Easel painting as a cultural heritage of the planet. Easel, monumental, decorative painting Easel and decorative painting

"Painting- perhaps the oldest of the arts known to mankind. Images of animals and people made in the era of primitive society on the walls of caves have survived to this day. Since then, many millennia have passed, but painting has always remained an invariable companion of the spiritual life of man.

Like any independent branch of artistic creativity, painting has a number of unique, original features. It tells about life, depicts people, nature, the objective world surrounding a person through visual images. These images are created using a whole system of techniques developed and improved by many generations of artists.

Unlike a writer, an artist cannot show a chain of events taking place in different places at different times. In embodying the plot, the painter is limited by the limits of one moment and an unchanging environment. Therefore, he seeks to find and depict in relief a situation in which the characters of the characters, their relationships and the whole meaning of the captured life event are most fully revealed.

The artistic "language" of painting helps to achieve this goal. After all, the author of the paintings tells, showing. And in this "visual narrative" and color - bright or dull, calm or flaming, and the movement of lines - rapid, tense or smooth, slow, and many, many other features of the pictorial solution are very expressive, contribute to the disclosure of feelings, thoughts, moods. Therefore, the content of the plot picture is fully comprehended only by the viewer who not only “reads” a certain plot in it, but also “sees” its pictorial embodiment.

If a drawing constitutes, so to speak, the "skeleton" of a painting, then its "flesh and blood" is color. Artists use color not only to convey the real coloring of objects, but also to create a certain mood, for the purposes of the poetic embodiment of the idea. Remember "The Girl with Peaches" by V.A. Serov: a general bluish-gray tone, shaded by a pink spot of the girl’s dress, shades penetrating every millimeter of the canvas and reflections of a quivering, flickering light - after all, this creates that impression of freshness, purity, youthful joy of life, which is the very essence of the picture. And what a huge semantic role the numerous shades of red found in the canvas by I.E. Repin “Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan” have! How important are the contrasts of black and white in the tragic narration of V.I. Surikov!

Exists two main types of painting: monumental and easel. monumental painting always associated with architecture - this is the painting of the walls and ceilings of buildings, decorating them with images from mosaics and other materials, stained-glass windows - paintings and ornaments made of colored glasses - etc. easel painting is not associated with a specific building and can be moved from one room to another.

At easel painting There are many varieties ("genres"). The most important of them - subject painting, portrait, landscape and still life.

In the works of certain genres of painting, as it were, separate aspects of being stand out. So, portrait reproduces the shape of a person. In other cases, the heroes of the portrait canvases are shown in their usual everyday environment, in others we do not find any additional details. The main and, of course, the most difficult task of the artist in this genre is to reveal the inner world of the depicted person, the main features of his character, and psychology.

Paintings showing the life of nature belong to the genre landscape. Genuine masters of landscape art not only depict the nature of a particular country, region, place, but also convey in their paintings the perception of nature by a person, always associated with the worldview and experiences of the artist. For example, in the famous "Vladimirka" by I. Levitan, depicting the road along which in tsarist times prisoners were driven to hard labor, feelings of heaviness, sorrow, and deep bitterness seemed to thicken. In A. Savrasov's landscape "The Rooks Have Arrived", the spectacle of the early Russian spring inspires a feeling of bright hope, light, thoughtful sadness. We also encounter penetrating images of national nature among Soviet artists. So, masters of the Soviet landscape: G. Nissky, M. Saryan, S. Gerasimov and a number of others - wonderfully showed in their paintings the changes that the years of the Soviet system made to the appearance of their native land, sang the poetry and beauty of new times.

french the word "still life" means literally translated "dead nature". Masters of this genre depict fruits, vegetables, flowers, furnishings, etc. However, truly artistic still lifes are by no means a blind repetition of the forms, lines, colors of nature. As well as in landscapes, still lifes uniquely reflect the ideas of contemporaries about beauty, their thoughts and moods.

In the Soviet section of the Tretyakov Gallery there are still lifes by I. Mashkov “Moscow Food. Bread”, “Moscow food. Meat, game." Here the artist depicts heroic products, powerful, juicy, teasing in their solemn splendor. He sang the abundance of the gifts of the earth, its fertility, generosity. This character of the image eloquently speaks of a life-affirming view of the world, full-blooded optimism, so characteristic of Soviet people. Similar features, although each time expressed in their own way, we can find in the wonderful still lifes of Soviet artists P. Konchalovsky, M. Saryan and others. All genres of painting - each in its own way - can express great ideas and feelings that excite people.

