The pipe of the world is the meaning of a phraseological unit. Kimberlite pipe "Mir"

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peace pipe- one of the cultural symbols of the North American Indians, which has become a global term. Expression " smoke the peace pipe” means “to conclude peace agreements” and comes from the Indian rite of the end of the war, when the warring leaders and representatives of the tribes sat next to each other and passed a smoking pipe in a circle. This custom has become well known largely thanks to books and cinema.

General information

Another commonly used name for the peace pipe is "calumet". It was used by French settlers in Canada to describe the ceremonial pipes of the region's indigenous peoples.

It was believed that the peace pipe was a sacred object not only for this tribe, but also for everyone around. The head of the pipe was made from sacred red pipestone (katlinite), which was quarried from the vast Cote de Prairie plateau, eastern South Dakota, southwestern Minnesota, and Iowa. These quarries traditionally remained no-man's-land among the warring tribes, and people of various nationalities traveled to the quarries for the sacred pipe stone.

Ritual use

The Peace Pipe is a well-established but misleading name for calumets and other Native American ceremonial pipes, and, in fact, reflects the meaning of only one type of pipe and one of the rituals where they were used. In many North American indigenous cultures, there were numerous types of ritual pipes, styles of their manufacture, mixtures for smoking, and the ceremonies themselves were unique, because they belonged to the disappeared religions and beliefs of those tribes. There were pipes for everything: war and peace, commerce and trade, social and political decision-making.

Raw and cut pieces of red pipe stone from Delta, Utah.

During his journey down the Mississippi River in 1673, Father Jacques Marquette documented the universal respect shown to the "pipe of peace" by all the indigenous peoples he met along the way, even those who were at war with each other. He argued that the appearance of a pipe during the battle could have stopped the battle. It is for this reason that the people of the Illinois tribe gave Marquette such a pipe as a gift to ensure his safe journey through their lands.

When used in rituals, smoke is believed to draw the attention of the Creator and other powerful spirits to those who pray. Lakota tradition claims that the White Calf Woman brought people chanunpu(the name of the sacred pipe in the Sioux language), and taught them its symbolism and ceremonies.

According to oral tradition, amply attested by pipes made before contact with Europeans and kept in museums, tribal and private vaults, some ceremonial pipes were decorated with feathers, fur, human and animal hair, beads, carvings and other items of importance to the owner. And some pipes looked very simple. Many pipes belonged not to one person, but to a whole medical or religious community.

Variety of tubes

Ritual pipes were used by several tribes of North American Indians, and the materials for making them differed depending on the tribe and place. Here are some types of stones and materials used to make pipes:

Clay- the pipes of the Cherokee and Chickasaw Indians were made from baked clay and river reed.

Red pipe stone- catlinite, an iron-rich soft red-hued mudstone that occurs between layers Siuk quartzite. It is usually mined below the water table, as it is quickly destroyed by wind and water. Red pipestone was used by the Woodland Indians, the Great Basin Indians, and the Great Plains Indians. At the same time, the stone is available in Tennessee (south of the state center), Minnesota (the city of Pipeston) and Utah (Delta, Uinta). But the sacred pipe stone was mined in Pipston. The stone from this deposit is softer and easier to work than the catlinites from other places. The quarry itself is located north of the city. Nowadays, stone mining in this quarry is allowed only to the indigenous population of America.

Blue pipe stone- another type of catlinite, used for the manufacture of pipes mainly by the tribes of the Great Plains. The deposits of this stone are located in South Dakota. The beginning of the use of blue pipestone coincides with the appearance of horses among the Plains Indians.

blue stone ( Bluestone) - hard green-blue quartzite, mined in the southern Appalachians. After processing, it takes on a greenish tint. This stone was used to make pipes by several tribes in the eastern Woodland. Cherokees, Creeks, and Chickasaws made pipes from this breed. Several ancient bluestone pipes from the Mississippian culture have also been found.

Utah pipe in orange alabaster with mouthpiece.

