A sacred and honorable place in the Bashkir yurt. Bashkir yurt: origin and main stages of development of the river M
Yurt — This is a portable home. Very durable, lightweight and easy to transport. Easy to assemble and disassemble. Its area is 15-20 square meters. meters. Usually 5-6 people lived in such a yurt. It was cool in the yurt in summer and warm in winter. When it rained, she did not get wet, and the wind did not blow through her. So what kind of miracle is this coating? It's called felt. Felt was specially made to cover the yurt; it was made only from the wool of autumn shearing of special breeds of sheep.
Rich cattle breeders covered their homes with white felt. Wedding yurts were also covered with white felts. On special occasions, the side walls of the yurt were decorated with beautiful decorative fabrics and Chinese silk. The top of the yurt was also covered with light silk over felt covers. Kazakh and Bashkir yurts have double-leaf wooden doors, but often a felt canopy is also used.
And what does she have inside? Let's take a look. From the inside, the yurt is divided into two halves. The north is for women, and the south is for men and is separated by a curtain - shershaw. In the center of the yurt there is a fireplace. The floor was covered with dry grass, then with mats and sackcloth, and then with woolen rugs and carpets, which were most often made of felt.
LET'S DISCUSS TOGETHER
What peoples do we classify as nomadic tribes?
What was the dwelling of nomadic peoples like?
What was it made from?
How did the felting masters decorate it?
What was the center of the yurt?
EXPLAIN, is it possible to imagine the lifestyle of nomadic peoples from the interior of the yurt? What is special about the interior space of a yurt? give 
characteristics of the organization of the internal space of the yurt.
If in the northwestern agricultural regions most of the villages arose even before joining the Russian state, then in southern and eastern Bashkiria, where first nomadic, then semi-nomadic cattle breeding dominated, settled settlements appeared only 200-300 years ago.
They settled in clan groups of 25-30 households. Since the 20s of the nineteenth century. The administration began redevelopment of Bashkir villages according to the type of Russian villages.
All Bashkirs have houses, live in villages, use certain plots of land on which they engage in arable farming or other trades and crafts, and in this respect they differ from peasants or other settled foreigners only in the degree of their well-being.
One thing that could give rise to the title of a semi-nomadic tribe being assigned to the Bashkirs is the custom, with the onset of spring, of moving to the so-called koshas, that is, to felt tents, which they set up as a camp in their fields or meadows.
In treeless areas, these summer rooms are made of wooden latticework 2 arshins high, covered with felt in a circle, and others are placed on them with a vault, placing them at the top in a wooden circle, which is not covered with a felt, but forms a hole that serves as a pipe for smoke from a dug fireplace. there's a cat in the middle.
However, such a felt tent is only the property of the rich, while people of average wealth live in alasyks (a type of popular hut) or in simple huts made of twigs and covered with felts. In places abounding in forest, summer quarters consist of wooden huts or birch bark tents, always remaining in the same place.
In terms of external architecture, Bashkir villages are no different from Russian or Tatar villages.
The type of hut is the same, as well as the location of the streets, but with all this, an experienced eye will immediately distinguish a Bashkir village from a Russian one, even if you do not take into account the mosque. At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Summary of the excursion to the museum corner "Bashkir Yurt"
among the Bashkirs one could find a wide variety of dwellings, ranging from felt yurts to log huts, which is explained by the complexity of the ethnic history of the people, the peculiarities of the economy and the diversity of natural conditions. The houses of the Bashkirs everywhere bear the imprint of some kind of incompleteness or dilapidation; they don’t show the same economic comfort and care as in Russian houses.
This, on the one hand, is explained by poverty, poor housekeeping, and on the other hand, by negligence, lack of homeliness and the love for his home with which the Russian peasant decorates it.
Modern rural dwellings of the Bashkirs are built from logs, using log-timber technology, brick, slag concrete, and concrete blocks. The interior retains traditional features: division into household and guest halves, arrangement of bunks.
Dwelling of the Bashkirs Wikipedia
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"Bashkir morning"
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The internal arrangement of the houses also has some peculiarities. Firstly, it is amazing - a stove or Chuvaev, reminiscent of a fireplace with a flat pipe and a large hole for wood.
This very often leads to the death of children.
When winter falls next to a big fire, the dress catches fire, or simply falls into Chuvaev.
