors, bicycles) and barrel containers were carried out by the State Traffic Inspectorate and the Central Directorate of Narkhozuchet of the State Planning Committee, and the accounting of horses, carts and harnesses was carried out by the People's Commissariat of Agriculture. From these bodies the People's Commissariat of Defense received the data necessary to plan the mobilization of troops.
The reorganization of military commissariats carried out in 1938 and then in 1940 significantly strengthened the system of registration of military personnel and conscription in peacetime and wartime. This was especially clearly confirmed during the mobilization in 1941. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War were called up and assigned to man the troops: according to orders - 3.5 million people, outside orders in military units - 3.4 million people, in total - 6.9 million people, or 99.1% of the foreseen mobilization plan.
Military commissariats played an extremely important role during the Great Patriotic War.
From June 23, 1941, the General Staff became the main working body of the High Command Headquarters (from August 8 - the Supreme High Command). He was relieved of organizational and mobilization functions and, in accordance with the resolution of the State Defense Committee (GKO) of July 28, 1941, concentrated his efforts on operational and strategic leadership (according to the instructions of the Supreme Command Headquarters) of the Armed Forces, unifying the activities of all departments of the People's Commissariat of Defense, and also the People's Commissariat of the Navy.
All organs of the General Staff in charge of organizational and mobilization functions were transferred to the Main Directorate for the Formation and Recruitment of Red Army Troops (Glavupraform), which was created a month after the start of the war, on July 29, 1941.
The Military Council of the Main Directorate of the Red Army did a lot to restructure the work of military commissariats. He was entrusted with: finding human mobilization resources, recruiting them and sending them to the troops and to work in industry; combating desertion and evasion from military service; providing the families of officers, sergeants (foremen), soldiers (sailors) with pensions, benefits and providing them financial assistance; carrying out work to organize universal military training for male citizens; solving the increased problems of recording and booking military personnel.
The Military Council of the Glavupraform took strict measures to improve the situation in the military commissariats and cleanse their teams of bribe-takers, crooks and morally corrupt people.
The activities of military commissariats during the war were under strict control of the authorities. For example, the Tula Regional Party Committee in September 1942 discussed such issues as the timely provision of military units with human and material resources, the state of registration of those liable for military service, the registration of citizens born in 1924 and the conduct of conscription into the Red Army, universal military training of the population, the creation of Komsomol youth units in the Universal Education system, and others.
In one of the regions most remote from the Soviet-German front - the Khabarovsk Territory, on the instructions of the leadership in May 1942, the state of registration of those liable for military service in the regional and Amur regional military commissariats was analyzed. After an analysis of the identified facts, a resolution was issued in which all heads of industrial enterprises and institutions were strictly warned that “any violation of the State Defense Committee resolution on issues of reserving certain categories of military personnel from conscription into the Red Army should be considered as a grave anti-state crime with all the ensuing consequences according to the laws of the military.” time."
The military commissariats, despite enormous difficulties, especially in the initial period of the war, coped with the tasks assigned to them. From June 22, 1941 to May 1, 1942, they conscripted (mobilized) 15 million 384 thousand 837 people, hundreds of thousands of cars, tractors, horses and convoys, which passed through collection and delivery points of military commissariats in accordance with mobilization plans developed in peacetime.
After the end of the Great Patriotic War, a large reduction in the Armed Forces was carried out. Millions of military personnel, having honestly fulfilled their duty to the Motherland, returned to peaceful work. During this period, military commissariats carried out a tremendous amount of work in recruiting demobilized officers, sergeants and foremen, soldiers and sailors for military registration. At the same time, the military commissariats showed great concern for demobilized soldiers, their employment, and the creation of living conditions. To account for all mobilization resources in the Ministry of Defense in 1951, by decree of the Council of Ministers, all work on accounting for military personnel, vehicles, barrels, horses and carts was transferred from the police of the State Traffic Inspectorate and the State Planning Committee to the military registration and enlistment offices.
In the post-war period, the legal framework and organizational structure for military commissariats were changed. In terms of these transformations, the creation in 1964 of the Main Organizational and Mobilization Directorate within the structure of the General Staff was important.
(GOMU), which was entrusted with the task of managing the military registration and enlistment offices.
Collapse of the USSR and creation of the Ministry of Defense Russian Federation and the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation marked the beginning of a new stage in the history of military commissariats.
GOMU, moborgans of branches of the Armed Forces and military districts (fleets), military commissariats had to solve the problem of recruiting troops with enormous efforts. This was demonstrated by two Chechen campaigns. For many years, mobilization training activities (exercises, mobilization training) were not carried out. The quality of recruiting resources has deteriorated. Military registration was in a state of disrepair. This was a consequence of the crisis state system accounting and analysis of conscription and mobilization resources available in the country. There was a gap between registration records (propiska) and military records.
To rectify the current situation, a big job to improve the regulatory framework in creating a system that would guarantee the staffing of the Armed Forces and other troops with human and transport resources on a high-quality basis and in deadlines.
