Modern literary words. "a brief dictionary of literary terms" for students

The literary dictionary briefly presents all literary terms and concepts. Basic literary terms and definitions will help you prepare for the Unified State Exam.

Literary terms and their definitions

All terms are grouped in alphabetical order.
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Paragraph- an excerpt of text from one red line to another.
Avant-garde- a movement in the artistic culture of the 20th century, breaking with existing norms and traditions, turning the novelty of expressive means into an end in itself.
Autobiography- a work in which the writer describes his life.
Autograph- a manuscript of a work written by the author himself, a letter, an inscription on a book, as well as the author’s handwritten signature.
Author's speech- an allegorical image of an abstract concept or phenomenon of reality using a specific image.
Acmeism- literary movement in Russian poetry early. XX century
Acrostic- a poem in which the initial letters of the lines form a first or last name, word or phrase.
Allegory- an allegorical image of an object or phenomenon in order to clearly show its essential features. Often an allegory is the basis of a riddle: “The beautiful maiden sits in a dungeon, and her scythe is on the street,” proverbs: “The further into the forest, the more firewood,” fables.
Alliteration- repetition in poetry (less often in prose) of identical, consonant consonant sounds to enhance the expressiveness of artistic speech.
Almanac- a collection of literary works of various contents.
Amphibrachium- a three-syllable foot in Russian syllabic-tonic versification, in which the stress falls on the second syllable.
Anacreontic poetry- a type of ancient lyric poetry: poems in which a cheerful, carefree life was sung.
Anapaest- a three-syllable foot in Russian syllabic-tonic versification with stress on the third syllable.
annotation- a brief explanation of the contents of the book.
Anonymous- a work without indicating the name of the author; the author of the work, who hid his name.
Antithesis- a turn of poetic speech in which, for expressiveness, directly opposite concepts, thoughts, and character traits of the characters are sharply contrasted.
Anthology- a collection of selected works by various authors.
Apostrophe- a turn of poetic speech consisting of addressing an inanimate phenomenon as an animate one and an absent person as a present one.
Architectonics- construction of a work of art, proportionality of its parts, chapters, episodes.
Aphorism- an idea expressed briefly and precisely.

Ballad- a lyric-epic poetic work with a clearly expressed plot of a historical or everyday nature.
Fable- a small work with ironic, satirical or moralizing content based on the technique of allegory, allegory. A fable differs from a parable or an apologist in the completeness of its plot development, and from other forms of allegorical narration, such as the allegorical novel, in its unity of action and conciseness of presentation.
Fiction-general name for fiction in prose and poetry. Fiction is now often referred to in the new meaning of "popular literature" as opposed to "high literature".
White poetry- poems that do not rhyme.
Beta reader- a person who reads a manuscript before sending it to the publishing house and points out errors (stylistic, grammatical, structural, etc.) to the author.
Euphony (euphony)- the quality of speech, which consists in the beauty and naturalness of its sound.
Burime- a poem composed according to predetermined, often unusual rhymes.
Burlesque- a comic narrative poem in which a sublime theme is presented ironically and parodically.
Bylina- Russian folk narrative song-poem about heroes and heroes.

Barbarism- a word or figure of speech borrowed from a foreign language. The unjustified use of barbarisms pollutes the native language.
Inspiration- a state of insight, creative upsurge.
Versification- a system of certain rules and techniques for constructing poetic speech, versification.
Vers libre- free verse without formal characteristics (meter and rhyme), but with some rhythm.
Layout- one of the stages of pre-press preparation of a book. The layout designer places text and illustrations as they will appear in the book. Layout is also called a pdf file that is sent to the author so that he can familiarize himself with the layout of the book.
Verses- poems on religious and secular topics with a mandatory rhyme at the end of the line.
Taste X artistic- the ability to correctly perceive and independently comprehend works of art; understanding the nature of artistic creativity and the ability to analyze a work of art.
Free poem- syllabic-tonic, usually iambic verse with an unequal number of feet in the poetic lines.
Rhetorical exclamation– expressive means of language; an appeal that serves the purpose of increasing emotionality usually creates a solemn, upbeat mood
Memoirs or memoirs- works of narrative literature about past events, written by their participants.
Vulgarism- a rude word, an incorrect turn of phrase, not accepted in literary speech.
Fiction- a figment of the writer's imagination.

Hexameter- poetic meter in ancient versification, in Russian - six-foot dactyl in combination with trochee.
Hero lyrical- a person in lyric poetry, whose experiences, thoughts and feelings are expressed in the poem on whose behalf it is written.
Hero literary works- the main or one of the main characters, possessing distinct character traits and behavior, a certain attitude towards other characters and life phenomena.
Hyperbola- a stylistic figure consisting of a figurative exaggeration of the depicted event or phenomenon.
Gradation- an expressive means of language, with the help of which the depicted feelings and thoughts are gradually strengthened or weakened.
Grotesque- an image of a person, events or phenomena in a fantastic, ugly-comic form.
Humanism- a worldview in which man in all his manifestations is declared the highest value.

Dactyl- a three-syllable foot in Russian syllabic-tonic versification, containing a stressed and two unstressed syllables.
Couplet- the simplest strophic formation of two verses, usually joined by rhyme.
Decadence- one of the manifestations of modernism, which is characterized by the preaching of meaningless art, mysticism, and extreme individualism.
Detective- a work of adventure literature.
Children's literature- works of different genres intended for children.
Dialectisms- words from a common national language, used mainly in a certain area and used in literary works to create local color or speech characteristics of characters
Dialogue- a conversation between two or more characters.
Dithyramb- a work of praise.
Dolnik- three-syllable meter with the omission of one or two unstressed syllables within the line.
Dramatic work or drama- a work intended to be staged.

Genre- a historically established division of a set of literary works, carried out on the basis of the specific properties of their form and content
Genre literature- a general name for works in which the main driving force is the plot. The moral development of the heroes is not important here. Genre works include detective stories, romance novels, science fiction, fantasy and horror.
Life- in ancient Russian literature, a story about the life of a hermit, monk or saint.

The beginning- the event from which the development of action in the work begins.
Mystery- a genre of folklore in which the correct answer must be found based on the image contained in the question.
Borrowing- the author's use of techniques, themes or ideas of another writer.
Initiation- the beginning of a work of Russian folk literary creativity - epics, fairy tales, etc.
Application- a letter sent by the author to the publishing house with a proposal to publish the manuscript.

Idealization- an image of something in a better form than in reality.
Ideological world works- area of artistic solutions. it includes the author’s assessments and ideal, artistic ideas and pathos of the work.
Idea artistic works- the main idea about the range of phenomena that are depicted in the work; expressed by the writer in artistic images.
Idyll- a poem that depicts a serene life in the lap of nature.
Imagism- literary movement; The imagists proclaimed the main task of artistic creativity to be the invention of new images.
Impressionism- literary movement; The impressionists considered the task of art to convey the writer’s immediate personal impressions.
Improvisation- creation of works without preliminary preparation.
Invective- sharp denunciation.
Inversion- a turn of poetic speech consisting of a peculiar arrangement of words in a sentence that violates the usual order.
Intonation- the main expressive means of spoken speech, which allows one to convey the speaker’s attitude to the subject of speech and to the interlocutor.
Intrigue- development of action in a complex plot of the work.
Irony- hidden mockery.