Fake human history. Bashkir morning.
In Chuvalevo there is a boiler where food is cooked immediately and clothes are washed, if this word can be called dirty and worn out.
The salon furniture consists of beds arranged around the walls and covered with felt; There are richer feathers and pillows here. If we do this, join one or more fats to give yourself a samovar with tea things so that you get all the furniture for a rich Bashkir house; Most of the poor are not just a samovar, they are not even at home.
When eating food, Bashkirs do not know knives or forks, which are replaced with fingers.
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Internal structure of the house Bashkir Wikipedia
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Elena Pavlova
Abstract on the topic: “Bashkir national housing - yurt”
Program content:
Continue to introduce children to customs and traditions Bashkir family,
Give children a basic understanding of Bashkir dwelling - yurt,
Show the characteristic features of yurt decoration,
Reinforce previously learned words
Introduce in Bashkir words.
Vocabulary work: yurt-tirme, aul ( Bashkir village, grandma-olosei, grandpa-olotay, dad-atay, mom-esey, children-balalar, hello-haumahagaz.
Equipment: illustrations depicting a yurt, dolls in Bashkir national costumes, Pictures Bashkir ornament; audio recordings, scarves, napkins, colored paper, glue, brush.
Progress of the lesson:
Educator in national Bashkir costume. The melody of kurai is heard (recording). Children's poems.
1 child Bashkortostan!
My land and sky!
My love! My nightingale land!
I feel sorry for the one who has never been here,
I feel sorry for the one for whom the kurai did not sing.
2 reb. And he sang to me...
There was a night steppe,
The fire was burning
Lightning loomed
When we ask a friend to sing
And strange sounds poured out.
3 reb. In the vastness Bashkir land
Many different peoples live
All nations are equal like brothers
Love and honor to all peoples!
Correct on Bashkir There are many different peoples living in the lands, but the main population is Bashkirs, and today we will get to know them national home.
Acto knows where Bashkirs lived? (in the steppe). Bashkirs They were breeding animals and they needed housing that could be easily assembled and disassembled
Maybe someone knows Bashkir home? Right - yurt, and by in Bashkir it will be tirme. Let's repeat yurt – tirme.
Slide show
- Yurt made from the living materials: wool, wood and leather. The lower part is a lattice, lightly fastened at the intersections with straps so that it is convenient to fold when you need to drive the yurt; and move apart when the yurt is erected. The wooden circle serves as a hole in the yurt for the passage of smoke and light and was covered with a separate upper sash. The most important element the Bashkir yurt was rebuilt(sharshau, which divided dwelling into 2 unequal parts. The smaller one to the right of the door was the women's room (bedroom, where household necessities, clothes, and supplies were stored). The larger one on the left was intended for men and was a guest room. Bashkir people used to decorate their home embroidered carpets, embroidered towels, festive clothes, decorations, hunting accessories, horse harness and weapons.
A game " Yurt".
Guys, today we will also try ourselves in the role of master artists, we will work in the workshop, take your jobs. Now you and I will decorate yurts for Bashkir people.
Children, what colors are usually used in Bashkir ornaments? (black, red, yellow, green)
Where do we start working?
What elements do you see? (rhombus, square, stripes)
Please note that the stripes may connect to each other, or may be at a distance. Now let's get to work.
Bottom line: - Guys, what was it called? home of the Bashkirs(yurt, and by Bashkir(tirme).
How did you decorate the inside of the yurt? (Carpets, carpets, clothes, etc.)
Whom we placed in the yurt today (Grandmother - olosey, grandfather - olotai, mother - esey, father - atay, children - balalar). Well done guys for listening attentively and making a yurt for Aigul and Airat and bringing treats for you.
HOUSING BASHKIR, traditional residential buildings for sleep, recreation, household needs, etc., part of the traditional material culture of the Bashkir people. The dwelling of the Bashkir nomads was a yurt. With the transition to a sedentary lifestyle, dwellings of various types appear. Their choice was determined by the natural conditions in which the Bashkir tribes lived - mountainous areas or plains, forest or steppe zones. Logs, bark, bast, turf, clay, and manure were used as building materials. Wicker roofs and walls were made from bushes and reeds, and adobe bricks were made from clay and straw.