Green pipe stone- green with white veins with copper-bearing marble rock, mined in

Photo: Administration of the municipality "Mirny City"

Photo: Ryumkin Yakov / Photo archive of the Ogonyok magazine

Photo: Gostev Alexey / Photo archive of the Ogonyok magazine

The Mir kimberlite pipe in Yakutia is the largest diamond crater in the world in terms of volume: its depth is 525 m and its diameter is 1.2 km
In the photo: a temporary tent camp for builders in the Mirny settlement

Photo: Administration of the municipality "Mirny City"

The Mir deposit on the Irelyakh River was discovered on June 13, 1955 by geologists Yuri Khabardin, Ekaterina Elagina and Vladimir Avdeenko, who were looking for a kimberlite pipe in Yakutia. According to Elagina's memoirs, in all the years of searching, they had never seen such a quantity of diamonds anywhere as there. Geologists sent a coded radiogram to Moscow: “We lit the pipe of peace, the tobacco is excellent”
In the photo: diamond factory No. 1, the city of Mirny

Photo: Administration of the municipality "Mirny City"

The Mir kimberlite pipe became the second primary diamond deposit in Yakutia after the discovery of the Zarnitsa pipe in 1954. A working settlement gradually grew around the mine, and then the city of Mirny, whose population currently numbers almost 35.4 thousand people
In the photo: the city of Mirny, the road to the mine

To get to the new field, the first convoys of trucks had to overcome 2800 km off-road. The development of the field itself took place in extremely difficult climatic conditions: the frozen soil had to be blown up with dynamite
In the photo: factory number 2 in the city of Mirny

Photo: Administration of the municipality "Mirny City"

Already in the 1960s, 2 kg of diamonds were produced annually in Mirny, of which 20% were of gem quality, while the remaining 80% were used for industrial purposes.
In the photo: sorting diamonds by a mineralogist

Until 2001, the deposit was developed by an open pit method at the Mirninsky GOK, during which time, according to unofficial data, diamonds worth $17 billion were mined.
In the photo: overburden work at the deposit

The largest diamond mined in Russia was found exactly at the Mir deposit on December 23, 1980. Its weight is 342.5 carats (more than 68 g), and the stone is called "XXVI Congress of the CPSU"
In the photo: Yury Khabardin, discoverer of the Mir cyberlite pipe

The rapid development of the Mir deposit in the 1970s worried the South African company De Beers, which was forced to buy Soviet diamonds in order to control prices on the world market.
Photo: Mirny diamond quarry

In 2013, the capacity of the Mir mine was 500 thousand tons of ore annually. It is planned to develop the field for another 34 years
In the photo: high-altitude climbers carry out repairs to prevent rock shedding in the quarry

Photo: RIA Novosti / Vladimir Vyatkin

Photo: Grigory Iftodiy / ALROSA

How people live in the diamond capital of Russia

In the very north of the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, in the Republic of Sakha, is the city of Mirny. In 1955, a diamond deposit was discovered here - the Mir kimberlite pipe. “We lit the pipe of peace. Tobacco is excellent, ”the then Soviet geologists Avdeenko, Elagina, Khabardin reported to Moscow with such a radiogram about the discovery of the richest diamond deposit at that time. “We didn’t have a special code for this case,” said Yury Khabardin, head of the geological party. - And we composed the text so that it was clear what we found - "lit a pipe" and gave it a name - "Peace". The phrase "excellent tobacco" spoke of the rich content of diamonds.

Mirny is the third largest city in the republic after Yakutsk and Neryungri, the population is 35.4 thousand people. The national structure of the population of the region: Yakuts (45.5%0, Russians (41.2%), Ukrainians (3.6%), Evenks (1.9%), Evens (1.2%), others (6.6%) %).

In 1957, diamond mining began, and a city began to grow around the quarry. Today Mirny is considered the diamond capital of Russia. The rights to the deposit belong to AK ALROSA (ranks first in the world in terms of diamond production in carats and in monetary terms, its share in the world diamond production is 30% by production value; it produces 94% of all diamonds in Russia). According to the company, the total proven reserves of the Mir Trubka deposit are 74.1 million tons. The annual production level is 1 million tons. ALROSA.

Lyubov Gerontievna, 79 years old, lives in Mirny for 62 years. Poetess, sings in the team of veterans of ALROSA "Vstrecha". She came to Mirny in the mid-1950s. “It was in 1956, there was no diamond yet. They lived in a forty-seat tent, worked. There were no roads, of course. We were moving along marsh bumps, and one day I fell right into the swamp. Somehow they pulled it out, only one boot remained there for life. During the construction of the village, there were a lot of wild animals, she somehow met a huge bear on the other side of the river - she ran away. In general, animals in that period gnawed a lot of people. In winter it was colder: minus 50, minus 60 degrees. It was necessary to work at a temperature of minus 48,” Lyubov Gerontievna said.

The Mir quarry with a depth of 525 m and a diameter of 1.2 km, contrary to popular belief, is not the largest. In terms of total reserves, Mir is significantly inferior to another Yakutian field discovered in 1955 - the Udachnaya open pit. It was developed until 2001, after which open-pit mining was discontinued. In August 2009, the Mir underground mine was put into operation.