Pun- a play on words based on their sound similarity with different meanings
Cantata- a poem of a solemn nature, glorifying some joyful event or its hero.
Cantilena- a short narrative poem sung to music.
Canzona- a poem glorifying knightly love.
Caricature- a humorous or satirical depiction of events or persons.
Classic- the literary heritage of writers recognized as the best in world literature (Pushkin, Goethe, Gogol, Lermontov, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Shakespeare, etc.).
Classicism- literary direction (current) xvii - beginning. XIX centuries in Russia and Western Europe, based on imitation of ancient models and strict stylistic standards.
Classical literature- exemplary, most valuable literature of the past and present.
Clause- the final syllables of a poetic line, starting with the last stressed syllable.
Code- final, additional verse.
Collision- clash, struggle of active forces involved in conflict among themselves.
Comedy- a dramatic work based on humor, funny.
A comment- interpretation, explanation of the meaning of a work, episode, phrase.
Commercial literature- works intended for a wide audience and in great demand. Includes genre literature and mainstream literature.
Composition- structure of a work of art.
Context- an excerpt from a literary work; necessary to determine the meaning of words taken from it.
Contrast- a sharply expressed opposition of traits, qualities, properties of human character, object, phenomenon; literary device.
Conflict- a clash underlying the struggle of the characters in a work of art.
Ending- the final part or epilogue of a literary work.
Criticism- essays devoted to the assessment, analysis and interpretation of works of art.
Winged word- an apt expression that has become a proverb.
Climax- an episode of a literary work in which the conflict reaches a critical point in its development.
Verse- a stanza in a song that has a refrain; usually has a complete meaning, close to the stanzas.

Laconism- brevity in the expression of thoughts.
Legend- in folklore, an oral, folk story based on a miraculous event or image.
Leitmotif- an image or turn of artistic speech that is repeated in a work.
Lyrics- one of the main types of literature, reflecting life through the depiction of individual (single) states, thoughts, feelings, impressions and experiences of a person caused by certain circumstances.
Lyrical digression- the author’s expression of his feelings and thoughts in connection with what is depicted in the work.
Literature artistic- a field of art, the distinctive feature of which is the reflection of life, the creation of an artistic image using words.
Lubochnaya literature- cheap picture books sold by traveling peddlers.

Madrigal- a lyrical work of humorous, complimentary or love content.
Mastery artistic- the writer’s ability to convey the truth of life in artistic images.
Mainstream- works of art in which the main role is played not by the plot, but by the moral development of the characters.
Melodica verse- its intonation organization, raising and lowering the voice, conveying intonation and semantic shades.
Melodrama- a dramatic genre that orients the viewer towards compassion and sympathy for the characters.
Metaphor- the use of a word in a figurative sense to describe a person, object or phenomenon.
Method- the basic principles that guide the writer. artistic methods were realism, romanticism, sentimentalism, etc.
Metonymy- replacement in poetic speech of a name, phenomenon, concept or object with another that is inextricably linked with it in our minds.
Metric versification- a system of versification based on the alternation of short and long syllables in verse. This is what ancient versification is like.
Miniature- a short literary work.
Myth- an ancient legend about the origin of life on earth, about natural phenomena, about the exploits of gods and heroes.
Polyunion (polysyndeton)- turn of poetic speech; deliberate increase in the number of conjunctions in a sentence.
Modernism- a direction (current) in art that is opposite to realism and is characterized by the denial of traditions, conventional representation and experimentation.
Monologue- the speech of the actor addressed to the interlocutor or himself.
Monorhythm- a poem with a repeated rhyme.
Motive- in a literary work there are additional, secondary themes that, in combination with the main theme, form an artistic whole.
Motivation- the dependence of all elements of the artistic form of a work on its content.

Naturalism- a direction in literature of the last third of the 19th century, which asserted an extremely accurate and objective reproduction of reality, sometimes leading to the suppression of the author’s individuality.
Initial rhyme- consonance found at the beginning of a verse.
Neologism- new word.
Innovation- introducing new ideas and techniques.
Novella- a short prose work comparable to a story. The novella is more eventful, the plot is clearer, the plot twist leading to the denouement is clearer.

Image- artistic depiction in a literary work of a person, nature or individual phenomena.
Appeal- a turn of poetic speech, consisting in the writer’s emphasized appeal to the hero of his work, natural phenomena, and the reader.
Oh yeah- a laudatory poem dedicated to a solemn event or hero.
Octave- a stanza of eight verses in which the first six verses are combined by two cross rhymes, and the last two by an adjacent rhyme.
Personification (prosopopoeia)- a technique in which inanimate objects, animals, natural phenomena are endowed with human abilities and properties
Oneginskaya stanza- stanza used by a. With. Pushkin when writing the novel “Eugene Onegin”, consisting of three quatrains and a final couplet.
Opposition- a variant of the antithesis: opposition, opposition of views, behavior of characters at the level of characters (Onegin - Lensky) and at the level of concepts (“wreath - crown” in M. Lermontov’s poem “The Death of a Poet”).
Feature article– a literary work based on facts, documents, and observations of the author.

Pamphlet- a journalistic work with a clearly expressed accusatory orientation and a specific socio-political address.
Parallelism- a technique of poetic speech consisting of comparing two phenomena by depicting them in parallel.
Parody- a genre of literature that politically or satirically imitates the features of the original.
Libel- a work with offensive, slanderous content.
Pastoral- a poem describing the peaceful life of shepherds and shepherdesses in the lap of nature.
Pathos- the leading emotional tone of the work.
Scenery- depiction of nature in a literary work.
Transfer- transferring the end of a complete sentence from one poetic line or stanza to the next one.
Periphrase- replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of its essential features and characteristics.
Character- a character in a literary work.
Narrator- the person on whose behalf the story is told in epic and lyric epic works.
Proverb- a short figurative expression that does not have syntactic completeness.
Portrait- depiction of a character’s appearance in a work of art.
Dedication- an inscription at the beginning of the work indicating the person to whom it is dedicated.
Message- a literary work written in the form of an appeal to any person or persons.
Afterword- an additional part of the work, which contains the author’s explanations of his creation.
Proverb- a short wise saying containing a complete thought: “Live forever, learn forever,” “Without a friend there is a blizzard in the heart.”
Teaching- a literary work in the form of speech of an educational nature.
Poetry- artistic creativity in poetic form.
Poem- one of the types of lyric-epic works: the poem has a plot, events (which is typical for an epic work) and an open expression by the author of his feelings (as in lyrics).
joke- a sharp word or phrase.
Parable- an edifying story about human life in an allegorical or allegorical form.
Problem- a question that is explored by the writer in the work.
Issues- a list of problems raised in the work.
Prose- a work of art presented in ordinary (freely organized, not poetic) speech.
Prologue- introduction to a literary work.
Prototype- a real person whose life and character were reflected when the writer created a literary image.
Nickname- fictitious name or surname of the writer.
Journalism- a set of artistic works reflecting the social and political life of society.
Journey- a literary work that tells about a real or fictitious journey.

Denouement- the position of the characters that has developed in the work as a result of the development of the events depicted in it; final scene.
Size verse- the number and order of alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables in the feet of syllabic-tonic verse.
Rhapsode- a wandering ancient Greek poet-singer who sang epic songs to the lyre.
Short story or novella- the main genre of short narrative prose. A short story is a smaller form of fiction than a story or novel. Compared to more detailed narrative forms, stories do not have many characters and one plot line (rarely several) with the characteristic presence of a single problem.
Editorial- one of the text options of the work.
Remarque- an explanation by the author about a particular character, the setting of the action, intended for actors.
Replica- the response of one character to the speech of another.
Refrain- repeated verses at the end of each stanza.
Rhythm- systematic, measured repetition in verse of certain, similar units of speech (syllables).
Rhyme- endings of poetic lines that match in sound.
Genus literature- division according to fundamental characteristics: drama, lyricism, lyric epic, epic.
Romance- a small lyric poem of a melodious type on the theme of love.
Novel- a large narrative work, usually characterized by a variety of characters and a branching plot.
Rondo- an eight-line poem containing 13 (15) lines and 2 rhymes.
Rubaiyat- forms of lyrical poetry of the East: quatrains in which the first, second and fourth lines rhyme.