How to write an easel painting? In past centuries, various types of wood served as its base, and in the East, in addition, silk, parchment, rice paper, etc. Modern masters, as a rule, use canvas as the basis. In order for the canvas to absorb and retain the paint, it is first glued, and then primed with a dense layer of a special mixture. An image is applied to the primed canvas with paints. Modern artists most often use oil paints. Much less often, paintings are created using water colors - watercolors. Even less commonly used pastel- dry pressed paints mixed with liquid glue.

Before taking up the brush, the artist usually draws in preliminary sketches (sketches), and then on the canvas, the faces of the characters, the shapes of objects, the contours of the situation, outlines the construction (composition) of the future picture.

Then he carefully studies in carefully executed works from nature (etudes) the poses he needs and the psychological states of people, furnishings, light, and only after that he proceeds to create the picture itself.

Ultimately, the idea of ​​the artist receives a complete and complete expression, and his picture becomes for us a source of great joy in the knowledge of life.

The images of painting are very clear and convincing. It is able to convey volumes and spaces, nature, embody universal ideas, events of the historical past and a flight of fantasy, reveal the complex world of human feelings and character. Painting can be single-layer (performed immediately) and multi-layer, including underpaintings And sanding applied to the dried paint layer transparent and translucent layers of paint.
This achieves the finest nuances and shades of color.
The construction of volume and space in painting is connected with linear and aerial perspective, spatial properties of warm and cold colors, light-shadow modeling of the form, transfer of the general color background of the canvas. To create a picture, in addition to color, you need good drawing and expressive composition. The artist, as a rule, begins his work with a canvas by searching for the most successful solution in sketches. Then, in numerous pictorial sketches from nature, he worked out the necessary elements of the composition.

EASEL PAINTING .
Easel paintings are those that have an independent meaning (they are written on the easel). Easel painting has many genres.

Genre (French "manner", "look", "taste", "custom", "genus") - a historically emerging and developing type of work of art.
The genre can be noted in the title of the picture (approx. "Fishmonger").

Genres of easel painting:

As shown in the picture:
1.Portrait
2.Scenery
3.Still life
4.Household (genre)
5.Historical
6.Battle
7.animalistic
8.Biblical
9.Mythological
10.Fairy tale

1.Portrait - an image of a person or group of people that exists or existed in reality.
Portrait types : half-length, shoulder-length, chest-length, full-length portrait, portrait against a landscape, portrait in an interior (room), portrait with accessories, self-portrait, double portrait, group portrait, couple portrait, costumed portrait, miniature portrait.

According to the nature of the image, all portraits can be divided into 3 groups:
A ) ceremonial portraits , as a rule, suggest a full-length image of a person (on a horse, standing or sitting), usually against a landscape or architectural background;
b) half-dress portraits (perhaps not quite full-length, there is no architectural background);
V ) chamber (intimate) portraits, which use the shoulder, chest, half-length image, often on a neutral background.

Russian portrait painters: Rokotov, Levitsky, Borovikovsky, Bryullov, Kiprensky, Tropinin, Perov, Kramskoy, Repin, Serov, Nesterov

2.Scenery (French "place", "country", "homeland") - depicts nature, terrain, landscape.
landscape types : rural, urban, marine (marina), urban architectural (veduta), industrial.
The landscape can be lyrical, heroic, epic, historical, fantastic..

Russian landscape painters: Shchedrin, Aivazovsky, Vasiliev, Levitan, Shishkin, Polenov, Savrasov, Kuindzhi, Grobar and others.

3.Still life (French "dead nature") - depicts original portraits of things, their quiet life. Artists depict the most ordinary things, show their beauty and poetry.

Artists: Serebryakova, Falk

4.Domestic genre (genre painting) - depicts the daily life of a person and acquaints us with the life of people of bygone times.

Artists: Venetsianov, Fedotov, Perov, Repin and others.

5.historical genre - depicts significant historical events, events of the past, epic times. This genre is often intertwined with other genres: domestic, battle, portrait, landscape.

Artists: Losenko, Ugryumov, Ivanov, Bryullov, Repin, Surikov, Ge and others.
Surikov, an outstanding master of historical painting: "Morning of the Streltsy Execution", "Boyar Morozova", "Menshikov in Berezovo", "Suvorov's Crossing the Alps", "The Conquest of Siberia by Yermak".

6.Battle genre - depicts military campaigns, battles, feats of arms, military operations.

7.Animal genre - depicts the animal world.

MONUMENTAL PAINTING.

Always associated with architecture. Decorates walls and ceilings, floors, window openings.

Types of monumental painting(varies depending on the technique of execution):

1.Fresco (Italian "on raw") - is written on raw lime plaster with paints (dry pigment, dye in powder), diluted with water. When dried, the lime releases a very thin calcium film, which fixes the paints underneath, makes the painting indelible and very durable.

