Likhachev native land full content. Dmitry Likhachev: Motherland

Youth is all life

When I was at school, it seemed to me that when I grow up, everything will be different. I will live among some other people, in a different environment, and everything will be different in general. There will be a different environment, there will be some other, “adult” world that will have nothing to do with my school world. But in reality it turned out differently. Together with me, my comrades at school, and then at the University, entered this "adult" world.

The environment changed, but it also changed at school, but in essence remained the same. My reputation as a comrade, as a person, as a worker, remained with me, passed into that other world that I had dreamed of since childhood, and if it changed, it did not start anew at all.

I remember that my mother's best friends until the end of her long life were her school friends, and when they departed "to another world", there was no replacement for them. The same with my father - his friends were friends of youth. As an adult, it was difficult to make friends. It is in youth that the character of a person is formed, and the circle of his best friends is formed - the closest, most necessary.

In youth, not only a person is formed - his whole life, his entire environment is formed. If he chooses his friends correctly, it will be easier for him to live, easier to endure grief and easier to endure joy. Joy, after all, also needs to be “transferred”, so that it is the most joyful, the longest and most durable, so that it does not spoil a person and gives real spiritual wealth, makes a person even more generous. Joy not shared with intimate friends is no joy.

Keep youth until old age. Keep youth in your old but young friends. Keep youth in your skills, habits, in your youthful “openness to people”, immediacy. Keep it in everything and do not think that as an adult you will become “completely, completely different” and will live in a different world.

And remember the saying: "Take care of honor from a young age." It is impossible to completely leave your reputation created in your school years, but it is possible to change it, but it is very difficult.

Our youth is also our old age.

Art opens up a big world for us!

The greatest and most valuable feature of Russian culture was its power and kindness, which is always possessed by a powerful, truly powerful beginning. That is why Russian culture was able to boldly master, organically incorporate Greek, Scandinavian, Finno-Finnish, Turkic, etc. principles. Russian culture is an open culture, a kind and courageous culture, accepting everything and creatively comprehending everything.

Such was the Russian of the Russians, Peter I. He was not afraid to move the capital closer to Western Europe, change the costume of the Russian people, and change many customs. For the essence of culture is not in the external, but in its internal internationalism, high cultural tolerance ...

Different artists (French, Armenians, Greeks, Scots) have always been in Russian culture and will always be in it - in our great, wide and hospitable culture. Narrowness and despotism will never make a firm nest in it.

Art galleries should be propagandists of this latitude. Let's trust our art historians, trust them, even if we don't understand something.

The value of great artists is that they are “different”, that is, they contribute to the development of our ... culture of its diversity.

Let us love everything Russian, primordially Russian, let us love, say, Vologda and the frescoes of 1 Dionysius, but let us tirelessly learn to appreciate both what world progressive culture has given and will continue to give, and what is new in ourselves. Let's not be afraid of the new and let's not kick off everything that we haven't understood yet.

It is impossible to see in every artist new in his method a swindler and a deceiver, as little-informed people often do. For the diversity, richness, complexity, "hospitality", breadth and internationalism of our ... culture and art, let us appreciate and respect the wonderful work that art galleries do, introducing us to different art, developing our taste, our spiritual susceptibility.

Understanding math is learning.
To understand music is to learn.
To understand painting - you also need to learn!

Learn to speak and write

When reading a headline like this, most readers will think, “That’s what I did as a kid.” No, you need to learn to speak and write all the time. Language is the most expressive thing a person has, and if he stops paying attention to his language, and begins to think that he has already mastered it sufficiently, he will retreat. One must constantly monitor one's language - oral and written.

The greatest value of a people is its language, the language in which it writes, speaks, and thinks. Thinks! This must be understood thoroughly, in all the ambiguity and significance of this fact. After all, this means that the entire conscious life of a person passes through his native language. Emotions, sensations only color what we think about, or push the thought in some way, but our thoughts are all formulated in language.

Much has been written about the Russian language as the language of the people. This is one of the most perfect languages in the world, a language that has developed over more than a millennium, giving in the XIX century. the best literature and poetry in the world. Turgenev said about the Russian language: "... one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!"