Saga– genre of Scandinavian and Icelandic epic literature; a heroic epic that combines poetic and prose descriptions of deeds.
Sarcasm- caustic mockery.
Satire- works of art that ridicule vicious phenomena in the life of society or the negative qualities of an individual.
Free verse (free verse)- a verse in which the number of stressed and unstressed syllables is arbitrary; it is based on a homogeneous syntactic organization that determines the uniform intonation of the verse.
Syllabic versification- it is based on the same number of syllables in a poetic line.
Syllabic-tonic versification- a system of versification, which is determined by the number of syllables, the number of stresses and their location in the poetic line.
Symbolism- literary movement; Symbolists created and used a system of symbols that had a special mystical meaning.
Tale- a way of organizing a narrative, focused on oral, often popular speech.
Legend (legend)- a work of art based on an incident that took place in reality.
Syllable- a sound or combination of sounds in a word pronounced with one exhalation; primary rhythmic unit in poetic measured speech.
Sonnet- a type of complex stanza consisting of 14 verses, divided into 2 quatrains and 2 tercets.
Comparison- definition of a phenomenon or concept in artistic speech by comparing it with another phenomenon that has common features with the first.
Stanzas- a small form of lyric poetry, consisting of quatrains, complete in thought.
Stylistics- a branch of literary theory that studies the features of the language of works.
Style- a set of basic ideological and artistic features of the writer’s work.
Poem- measured, rhythmically organized, brightly emotional speech.
Versification- a system for constructing measured poetic speech, which is based on some repeating rhythmic unit of speech.
Poetic speech- unlike prose, speech is rhythmically ordered, consisting of similar sounding segments - lines, stanzas. Poems often have rhyme.
Foot- in syllabic-tonic versification, repeated combinations of stressed and unstressed syllables in a verse, which determine its size.
Stanza- a combination of two or more poetic lines, united by a rhyme system and general intonation or only general intonation.
Plot- the main episodes of the event series in their artistic sequence.

Tautogram- a poem in which all words begin with the same letter.
Creative story- the history of the creation of a work of art.
Creative process- the writer’s work on the work.
Subject- an object of artistic reflection.
Subjects- a set of themes of the work.
Trend- an idea, a conclusion to which the author seeks to lead the reader.
Literary movement- creative unity of writers close to each other in ideology, perception of life and creativity.
Tercet- a poetic stanza consisting of 3 verses (lines) that rhyme with each other or with the corresponding verses of the subsequent terzetto.
Type- an artistic image that reflects the main characteristic features of a certain group of people or phenomena.
Tragedy- a dramatic genre that is built on an insoluble conflict. A type of dramatic work telling about the unfortunate fate of the main character, often doomed to death.
Treatise– genre of scientific literature; a complete essay on a scientific topic, containing a statement of the problem, a system of evidence for its solution and conclusions.
Trope- a figure of speech consisting of the use of a word or expression in a figurative meaning or sense.

Urbanism- a direction in literature primarily concerned with describing the features of life in a big city.
Utopia- a work depicting a fictional picture of an ideal life arrangement.
Oral folk poetry (folklore)– a set of poetic works created among the people, existing in oral form; they do not have a single author’s position, which is replaced by an orientation towards a national ideal.

Fable- arrangement of the main events of a literary work in their chronological sequence.
Fantastic- a world of incredible, wonderful ideas and images born of imagination.
Feuilleton- a type of newspaper article ridiculing the vices of society.
Stylistic figure- an unusual turn of phrase that the writer resorts to to enhance the expressiveness of the literary word.
Folklore- a set of works of oral folk poetry.

Character- an artistic image of a person with pronounced individual traits.
Trochee- two-syllable poetic meter with stress on the first syllable.
Chronicle- a narrative or dramatic literary work that depicts events in public life in chronological order.
Artistic media- means that make artistic speech more vivid and expressive (epithet, comparison, etc.).
Artistic method- a set of the most general principles and features of the figurative reflection of life in art, which are consistently repeated in the work of a number of writers and thereby form a literary movement. To the artistic. methods (and directions) include classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism and realism.
Artistic image- a person, object, phenomenon, picture of life, creatively recreated in a work of art.

Censorship- a pause in the middle of a verse (line) of a poetic work.
Cycle- a series of artistic works united by the same characters, era, thought or experience.

Ditty- a small work of oral folk poetry with humorous, satirical or lyrical content.

Euphemism- replacement of harsh expressions in poetic speech with softer ones.
Aesopov language- an allegorical, disguised way of expressing one’s thoughts.
Eclogue- a short poem depicting rural life.
Exposition- introductory, initial part of the plot; unlike the plot, it does not affect the course of subsequent events in the work.
Impromptu- a work created quickly, without preparation.
Elegy- a poem permeated with sadness or a dreamy mood.
Epigram- a short witty, mocking or satirical poem.
Epigraph- a short text placed at the beginning of the work and explaining the author’s intention.
Episode- one of the interconnected events in the plot, which has more or less independent meaning in the work.
Epilogue- the final part of the work, briefly informing the reader about the fate of the heroes.
Epithet- figurative definition.
Epic work- a work of art in which the author tells about people, the world around us, and various events. Types of epic works: novel, story, short story, fable, fairy tale, parable, etc.
Essay– a work of the epic genre, containing subjective, unconventional reasoning of the author, which does not pretend to be an exhaustive description and in-depth study of the problem raised. The essay is distinguished by its free composition and focus on figurative, aphoristic language, and a conversation with the reader.

Humor- a type of pathos based on the comic. Unlike satire, humor does not reject or ridicule the comic in life, but accepts and affirms it as an inevitable and necessary side of existence. Humor is an expression of cheerfulness and healthy optimism.
Humoresque- a short humorous work in prose or poetry.

Iambic- a two-syllable meter in Russian versification, consisting of an unstressed and stressed syllable.

DICTIONARY OF LITERARY TERMS

Paragraph (fromGerman move back) - 1) indent at the beginning of the line,Red line; 2) part of the text that representsthe battle is a separate semantic passage and is indentedin the first line.

Joke (Greek unpublished) - short oral historywith a witty ending that can have a humorousor satirical overtones. In fictionan anecdote is sometimes introduced into a character's speech or into thenarration.

Aphorism (Greek saying) - the author’s thought expressedin a concise form and distinguished by the ultimate expressionness. An aphorism affects the consciousness of the reader orginal wording and is unexpectedjudgments.

It is easy and pleasant to speak the truth.M. Bulgakov

Ballad (fromItalian dance) - a short poem witha complete fantasy or heroic plotcharacter.

Fable - a short piece of narrativecharacter in verses with moralizing, satiricalmore ironic content. Using images of the bellyanimate or inanimate objects (sometimes people) in basshuman or social vices are not exposed.Usually a fable is a small scene in whichwhich depicts some event or developmentsThere is a dispute between the actors. As a rule, inthe fable contains a conclusion from the drawn allegoricalpictures (morality, morality).

Bylina - Russian narrative song-poem about boGatyrs and folk heroes, folded in the old daysby popular singer-storytellers and orally transmittedfrom generation to generation. According to the content of the epic termsbut are divided intoheroic Andhistorical and everyday.

Hymn (Greek solemn song) - in Ancient Greecea solemn poem glorifying the legendny heroes or gods. In the future - solemn,a song of praise in which a person is praisedor event. Beginning withXIXcentury anthem - solemna song expressing and glorifying a national orstate unity.

Dialogue (Greek conversation between two people) - conversationbetween two or more actors in xymagisterial work.