The planned construction of the city began with the commissioning of a semi-detached residential building on May 1, 1957. Today there is a local history museum. In 1974, in Mirny, the first multi-storey buildings on permafrost were built before anyone else in Yakutia. In Yakutsk, they appeared a few years later.

Interestingly, the monuments to Soviet leaders in Mirny appeared only after the collapse of the USSR. So, in May 2005, at the request of veterans of the Great Patriotic War, a monument to Stalin was unveiled. In July 2005, a monument to Lenin was unveiled in Mirny in honor of the city's 50th anniversary.

In Mirny there is a theater and the House of Culture, which has a lot of activities for young people: ballet, aircraft modeling, ice skating, hockey, diving, fashion theater, drawing and much more.

The main type of employment for city residents is work at mining enterprises. Like 60 years ago, the city feeds the quarry. In addition, oil and gas are produced here. The average monthly salary of employees of city enterprises in 2016 amounted to 29,504 rubles. As of January 1, 2017, the number of unemployed in the city amounted to 534 people, such data are provided by the administration of the city of Mirny. The average pension amount reached 23,567 rubles, which is 11% more than the value of the previous year. The average subsistence minimum per capita amounted to 15,742 rubles. and increased by 5.3% compared to 2015.

Ivan Goncharov, miner. Born in the Luhansk region, Ukraine. 23 years old. “At the age of 15, there was a chance to go somewhere far away. Without thinking twice, he packed his things, waved his hand, got into the car and drove across the entire mainland to the other side. Here we are building a mine, preparing capital workings, and giving way to miners. The operating mode is in a floating schedule, that is, it changes all the time: night, day, evening. The salary is not to say that it is very high, but still an acceptable level for a person without higher education. For three years at ALROSA, he allowed me to buy a car and start building a house. I took out a loan this year. I hope to finish it, and in five years I will be an absolutely free person. It's hard, of course, - you can not argue here. The work is monotonous, and you don’t find anything particularly interesting for yourself. ”

Restaurant "Geophysicist" in the city of Mirny.

Many cultural events in the city are initiated by the mine administration. The city has a song ensemble and a rock band consisting of miners and labor veterans.

Alexander Sinelnikov has been working in the mines for 40 years. Came to Yakutia in 1982 from Donetsk. Plays and sings in the miner's rock band "Habitat". The group performs regularly at cultural events organized by the mine administration. “Somehow it hit me in the mine with rocks on the head. I lost consciousness, I open my eyes - I feel that there is nothing to breathe. I spent only three days in bed, then went to work, because in the mining industry, sick leave is not welcome. You always have to be in the ranks, ”said Sinelnikov.

ALROSA, which develops deposits in Mirny, makes annual contributions to the city's budget. In 2017, the amount of deductions, according to the budget project, will amount to 249.1 million rubles. (30% of the city budget). In addition, under a 2013 agreement, the company is helping the city with a demolition program for dilapidated and dilapidated housing stock. In three years, five apartment buildings were built, 12 residential premises were purchased on the secondary housing market for resettlement. 168 families received apartments in them.

On October 9, 2012, the backfill material collapsed on an area of 20 m at the Mir mine. At the time of the accident, there were 110 people at the mine, one person died as a result of the collapse. 109 miners climbed to the surface on their own. A year later, in April 2013, the situation repeated itself.

Collapses are not the only risk associated with quarries. Near the city there are many ore dumps. According to environmentalists, these accumulations are toxic and adversely affect the environment and the quality of life of local residents.

The Indians of North America had a custom, when making peace, to smoke with the enemy as a sign of reconciliation one, common pipe, the "pipe of peace." So, in the "Song of Hiawatha" by the American poet Henry Wadsworth / pa Longfellow (1807 1882) "Lord of life Gitchie Manito ... ... Dictionary of winged words and expressions

peace pipe- n., number of synonyms: 1 tube (54) ASIS Synonym Dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

peace pipe- wing. sl. It was the custom of the North American Indians, when making peace, to smoke a common pipe “pipe of peace” with the enemy ... Universal additional practical explanatory dictionary by I. Mostitsky

peace pipe- a symbol of peace and harmony. The origin of the expression is associated with the custom of the North American Indians, when making peace, to smoke a common pipe with enemies. This custom became widely known after the publication of G. Longfellow's poem "The Song of Hiawatha" ... Phraseology Handbook

a tube- noun, number of synonyms: 54 allonge (5) petrol-oil pipe (1) brand pipe (1) ... Synonym dictionary

A TUBE- PIPE, tubes, female. 1. reduce to pipe in 1 digit Long clay pipe. rubber tube. Roll up the paper. 2. A device for smoking, consisting of a cup for applying tobacco and a mouthpiece. Fill your pipe with tobacco. Cherry pipe. ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