2.Tempera - paints diluted with egg, casein glue or synthetic binder. This is an independent and widespread type of wall painting. Sometimes they write with tempera on an already dry fresco. Tempera dries quickly and changes color as it dries.

3.Mosaic (lat. "Dedicated to the Muses") - painting, laid out from small pieces of colored stones or smalt (specially welded opaque colored glass)

4. stained glass (French "glazing", from Latin "glass") - painting made from pieces of transparent colored glass, interconnected by lead strips (soldering with lead)

5.panel (French "board", "shield")
- a) a part of a wall or ceiling (plafond), highlighted with a stucco frame or ribbon ornament and filled with painting;
b) made with paints on canvas, and then attached to the wall. For external walls, the panel can be made of ceramic tiles.

ARCHITECTURE

Architecture - the art of creating buildings and their complexes that form an environment for people's lives. It differs from other types of art in that it performs not only ideological and artistic, but also practical tasks.

Types of architecture:
public (palace);
public residential;
urban planning;
restoration;
landscape gardening (landscape);
industrial.

Expressive means of architecture:
building composition;
scale;
rhythm;
chiaroscuro;
color;
surrounding nature and buildings;
painting and sculpture.

1. Building composition - the arrangement of its main parts and elements in a certain sequence . The composition of the building is very important, as it determines the impression that the building makes.. When creating an architectural composition, the architect uses various techniques: the alternation and combination of different spaces (open and closed, illuminated and darkened, communicating and isolated, etc.); various volumes (high and low, straight and curvilinear, heavy and light, simple and complex); elements of enclosing surfaces (flat and embossed, deaf and openwork, plain and colorful). The choice of composition depends on what the building is intended for.

Types of composition:
- symmetrical . The same arrangement of building elements relative to the axis of symmetry, which marks the center of the composition. Such buildings were characteristic of the architecture of the era of classicism.
- Asymmetrical . The main part of the building is shifted away from the center. Various volumes, contrasting in shape, material and color, are used, which leads to a dynamic architectural image. . characteristic of modern construction.
Reception of symmetry and asymmetry in the composition of individual elements, the arrangement of columns, windows, stairs, doors, etc.

2. Rhythm .Great organizing importance in the architectural composition belongs to the rhythm, i.e., a clear distribution of volumes and building details repeating at a certain interval (enfilade of rooms and halls, successive changes in the volumes of rooms, grouping of columns, windows, sculptures)

Types of rhythm:
-vertical rhythm . Alternation of individual elements in the vertical direction. Gives the building the impression of lightness, aspiration upwards.
- Horizontal Rhythm . The alternation of elements in the horizontal direction. Makes the building squat, stable.
By gathering and thickening individual details in one place and discharging them in another, the architect can emphasize the center of the composition, give the building a dynamic or static character.

3. Scale . Proportional ratio of the building and its parts. Determines the size of individual parts and details of the building in relation to the size of the entire building as a whole, to the person, the surrounding space and other buildings. The scale of the building does not depend on the size of the building, but on the overall impression that it makes on the person.

4. Chiaroscuro . A property that reveals the distribution of light and dark areas on the surface of the form. Strengthens and facilitates the visual perception of the architectural form, gives it a more picturesque look. Artificial lighting of building volumes is used at the level of street, main and lighting. Reflected light in the interior creates the illusion of lightness of forms.

The peculiarity of architecture as an art is to create a unity of architectural composition from a variety of architectural forms. The simplest means of creating unity is to give the volume of the building a simple geometric shape. In a complex ensemble of a building, unity is achieved by subordination: the secondary parts of the building are subordinate to the main volume (compositional center). Tectonics is also a compositional tool.

Tectonics-artistically revealed constructive structure of the building.

5. Color . It is often used in architectural structures, especially in interior spaces (especially in classical and baroque buildings). The modern interior is characterized by bright, light colors.

6. Painting and sculpture .The artistic means of creating the compositional unity of the building include monumental and applied art, in particular sculpture and painting, the combination of which with architecture was called the "synthesis of arts".

7. Surrounding nature and buildings .Architecture gravitates toward ensemble. For its structures, it is important to fit into the natural (natural) or urban (urban) landscape. Forms of architecture are determined: naturally (depend on geographical and climatic conditions, on the nature of the landscape, the intensity of sunlight); socially (depending on the nature of the social system, aesthetic ideals, utilitarian and artistic needs of society).

Architecture is closely connected with the development of productive forces and technology. No other art requires such a concentration of collective efforts and material resources., for example: St. Isaac's Cathedral was built by 500 thousand people over 40 years.

The trinity of architecture: usefulness, strength, beauty. In other words, these are the most important components of the architectural whole: function, construction, form (Vitruvius, I century AD, ancient Roman architectural theorist). Construction became architecture when the expedient building acquired an aesthetic appearance.

