Presentation on the topic of secular literature of the 16th century. Presentation "Russian Chronicles"

“Medieval Lyrics” - Musicians. The most famous troubadours. Carmina Burana. Types of singers. Books and chronicles. Carolingian Empire. Outstanding vagantes. The legacy of medieval lyric poetry. A little about the Minnesingers. Medieval lyrics. Reasons for the decline. Troubadours. High Middle Ages. Typical excerpt. Names. Monasteries. Knight's castle. Vagantas. Courtly love. Woman. Danger of the game. Poetic sources. Political events.

“Medieval literature and art” - Romanesque temple. Urban literature. Stained glass. Knightly literature. Medieval art. Journey to the afterlife. Book miniature. Poets-singers. Gothic temple. Dante Alighieri. Knightly novels and stories. Medieval literature. The last ballad of Francois Villon. The Bible for the Illiterate. Gothic. Francois Villon. Knightly poetry. Love. Painting. Knightly poets.

“Literature of the Middle Ages” - “The Most Drunken Liturgy”, the famous anonymous parody of the 13th century. Literature of the early Middle Ages. Romance. "Beowulf", 10th century. "The Song of Roland" Short stories with humorous content. Courtly literature. Literature of the mature Middle Ages. "Song of Sid" Urban literature. Heroic poems. Song about my Sid. "Song of the Nibelungs". A song about fasting in love. Test yourself. Poetry of the Vagants.

“Literature in the 14th-16th centuries” - Enlightenment, oral folk art, literature in the 14th-16th centuries. Chronicle. Typography. Development of literature of the 16th century. Folklore. "The Tale of the Ruin of Ryazan by Batu." Historical songs. Summarizing. Literature. Features of the development of Russian culture in the XIV-XVI centuries. Education.

“Literature of the 15th century” - Walking. Historical songs, legends. Lives. Literature. Folklore. Chronicle. Folk art. Education. Processes of overcoming cultural isolation. Historical stories. Interest in world history. The first printed publications. Literature XIV – XVI centuries. Publishers. Epic epic. Check yourself. Fragmentation of the state. Chronicle.

"Literature of the Middle Ages" - Literature of the Middle Ages. Literature of the Middle Ages. German heroic epic. French poetry of the troubadours. Ancient literature. Dictionary. Lesson plan. Georgian poem. Stages of communication with a literary text. Aesthetic ideals of the Middle Ages.

Chronicles:

Chronicle collection, which in the scientific literature is given the name Nikonovsky, was compiled in the late 20s of the 16th century by Metropolitan Daniil Ryazants and was a significant event in Russian medieval historiography, which had a great influence on subsequent chronicles.

Facial chronicle vault Ivan the Terrible, or the Tsar Book - a chronicle of events in world and especially Russian history, created in the 60-70s specifically for the royal library in a single copy. The word “facial” in the title of the Code means illustrated, with images “in faces”.

Consists of 10 volumes containing about 10 thousand sheets of rag paper, decorated with more than 16 thousand miniatures. Covers the period “from the creation of the world” to 1567.

A remarkable work appeared in the literature of the 16th century "Steppe Book". It contained portraits - descriptions of the great princes and metropolitans from Vladimir to Ivan IV, the book asserted the inviolability of the union of church and state.

Journalistic and historical works became widespread. "Chronograph",“The Tale of the Kingdom of Babylon”, “The Tale of the Beginning of Moscow”, these books exalted the power of the Grand Duke and affirmed the role of Russia in world history.

The language of literature of the 16th century. 7th grade.

Official literary and historical works were written during this period in an upbeat, ceremonial style. What still comes to the fore is the monumentality of forms, that pomp, decorativeness and bulky “theatricality” that was so revered by the scribes of the 16th century. - the century of “second monumentalism”.