A TUBE- Stinky pipe. 1. Unfold Bran. About a dishonorable person. Flg., 354. 2. Ryaz. Bran. About the pig. DS, 565. Clyster tube. Jarg. they say Shuttle. iron. Nurse. Maksimov, 183. There is a nail in every pipe. Psk. Unapproved About a man who... Big dictionary of Russian sayings

a tube- Smoke the peace pipe. reconcile [according to the custom of some peoples, which consisted in the fact that opponents, as a sign of reconciliation, smoked a common pipe] ... Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language

Mir (kimberlite pipe)- This term has other meanings, see World. Kimberlite diamond pipe "Mir" Kimberlite pipe "Mir" quarry ... Wikipedia

Kimberlite diamond pipe "Mir"- Kimberlite pipe "Mir" quarry, located in the city of Mirny, Yakutia. The quarry has a depth of 525 m and a diameter of 1.2 km and is one of the largest quarries in the world. Mining of diamondiferous kimberlite ore was stopped in June 2001. Currently ... ... Wikipedia

Books

Spring waters, Emin Gevorg. Gevorg Emin (Karlen Grigoryevich Muradyan) was born in 1918 in the family of a teacher, in the village of Ashtarak, Ashtarak region, in Armenia. In 1936, G. Emin graduated from high school, and in 1940 - ... Buy for 245 rubles
Proud Indian, Snezhinkina Dina. Wigwams and tomahawks, warpath and peace pipe! A fascinating story about the life and adventures of the brave Indians, the rules of pathfinders, a mini-dictionary, answers to all questions that you can ask ...

peace pipe

peace pipe
The Indians of North America had a custom, when making peace, to smoke one common pipe with the enemy as a sign of reconciliation - the "peace pipe". So, in the “Song of Hiawatha” by the American poet Henry Wadsworth / pa Longfellow (1807-1882), “The Mighty Master of Life Gitchie Manito”, having called the leaders of the warring Indian tribes, tells them (translated by Ivan Alekseevich Bunin, 1896):
Wash away the war paints
Wash the blood stains off your fingers;
Bury bows in the ground
Make pipes out of stone
Harvest reeds for them,
Decorate brightly with feathers,
Light the Peace Pipe
And continue to live like brothers!
In Russia, the expression became popular thanks to the novels Pathfinder, Prairie, and The Last of the Mohicans by the American writer James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851). "Smoke the pipe of peace" - make peace, reconcile.
Used: as a figurative definition of reconciliation, peace, friendship (joking).

Encyclopedic Dictionary of winged words and expressions. - M.: "Lokid-Press". Vadim Serov. 2003 .

peace pipe

The North American Indians had a custom, when making peace, to smoke a common pipe with the enemy - the "peace pipe".

Dictionary of winged words. Plutex. 2004

Synonyms:

See what the "Peace Pipe" is in other dictionaries:

Lakota tribe (no cup) Peace pipe is one of the cultural symbols of the North American Indians, which has become a global term. The expression "light the pipe of peace" means to conclude peace agreements. You ... Wikipedia

Exist., Number of synonyms: 1 tube (54) ASIS Synonym Dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

Exist., number of synonyms: 54 allonge (5) petrol-oil pipe (1) brand pipe (1) ... Synonym dictionary

PIPE, tubes, female 1. reduce to pipe in 1 digit Long clay pipe. rubber tube. Roll up the paper. 2. A device for smoking, consisting of a cup for applying tobacco and a mouthpiece. Fill your pipe with tobacco. Cherry pipe. ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Smelly pipe. 1. Unfold Bran. About a dishonorable person. Flg., 354. 2. Ryaz. Bran. About the pig. DS, 565. Clyster tube. Jarg. they say Shuttle. iron. Nurse. Maksimov, 183. There is a nail in every pipe. Psk. Unapproved About a man who... Big dictionary of Russian sayings

This term has other meanings, see World. Kimberlite diamond pipe "Mir" Kimberlite pipe "Mir" quarry ... Wikipedia

Kimberlite pipe "Mir" quarry, located in the city of Mirny, Yakutia. The quarry has a depth of 525 m and a diameter of 1.2 km and is one of the largest quarries in the world. Mining of diamondiferous kimberlite ore was stopped in June 2001. Currently ... ... Wikipedia

Books

Spring waters, Emin Gevorg. Gevorg Emin (Karlen Grigoryevich Muradyan) was born in 1918 in the family of a teacher, in the village of Ashtarak, Ashtarak region, in Armenia. In 1936, G. Emin graduated from high school, and in 1940 - ...