A reflection of this large and complex process was the further improvement of the system of military command and control bodies in accordance with the federal structure of the Russian Federation. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated September 1, 2007 No. 1132 “On approval of the Regulations on military commissariats” determined that military commissariats are territorial bodies of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, municipalities and are part of military districts (part of the Baltic Fleet) . The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation organizes the activities of military commissariats, and the commanders of the military districts (commander of the Baltic Fleet) are the direct superiors of the personnel of the military commissariats and direct their activities.
The main tasks of military commissariats at present are: mobilization planning and mobilization preparation, planning and preparation of measures for the mobilization of human and transport resources in the event of a transfer of the Armed Forces from peacetime to wartime; keeping records of citizens in reserve, distributing them according to ranks and assigning them to teams agreed upon with military units; accounting of transport resources and material assets intended for the implementation of the mobilization plan; organization of notification of mobilization human resources, organizations and institutions in case of mobilization; collection and supply of human and transport resources to the troops for mobilization; organization of training events with citizens in the reserve, together with military units, as well as tasks of preparation for military service and conscription, such as the initial registration of citizens for military service, their preparation for military service, the implementation of conscription of citizens for military service and referrals to alternative civil service; work on selecting candidates from among citizens in the reserve who wish to enter military service under a contract; multifaceted work with pensioners of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, and many other important tasks.
All tasks solved by military commissariats are linked into a single complex, which is a continuous process aimed at achieving the main goal - to be in constant readiness to mobilize human and transport resources in the assigned territory and ensure timely staffing of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops and military formations .
Military commissariats carry out the tasks assigned to them in the interests of not only all types and branches of troops of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, but also all ministries and departments that include military formations.
Analyzing the results of completing the assigned tasks, I would like to note that the past year 2007 was, to a certain extent, a landmark year for us. Military commissariats made a significant contribution to the creation of a professional army as a priority direction in the construction of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. As one of the important areas for increasing their combat readiness, we consider the completion of the federal target program “Transition to recruiting a number of formations and military units with contract military personnel” for 2004-2007.
This made it possible, from January 1, 2008, to switch to a one-year conscription military service and to begin systematic and targeted work to increase the status and authority of junior commanders. The development of a new federal target program “Improving the system of staffing the positions of sergeants and soldiers with military personnel transferred to military service under a contract, the transition to staffing the positions of sergeants (foremen), as well as sailing personnel of the Navy with military personnel serving under a contract, is being completed in 2009- 2012."
As of January 1, 2000, there were 2,402 military commissariat in the Russian Federation, of which 81 were in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and 2,321 in administrative entities that were part of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Their staffing number was 73 thousand 300 people, of which 18 thousand 300 military personnel and 55 thousand civilian personnel.
To resolve pension issues and social protection departments have been created for pensioners of the Ministry of Defense living in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia social security at the embassies of the Russian Federation of these countries.
To conduct military registration and conscription work among citizens of the Russian Federation permanently and temporarily residing in
Baikonur (until 1999 - Leninsk) of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Baikonur Cosmodrome), a military commissariat was formed in 1995
Baikonur.
Military commissariats have been created in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, municipalities that have the status of urban settlements, urban districts, intracity territories of federal cities, as well as in the territories of several municipalities.
Depending on the volume of tasks performed, military commissariats are divided into categories:
- military commissariats of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (republics, territories, regions, autonomous entities) - extra-category, 1 - 4 categories;
- military commissariats of municipalities - non-rank, 1st, 2nd and 3rd categories.
All military commissariats, in essence, have a standard organizational structure and consist of departments (departments) in the main areas of their activity.
During 2005-2007 In order to increase the efficiency of the functioning of the entire system of military commissariats, their structure and composition were optimized. During it, structures were introduced to select citizens for military service under contract; in the interests of equipment during the conscription period, positions of chiefs of clothing and food services were introduced; legal, financial and audit bodies were strengthened due to the increase in the volume of legal work and the transfer of military commissariats to funding from the budget Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.
In addition, we abolished 669 military commissariats that had minor mobilization and conscription tasks, and the freed-up potential was used to develop the structure of military commissariats.
* * *
At all stages of the activities of military commissariats, the main wealth was, is and will be people fulfilling their duties. Their daily hard work, high professional and moral qualities, patriotism and a heightened sense of responsibility convincingly indicate that the tasks assigned to them will continue to be carried out successfully. The glorious 90-year history of military commissariats convincingly confirms this.
I congratulate the generals, officers, and civilian personnel on our holiday - a significant date - the 90th anniversary of the formation of military commissariats. I wish you good health, success in your career and in personal affairs. I am confident that the employees of the military registration and enlistment offices will continue to be on time and with high quality solve the assigned tasks. Generals, officers, and civilian personnel of military commissariats do not lack patience and optimism.