Language of “The Tale of Peter and Fevronia”

The author of the story constantly uses old book conjunctions - Ashe, as, like, and special forms. Epithets: God's gift, one table, noble prince, soulless voice. Comparisons: as if barking as if with one mouth. Phraseological combinations: serve righteously, establish a feast.

However, elements of lively colloquial speech were increasingly infused into Russian writing.

Great Russian speech serves as a life-giving source that nourishes the language of business documents in comparison with the language of business writing of ancient Rus'.

The language of business writing is represented by official business documents: petitions– petitions for appearance in court, for exemption from duties; diplomas spiritual, deeds of sale, security; codes of law - codes of laws; private correspondence: letters, personal notes, fairy tales.

The meanings of the words have changed: forehead no longer means "skull" leprosy(harm) is now just the name of the disease.

Comes into use terminological vocabulary:

Get on a horse - go on a hike

Duma - advice, agreement

to live for one - to be in union, in peace

kiss the cross - take an oath

sad person - patron, protector

Gat - Road through a swamp made of bulk earth and brushwood

murderer - murderer

only - only

more - more, better

play a mortal game - fight, fight

fiercely - firmly, steadfastly

dashing - evil, evil deed

saint - righteous, servant

supposedly - as if

vilify – scold

hawkmoth - drunkard

pouch - a bag for storing money

interpreter - translator

great – because

Grades 5-6 – heroes of 16th century literature.

"The Life of Peter and Fevronya of Murom"

In the middle of the 16th century, priest Ermolai-Erasmus wrote the lives of two semi-legendary heroes - Prince Peter and Princess Fevronya of Murom - these heroes form the basis of the Day of Love and Family Welfare, which we celebrate now in Russia.

In the 15th – 16th centuries, the first lives of holy fools were created: Procopius of Ustyug, St. Basil the Blessed, etc.

Such is the life of the Murom prince Konstantin and his sons Mikhail and Fyodor, which tell about the baptism of the Murom land - these princes are known only from their lives.

This also includes the story of Mercury of Smolensk - a young man, owner of a miracle sword, who saved Smolensk from the army of Khan Batu and ultimately sacrificed himself.

It acquired great importance in the 16th century. journalism. The journalistic works of Ivan the Terrible, Andrei Kurbsky, and Ivan Peresvetov raise the most important problems of public administration, the relationship between the sovereign and his subjects, the church and the grand ducal or royal power.

In the writings of church hierarchs (Joseph Volotsky, Nil Sorsky, Metropolitan Daniel) polemics are conducted with heretics, social vices are exposed, and disputes are held on issues of church life.

The idea of ​​regulating the circle of spiritually beneficial reading was realized to the best extent by a gigantic code created on the initiative of the Novgorod Archbishop Macarius (later Metropolitan) - “Great Menaion-Chets” - a collection of all the “holy books” that are “found” in Rus'.

In the “Russian Chronograph”, Elder Philotheus led to the idea that “old Rome” fell for sins, and “new Rome” also fell” - Constantinople, because, having agreed to a union with the Catholics (at the Council of Florence in 1439), the Greeks betrayed Orthodoxy , and the time has come for the “third Rome” - Moscow. Moscow is the last Rome, “there will never be a fourth Rome.”

Typography in Rus'.

On March 1, 1564, the “cunning masters of printing” Ivan Fedorov and his assistant Pyotr Mstislavets printed the first book - the Acts and Epistles of the Holy Apostles.

The pioneer printer himself did a lot of editorial work on it and designed it according to all the rules of the printing art of that time. Ivan Fedorov made rich headpieces for each section in this book, colorful vignettes at the top of the pages, and initials.

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The presentation on the topic “Literature of the 16th century” (grade 3) can be downloaded absolutely free on our website. Subject of the project: Literature. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 6 slide(s).

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Chronicle in Russian literature of the 16th century.

In Russian literature of the 16th century, chronicle writing continued to be its most widespread genre. Literature of the 16th century in Russia developed, like the whole country, moving forward. Therefore, some changes have occurred in this literary genre.