This article of mine is not about the Russian language in general, but about how this language is used by this or that person.

The surest way to know a person - his mental development, his moral character, his character - is to listen to how he speaks.

So, there is the language of the people as an indicator of its culture and the language of an individual as an indicator of his personal qualities, the qualities of a person who uses the language of the people.

If we pay attention to a person's manner of holding himself, his gait, his behavior, his face and judge a person by them, sometimes, however, erroneously, then a person's language is a much more accurate indicator of his human qualities, his culture.

But it also happens that a person does not speak, but "spits words." For every common concept, he has not ordinary words, but slang expressions. When such a person speaks with his “spitting words”, he wants to show that he doesn’t care about anything, that he is higher, stronger than all circumstances, smarter than everyone around him, laughs at everything, is not afraid of anything.

But in fact, he calls certain objects, people, actions with his cynical expressions and mocking nicknames because he is a coward and timid, unsure of himself.

Look, listen, what does such a “brave” and “wise man” speak cynically about, in what cases does he usually replace words with “spitting words”? You will immediately notice that this is all that frightens him, from which he expects trouble for himself, which is not in his power. He will have "his own" words for money, for earnings - legal and especially illegal - for all kinds of fraud, cynical nicknames for people he is afraid of (there are, however, nicknames in which people express their love and affection for this or that man is another matter).

I specifically dealt with this issue, so, believe me, I know this, and not just guessing.

The language of a person is his worldview and his behavior. As he speaks, so, therefore, he thinks.

And if you want to be a truly intelligent, educated and cultured person, then pay attention to your language. Speak correctly, accurately and economically. Do not force others to listen to your long speeches, do not show off in your language: do not be a narcissistic talker.

If you often have to speak in public - at meetings, meetings, just in the company of your friends, then, first of all, make sure that your speeches are not long. Keep track of time. This is necessary not only out of respect for others - it is important that you are understood. The first five minutes - listeners can listen to you attentively; the second five minutes - they still continue to listen to you; after fifteen minutes they only pretend to listen to you, and at the twentieth minute they stop pretending and start whispering about their affairs, and when it comes to interrupting you or starting to tell each other something, you are gone.

Second rule. For a speech to be interesting, everything you say must be interesting to you as well.

You can even read the report, but read it with interest. If the speaker tells or reads with interest for himself and the audience feels it, then the audience will be interested. Interest is not created in the audience by itself, interest is inspired by the speaker. Of course, if the topic of the speech is not interesting, nothing will come of trying to inspire interest in the audience.

Try so that in your speech there is not just a chain of different thoughts, but that there is one, the main idea, to which all the rest should be subordinated. Then it will be easier to listen to you, there will be a theme in your speech, intrigue, “waiting for the end” will appear, the audience will guess what you are leading to, what you want to convince them of - and will listen with interest and wait for how you formulate your conclusion at the end. main idea.

This "waiting for the end" is very important and can be maintained by purely external means. For example, a speaker speaks two or three times in different places about his speech: “I will say more about this”, “We will return to this”, “Pay attention to ...”, etc.

And not only a writer and a scientist needs to be able to write well. Even a well-written letter to a friend, freely and with a certain amount of humor, characterizes you no less than your oral speech. Through the letter, let me feel yourself, your mood, your looseness in addressing a person you like.

But how do you learn to write? If in order to learn to speak well, one must constantly pay attention to one's speech and others, write down sometimes successful expressions that accurately express the thought, the essence of the matter, then in order to learn how to write, one must write, write letters, diaries. (Diaries should be kept from a young age, then they will be simply interesting to you, and at the time of writing them you not only learn to write - you involuntarily report on your life, think about what happened to you and how you did it.) In a word: “ To learn how to ride a bike, you have to ride a bike.”