Defense in the country depends on the state of the army. It operates solely for defensive purposes. Universal conscription is the main key point in the existence of the army. Russia and its entire territory belong to just such a state. All links in the formation of the army and the defense system as a whole ensure the security of all citizens and the entire country. Ensuring conscription into the army is the main task of military commissariats. Military commissariats are classified as military registration and enlistment offices. The specialists working in this structure are an important link in the entire chain of defense capability in the country. It would be wrong if military registration and enlistment office employees were not recognized in the country. For this reason, one of the approved public holidays is dedicated to them and their work - the holiday of military commissariats and their employees, approved by the Decree.

More from the Soviet government on April 8, 1918. There are many reasons for the approval of the holiday. The main one is, of course, the formation of the Red Army. At that time, these were volost, district, and gubernatorial military commissariats, which, merging one into another, formed one main district commissariat for military affairs in the country.

Their main task is to prepare young men of conscription age to join the army and learn how to carry out compulsory military service. No matter how military commissariats are now called, and plenipotentiary representatives of the army and military commissars, they all talk about one thing, this is the main soldier’s structure, founded to recruit citizens into the army for military service. After all, it is from here that every newly called youth begins his service. This is where many military retirees turn for help in difficult times. They come here with last hope front-line veterans are also helping,

This is probably the main reason why a holiday dedicated to military registration and enlistment office workers appeared on the calendar, which is celebrated annually on April 8th.

Today, the number of military commissariats has increased significantly. More and more branches of military registration and enlistment offices are opening. But, at the same time, they all belong to the Russian Ministry of Defense, through the interaction of the main organizational and mobilization department of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Military registration and enlistment offices are a network of structures whose main task is to fulfill the defense mission of the state. In close cooperation with local executive authorities, the work of military registration and enlistment offices is aimed at developing implementation plans to ensure the mobilization of citizens and transport resources throughout their jurisdiction. This applies to military registration and enlistment offices of district territorial bodies, regional and city. Even if they are reorganized, no one can cancel the tasks of the country's armed forces. Their main goal remains the same. That is, ensuring reliable protection of citizens, the state and its entire territory. The armed forces must, under any conditions, receive the necessary contingent for conscription for military service.

A whole range of important tasks follows from this. The main ones are the organization and maintenance of strict records, the organization of the conscription of citizens, the compilation of a reserve fund for military personnel. And also, assigning reserves and reservations to enterprises. All measures are designed to protect the state and are carried out in the interests of the Armed Forces and military formations in the country.
Now the main goal of military commissariats is to provide citizens with a decent defense force, and the state with the mobilization of all the necessary resources for serving in the ranks of the Russian Armed Forces. In addition, military registration and enlistment offices are engaged in the selection of candidates for admission to educational institutions related to military service and defense. They exercise control over the performance of service by citizens who have volunteered to serve under a contract. Military registration and enlistment offices also take part in the education of young people, instilling in them patriotism, provision and social protection of military personnel in the reserve. In general, they deal with all vital issues regarding conscripts, conscripts, those who have served, reserve military personnel and those in the reserve who have retired.