Architecture originated in ancient times. In ancient Egypt, grandiose structures were created in the name of spiritual and religious purposes.(tombs, temples, pyramids). In ancient Greece, architecture acquires a democratic appearance and places of worship (temples) already affirm the beauty and dignity of a Greek citizen. There are new types of public buildings: theaters, stadiums, schools. And the architects follow humanistic principle of beauty, formulated by Aristotle: "The beautiful should not be too big and not too small ". In ancient Rome, architects widely used arched vaulted structures made of concrete. New types of buildings, forums, triumphal arches and columns reflect the ideas of statehood and military power. In the Middle Ages, architecture becomes the leading and most popular art form.. In the gothic cathedrals aspiring to the sky, a religious impulse to God was expressed, and the passionate earthly dream of the people about happiness . The architecture of the Renaissance develops on a new basis the principles and forms of ancient classics, a new architectural form is introduced - the floor. Classicism canonizes the compositional techniques of antiquity.

The unity of the architectural composition implies the unity of style, which is created by a combination of features typical of the art of a certain time. Various factors influenced the style of each era: ideological and aesthetic views, materials and construction techniques, the level of development of production, everyday needs, and artistic forms.

Style - the sum of the elements that reveal the features of this era.
Style - a historically established set of artistic means and techniques that characterize the features of the art of a certain time.
Style is present in all art forms, but is formed mainly in architecture. The architectural style has been formed for decades, or even centuries, for example, in ancient Egypt, the style has been preserved for 3 thousand years, in connection with which it was called canonical (canon (norm, rule) - a set of rules that developed in the process of artistic practice and enshrined in tradition ).

The basic principles of the Egyptian style, characteristic of all the art of Ancient Egypt:
- unity of images and hieroglyphic inscriptions;
- vertical image of objects and people (less significant is depicted on the plane above);
- line-by-line image of complex scenes with horizontal bands;
- different-scale figures, the size of which does not depend on the location in space, but on the significance of each of them;
- the image of a human figure, as it were, from different points of view (face-to-face) - the principle of flattening the figure on a plane (when the head and legs were depicted in profile, and the torso and eyes in front).

CALENDAR-THEMATIC LESSON PLANNING.

Calendar-thematic planning depends on the age of the students. The ideal option is the presence of lessons in grades 5 (6) -11, the state program of Yu. A. Solodovnikov and L. N. Predchetenskaya is designed for this. It should be borne in mind that the specifics of work in the middle and senior management are different. . High school students are already capable of perceiving generalized ideas contained, for example, in the concept of style, where the phenomenon of the principle "from the general to the particular" prevails. Middle-level students, especially in grades 5-6, are not always ready to understand the style, that is, they still do not have the ability to see the general pattern in many specific phenomena. This skill develops gradually, therefore, at the middle level, lessons of "immersion" in any work, event, phenomenon, life and creative path of the author, for example, "Myths of Ancient Greece", "The Birth of Opera", "Florentine Commerata" will give a greater result. These classes can take the form of dramatizations, business games, quizzes, disputes, etc. At the same time, students receive information related to specific characters, features of the expressive means of a particular art. The ability to see general patterns behind these "private" moments arises at a subconscious level. But specific images and situations are remembered well, vividly and for a long time.
Later, students who have accumulated experience in communicating with individual works of art, cultural phenomena, gain the ability to realize, formulate and express a generalized judgment. This moment comes when the student comes to the 9th grade, less often to the 8th grade. Students in grades 8 and 9 have different perceptions. Grade 8 is the stage of the transitional age period, which manifests itself in different ways. In one case, eighth graders are already ready for a more complex level of perception, in the other they are not. This situation is decided by the teacher in each case.
If the MHC school studies from grades 5 to 11, then the two-stage approach may be the most effective. Lessons in grades 5-7(8) are exciting "immersions" in the world of specific phenomena of culture, art, etc., using active practical forms of work. This can be instigation, games, disputes, use of computer programs, research using the Internet, project work, quizzes, etc. At the same time, the principle of historicism is preserved - in the thematic planning, the teacher includes key works and cultural phenomena that reflect the various stages of its development. It is very good if this is combined with the history course that students take in parallel. Possible connection with the lessons of fine arts, literature, music, etc.
The concept chosen by the teacher as a basis can define different material and activities. Solodovnikov suggests reliance on mythology as a possible principle for the organization of an object. But other principles are also possible.
Having reached the second stage, having knowledge about a specific cultural phenomenon, students in grades 9-11 can once again go through this path, but from the point of view of styles, the features of the artistic image in a particular era. Separate ideas obtained earlier are added to a single system of relationships, causes and effects become clear.