Dmitry Likhachev

1 Fresco (Italian fresco - fresh) - a picture painted with paints diluted in water and applied to fresh plaster.

Questions

You have read several chapters from D. S. Likhachev’s book “Native Land”, which is written in the journalistic genre, that is, the genre that illuminates the topical, modern issues of our life. What did the author draw our attention to? How did you understand the chapter “Art opens up a big world for us!”?
How do you understand the saying: "Take care of honor from a young age"? Why can't we completely get away from the reputation created in school years?
How do cultures of different nationalities combine in everyday life? What exhibitions, art crafts "live" in your region?

Enrich your speech

Prepare a message on the topic “The Art of My Native Land” (orally or in writing - your choice).

Use the advice of D.S. Likhachev, expressed in the chapter "Learning to speak and write", for example: 1. In order for the speech and speech to be literate, you can not use slang words ("spitting words") in the message and in the conversation. 2. Make sure that the speech is not long - it should be accurate and economical. 3. For a performance to be interesting for everyone, it must be interesting for you, etc.

Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev

Land Native

To our readers!

The author of the book brought to your attention, Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, is an outstanding Soviet scholar in the field of literary criticism, the history of Russian and world culture. He is the author of more than two dozen major books and hundreds of research articles. D. S. Likhachev is a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, twice a laureate of the State Prize of the USSR, an honorary member of many foreign academies and universities.

Dmitry Sergeevich’s erudition, his pedagogical talent and experience, the ability to speak about complex things simply, intelligibly and at the same time vividly and figuratively - this is what distinguishes his works, makes them not just books, but a significant phenomenon of our entire cultural life. Considering the many-valued questions of moral and aesthetic education as an integral part of communist education, D.S. Likhachev relies on the most important party documents calling for the cultural enlightenment of the Soviet people, and especially young people, to be treated with the greatest attention and responsibility.

The propagandistic activity of Dmitry Sergeevich, who constantly cares about the ideological and aesthetic education of our youth, his persistent struggle for a careful attitude to the artistic heritage of the Russian people, is also widely known.

In his new book, Academician D.S. Likhachev emphasizes that the ability to comprehend the aesthetic, artistic perfection of the unfading masterpieces of the cultural past is very important for the younger generation, and contributes to the education of truly high civic positions of patriotism and internationalism.

Fate made me a specialist in ancient Russian literature. But what does "fate" mean? Fate was in myself: in my inclinations and interests, in my choice of faculty at Leningrad University, and in which of the professors I began to take classes with. I was interested in old manuscripts, I was interested in literature, I was attracted to Ancient Rus' and folk art. If we put it all together and multiply it by a certain perseverance and some stubbornness in conducting searches, then all this together opened the way for me to a careful study of ancient Russian literature.

But the same fate, which lived in me, at the same time constantly distracted me from my studies in academic science. By nature, I am obviously a restless person. Therefore, I often go beyond the boundaries of strict science, beyond the limits of what I am supposed to do in my "academic specialty." I often speak in the general press and write in "non-academic" genres. Sometimes I am worried about the fate of ancient manuscripts, when they are abandoned and not studied, then about ancient monuments that are being destroyed, I am afraid of the fantasies of restorers, sometimes too boldly "restoring" monuments to their liking, I am worried about the fate of old Russian cities in the conditions of growing industry, I am interested in education in our youth of patriotism and much, much more.

Many of my non-academic worries are reflected in this book now open to the reader. I could call my book "the book of worries". Here are many of my worries, and I would like to convey the worries to my readers - to help instill in them an active, creative - Soviet patriotism. Not patriotism, satisfied with what has been achieved, but patriotism striving for the best, striving to convey this best - both from the past and from the present - to future generations. In order not to make mistakes in the future, we must remember our mistakes in the past. We must love our past and be proud of it, but we need to love the past not just like that, but the best in it - what we can really be proud of and what we need now and in the future.

Among lovers of antiquity, collectors and collectors are very common. Honor and praise to them. They saved a lot, which then ended up in state depositories and museums - donated, sold, bequeathed. Collectors collect in this way - rare for themselves, more often for the family, and even more often to bequeath then to the museum - in their hometown, village or even just a school (all good schools have museums - small, but very necessary!).