Log huts of various sizes and layouts were common among the Bashkirs. Depending on the wealth of the owner, it could be a hut with two windows or a large house with six to eight window openings. In poor houses, the windows were covered with ox bladder, fish skin, and oiled paper. Rich huts had glass windows.
The craftsmen who carried out the construction sought to give each building individuality. This was achieved primarily by decorating the facades with wooden carvings. Patterns were applied to window frames, shutters, pediments, and dormers. Mainly two motifs were used - a rhombus or a circle (a symbolic image of the rising sun). An additional element was 8-shaped curls in various combinations.
In addition to log houses, houses with a wooden frame, such as wicker huts - “siten oy”, were also common in Bashkir villages. To construct them, stakes were dug along the walls of the future dwelling at a distance of half a meter. They were braided with branches, coated with ordinary clay and whitened with white clay. Houses made of adobe brick predominated in the southern regions of what is now Bashkortostan. The basis of adobe brick was horse manure (less often straw) and clay: in the steppe it was more difficult to find than straw, which was more often used for livestock feed than for household needs.
The huts were also covered with straw soaked in clay. There were houses with earth filling (tultyrma). During the construction process, the pillars along the perimeter of the future house were covered with birch tree trunks split in half on the outside and inside. The resulting space was filled with earth, and the walls were coated with clay. The Bashkirs of the Kurgan region built adobe huts. During the construction process, wooden molds were used, into which clay mortar was filled. As the clay dried, the mold was raised until the wall reached the required height. The corners were fastened with pillars.
The poorest of the Bashkirs built plaster or turf huts. The construction technique was similar to adobe houses, but instead of mud bricks, pieces of turf cut into rectangles were used.
For houses of all types, one principle was required - dividing the house into two parts, male and female. This planning principle was directly related to the norms of behavior established by Islam. The traditional dwelling of the Arabs was divided into front, front, male and internal, rear, female, closed parts. This was due to the rectangular layout of both the house and the tent. Among the Turks and Mongols, division followed a different principle - into left (male) and right (female) parts. So here we should talk about the imposition of the principles of Islam on the traditional ideas of the Turks. Thus, among the Mongolian peoples, the yurt is divided in exactly the same way as among the Turks, although they were never Muslims.
Lit.: Kalimullin B.G. Bashkir folk architecture. – Ufa, 1978; Shitova S.N. Traditional settlements and dwellings of the Bashkirs. – M., 1984.
2019-02-04T19:32:37+05:00 Culture of the peoples of Bashkortostan My house Bashkirs, history, local history, construction, ethnographyBASHKIR HOUSING, traditional residential buildings for sleep, recreation, household needs, etc., part of the traditional material culture of the Bashkir people. The dwelling of the Bashkir nomads was a yurt. During the transition to a sedentary lifestyle, dwellings of various types appear. Their choice was determined by the natural conditions in which the Bashkir tribes lived - mountainous areas or plains, forest or...CULTURE OF THE PEOPLES OF BASHKORTOSTAN Dictionary-reference bookThe Bashkirs are a nomadic people, so they spend most of their lives not in the houses they built, but in small structures that are temporary. The most common dwelling was the yurt.
History and description of the yurt
The yurt played a huge role in the development of mankind; this invention is often compared to a sail. The fact is that the creation of a yurt made it possible to quickly move over long distances, which is very important for nomadic peoples.
The first nomads made their journeys in wagons and tents, which they placed on wheels. However, these wagons were not as comfortable as yurts, which could be assembled and transported at any time in the form of a pack. This form of assembled yurt made it possible to move where people could not move before. For example, on narrow paths or in dense forests. For those traveling in road carts, obstacles such as a river or forest were almost insurmountable, while at the same time a horse carrying a rolled-up yurt could easily pass along the narrowest path.
If the yurt has a diameter of four meters, it is carried by two horses. The latter can travel with such a load up to several tens of kilometers a day, without overworking and getting enough rest. Since most families had many horses, if necessary, several tens of kilometers turned into almost a hundred. Thus, in just two weeks, nomads could travel up to a thousand kilometers. This played a role in the conquests of the nomads, which they carried out very quickly and over long distances.
The yurt existed for several thousand years, during which time it was improved and unnecessary elements were cut off. Each part of the yurt can be replaced by another, each part is universal.
Bashkir yurt
Despite the fact that the yurt was invented several thousand years ago, its use remains relevant today. This popularity is due to its low weight and good compactness. At the same time, it does not interfere with mobility and can be used in almost any weather.