Almost a hundred years have passed since military commissariats arose. A lot has changed over these years. The entire history of the development of the country's Armed Forces is connected with the day of the formation of military registration and enlistment offices. The military registration and enlistment office, as before, make a great contribution to the development of the state’s defense capability. No matter how times change, protecting the country has always remained the most important task, in which military registration and enlistment offices occupy one of the main places.

History of military commissariats

The history of the emergence of military registration and enlistment offices begins a long time ago. It occupies a long period of time, from the formation of the Soviet Union to the present day.

But, if we go even deeper, we can say with confidence that the first military registration and enlistment office appeared during the reign of Peter the Great. It was during his reign that the first regular troops were created. At that time, this option was not taken seriously. The emergence of a regular army was called more amusing troops than the defense of the country. It was 1687, many years had passed before the real Armed Forces emerged. First, in 1699, Russia introduced the so-called conscription troops, which were finally approved only in 1705. From that moment on, the development of defense and the emergence of regular troops began to develop, which was the reason that already in 1716 Peter the Great created the first decree in the history of Russia on a regular army. And 4 years later, by the end of 1720, the decree of Peter the Great was supplemented with decrees regarding naval troops, which was named as such, the naval decree of the regular army of Peter the Great.
At that time, history remembers that war is only a matter of aristocrats. But after some time, nobles, merchants, paying citizens and members of the clergy were exempted from urgent compulsory service. In this regard, only townspeople and peasants were drafted into the army. At the same time, the period of service in the army was, neither more nor less, only 25 years.

Since then, the army has undergone systematic changes and reforms. The first army reform took place in 1874. The founder who became - D.A. Milyutin. He introduced universal conscription, which applied to the entire male population in the state. At that time, the word recruit was replaced by new recruit. It was at that moment that the need arose to create bodies that would deal with issues related to the recruitment of the army. First, military presences were formed, that is, the predecessors of the current military registration and enlistment offices.
In Soviet times, military service was voluntary. But with the outbreak of the civil war, it became clear that the country could not do without a compulsory army. Since then, military service has remained mandatory for men of a certain age. Military presences replaced military commissariats. Their role was considered the most significant. They not only provided the army with personnel, but also trained those mobilized, bringing them to full readiness to serve for the good of the Motherland.

After the end of the war, military obedience became mandatory for every male citizen. Conscription was approved by law. One law was adopted for all - compulsory conscription of young men at the age of 18. At the same time, the service life in the army was 2-3 years. This was stated in the presidential decree of the Russian Armed Forces of May 7, 1992. A year later, the main decree of the country's president was changed. Citizens of the male contingent aged from 18 to 278 years can be called up for military service in the army. This means that if a young man cannot repay his debt to his homeland in the ranks of the army at 18, then he will always have time to do this before the age of 27. At the same time, for almost 15 years, the service life was set at 2 years, but due to the reduction since 2008, it was already only 12 months.

Innovations came out only in 2002, when a mandatory period of service in the army was established at 18-21 months. And more recently, military reform was carried out again in the defense field. It is associated with mass layoffs of military registration and enlistment office workers who no longer wear military uniform and are ordinary citizens of Russia, even despite the fact that there is military service, which involves serving not only in wartime, but also in peacetime.

Chapter I. Historiography and characteristics of the sources of the problem.

§ 1. Historiography of the problem.

§ 2. Characteristics of the research source base.

Chapter II. The formation and development of domestic military museums as cultural and educational institutions in the period from 1918 to 1991.

§ 1. Military museums in the system of education of military personnel.

§ 2. Creation and development of the legal framework for military museums.

§ 3. Activities of state and military authorities to improve the organizational structure of the military museum network.

Chapter III. Cultural and educational work of military museums during the period under study.

§ 1. Activities of military museums in providing excursion services to visitors.

§ 2. Stationary and traveling exhibitions as a form of cultural and educational work of military museums.