Chroniclers began to see their task not only in recording the facts of ongoing events, but also in substantiating events and characterizing historical figures. In Russian literature of the 16th century, a wonderful work “The Book of the Steppes” appeared. It contained portraits - descriptions of the great princes and metropolitans from Vladimir to Ivan IV, the book asserted the inviolability of the union of church and state.

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Russian literature of the 16th century was also noted for such a work as “The Chronicler of the Beginning of the Kingdom,” the book narrated the first years of the reign of Ivan the Terrible and spoke of the need for strong royal power. The Nicholas Chronicle became a unique historical encyclopedia in Russian literature of the 16th century. This is a unique book, one of the lists of this book contained about 16 thousand magnificent miniatures, and was called the facial vault. Journalistic and historical works became widespread in Russian literature of the 16th century. “Chronograph”, “The Tale of the Babylonian Kingdom”, “The Tale of the Beginning of Moscow”, these books exalted the power of the Grand Dukes and affirmed the role of Russia in world history.

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Where did the information come from?

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Journalism is a discussion in the press of pressing issues of socio-political life. Journalism of the 16th century

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The unification processes and the strengthening of the position of the Russian state in Europe raised pressing questions for society about the origin of princely power in Rus' and about the place and role of Rus' among other states before and now. They found their most vivid expression in journalistic works.

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In the first quarter of the 16th century. The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir arose, which, unlike the Tale of Bygone Years, traced the origin of the Russian princely dynasty to the Roman Emperor Augustus.

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"The Legend of the Princes of Vladimir" In the first quarter of the 16th century. The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir arose, which, unlike the Tale of Bygone Years, traced the origin of the Russian princely dynasty to the Roman Emperor Augustus. He allegedly sent his brother Prus to one of the regions subordinate to him, on the banks of the Vistula, who founded the family of the legendary Rurik. One of the heirs of Augustus, Prus and Rurik, the ancient Russian prince Vladimir Monomakh, received from the Byzantine emperor symbols of royal power: a crown-hat, precious mantles and other gifts. From then on, all subsequent Russian princes were crowned with this crown. Thus, both legends - both about the origin of princely power from the Roman emperor, and about the receipt of royal regalia from Constantinople - were intended to strengthen the authority of power in Rus' and substantiate the desire to return the ancient Russian lands under the rule of Poland and Lithuania.

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"Moscow is the third Rome." In the letters of the abbot of the Pskov Eleazar Monastery, Philotheus (around 1510), the idea of ​​“Moscow is the third Rome” was put forward. In his presentation, history appears as a process of change of three world kingdoms. The first two Romes - Rome itself and Constantinople - died for betraying their Orthodoxy. Now Moscow has taken their place. Not the achievement of world power, but the unification of all Russian lands under the leadership of Moscow is the main idea of ​​Filofei’s messages.

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Questions of power and state structure Other topics of journalistic messages reflecting social development were questions about the power of the Tsar and in general about the structure of the Russian state.

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Issues of power Andrei Kurbsky The ideal of the state is an estate-representative monarchy Ivan Peresvetov The state and society must be built on the basis of compliance with laws. The ideal is eastern despotism The idea of ​​a noble state headed by an autocratic tsar A diplomat, a ruler must bring law and truth to the world Fyodor Karpov

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Ivan Peresvetov In the late 40s - early 50s of the 16th century. Ivan Semenovich Peresvetov (possibly a fictitious person) writes his petitions to Ivan IV. To present his views, Peresvetov uses a unique literary device. He paints a picture of a non-existent ideal monarch - Makhmet-Saltan of Turkey, who, having concentrated all power in his hands, nevertheless managed to establish fair relations and a strong rule of law in his state. In his policy, Makhmet-Saltan relied on the “warriors”. For their diligent service, he paid his soldiers well from the treasury, into which all the income of his kingdom flowed.