In addition to the qualities described above, the yurt has another very important quality - low cost. The materials are quite cheap, and the installation and maintenance of such housing does not require special skills. The cost of a yurt is one third of that of other structures that can be erected very quickly.
Bashkir woman in a yurt
Yurts are used in the modern world, for example, in Bashkiria. This region has wonderful nature that attracts many tourists. However, if there is a question about the construction of a special tourist base, everything comes down to money. Tour operators are not ready to offer their clients tents, since the latter do not provide the required degree of comfort. This is where a yurt can be used. It is in the middle category of price and quality and is therefore a necessary compromise.
Thus, tour operators can organize mobile tourist bases. For example, one truck can carry up to several yurts; each portable house can comfortably accommodate several people. It turns out to be an almost complete tourist base, which can be located in different places each time with absolutely no effort.
Bashkir yurt. Design
The yurt itself is a portable house with a collapsible frame. The walls of the house, as a rule, were made of felt. The installation of the yurt took place in stages, with strict adherence to simple technology. If from the latter, there is a danger of freezing or extinguishing the fire at home. First of all, we determined the place where we needed to install the portable house. It was in this place that all the necessary property was located. After this, the door frame and bars were installed, which were fastened together with ropes. This frame was covered with felt. The latter was attached to the frame with small ropes of hair. It is worth noting that the felt covering was installed in accordance with a certain order. First of all, they threw the felt from the southwest, then from the southeast. After this, the remaining felts were thrown on so that their edges had the opportunity to press down the edges of the first ones.
Design of a Bashkir yurt
The best pieces of felt were used for walls and roofing. It was important to better insulate the side facing north. This was apparently done to protect against cold winds. In addition, it was necessary to ensure that rainwater did not flood the altar. The size of the yurt spoke about the wealth of its owner.
Design of a Bashkir yurt
Thanks to the semi-nomadic way of life, various household items appeared in the everyday life of the Bashkirs that could not have appeared under any other way of life. For example, carpet products intended for various uses. They were used to insulate homes, as furniture, suitcases or covers. The carpet never played only a decorative role, it was always used for practical purposes.
Design of a Bashkir yurt
For example, large carpets were used to cover the floor. Clothes and other supplies were stored in carpet bags that were hung on the wall. A carpet cape was used to curtain the entrance to the yurt, that is, as a door.
Distribution of living space
According to tradition, the entrance is located to the south. This is of practical importance - the north side needs to be insulated and strengthened, the door will only get in the way. The part of the home that is located near the northern wall is considered the most important. As a rule, it is allocated to the host's guests. In the photo of the Bashkir yurt you can see that this dwelling always faces one direction.
There is a hearth in the center. This arrangement of the heat source allows the round house to be heated evenly. In addition, there is a hole in the roof directly above the fire to remove smoke. In another part of the yurt this hole would be inconvenient. When the hearth is taken outside, a tablecloth is placed in the center of the home, which plays the role of a dining table. Family members and guests are placed around an improvised table, sitting on special pillows that have been previously spread around.
I travel regularly. About three trips a year for 10-15 days and many 2 and 3 day hikes.The Bashkirs, like many nomadic peoples of Eurasia, spent about half of their lives in temporary dwellings, the oldest and most universal type of which was the lattice yurt (tirme), warm in cold weather, cool in hot weather.
The yurt is, of course, an outstanding invention of ancient pastoralists - nomads. Because of its ease of transportation, stability in steppe winds and hurricanes, ability to retain heat in cold weather, coolness in hot weather, ability to quickly disassemble and assemble, etc. - it was an ideal home.
The traditional yurt as a dwelling among the Bashkirs has not survived today. It can be seen at the spring festival “Sabantuy”, as well as in major museums of Bashkortostan. However, she did not disappear without a trace. Admiring the famous Gothic cathedrals of Western Europe with their pointed vaults on ribs (ribs), you involuntarily wonder whether the yurt is their prototype, since their design has a lot in common.