When compiling a program for grades 6-8, the teacher can take as a basis the content of the optional course of the MHC Danilova, where from the extensive and diverse material the teacher can choose what is closest to him and meets the conditions of his work.
It is also possible to plan MHK lessons in the middle level, when the concentric principle operates in each class, i.e. in each class, students consistently go through topics related to the art of the Ancient World, the Middle Ages, the East, Russia, the Renaissance, etc.

- this is one of the main types of fine art; is an artistic representation of the objective world with colored paints on the surface. Painting is divided into: easel, monumental and decorative.

- mainly represented by works made with oil paints on canvas (cardboard, wooden boards or bare). It is the most popular form of painting. It is this form that is usually applied to the term " painting".

is a technique of drawing on walls in the design of buildings and architectural elements in buildings. Especially common in Europe fresco - monumental painting on wet plaster with water-soluble paints. This drawing technique has been well known since antiquity. Later, this technique was used in the design of many Christian religious temples and their vaults.

decorative painting - (from the Latin word from decoro - to decorate) is a way of drawing and applying images to objects and interior details, walls, furniture and other decorative items. Refers to arts and crafts.

The possibilities of pictorial art are especially clearly revealed by easel painting from the 15th century, from the moment of the mass use of oil paints. It is in it that a special variety of content and deep elaboration of form is available. At the heart of pictorial artistic means are colors (the possibilities of colors), in inseparable unity with chiaroscuro, and line; color and chiaroscuro are developed and developed by painting techniques with a fullness and brightness inaccessible to other art forms. This is the reason for the perfection of volumetric and spatial modeling inherent in realistic painting, the lively and accurate transmission of reality, the possibility of realizing the plots conceived by the artist (and methods of constructing compositions), and other pictorial virtues.

Another difference in the differences in the types of painting is the technique of execution according to the types of paints. It is not always enough common features to determine. The boundary between painting and graphics in each individual case: for example, works made in watercolor or pastel can belong to both areas, depending on the approach of the artist and the tasks assigned to him. Although drawings on paper are related to graphics, the use of various painting techniques sometimes blurs the distinction between painting and graphics.

It should be taken into account that the semantic term "painting" itself is a word of the Russian language. It was taken for use as a term during the formation of fine arts in Russia during the Baroque era. The use of the word "painting" at that time applied only to a certain kind of realistic depiction with paints. But originally it comes from the church icon painting technique, which uses the word "write" (referring to writing) because this word is a translation of the meaning in Greek texts (here are such "translation difficulties"). The development in Russia of its own art school and the inheritance of European academic knowledge in the field of art, developed the scope of the Russian word "painting", inscribing it into educational terminology and literary language. But in the Russian language, a feature of the meaning of the verb "write" was formed in relation to writing and drawing pictures.

Genres of painting

In the course of the development of fine arts, several classical genres of paintings were formed, which acquired their own characteristics and rules.

Portrait- This is a realistic image of a person in which the artist tries to achieve resemblance to the original. One of the most popular genres of painting. Most of the customers used the talent of artists to perpetuate their own image or, wanting to get an image of a loved one, relative, etc. Customers sought to obtain a portrait resemblance (or even embellish it) leaving a visual embodiment in history. Portraits of various styles are the most massive part of the exposition of most art museums and private collections. This genre also includes such a kind of portrait as self-portrait - an image of the artist himself, written by himself.

Scenery- one of the popular pictorial genres in which the artist seeks to display nature, its beauty or peculiarity. Different types of nature (the mood of the season and weather) have a vivid emotional impact on any viewer - this is a psychological feature of a person. The desire to get an emotional impression from landscapes has made this genre one of the most popular in artistic creation.

- this genre is in many ways similar to the landscape, but has a key feature: the paintings depict landscapes with the participation of architectural objects, buildings or cities. A special direction is street views of cities that convey the atmosphere of the place. Another direction of this genre is the image of the beauty of the architecture of a particular building - its appearance or the image of its interiors.

- a genre in which the main plot of the paintings is a historical event or its interpretation by the artist. Interestingly, this genre includes a huge number of paintings on a biblical theme. Since in the Middle Ages, biblical scenes were considered "historical" events and the church was the main customer for these paintings. "Historical" biblical scenes are present in the work of most artists. The rebirth of historical painting takes place during neoclassicism, when artists turn to well-known historical plots, events from antiquity or national legends.

- reflects scenes of wars and battles. A feature is not only the desire to reflect a historical event, but also to convey to the viewer the emotional exaltation of feat and heroism. Subsequently, this genre also becomes political, allowing the artist to convey to the viewer his view (his attitude) on what is happening. We can see a similar effect of a political accent and the strength of the artist's talent in the work of V. Vereshchagin.