I have never been and never will be a collector. I want all values to belong to everyone and serve everyone, while remaining in their places. The whole earth owns and stores the values, the treasures of the past. This is a beautiful landscape, and beautiful cities, and the cities have their own monuments of art, collected by many generations. And in the villages - the traditions of folk art, labor skills. Values are not only material monuments, but also good customs, ideas about the good and beautiful, traditions of hospitality, friendliness, the ability to feel one's goodness in another. Values are language, accumulated literary works. You can't list everything.

Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev

Land Native

To our readers!

What is our Earth? This is a treasury of extraordinarily diverse and extremely fragile creations of human hands and the human brain, rushing through outer space with incredible, unimaginable speed. I called my book "Native Land". The word "land" in Russian has many meanings. This is the soil, and the country, and the people (in the latter sense, the Russian land is spoken of in the "Lay of Igor's Campaign"), and the entire globe.

In the title of my book, the word "earth" can be understood in all these senses.

The earth creates man. Without her, he is nothing. But man also creates the earth. Its safety, peace on earth, the multiplication of its wealth depend on a person. It depends on a person to create conditions under which the values of culture will be preserved, grow and multiply, when all people will be intellectually rich and intellectually healthy.

This is the idea of all sections of my book. I write about many things in different ways, in different genres, in different manners, even at different reading levels. But everything I write about, I strive to connect with a single idea of love for my land, for my land, for my Earth ...

***

Appreciating the beautiful in the past, we must be smart. We must understand that, in admiring the amazing beauty of architecture in India, it is not at all necessary to be a Mohammedan, just as it is not necessary to be a Buddhist in order to appreciate the beauty of the temples of ancient Cambodia or Nepal. Are there people today who would believe in ancient gods and goddesses? - No. But are there people who would deny the beauty of Venus de Milo? But it's a goddess! Sometimes it even seems to me that we, the people of the New Age, value ancient beauty more than the ancient Greeks and ancient Romans themselves. She was too familiar to them.

Isn't that why we, the Soviet people, began to perceive so sharply the beauty of ancient Russian architecture, ancient Russian literature and ancient Russian music, which are one of the highest peaks of human culture. Only now we are beginning to realize this, and even then not fully.

Literature lesson Grade 7

D. S. Likhachev. "Native land"

Today we will get acquainted with the chapters from the book "Native Land" by a specialist inancient Russian literature , academician Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev.

With this theme, a new literary genre comes to you - the genre of journalism.

1. What is this genre ? What is interesting? Why has it become so popular in recent decades?( see Section on Literary Theory and Reference to Literary Terms).

From the autobiographical story given in the book "Native Land" tell a)about scientist Likhachev

B) How is the word “earth” explained in the book and how is it played out in the text?2 Read D. S. Likhachev's judgments on various topics in the chapters: “Youth is all life”, “Art opens up a big world for us!”, “Learning to speak and write”, which are included in the textbook.

Let's consider each of the chapters of the book "Native Land", included in the textbook-reader.

A) For example, in the chapter “Youth is all life,” the scientist talks about what he thought as a schoolboy: “when I grow up, everything will be different. I will live among some other people, in a different environment, and everything will be different in general.But the reality turned out differently.” How did it turn out?

B) “My reputation as a comrade, person, worker remained with me, passed into that other world that I had dreamed of since childhood, and if it changed, it did not start anew at all.”What examples does the author give? What advice does the scientist give to young people?

C) the chapter “Art opens up a big world for us!”.What thoughts in it are important to us today?

Why is Russian culture called an author open, kind to bold, accepting everything and creatively comprehending?

What is the value of great artists? What does it take to understand literature? music , painting?

D) A very unusual chapter "Don't be funny."What is important to know and do in order not to be funny?

Everyone needs to "learn to speak and write." Children learn this from the first grade, but the scientist is not talking about this skill.

What is human language? What does it take to speak publicly and at the same time be interesting to the audience?

The chapter ends with the words; "To learn how to ride a bike, you have to ride a bike."How do you understand this ending?

D) Read other chapters of this book and think about them. How does what you read characterize the author himself? Which of D.S. Likhachev's advice seemed especially necessary to you?