For steppe nomads, the yurt was the center of the universe. Their life began in it, and it ended in it. She was a microcosm in a macrocosm, a model of the world, which ancient people first imagined as flat, single-tiered, then two-tiered: below was the earth, above was the sky with the stars. The tribes moved across vast pastures, crossing vast steppe spaces and began to notice the roundness of the horizon, the convexity of the earth’s surface, which was reflected in their microcosm: they began to give the graves of their relatives the appearance of tent-like segments, pouring a mound as a model of the visible world, outlined by a ring of horizons. Not only graves, but also dwellings were built in the image and likeness of the visible world. The world as a circle was first embodied in a round yurt, and later in a permanent dwelling - a hut. The yurt, like the vertical space, had three levels: the floor (personified the earth), the internal space (air) and the dome (firmament). The floor of a yurt for a nomad was something more than an earthen or wooden floor for a sedentary farmer: on the floor of the yurt they slept, ate, rested, received guests, holidays, weddings, funerals, births and deaths took place here. Therefore, he was the subject of special care and special attention of the nomads, which cannot be said about those who lived in the hut. The floor of the yurt was covered with patterned felts, woolen rugs, and carpets, thereby creating an artistic interior of the yurt.
The internal walls of the yurt (air) were covered with large patterned fabrics, homespun rugs, hung unfolded on a lattice frame; against their background hung woven and embroidered towels, festive clothes, jewelry, hunting accessories, horse harness, weapons, which, together with the ornamented floor, created a unique ensemble.
The dome of the yurt represented the firmament; the hole in it, through which light penetrated, was associated with the sun. The round top of the yurt (sagyrak), forming a domed opening, had a sacred meaning, was sacred, passed from father to son, from old home to new one. An axial line passes through it, in relation to which the entire internal space of the yurt is organized.
When carrying out a creative project, our task was not only to study the life, everyday life of the Bashkirs, their homes. We tried to recreate the culture of the people, the national home in a model - a yurt.
1.2. Goals and objectives:
Continue to introduce children to the customs and traditions of the Bashkir family;
Give children an idea of the home of the Bashkirs - the yurt;
Show the characteristic features of yurt decoration;
The yurt fully satisfies the needs of a nomad due to its convenience and practicality. It is quickly assembled and easily disassembled by one family within one hour. It is easily transported by camels, horses or cars; its felt covering does not allow rain, wind and cold to pass through. The hole at the top of the dome provides daylight and makes it easy to use the fireplace. The yurt is still used in many cases by livestock farmers in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Mongolia.
The most general meaning of the common Turkic word “jurt” is “people”, “Motherland”, as well as pasture, ancestral land. In the Kyrgyz and Kazakh languages, the word “Ata-Zhurt” means “Fatherland”, literally: “Father’s house”. In modern Mongolian, the word yurt (ger) is synonymous with “house”.
HISTORY OF YURTA
9th centuries Andronovo Huns of Katon-Karagai region
Acquiring practical skills in sewing national costumes;
Practical recreation of the Bashkir yurt and its interior decoration;
Introduce Bashkir words.
INTERIOR OF BASHKIR YURT
The entrance to the yurt was located on the south side. The side opposite the entrance was considered the main, honorable side and was intended for guests. There was a fireplace in the center of the dwelling. Above it, at the highest point of the dome, there was a smoke hole. If the hearth was taken outside, then in the center, on the felts, a tablecloth was spread, pillows, soft bedding, and saddle cloths were scattered around.
The interior decoration of the yurt consists of objects and products created by home crafts in various regions of Bashkiria. The circular shape of the yurt, the lack of internal division into sections, and limited space led to the placement of household items along the kerege or on its heads, as well as on the corners. But, despite the absence of sections inside the yurt, each part of the interior has its own traditional purpose
Particular attention was paid to the floor, which had to be warm, soft and cozy (guests were offered additional rugs and pillows).
With the help of a curtain (sharshau), the yurt was divided into male (western) and female (eastern) halves. In the men's half, against the wall opposite the entrance, chests were placed on low wooden stands. On the chests were rugs, felts, quilts, mattresses, pillows, tied with a special elegantly embroidered ribbon (tushek tartma). Festive clothes were hung on the walls of the yurt. Carved saddles, inlaid harness, a bow in a leather case and arrows in a quiver, a saber and other military weapons were placed in a prominent place. Various kitchen utensils were concentrated on the women's side.
In the center of the yurt, which according to Bashkir beliefs is considered the “umbilical cord” of the home, there is a hearth on which food was prepared, and in the cold season a fire was lit here, heating the yurt.
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