Mystery - type of oral folk art; plansThis allegorical definition of any previousmeta or phenomenon proposed as a question for guessingvaniya.

The tablecloth was white and covered the whole world.(Snow) Antoshka stands on one leg.(Mushroom)

Historical song - a folk narrative song dedicated to a historical event or hero. Historical songs are works of oralfolk art, composed of epic verse, sung.

Winged words - apt expressions, often shortquotes or aphorisms that have become widespreadunderstanding in live speech.

Time is money.B. Franklin

Legend (lat. what should be read) - folka legend about some remarkable event in lifesociety or about an outstanding act of a personcentury. Varyhistorical, religious, everyday Andother legends.

Chronicle - description of historical events by year,which was created by learned people, most often monksmi. The oldest Russian chronicle is called “The Taletemporary years"; compiled by a monk of Kiev-Pecherskmonastery by Nestor in 1112.

Myth (Greek word, legend) - a legend conveyingideas of people in ancient times about the origin of the worldand life on earth, about gods and heroes. We are most famousphys of Ancient Greece.

Monologue (from Greek I say one) - in literary workconducting the speech of the actor addressed to himselfyourself or other actors.

Scenery (fr. area, country) - description of paintings withchildbirth in a work of art, which is often usedLives as an additional means for a more expressivegreat depiction of the state of mind of literaryheroes.

Character (lat. personality, person) - is it valid?literary work.

Song (song) - one of the most ancient forms of lyricalpoetry, a poem intended to be sung andusually consisting of several stanzas (couplets), often withchorus. In ancient times, the lyrics of the song consisted of onetemporarily with the melody and was inseparable from music and movementnies who accompanied her during work, folkfestivities, during the performance of religious or household ritesDov. Highlightlabor, ritual, everyday, lyrical Andhistorical songs.

Tale - a narrative work with a plotmore complex than in the story, and usually larger in volumeto him.

Proverb - type of oral folk art; markfigurative expression defining some lifenew phenomenon. Unlike a proverb, a saying is lesson direct instructive meaning and is limited tosome allegorical definition of some phenomenonnia.As is the master, so is the work. Seven Fridays a week.

Portrait - description of the character’s appearance (facial features,clothes, figures, postures, features of gestures, gait, manner of speaking and bearing)

Proverb - type of oral folk art; a short (often in poetic form) figurative saying aboutwater of various life phenomena. Most often, a proverb consists of two parts: a figurative image of someor the apparition and the final teaching. In proverbsa variety of artistic media are usedexpressiveness, they reflect folk wisdom.Food is known by taste, and skill by art.

Teaching - one of the types of ancient Russian literature; whethera literary work of an edifying nature.

Poem (fromGreek I do, I create) - a large poetic poema work that tells about the actions andexperiences of literary heroes, about events in whichthey participate, as well as about the author’s feelings and experiences.

joke - a humorous folk expression, complete withoutoffensive humor.

There's a washcloth on the stake - start over.

Saying - a type of Russian joke. Typically used at the beginning, middle and end of a tale:in neko Thor's kingdom (at first);nothing to do (in the middle);Here A fairy tale for you, but a glass of butter for me (at the end).

Parable - a short story that concludesmeaningful moral or religious teaching.Widely represented in the Bible, in allegorical formexpresses various spiritual instructions.

Nickname (Greek fictitious name) - fictitiousthe name or surname with which the authors sign theirworks or under which actors perform ontheater stage.

Story - a short work of art aboutany event in a person’s life without a detailed picturereflections of what wasbefore Andafter this event.

Fairy tale - a work in prose (less often in verse) about fictionlennyh events. This is the oldest and most widespreada form of oral folk art among all peoples, fromreflecting folk traditions, life and characters. According toholding is distinguishedmagical, everyday, satirical, humorous, political fairy tales.

Patter - a phrase deliberately built onreading sounds or words that are difficult to pronounce together.Used to teach good diction and to displaymaintaining a clear pronunciation of certain sounds, andalso for fun game tasks.

Karl stole corals from Clara, And Clara stole Karl’s clarinet.

Poem (Greek row, order) - poetic prothe product is usually of small volume.

Plot (fr. subject) - a number of interconnected and relatedconsequently the developing events that make upcontent of a literary work.

Text (lat. textile; connection, connection) - several sentences or paragraphs interconnected into a single wholetheme and main idea. The text can representfight and an entire article or book.

Folklore (English) folk wisdom) - oral folkpoetic creativity. Types of folklore includewould lines, folk songs, fairy tales, ditties, proverbs, pogos vorki, riddles. All these works created in ancient timestion times, in oral transmission are subject to processingke. As a result, various variants of one andthe same work.

Quote (fromlat. call as witnesses) - verbatim youexcerpt from any work, someone’s speech,provided by the author for clarification or confirmationyour thoughts.

Ditty - one of the types of folklore; a short (usually four lines) song in response to topical issuestia of a socio-political or everyday nature.

Vanya sits at the gate, With his mouth wide open. And no one will understand Where is the gate and where is the mouth.

Epigraph (Greek inscription) - among the ancient Greeks: inscription onany subject. Currently: phrase (oftenquotation), placed before the essay or before its separate section, in which the author explains his intention,the idea of the whole work or part of it.

Episode (Greek insert) - a small part of literaryworks that play in a sequence of eventsa certain role. These are the actions of the characters, smallincidents or major events that guide timestwist of action.

LITERARY TERMS

Author - writer who created oneor a series of works.

Allegory - allegory, imagesome kind of distractionconcrete idea in the concrete,clearly presentingtimes. For example, in the fable"Dragonfly and Ant" Strekofor - this is an allegory of frivolityLeah, and the Ant is prescientruthlessness.

Antithesis - artistic proticomparison of charactersimages, concepts, etc.,creating the effect of sharp contrast.

Archaisms - words and phrases thatrye were used in the pastcrowbar to indicate someor objects, phenomena orconcepts, but are superseded by othersin the same words and phrases,which are used intemporary speech.

Poster - list of existingpersons in the play.

Ballad - a short poemwith historical or Fantastatic plot.

Fable - short allegorical

satirical storyproblems with morality.

Blank verse - poetic productionleading without rhyme.

Bylina - Russian folklore genrera; the song that tells storiestalks about the exploits of heroes and reflects the life of the Middle Ageshowl of Rus'.

Hyperbola - artistic preincrease, strengthening of qualities or results of actions.

Dialogue - conversation between two or morepersons

The beginning - initial moment of developmentevents depictedin a work of artNI.

Idea - the main idea,the plan that determinesholding the work. Ideacan be formulatedby the author in the text in the form of a clearconclusion (for example, morality infable), or can logically follow from the entire work.Climax - the highest point of tension in the development of actionsartistic productioninformation

Lyrics - a type of literary workknowledge depicting dothe spiritual world of man, hisfeelings, moods, experiencesvaniya.

Metaphor - hidden comparison, inwhich lacks the words:as if, as if.(For example, "emerald trava).

Myth - A legend that arose in the depthsside of antiquity, in whichnatural phenomena were explainedYes, the origin of the world andman with the help of artpersonal fantasy.

Monologue - expanded statementlack of one activetsa or the author of the work.

Morality - an instructive conclusion inwork of artnii, usually in a fable.

Personification - endowment of phenomenaor objects of inanimate nature with human qualities (speech, laughter, thoughts, experiences).

Repeat - repetition of one phrase,words or phrases infor some time nowcutting text; usedfor rhythmicity, as well asto highlight special significanceour thoughts, feelings, images.

Prologue - element of composition, towhich precedes the plot.

Denouement - final pointin the development of action worsereal work.

Comparison - comparison of people,objects, phenomena according to theirexternal resemblancequalities that they share. For examplemeasures: "Anchar, how formidablehourly..."