§ 3. Organization of public-mass and search work.

Chapter IV. Popularization and publishing work of military museums in the period from 1918 to 1991.

§ 1. The work of military museums to popularize their funds and collections.

§ 2. The role of publishing work of military museums in the cultural service of military personnel.

Recommended list of dissertations

• History of border museums in Russia and their role in the education of personnel: 1893 - 2000. 2000, Candidate of Historical Sciences Skosareva, Larisa Alekseevna

• Activities of the museums of the Air Force of the Russian Federation in the patriotic education of military personnel: 1991-2005. 2007, Candidate of Historical Sciences Semonenko, Yuri Fedorovich

• Museums of the Russian Navy in the 19th - 20th centuries: history of creation, formation and development 2007, Candidate of Historical Sciences Tretyakova, Irina Anatolyevna

• Formation and development of the Armory as a museum institution, 1806 - 1918. 2000, Candidate of Historical Sciences Nikolaeva, Anna Sergeevna

• Russian military museums in the first third of the twentieth century: From the history of org. and activities 1997, Candidate of Historical Sciences Alexandrova, Natalya Vladimirovna

Introduction of the dissertation (part of the abstract) on the topic “Military museums and their role in cultural and educational work with military personnel: 1918-1991.”

Similar dissertations in the specialty "Domestic History", 07.00.02 code VAK

• The evolution of museum work in the Kursk region: 1945-2005. 2010, Candidate of Historical Sciences Dolzhenkova, Tatyana Ivanovna

• Public museums of the Kursk region in the everyday life of the population: 1920s - 1991. 2013, Candidate of Historical Sciences Besedin, Vladimir Grigorievich

• Activities of local history museums in the conditions of reform of the Russian state at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries: Based on materials from local history museums of the Central region of the Russian Federation 2003, Candidate of Historical Sciences Titova, Valentina Vasilievna

• History of museum work in the Altai Republic: 1918–2009 2010, Candidate of Historical Sciences Belekova, Emilia Alekseevna

• Formation and development of museum work in the Russian Far East, 1884-1917. 2001, Candidate of Historical Sciences Korneva, Larisa Vladimirovna

Conclusion of the dissertation on the topic “National History”, Kuznetsov, Andrey Mikhailovich

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Aranovich A.V.,
President of the Regional Public Organization
"St. Petersburg Military Historical Society",
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor

The origins of military-historical reconstruction in Russia lie in the distant past. You can, for example, recall the large-scale reconstruction of the Battle of Poltava, staged for Catherine the Great, or the knightly carousels organized by Nicholas I. Photographic material from the beginning of the 20th century. demonstrates numerous scenes related to the reconstruction of military historical costumes prepared for the anniversaries of the guards regiments and for the 100th anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812.

Military-historical reconstruction in the USSR arose in the late 80s independently, but in parallel to a similar process in Europe. It began with a union of people passionate about recreating military historical costume, initially mainly the colorful uniform of the Napoleonic era. According to the memoirs of one of the founders of the movement in Russia, Ph.D. Sciences, Associate Professor St. Petersburg State University O.V. Sokolov, it all started in 1976 with a trip to Koporye in uniforms of the Napoleonic era. The movement came out of the shadows thanks to the captain of the Airborne Forces Anatoly Novikov, who, having connections in the Central Committee of the Komsomol, “punched through” a campaign from Moscow to the Berezina, which took place under the leadership of O.V. Sokolov in the summer of 1988. About 80 people in Russian and French took part in it uniforms

At the end of the 80s, the history of the First World War and the Civil War became no less popular a topic than the history of the Napoleonic era. Fans of the medieval era united around P.A. Vasin - founder of the "Princely Squad" club. Soon, lovers of military history of all eras, from the Middle Ages to the Second World War, united in the ranks of the St. Petersburg Military Historical Association.

An integral part of military-historical reconstruction is the organization and holding of military-historical festivals, both on the territory of Russia and abroad. Very often, festivals are organized on the territory of culturally significant objects, for example, such as the “Museum of Artillery, Engineering Troops and Signal Corps”. Depending on the era, participants in the “reconstruction” movement try to take part in events held at the sites of historical battles, such as Borodino Field, Staraya Ladoga, Vyborg Castle, Kulikovo Field and many other historical sites where they committed military feat defenders of the Fatherland.