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Peresvetov contrasts the Turkish Sultan with the Byzantine “Tsar” Constantine, who “gave his nobles freedom.” They removed him from power and brought the country to ruin through abuses.

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Peresvetov's state structure Therefore, the model for Peresvetov was a strong ruler, but not an autocrat, because in addition to rights, he also had responsibilities to the “warriors”, for whom he was “strong and famous.” Peresvetov, therefore, drew attention to the nobility as a support for the state, and accused the boyars of cowardice and lack of official zeal. In an effort to strengthen military power, Peresvetov opposed the institution of servitude, since slaves, of course, are bad warriors. “Which land is enslaved,” he wrote, “in that land all evil is created.” This is, in general terms, the program of government of one of the publicists of that time.

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Correspondence between Ivan the Terrible and Andrei Kurbsky We see a fierce dispute on the same problems in the famous correspondence (1564-1577) of Ivan the Terrible with Prince Andrei Kurbsky, one of his supporters in the 50s. Having fled abroad with the beginning of the oprichnina, Kurbsky sent a message to the tsar, accusing him of tyranny and cruelty. Grozny replied. The entire correspondence consists of two messages from the tsar and three princes, who also wrote the pamphlet “The History of the Grand Duke of Moscow.” Both authors are distinguished by broad education: they knew antiquity, the history of Rome, Byzantium and Rus', the Bible and theological literature. Both had extraordinary literary talent.

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Correspondence between Ivan the Terrible and Andrei Kurbsky What the authors had in common was that they advocated a strong state and strong royal power. Kurbsky’s political ideal was the activity of the Elected Rada. Kurbsky advocated a monarchy, but a limited one. Tsar Ivan considered only a monarchy with unlimited power to be a true monarchy. This is what he proved - in this case, with a pen in his hands. However, during the early childhood of Ivan IV, the “boyars and nobles” “torn away from God the power given to me from our ancestors under their rule.” This, according to the king, threatened the death of the state. Now the time has come to return autocratic power, in which it is not the king who acts for the benefit of his subjects, but their duty is faithful service to the sovereign. All residents of the country - from serfs to princes - are the sovereign's slaves.

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Fyodor Karpov Karpov is one of the most original and educated Russian publicists of his time. Communicating with foreigners, Karpov received a European education. By the nature of his occupation, he knew oriental languages, and was familiar with Greek and Latin. He knew in originals or extracts the works of Aristotle, Homer, Ovid’s “Metamorphoses”, was in correspondence with the smartest people of that time - Maximus the Greek, Philotheus, advocated that society and the state should be built on the observance of laws, and the ruler should carry the law and the truth

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“Conversation of the Valaam Elders” The struggle with the church found its expression in such a journalistic work as “Conversation of the Valaam Elders” (mid-16th century). The author, a supporter of strong church power, opposes attempts by the clergy to interfere in public administration and against monasteries that seize black peasant lands. His main demand is the complete destruction of monastic land ownership.

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“The Great Fourth Menaion” Most of the grandiose handwritten historical and literary works are associated with the activities of Metropolitan Macarius. By 1554, he and his collaborators created the “Great Four Menaions” - a 12-volume collection of all the books “read” in Rus': lives and teachings, Byzantine laws and monuments of church law, stories and legends. The works were distributed according to the days on which they were recommended to be read.

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"The book of the sedate royal genealogy." Another major work was the “State Book of the Royal Genealogy.” Unlike chronicles, where the presentation is carried out by year, the Degree Book arranges the narrative according to “degrees”. Each degree (and there are 17 in total) corresponds to the reign of a prince (from Vladimir to Ivan IV) and a metropolitan. This emphasized the idea of ​​unity of royal and church power.

The heyday of chronicle writing

Genre originality Page of the Ipatiev Chronicle Chronicle is a special type of historical narration by year (year). Russian chronicles arose in the 11th century. and continued until the 17th century.