Plot - a chain of events that

develop in the work.

Subject - a range of problems, life phenomena on which to focusthe author of a literary work sharpened his attention.

Fragment - excerpt, part of productionmanagement

Epigraph - a short saying thatswarm is placed in front of productionleading, expressing its headsnew thought or attitudeauthor to the events.

Epithet - artistic definitiontion. For example:"The lonely sail is white

Basic artistic techniques,

used by the authors in literary works

Comparison - comparison of objects or phenomenaniy on a general basis. Most often the comparison is madeusing wordsas, exactly, as if, as if.

Moon,How pale spot,

Through the gloomy clouds it turned yellow...

A. Pushkin

Epithet - figurative definition of someproperties or qualities of an object, phenomenon:silk curls, silver dew, shining eyes, greedy sight.

In folk poetry they often useThese are the so-called permanent epithets:red devi tsa, Kind Well done, blue sea, black clouds, green grass.

Personification - transfer of properties of living susociety on an inanimate object.

Green hairstyle,

Girlish breasts,

O thin birch tree,

Why did you look into the pond? S. Yesenin

Metaphor - transference to a phenomenon that hothey want to depict the names of another, well-knownphenomena. Young peals thunder,

The rain is splashing, the dust is flying,

Hungpearls rain,

And the sunthreads gilds. F. Tyutchev

Our everyday speech is replete with metaphors:cold heart, killed grief, break head and etc.

Hyperbola - artistic exaggerationdimensions and sizes of objects or phenomena: Isaid those damn it a million times.

Hyperboles are often used in fairy tales.(the forest is high before heaven), in epics(sword weighing one hundred poods).

Allegory - allegory; image distracteda new concept through a specific image. Reception more oftengo is used in fables and fairy tales. Cunning is embodied in the image of a fox, cowardice - in the image of a hare, stubbornproperty - in the form of a donkey, etc.

The fox sees the cheese, - The fox is captivated by the cheese,Cheat approaches the tree on tiptoe;He twirls his tail and doesn’t take his eyes off Crow...

I. Krylov

Phraseologisms - stable combinations of words:my friend and I ate not alone peck of salt.

Exclamation - exclamation words and prepositionsexpressions used to enhance feelings.

Hurry up, my dear! You are losing Hour after Hour! You can't count the stars!

K. Sluchevsky

A rhetorical question - interrogative sentencea sentence that does not require an answer. This is how the writer drawsreaders' attention to some problem or phenomenon,making you think.

"Guys!Isn't Moscow behind us?

We'll die near Moscow..."

M. Lermontov

Irony - ridicule; The technique is based on the contrast of visible and hidden meaning.

“Ai, Moska!know she's strong

What barks at the Elephant!

I. Krylov

Synonyms - words that are close in meaning.

A magical dreamfascinated,

Allentangled allshackled

Light down chain...

F. Tyutchev

Antonyms - words with opposite meanings.

In a daydespondency accept it:Dayfun, Believe it will come.

A. Pushkin

Repeat - use of the same words throughoutrequests or exclamations to enhance emotional impression.

Moscow, I thought about you!Moscow... there is so much in this soundFor the Russian heart it has merged!

A. Pushkin

Dictionary of literary terms

Autology – an artistic technique of figuratively expressing a poetic idea not in poetic words and expressions, but in simple everyday ones.

And everyone looks with respect,

How again without panic

I slowly put on my pants

And almost new

From the point of view of the sergeant major,

Canvas boots...

Acmeism – a movement in Russian poetry in the first two decades of the 20th century, the center of which was the “Workshop of Poets” circle, and the main platform was the magazine “Apollo”. The Acmeists contrasted the realism of material mother nature and the sensual, plastic-material clarity of artistic language with the social content of art, abandoning the poetics of vague hints and the mysticism of symbolism in the name of a “return to the earth,” to the subject, to the exact meaning of the word (A. Akhmatova, S. Gorodetsky , N. Gumilyov, M. Zenkevich, O. Mandelstam).

Allegory- allegorical image of an abstract concept or phenomenon through a concrete image; personification of human properties or qualities. The allegory consists of two elements:
1. semantic - this is any concept or phenomenon (wisdom, cunning, kindness, childhood, nature, etc.) that the author seeks to depict without naming it;
2. figurative-objective - this is a specific object, a creature depicted in a work of art and representing a named concept or phenomenon.

Alliteration- repetition in poetic speech (less often in prose) of the same consonant sounds in order to enhance the expressiveness of artistic speech; one of the types of sound recording.

Evening. Seaside. Sighs of the wind.

The majestic cry of the waves.

A storm is coming. It hits the shore

A black boat alien to enchantment.

K.D.Balmont

Alogism – an artistic device that uses phrases that contradict logic to emphasize the internal inconsistency of certain dramatic or comic situations - to prove, as if by contradiction, a certain logic and, therefore, the truth of the position of the author (and then the reader), who understands the illogical phrase as a figurative expression (the title of the novel by Yu. Bondarev "Hot Snow").

Amphibrachium- a three-syllable poetic meter, in which the stress falls on the second syllable - stressed among unstressed ones - in the foot. Scheme: U-U| U-U...

The midnight blizzard was noisy

In the forest and remote side.

Anapaest- a three-syllable poetic meter, in which the stress falls on the last, third, syllable in the foot. Scheme: UU- | UU-…
People's houses are clean, bright,
But in our house it’s cramped, stuffy...

N.A. Nekrasov.

Anaphora- unity of command; repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of several phrases or stanzas.
I love you, Petra's creation,
I love your strict, slender appearance...

A.S. Pushkin.

Antithesis- a stylistic device based on a sharp contrast of concepts and images, most often based on the use of antonyms:
I am a king - I am a slave, I am a worm - I am a god!

G.R.Derzhavin

Antiphrase(s) – using words or expressions in a clearly contrary sense. "Well done!" - as a reproach.

Assonance- repeated repetition in poetic speech (less often in prose) of homogeneous vowel sounds. Sometimes assonance is called an imprecise rhyme in which the vowels coincide, but the consonants do not coincide (hugeness - I’ll come to my senses; thirst - it’s a pity). Enhances the expressiveness of speech.
The room became dark.
The window obscures the slope.
Or is this a dream?
Ding dong. Ding dong.

I.P. Tokmakova.

Aphorism – a clear, easy-to-remember, precise, brief expression of a certain completeness of thought. Aphorisms often become individual lines of poetry or phrases of prose: “Poetry is everything! - a ride into the unknown." (V. Mayakovsky)

Ballad- a narrative song with a dramatic development of the plot, the basis of which is an unusual incident, one of the types of lyric-epic poetry. The ballad is based on an extraordinary story, reflecting the essential aspects of the relationship between a person and society, people among themselves, the most important features of a person.

Bard – a poet-singer, usually a performer of his own poems, often set to his own music.

Fable – a short poetic story-allegory of a moralizing nature.

Blank verse- unrhymed verses with metric organization (i.e., organized through a system of rhythmically repeating accents). Widely distributed in oral folk art and was actively used in the 18th century.
Forgive me, maiden beauty!
I will part with you forever,
Young girl, I’ll cry.
I'll let you go, beauty,
I'll let you go with ribbons...

Folk song.

Epics - Old Russian epic songs and tales, glorifying the exploits of heroes, reflecting historical events of the 11th - 16th centuries.

Barbarism – a word or figure of speech borrowed from a foreign language. The unjustified use of barbarisms pollutes the native language.

Vers libre- a modern system of versification, which represents a kind of border between verse and prose (it lacks rhyme, meter, traditional rhythmic ordering; the number of syllables in a line and lines in a stanza can be different; there is also no equality of emphasis characteristic of blank verse. Their poetic features speech remains divided into lines with a pause at the end of each line and weakened symmetry of speech (the emphasis falls on the last word of the line).
She came in from the cold
Flushed,
Filled the room
The aroma of air and perfume,
In a ringing voice
And completely disrespectful to classes
Chatting.