Now in St. Petersburg there are numerous military-historical clubs and associations involved in various historical eras- from Ancient Rome before the war in Afghanistan. The main goal of these associations is to popularize the glorious military past of our Fatherland, educate the younger generation, and in-depth study of military history based on applied historical knowledge. The involvement of young members of associations in research work has prepared many candidates and several doctors of historical sciences.

Great contribution to the study of Russian and Soviet military history of the 20th century. contributed by such associations as "Epochs" and "Red Star". An important event was the restoration of the Russian Military Historical Society, which is headed by the Minister of Culture of the Russian Federation V.R. Medinsky.

The activities of military-historical clubs and associations, whose ranks include more than several tens of thousands of people, have great importance for military-patriotic and historical education of youth, attracting them to both reconstruction and research work.

An integral part of military-historical reconstruction is the organization and holding of military-historical festivals, both on the territory of Russia and abroad. Depending on the era, participants in the “reconstruction” movement try to take part in events held at the sites of historical battles. In Russia, such as Borodino Field, Staraya Ladoga, Vyborg Castle, Kulikovo Field, and many other historical sites - where the defenders of the Fatherland performed military feats. However, very often festivals are organized on the territory of culturally significant objects, for example, such as the Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineering Troops and Signal Corps.

On April 8, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars adopted the “Decree on the establishment of volost, district, provincial and district commissariats for military affairs,” the activities of which made it possible to create a strong Red Army in the shortest possible time. April 8 marks the 100th anniversary of the creation of military commissariats. On April 8, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars adopted the “Decree on the establishment of volost, district, provincial and district commissariats for military affairs,” active work which subsequently allowed us to create a strong Red Army in the shortest possible time, staff it with rank and file and command personnel, arm it and provide it with everything necessary for conducting combat operations. Military commissariats played an extremely important role during the Great Patriotic War. Thanks to their active and intense work, the courage of the employees of the military commissariats, already in the first, most difficult days of the Great Patriotic War, it was possible to mobilize human resources and equipment from the national economy. During the war, military commissariats conscripted more than 30 million people into the Red Army, supplied thousands of pieces of equipment from the national economy, and provided universal military training for citizens, thereby making a major contribution to achieving victory over Nazi Germany. In the post-war years, a heavy burden fell on the shoulders of military registration and enlistment office employees to meet, register and employ victorious soldiers subject to demobilization. A huge amount of work was done by the military commissariats to recruit troops that performed international duty in Afghanistan and took part in the establishment of the constitutional system in the North Caucasus. The military commissariats also made a great contribution to eliminating the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Thanks to professional activity Military registration and enlistment office employees from the reserve were called up for special training for hundreds of thousands of citizens and thousands of pieces of equipment from the national economy were brought in to carry out emergency work, thereby ensuring the implementation of a huge range of work to eliminate the consequences of a nuclear accident. Currently, military commissariats are entrusted with tasks, the timely and high-quality implementation of which determines the state of combat and mobilization readiness of the Armed Forces: preparing youth for military service, accounting for mobilization human and transport resources, planning mobilization on the territory of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, organizing and conducting conscription of citizens for military service. Military commissariats also bear a large social burden, ensuring the implementation of measures of legal and social protection of citizens discharged from military service, and members of their families, members of the families of fallen (deceased) military personnel. On the eve of the 100th anniversary of the military commissariats, an exhibition was organized for the participants of the gathering and a conference was held on the topic “The history of the formation and development of military commissariats.” Under the leadership of the GOMU of the General Staff, a military historical work “Military Commissariats: History of Creation and Development” has been developed and is being prepared for publication. Work is underway to issue a commemorative coin and postage stamp. A significant contribution to this work is made by the veteran organization created at the GOMU of the General Staff, the chairman of which is the former head of the GOMU of the General Staff, retired Lieutenant General Valery Astanin. It should be noted that at present, more and more reserve officers who served in the General Staff wish to join the veteran organization, thereby passing on their precious practical experience, preserving the continuity of generations and delighting us with their presence.