- This is a genre of painting with compositions from inanimate objects, using flowers, products, utensils. This genre is one of the latest and was formed in the Dutch school of painting. Perhaps its appearance is due to the peculiarity of the Dutch school. The economic heyday of the 17th century in Holland led to a desire for affordable luxury (paintings) in a significant number of the population. This situation attracted a large number of artists to Holland, causing intense competition among them. Models and workshops (people in appropriate clothes) were not available to poor artists. Drawing paintings for sale, they used improvised means (objects) to compose paintings. This situation in the history of the Dutch school is the reason for the development of genre painting.

Genre painting - the plot of the paintings are everyday scenes of everyday life or holidays, usually with the participation of ordinary people. As well as still life, it became widespread among the artists of Holland in the 17th century. During the period of romanticism and neoclassicism, this genre takes on a new birth, the paintings tend not so much to reflect everyday life as to romanticize it, to introduce a certain meaning or morality into the plot.

Marina- a type of landscape that depicts sea views, coastal landscapes overlooking the sea, sunrises and sunsets on the sea, ships or even naval battles. Although there is a separate battle genre, but naval battles still belong to the marina genre. The development and popularization of this genre can also be attributed to the Dutch school of the 17th century. He was popular in Russia thanks to the work of Aivazovsky.

- a feature of this genre is the creation of realistic paintings depicting the beauty of animals and birds. One of the interesting features of this genre is the presence of paintings depicting non-existent or mythical animals. Artists who specialize in images of animals are called animalists.

History of painting

The need for a realistic image has existed since ancient times, but had a number of disadvantages due to the lack of technology, a systematic school and education. In ancient times, you can often find examples of applied and monumental painting with the technique of painting on plaster. In antiquity, more importance was attached to the talent of the performer, artists were limited in the technology of making paints and the opportunity to receive a systematic education. But already in antiquity, specialized knowledge and works (Vitruvius) were formed, which will be the basis of a new flowering of European art in the Renaissance. Decorative painting received significant development during Greek and Roman antiquity (the school was lost in the Middle Ages), the level of which was reached only after the 15th century.

Painting of a Roman fresco (Pompeii, 1st century BC), an example of the state of the art of ancient painting:

The "Dark Ages" of the Middle Ages, militant Christianity and the Inquisition lead to bans on the study of the artistic heritage of antiquity. The vast experience of ancient masters, knowledge in the field of proportions, composition, architecture and sculpture are banned, and many artistic treasures are destroyed due to their dedication to ancient deities. The return to the values ​​of art and science in Europe occurs only during the Renaissance (revival).

Artists of the early Renaissance (revival) have to catch up and revive the achievements and level of ancient artists. What we admire in the work of early Renaissance artists was the level of the masters of Rome. A clear example of the loss of several centuries of development of European art (and civilization) during the "dark ages" of the Middle Ages, militant Christianity and the Inquisition - the difference between these paintings of 14 centuries!

The emergence and spread of the technology of making oil paints and the technique of drawing with them in the 15th century gives rise to the development of easel painting and a special type of artist's production - color oil paintings on primed canvas or wood.

Painting received a huge leap in the qualitative development in the Renaissance, largely due to the work of Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472). He first laid out the foundations of perspective in painting (the treatise "On Painting" in 1436). To him (his work on the systematization of scientific knowledge) the European art school owes the appearance (revival) of a realistic perspective and natural proportions in the paintings of artists. The famous and familiar drawing by Leonardo da Vinci "Vitruvian Man"(human proportions) of 1493, dedicated to the systematization of Vitruvius's ancient knowledge of proportions and composition, was created by Leonardo half a century later than Alberti's treatise "On Painting". And the work of Leonardo is a continuation of the development of the European (Italian) art school of the Renaissance.

But painting received a bright and massive development, starting from the 16-17 centuries, when the technique of oil painting became widespread, various technologies for making paints appeared and schools of painting were formed. It is the system of knowledge and art education (drawing technique), combined with the demand for works of art from the aristocracy and monarchs, that leads to the rapid flowering of fine arts in Europe (Baroque period).

The unlimited financial possibilities of European monarchies, aristocracy and entrepreneurs became excellent ground for the further development of painting in the 17th-19th centuries. And the weakening of the influence of the church and the secular way of life (multiplied by the development of Protestantism) allowed the birth of many subjects, styles and trends in painting (baroque and rococo).

In the course of the development of fine arts, artists have formed many styles and techniques that lead to the highest level of realism in the works. By the end of the 19th century (with the advent of modernist trends), interesting transformations began in painting. The availability of art education, massive competition and high demands on the skill of artists from the public (and buyers) give rise to new directions in the ways of expression. Fine art is no longer limited only by the level of performance technique, artists strive to bring special meanings, ways of "look" and philosophy into works. What often goes to the detriment of the level of performance, becomes speculation or a way of outrageous. The variety of emerging styles, lively discussions and even scandals give rise to the development of interest in new forms of painting.