Eternal image - an image from a work of classic world literature, expressing certain features of human psychology, which has become a common name of one type or another: Faust, Plyushkin, Oblomov, Don Quixote, Mitrofanushka, etc.

Inner monologue - the announcement of thoughts and feelings that reveal the character’s inner experiences, not intended for the hearing of others, when the character speaks as if to himself, “to the side.”

Vulgarism – simple, even seemingly rude, seemingly unacceptable expressions in poetic speech, used by the author to reflect the specific nature of the phenomenon being described, to characterize a character, sometimes similar to vernacular.

Hero lyrical- the image of the poet (his lyrical “I”), whose experiences, thoughts and feelings are reflected in the lyrical work. The lyrical hero is not identical to the biographical personality. The idea of a lyrical hero is of a summary nature and is formed in the process of familiarization with the inner world that is revealed in lyrical works not through actions, but through experiences, mental states, and manner of verbal self-expression.

Literary hero - character, protagonist of a literary work.

Hyperbola- a means of artistic representation based on excessive exaggeration; figurative expression, which consists in an exorbitant exaggeration of events, feelings, strength, meaning, size of the depicted phenomenon; an outwardly effective form of presenting what is depicted. Can be idealizing and humiliating.

Gradation- stylistic device, arrangement of words and expressions, as well as means of artistic representation in increasing or decreasing importance. Types of gradation: increasing (climax) and decreasing (anti-climax).
Increasing gradation:
Orata's bipod is maple,
The damask boots on the bipod,
The bipod's snout is silver,
And the horn of the bipod is red and gold.

Epic about Volga and Mikula
Descending gradation:
Fly! less fly! disintegrated into a grain of sand.

N.V.Gogol

Grotesque – a bizarre mixture in the image of the real and the fantastic, the beautiful and the ugly, the tragic and the comic - for a more impressive expression of creative intent.

Dactyl- a three-syllable poetic meter, in which the stress falls on the first syllable in the foot. Scheme: -UU| -UU...
Heavenly clouds, eternal wanderers!
The azure steppe, the pearl chain
You rush as if, like me, you are exiles,
From the sweet north to the south.

M.Yu.Lermontov

Decadence – a phenomenon in literature (and art in general) of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, reflecting the crisis of the transitional stage of social relations in the minds of some spokesmen for the sentiments of social groups whose ideological foundations were being destroyed by the turning points of history.

Artistic detail – detail that emphasizes the semantic authenticity of the work with material, eventual authenticity - concretizing this or that image.

Dialectisms – words borrowed by the literary language or by a specific author in his work from local dialects: “Well, go - and okay, you have to climb the hill, the house is nearby” (F. Abramov).

Dialogue - exchange of remarks, messages, live speech between two or more persons.

Drama – 1. One of three types of literature, defining works intended for stage execution. It differs from the epic in that it has not a narrative, but a dialogical form; from the lyrics - in that it reproduces the world external to the author. Divided into genres: tragedy, comedy, and also drama itself. 2. Drama is also called a dramatic work that does not have clear genre characteristics, combining techniques of different genres; sometimes such a work is simply called a play.

Unity of people – the technique of repeating similar sounds, words, linguistic structures at the beginning of adjacent lines or stanzas.

Wait for the snow to blow

Wait for it to be hot

Wait when others are not waiting...

K. Simonov

AND

Literary genre - a historically developing type of literary work, the main features of which, constantly changing along with the development of the diversity of forms and content of literature, are sometimes identified with the concept of “type”; but more often the term genre defines a type of literature based on content and emotional characteristics: satirical genre, detective genre, historical essay genre.

Jargon, Also argo - words and expressions borrowed from the language of internal communication of certain social groups of people. The use of jargon in literature allows us to more clearly define the social or professional characteristics of the characters and their environment.

Lives of the Saints - a description of the lives of people canonized by the church (“The Life of Alexander Nevsky”, “The Life of Alexy the Man of God”, etc.).

Tie – an event that determines the occurrence of a conflict in a literary work. Sometimes it coincides with the beginning of the work.

Beginning – the beginning of a work of Russian folk literature - epics, fairy tales, etc. (“Once upon a time...”, “In the distant kingdom, in the thirtieth state...”).

Sound organization of speech- purposeful use of elements of the sound composition of the language: vowels and consonants, stressed and unstressed syllables, pauses, intonation, repetitions, etc. It is used to enhance the artistic expressiveness of speech. The sound organization of speech includes: sound repetitions, sound writing, onomatopoeia.

Sound recording- a technique for enhancing the imagery of a text by constructing phrases and lines of poetry in a sound manner that would correspond to the reproduced scene, picture, or expressed mood. In sound writing, alliteration, assonance, and sound repetitions are used. Sound recording enhances the image of a certain phenomenon, action, state.

Onomatopoeia- a type of sound recording; the use of sound combinations that can reflect the sound of the described phenomena, similar in sound to those depicted in artistic speech ("thunder rumbles", "horns roar", "cuckoos crow", "echoes of laughter").

AND

The idea of a work of art - the main idea that summarizes the semantic, figurative, emotional content of a work of art.

Imagism – a literary movement that appeared in Russia after the October Revolution of 1917, proclaiming the image as an end in itself of a work, and not as a means of expressing the essence of the content and reflecting reality. It broke up on its own in 1927. At one time, S. Yesenin joined this trend.

Impressionism- a direction in art of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which asserted that the main task of artistic creativity is the expression of the artist’s subjective impressions of the phenomena of reality.

Improvisation – direct creation of a work in the process of performance.

Inversion- violation of the generally accepted grammatical sequence of speech; rearrangement of parts of a phrase, giving it special expressiveness; an unusual sequence of words in a sentence.
And the maiden's song is barely audible

Valleys in deep silence.

A.S. Pushkin

Interpretation – interpretation, explanation of ideas, themes, figurative systems and other components of a work of art in literature and criticism.

Intrigue – system, and sometimes the mystery, complexity, mystery of events, on the unraveling of which the plot of the work is built.

Irony – a kind of comic, bitter or, on the contrary, kind ridicule, by ridiculing this or that phenomenon, exposing its negative features and thereby confirming the positive aspects foreseen by the author in the phenomenon.

Historical songs – a genre of folk poetry that reflects the people's understanding of genuine historical events in Rus'.

Literary canon - a symbol, image, plot, born of centuries-old folklore and literary traditions and which has become, to a certain extent, normative: light is good, darkness is evil, etc.

Classicism – an artistic movement that developed in European literature of the 17th century, which is based on the recognition of ancient art as the highest example, ideal, and works of antiquity as the artistic norm. Aesthetics is based on the principle of rationalism and “imitation of nature.” Cult of the mind. A work of art is organized as an artificial, logically constructed whole. Strict plot and compositional organization, schematism. Human characters are depicted in a straightforward manner; positive and negative heroes are contrasted. Actively addressing social and civil issues. Emphasized objectivity of the narrative. Strict hierarchy of genres. High: tragedy, epic, ode. Low: comedy, satire, fable. Mixing high and low genres is not allowed. The leading genre is tragedy.

Collision – generating a conflict that underlies the action of a literary work, a contradiction between the characters of the heroes of this work, or between characters and circumstances, the collisions of which constitute the plot of the work.

Comedy – a dramatic work that uses satire and humor to ridicule the vices of society and man.

Composition – arrangement, alternation, correlation and interrelation of parts of a literary work, serving the most complete embodiment of the artist’s plan.