Genre originality A whole workshop worked on the chronicles: about 15 scribes and 10 artists. Miniature drawings not only illustrate the text, but also complement it. Some events are not written, but only drawn.

History of Chronicles Chronicles arose during the time of Yaroslav the Wise, at a time when Rus' began to fight for church and political independence. Apparently, then the first historical works were created, claiming that the history of Rus' repeats the history of other Christian powers.

History of chronicles Chronicles are the most important historical sources, the most significant monuments of social thought and culture of Ancient Rus'. Chronicles testify to the high patriotic consciousness of the Russian people in the 11th-17th centuries.

History of chronicles There are at least 1,500 lists of chronicles. They contain many works of ancient Russian literature: “The Instruction” of Vladimir Monomakh, “The Tale of the Battle of Mamayev”, “Walking across the Three Seas” by Afanasy Nikitin, etc.

Kyiv Chronicles In Kyiv in the 12th century. Chronicle writing was carried out in the Kiev-Pechersk and Vydubitsky St. Michael's monasteries, as well as at the princely court.

South Russian chronicles South Russian chronicles are preserved in the Ipatiev Chronicle, which consists of the “Tale of Bygone Years”, continued mainly by Kyiv news (ending 1200), and the Galicia-Volyn Chronicle (ending 1289-92).

Vladimir-Suzdal Chronicles In the Vladimir-Suzdal land, the main centers of chronicle writing were Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov and Pereyaslavl. The monument to this chronicle is the Laurentian Chronicle, which begins with the “Tale of Bygone Years,” continued by the Vladimir-Suzdal news until 1305.

Novgorod Chronicles Chronicle writing received great development in Novgorod at the court of the archbishop, at monasteries and churches.

History of chronicle writing The Mongol-Tatar invasion caused a temporary decline in chronicle writing. The revival of chronicle writing began only after the Battle of Kulikovo (1380). Old Russian chronicles have reached us as part of later (mainly XIV-XV centuries) chronicle collections.

History of chronicle writing New phenomena in chronicle writing were noted in the 15th century, when the Russian state was taking shape with its center in Moscow. The policies of the Moscow Grand Dukes were reflected in all-Russian chronicles. The most famous is the Vologda-Perm Chronicle.

History of chronicle writing In the 17th century. There was a gradual withering away of the chronicle form of storytelling. The word “chronicle” continues to be used according to tradition even for such works that faintly resemble the Chronicles of earlier times.

The Tale of Bygone Years The most famous of the early chronicles that have survived to our time is the “Tale of Bygone Years.” Its creator is considered to be Nestor, a monk of the Pechersk Monastery in Kyiv, who wrote his work around 1113.

The Tale of Bygone Years “The Tale of Bygone Years” is an ensemble work, as it includes various genres, such as: legend, hagiography, prayer, chronicle narration itself, chronicle story, codes, treaties.

The Tale of Bygone Years “The Tale of Bygone Years,” as a monument of historiography, is permeated with a single patriotic idea: chroniclers strive to present their people as equal among other Christian nations, proudly recall the glorious past of their country - the valor of the pagan princes, the piety and wisdom of the princes - Christian.

The Tale of Bygone Years Chroniclers speak on behalf of all of Rus', rising above petty feudal disputes, strongly condemning feuds and “which”, describing with pain and anxiety the disasters brought by the raids of nomads.

The Tale of Bygone Years In a word, “The Tale of Bygone Years” is not just a description of the first centuries of the existence of Rus', it is a story about great beginnings: the beginning of Russian statehood, the beginning of Russian culture, about the beginnings that, according to the chroniclers, promise their future power and glory Homeland.

The importance of chronicles for Russian medieval culture Chronicles are not just a listing of historical facts. They embodied a wide range of ideas and concepts of medieval society. Chronicles are monuments of social thought, literature, and even the beginnings of scientific knowledge.

Radzivilov Chronicle