Modern computer (digital) drawing technologies are related to graphics and cannot be called painting, although many computer programs and equipment allow you to completely repeat any painting technique with paints.

, cardboard, board, paper, silk), and implies an independent and not conditioned perception of the environment.

The main materials of easel painting are oil, tempera and watercolor paints, gouache, pastel, acrylic. In the Far East, ink painting (mostly monochrome), often integrating calligraphy, has become predominantly widespread.

A special place is occupied by monotype - a pseudo-printing technique of painting, which uses the method of applying a paint layer on paper, which is characteristic of printmaking, by printing from a board (metal, plastic, glass).

The European picture, as a rule, is separated from the surroundings by a frame or passe-partout, the Eastern tradition leaves the painting in a sheet or scroll, sometimes duplicating it on a decorative base.

Easel painting is one of the main types of fine arts, the richest in genres and styles.

Easel painting is taught in art schools and studios, in secondary art schools and art institutes, the largest of which in Russia are in St. Petersburg, the Ryazan Art School. G.K. Wagner in Ryazan and in Moscow.


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See what "Easel Painting" is in other dictionaries:

    A kind of painting, which, unlike monumental, is not connected with architecture, has an independent character. Easel paintings (paintings) can be transferred from one interior to another, shown in other countries. The term... ... Art Encyclopedia

    A type of fine art whose works are created using paints applied to a hard surface. In works of art created by painting, color and drawing, chiaroscuro, expressiveness are used ... ... Art Encyclopedia

    A type of fine art whose works are created using paints applied to a surface. Painting is an important means of artistic reflection and interpretation of reality, influencing the thoughts and feelings of the audience. Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

    AND; and. 1. Visual art that reproduces objects and phenomena of the real world with the help of paints. Oil, watercolor J. oil. Portrait, landscape Genre, battle Engage in painting. Interested in painting. Lessons… … encyclopedic Dictionary

    painting- and, only units, f. 1) A type of fine art that reproduces objects and phenomena of the real world with the help of paints. Watercolor painting. Portrait painting. The history of the development of painting. 2) collected. Works of this type of art. Exhibition… … Popular dictionary of the Russian language

    PAINTING- a type of fine art, the works of which are created on a plane using paints and colored materials. The system of color combinations (color) allows you to convey the finest nuances of reality, and in general pictorial ... ... Eurasian wisdom from A to Z. Explanatory dictionary

    Antique painting- painting with wax paints (encaustic) or tempera on plaster, marble, limestone, wood, clay; paintings of societies and residential buildings, crypts, tombstones, as well as products are known. easel painting. Bolyp in the monuments of other gr. painting... ... Antique world. Dictionary reference.

    painting- ▲ art through, color tone painting art depicting reality with paint. easel painting: painting is a work of painting. canvas. canvas. diptych. triptych. monumental decorative painting: wall painting, ... ... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language

    PAINTING, and, for women. 1. Fine art creation of artistic images with the help of paints. Painting lessons. School of painting. 2. collected Works of this art. Wall railway Easel railway | adj. picturesque, wow. Painting workshop. ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

    A type of fine art, works of art that are created using paints applied to a hard surface. Like other types of art (See Art), Zh. performs ideological and cognitive tasks, and ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Books

  • Giotto di Bondone. Easel painting, Yuri Astakhov, The era of the Pre-Renaissance brought to life the humanistic art of Giotto di Bondone. His frescoes secured the glory of the first master of that time for the artist. To a large extent, he determined... Category: Foreign artists Series: Masterpieces of Painting Publisher:

According to an ancient legend, painting originated from a girl in ancient times, when she circled the shadow of her beloved man on the wall. Well, this legend has a deep meaning, because the beginning of painting gave precisely the need for a portrait of a person.

Portrait, still life, landscape, plot - these are genres related to easel painting. And why precisely "easel painting"? This is because the name comes from the word “machine”, i.e. This is a painting done on an easel.

By the way, the word easel (from "Malbrett") has German roots and stands for "drawing board".

Easel painting is a kind of painting that does not depend on any objects and is a completely autonomous art. For example, there is monumental painting, which is tied to architectural structures. It involves the decoration of walls, ceilings and other buildings. There is decorative painting - painting of glasses, clothes, dishes, furniture, etc. But easel painting is perceived as an independent unit. It's like a window into another reality or time.

The most famous artists of this painting are: Pablo Picasso, Vincent van Gogh, Ivan Aivazovsky, Mikhail Vrubel, Diego Velazquez and others.