Context – the general meaning (theme, idea) of the work, expressed in its entire text or in a sufficiently meaningful passage, cohesion, connection with which the quotation, and indeed any passage in general, should not lose.

Artistic conflict - figurative reflection in a work of art of the actions of the forces of struggle of interests, passions, ideas, characters, political aspirations, both personal and social. Conflict adds spice to the plot.

Climax – in a literary work, a scene, event, episode where the conflict reaches its highest tension and a decisive clash occurs between the characters and aspirations of the heroes, after which the transition to the denouement begins in the plot.

Legend – narratives that initially told about the lives of saints, then - religious-didactic, and sometimes fantastic biographies of historical, or even fairy-tale heroes, whose deeds express the national character, which entered worldly use.

Leitmotif- an expressive detail, a specific artistic image, repeated many times, mentioned, passing through a separate work or the entire work of the writer.

Chronicles – handwritten Russian historical narratives telling about events in the life of the country by year; each story began with the word: “Summer... (year...)”, hence the name - chronicle.

Lyrics- one of the main types of literature, reflecting life through the depiction of individual (single) states, thoughts, feelings, impressions and experiences of a person caused by certain circumstances. Feelings and experiences are not described, but expressed. The center of artistic attention is the image-experience. The characteristic features of the lyrics are poetic form, rhythm, lack of plot, small size, a clear reflection of the experiences of the lyrical hero. The most subjective type of literature.

Lyrical digression - deviation from descriptions of events, characters in an epic or lyric-epic work, where the author (or the lyrical hero on whose behalf the story is told) expresses his thoughts and feelings about what is being described, his attitude towards it, addressing directly the reader.

Litota – 1. The technique of downplaying a phenomenon or its details is a reverse hyperbole (the fabulous “boy as big as a finger” or “a little man... in big mittens, and himself as big as a fingernail” by N. Nekrasov).

2. Reception of the characterization of a particular phenomenon not by a direct definition, but by the negation of the opposite definition:

The key to nature is not lost,

Proud work is not in vain...

V. Shalamov

Metaphor- figurative meaning of a word, based on the use of one object or phenomenon to another by similarity or contrast; a hidden comparison based on the similarity or contrast of phenomena, in which the words “as”, “as if”, “as if” are absent, but implied.
Bee for field tribute
Flies from a wax cell.

A.S. Pushkin

Metaphor increases the accuracy of poetic speech and its emotional expressiveness. A type of metaphor is personification.
Types of metaphor:
1. lexical metaphor, or erased, in which the direct meaning is completely destroyed; “it’s raining”, “time is running”, “clock hand”, “doorknob”;
2. a simple metaphor - built on the convergence of objects or on one of their common features: “hail of bullets”, “talk of waves”, “dawn of life”, “table leg”, “dawn is blazing”;
3. realized metaphor - literal understanding of the meanings of the words that make up the metaphor, emphasizing the direct meanings of the words: “But you don’t have a face - you’re only wearing a shirt and trousers” (S. Sokolov).
4. expanded metaphor - the spread of a metaphorical image over several phrases or the entire work (for example, A.S. Pushkin’s poem “The Cart of Life” or “He couldn’t sleep for a long time: the remaining husk of words clogged and tormented the brain, stabbed in the temples, there’s no way was to get rid of it" (V. Nabokov)
A metaphor is usually expressed by a noun, a verb, and then other parts of speech.

Metonymy- rapprochement, comparison of concepts by contiguity, when a phenomenon or object is designated using other words and concepts: “a steel speaker is dozing in a holster” - a revolver; “led swords at a plentiful pace” - led warriors into battle; “The little owl began to sing” - the violinist began to play his instrument.

Myths – works of folk fantasy that personify reality in the form of gods, demons, and spirits. They were born in ancient times, preceding the religious and, especially, scientific understanding and explanation of the world.

Modernism – designation of many trends, directions in art that determine the desire of artists to reflect modernity with new means, improving, modernizing - in their opinion - traditional means in accordance with historical progress.

Monologue – the speech of one of the literary heroes, addressed either to himself, or to others, or to the public, isolated from the remarks of other heroes, having independent meaning.

Motive- 1. The smallest element of the plot; the simplest, indivisible element of a narrative (a stable and endlessly repeating phenomenon). Numerous motifs make up various plots (for example, the motif of the road, the motif of the search for the missing bride, etc.). This meaning of the term is more often used in relation to works of oral folk art.

2. “Stable semantic unit” (B.N. Putilov); “a semantically rich component of the work, related to the theme, idea, but not identical to them” (V.E. Khalizev); a semantic (substantive) element essential for understanding the author’s concept (for example, the motive of death in “The Tale of the Dead Princess...” by A.S. Pushkin, the motive of cold in “light breathing” - “Easy Breathing” by I. A. Bunin, motive full moon in "The Master and Margarita" by M.A. Bulgakov).

Naturalism – direction in literature of the last third of the 19th century, which asserted an extremely accurate and objective reproduction of reality, sometimes leading to the suppression of the author’s individuality.

Neologisms – newly formed words or expressions.

Novella – a short piece of prose comparable to a short story. The novella is more eventful, the plot is clearer, the plot twist leading to the denouement is clearer.

ABOUT

Artistic image - 1. The main way of perceiving and reflecting reality in artistic creativity, a form of knowledge of life and expression of this knowledge specific to art; the goal and result of the search, and then identifying, highlighting, emphasizing with artistic techniques those features of a phenomenon that most fully reveal its aesthetic, moral, socially significant essence. 2. The term “image” sometimes denotes one or another trope in a work (the image of freedom - “the star of captivating happiness” by A.S. Pushkin), as well as one or another literary hero (the image of the wives of the Decembrists E. Trubetskoy and M. Volkonskaya N. Nekrasova).

Oh yeah- a poem of an enthusiastic nature (solemn, glorifying) in honor of some
either persons or events.

Oxymoron, or oxymoron- a figure based on a combination of words with opposite meanings for the purpose of an unusual, impressive expression of some new concept, representation: hot snow, a stingy knight, lush nature withering.

Personification- the depiction of inanimate objects as animate, in which they are endowed with the properties of living beings: the gift of speech, the ability to think and feel.
What are you howling about, night wind,
Why are you complaining so madly?

F.I.Tyutchev

Onegin stanza - stanza created by A.S. Pushkin in the novel “Eugene Onegin”: 14 lines (but not a sonnet) of iambic tetrameter with the rhyme ababvvggdeejj (3 quatrains alternately - with a cross, paired and sweeping rhyme and a final couplet: designation of the theme, its development, culmination , ending).

Feature article- a type of small form of epic literature, different from its other form, story, the absence of a single, quickly resolved conflict and the great development of descriptive images. Both differences depend on the specific issues of the essay. It touches not so much on the problems of developing the character of an individual in its conflicts with the established social environment, but rather on the problems of the civil and moral state of the “environment.” The essay can relate to both literature and journalism.

Paradox - in literature - the technique of a statement that clearly contradicts generally accepted concepts, either to expose those of them that, in the opinion of the author, are false, or to express one’s disagreement with the so-called “common sense”, due to inertia, dogmatism, and ignorance.

Parallelism- one of the types of repetition (syntactic, lexical, rhythmic); a compositional technique that emphasizes the connection between several elements of a work of art; analogy, bringing together phenomena by similarity (for example, natural phenomena and human life).
In bad weather the wind
Howls - howls;
Violent head
Evil sadness torments.

V.A.Koltsov

Parcellation- dividing a statement with a single meaning into several independent, isolated sentences (in writing - using punctuation marks, in speech - intonation, using pauses):
Well? Don't you see that he's gone crazy?
Say it seriously:
Insane! What kind of nonsense is he talking about here!
The sycophant! father-in-law! and so menacing about Moscow!