Homeworkanswer the remaining questions , prepare reasoning-reflections in a journalistic genre on the topics : “Why is it difficult to be a teenager?”, “On comradeship in our class”, an essay on the topic: “What ideas of classic writers could be a lesson to me?”, “Parting words of writers and scientists that cannot be ignored.”

The first parts of the work contain instructions to young people: it is important to strive to achieve the right, non-material and purely personal goals in life, to be intelligent regardless of lifestyle and environment, to cultivate a sense of beauty and respect for one's family, country, and its past and culture. Much is said about the inextricable connection between the past and the present: this is the culture of communication between young people and the elderly, and the continuity of generations, and the influence of ancient culture on modern perception.

Book Likhachev D.S. serves an important task of educating people in culture, spirituality, patriotism and intelligence.

Read a summary of Likhachev Native land

Word to the young. Your profession and your patriotism

All achievements depend on your actions, it's not about luck. In addition to minor tasks in life, there should be one most important, global one. A patriot loves his country, and a nationalist feels hatred for other peoples, and these concepts cannot be equated. Patriotism begins with affection and interest in one's parents, in one's family past. All real cultures are connected with the cultural heritage of past centuries.

About intelligence

Intelligence is required, regardless of your environment, occupation, level of education and other factors. It is far from always connected with the literary classics read, it is more a level of understanding and awareness of life.

Don't be funny

Just as one cannot pour out one's sorrows on others, one cannot seem ridiculous in their eyes. This should be evident even in clothing, especially in men.

Big in small

Life should be dedicated to achieving small goals, but ultimately, all your actions should lead to one big goal.

Purpose and self-esteem

Depending on what a person wants, one can accurately determine who he sees himself as. A noble goal is the only one that allows you to live your life with dignity.

Art opens up a big world for us!

Russian culture and Russian art are multifaceted and deserve close attention and recognition, but at the same time it is worth joining the world heritage.

Learn to speak and write

Acquiring writing and reading skills is not just a task for young children. Every person must learn to understand his native language throughout his life.

You need to be able to relate to reading without self-interest, not for the sake of completing a school assignment or because of the popularity of the author. Literature must be approached sincerely and consciously.

Raise each other

It is not easy for young people to have conversations with the elderly: they do not hear well, they are offended, they constantly mumble about something with displeasure. But only they can pass on the experience of past years to new generations.

Memory

Memory is the only mechanism that can hold back the destruction of time. It is only through memory that morality can exist.

Spaces and space

All Russian culture, even the Russian language, has absorbed the fundamental concepts of "will" and "space", the absence of boundaries and restrictions.

Russian nature and Russian character

The nature of the Russian region could not help but influence the development of the Russian character. It is impossible to separate man and nature - they are interconnected, and this connection is very strong.

Nature of Russia and Pushkin

In the work of A.S. Pushkin clearly traces his own path, his own geography. There should be a reverent and thrifty attitude towards Pushkin's places.

Ecology of culture

Speaking of ecology, one cannot mean only its biological aspect. Biological non-ecology can destroy the human body, and cultural non-ecology kills morality and soul.

Monuments of culture - national property

Cultural heritage is not the property of one generation, it belongs to our descendants, and our direct duty is to keep it intact for many centuries.

Russian culture of modern times and Ancient Rus'

Peter's reforms affected the cultural heritage of Ancient Rus', changing it beyond recognition. Only the peasant life and culture of the lower strata of the population remained without attention. Hence followed the erroneous judgment that the ancient Russian culture existed at the level of peasant life.

A contemporary of Russian history

We are talking about Nizhny Novgorod - the commercial, political and cultural center of Rus'. It was this ancient city that managed to become a shield for ancient Russian culture during the Tatar-Mongol invasion.

The first 700 years of Russian literature

Our literature is much older than ancient European. It owes its appearance to the appearance of writing, which in turn came out of folklore.

The past must serve the present!

The Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian peoples are fraternal in their origin, culture and language. The cultural heritage of past generations does not exist separately from the present, but is its base, foundation and has a huge impact.

Likhachev native land full content. Dmitry Likhachev: Motherland

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