4 main genres of easel painting

The world of painting is huge! And in order to somehow distinguish between them, genres of easel painting began to appear, which helped artists to navigate in their field and generalize artistic features.

Interesting! There was once a time in which each genre had its own rank. The genres of landscape and portrait were considered the lowest, and the story genre of the historical variety was the highest rated. Even then, the famous Voltaire considered these attitudes unfair. For him, all genres were good, except for boring ones.

1. Portrait.

The artist of this genre faces a difficult task. To paint a portrait of a person, you need to have experience and mature skill. It seems that it is easy, but the portrait should not only be similar to the original, but also be alive.

As Kramskoy said - "it would be necessary to write as if it were smiling, or not, now how the lips trembled, in a word, the devil knows what, alive!".

Remember, you have probably seen portraits that depict a person with an exact likeness. But something about him was not right, as if he had been replaced. Similar, but not similar. Familiar?

This is because it is necessary not only to accurately draw the forms of a person’s face, but also to feel his inner world, and even better, to know the person well. That's when you can fully transfer the "living" person to the canvas, which is called a personality. You can verify these words by looking at the portraits of Velazquez, Serov, Rembrandt or Repin.

2. Landscape.

In this genre, the artist conveys to the viewer the fullness of experiences and emotions from the perception of nature: sea views, landscapes, buildings, etc. The artist not only depicts the nature of a certain place, but also puts his worldview, mood and thought associated with the object into the picture.

Interesting! If we recall the famous "Vladimirka" by I. Levitan, the picture immediately evokes some kind of feeling of grief, sadness and heaviness. But the picture shows the road along which prisoners were driven to hard labor in tsarist times.

It is impossible not to mention the masters of the Soviet landscape:

  • M. Saryan;
  • G. Nissky;
  • S. Gerasimov.

3. Plot

There are 5 subspecies of narrative painting: historical, everyday, mythological, religious and battle. This genre requires the artist to restore the fullness of events - the atmosphere, people, life priorities, time, feelings, etc. It is as if a painter is resuming one, but very bright and accurate fragment from the past.

Some pictures of this genre can be easily perceived by a person. And others may require some knowledge in the field and special attention (for example, religious or mythological paintings).

The historical and battle subspecies are related. The painter depicts the first subspecies as if the picture is a portal to the past, which shows all the problems of that time: life, prejudices and beliefs. In the second subtype, the artist tries to convey the hostile atmosphere, military life, the battle for the homeland, the courage of the soldiers and the patriotism of the people.

As for the everyday subspecies, here the master focuses our attention on everyday things in everyday life so that in the picture they are perceived in a new and unusual way.

The characters of Anatoly Kozelsky are remembered with a smile: wow, so much humor and fantasy - amazing!

4. Still life.

This French word stands for "dead nature". The painter of this genre depicts inanimate objects: food, interior, flowers, etc. But this is by no means a blind repetition of the shape and color of the object; the artist also leaves his thoughts, moods and experiences in the picture.

In his still lifes "Moscow Food. Meat, Game" and "Moscow Food. Bread" I. Mashkov conveys his admiration and exultation from the gifts of nature, as well as the life-affirming look and optimism that has always been characteristic of Soviet people.

How do masters paint an easel painting?

Classics of easel painting - canvas, oil or tempera paints. Sometimes pastels, watercolors, gouache and even ink are used (in the Far East). Well, nowhere without the good old easel. Centuries have already passed, and this is still the same three- or four-legged instrument.

By the way, did you know that in past centuries, wood was used as the basis for easel painting? In the West, artists took rice paper, silk and parchment. But now, of course, it is a glued and primed canvas.

It so happened historically that most often the picture is painted in oil. Paints retain their brightness and color for a long time.

Tempera paints are also used no less frequently. They are characterized by uniform drying and do not crack (craquelure), as can happen with some oil paints. Tempera is a strict and hard technique. For example, for the transition of tones, the painter imposes one layer on another, and the volume is revealed by changing the tone of the pigment or by shading.

Finally

An experienced master does not immediately take a brush and begin to create masterpieces! First, the artist starts with a sketch, then deals with the contours of the environment, the shapes of objects and the construction of the future picture (composition).

When this is ready, the artist proceeds to study the people, the setting, the right poses, the light, the mental attitude, and so on. All this allows the artist to put the finished picture in his head, after which he begins to paint. Only in this way the picture turns out to be alive and becomes the object of our admiration.

P. S. A few words about teaching easel painting.

In Russia, easel painting is taught at the G.K. Wagner Art School (Ryazan), at the V. Surikov Institute (Moscow) and at the E. Repin Institute (St. Petersburg).

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