A.S.Griboyedov

Pamphlet(English pamphlet) - a journalistic work, usually small in volume, with a sharply expressed accusatory nature, often a polemical orientation and a well-defined socio-political “address”.

Pathos – the highest point of inspiration, emotional feeling, delight, achieved in a literary work and in its perception by the reader, reflecting significant events in society and the spiritual upsurges of the heroes.

Scenery - in literature - the depiction of pictures of nature in a literary work as a means of figurative expression of the author’s intention.

Periphrase- using a description instead of your own name or title; descriptive expression, figure of speech, substitute word. Used to decorate speech, replace repetition, or carry the meaning of allegory.

Pyrrhic - an auxiliary foot of two short or unstressed syllables, replacing an iambic or trochaic foot; lack of stress in iambic or trochee: “I am writing to you...” by A.S. Pushkin, “Sail” by M.Yu. Lermontov.

Pleonasm- unjustified verbosity, the use of words that are unnecessary to express thoughts. In normative stylistics, Pleonasm is considered as a speech error. In the language of fiction - as a stylistic figure of addition, serving to enhance the expressive qualities of speech.
“Elisha had no appetite for food”; “some boring guy... lay down... among the dead and personally died”; “Kozlov continued to lie silent, having been killed” (A. Platonov).

Tale – a work of epic prose, gravitating towards a sequential presentation of the plot, limited to a minimum of plot lines.

Repetition- a figure consisting of the repetition of words, expressions, song or poetic lines in order to attract special attention to them.
Every house is alien to me, every temple is not empty,
And everything is the same and everything is one...

M. Tsvetaeva

Subtext – the meaning hidden “under” the text, i.e. not expressed directly and openly, but arising from the narrative or dialogue of the text.

Permanent epithet- a colorful definition, inextricably combined with the word being defined and forming a stable figurative and poetic expression (“blue sea”, “white stone chambers”, “red maiden”, “clear falcon”, “sugar lips”).

Poetry- a special organization of artistic speech, which is distinguished by rhythm and rhyme - poetic form; lyrical form of reflection of reality. The term poetry is often used to mean “works of different genres in verse.” Conveys the subjective attitude of the individual to the world. In the foreground is the image-experience. It does not set the task of conveying the development of events and characters.

Poem- a large poetic work with a plot and narrative organization; a story or novel in verse; a multi-part work in which the epic and lyrical principles merge together. The poem can be classified as a lyric-epic genre of literature, since the narration of historical events and events in the lives of the heroes is revealed in it through the perception and assessment of the narrator. The poem deals with events of universal significance. Most poems glorify some human acts, events and characters.

Tradition – oral narration about real persons and reliable events, one of the varieties of folk art.

Preface – an article preceding a literary work, written either by the author himself or by a critic or literary scholar. The preface may provide brief information about the writer, some explanations about the history of the creation of the work, and offer an interpretation of the author’s intentions.

Prototype – a real person who served as a model for the author to create the image of a literary hero.

Play – a general designation for a literary work intended for stage performance - tragedy, drama, comedy, etc.

Interchange – the final part of the development of a conflict or intrigue, where the conflict of the work is resolved and comes to a logical figurative conclusion.

Poetic meter- a consistently expressed form of poetic rhythm (determined by the number of syllables, stresses or feet - depending on the system of versification); diagram of the construction of a poetic line. In Russian (syllabic-tonic) versification, there are five main poetic meters: two-syllable (iamb, trochee) and three-syllable (dactyl, amphibrach, anapest). In addition, each size can vary in the number of feet (4-foot iambic; 5-foot iambic, etc.).

Story - a small prose work of a mainly narrative nature, compositionally grouped around a separate episode or character.

Realism – an artistic method of figuratively reflecting reality in accordance with objective accuracy.

Reminiscence – the use in a literary work of expressions from other works, or even folklore, that evoke some other interpretation from the author; sometimes the borrowed expression is slightly changed (M. Lermontov - “Lush city, poor city” (about St. Petersburg) - from F. Glinka “Wonderful city, ancient city” (about Moscow).

Refrain- repetition of a verse or a series of verses at the end of a stanza (in songs - chorus).

We are ordered to go into battle:

"Long live freedom!"

Freedom! Whose? Not said.

But not the people.

We are ordered to go into battle -

"Allied for the sake of nations"

But the main thing is not said:

Whose for the sake of banknotes?

Rhythm- constant, measured repetition in the text of the same type of segments, including minimal ones, - stressed and unstressed syllables.

Rhyme- sound repetition in two or more verses, mainly at the end. Unlike other sound repetitions, rhyme always emphasizes the rhythm and division of speech into verses.

A rhetorical question- a question that does not require an answer (either the answer is fundamentally impossible, or is clear in itself, or the question is addressed to a conditional “interlocutor”). A rhetorical question activates the reader’s attention and enhances his emotional reaction.
"Rus! Where are you going?"

"Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol
Or is it new for us to argue with Europe?
Or is the Russian unaccustomed to victories?

"To the slanderers of Russia" A.S. Pushkin

Genus - one of the main sections in the taxonomy of literary works, defining three different forms: epic, lyric, drama.

Novel - an epic narrative with elements of dialogue, sometimes including drama or literary digressions, focusing on the history of an individual in a social environment.

Romanticism – a literary movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, which opposed itself to classicism as a search for forms of reflection that were more in line with modern reality.

Romantic hero– a complex, passionate personality, whose inner world is unusually deep and endless; it is a whole universe full of contradictions.

WITH

Sarcasm – caustic, sarcastic ridicule of someone or something. Widely used in satirical literary works.

Satire – a type of literature that exposes and ridicules the vices of people and society in specific forms. These forms can be very diverse - paradox and hyperbole, grotesque and parody, etc.

Sentimentalism – literary movement of the late 18th – early 19th centuries. It arose as a protest against the canons of classicism in art that had turned into dogma, reflecting the canonization of feudal social relations that had already turned into a hindrance to social development.

Syllabic versification e - syllabic system of versification, based on the equality of the number of syllables in each verse with obligatory stress on the penultimate syllable; equipoise. The length of a verse is determined by the number of syllables.
It's hard not to love
And love is hard
And the hardest thing
Loving love cannot be obtained.

A.D. Kantemir

Syllabic-tonic versification- syllabic stress system of versification, which is determined by the number of syllables, the number of stresses and their location in the poetic line. It is based on the equality of the number of syllables in a verse and the orderly change of stressed and unstressed syllables. Depending on the system of alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables, two-syllable and three-syllable sizes are distinguished.

Symbol- an image that expresses the meaning of a phenomenon in objective form. An object, an animal, a sign becomes a symbol when they are endowed with additional, extremely important meaning.

Symbolism – literary and artistic movement of the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Symbolism sought through symbols in a tangible form to embody the idea of the unity of the world, expressed in accordance with its most diverse parts, allowing colors, sounds, smells to represent one through the other (D. Merezhkovsky, A. Bely, A. Blok, Z. Gippius, K. Balmont , V. Bryusov).

Synecdoche – artistic technique of substitution for the sake of expressiveness - one phenomenon, subject, object, etc. – correlated with it by other phenomena, objects, objects.

Oh, you are heavy, Monomakh’s hat!

A.S. Pushkin.

Sonnet – a fourteen-line poem composed according to certain rules: the first quatrain (quatrain) presents an exposition of the theme of the poem, the second quatrain develops the provisions outlined in the first, in the subsequent terzetto (three-line verse) the denouement of the theme is outlined, in the final terzetto, especially in its final line, the denouement is completed , expressing the essence of the work.

Comparison- a pictorial technique based on a comparison of a phenomenon or concept (object of comparison) with another phenomenon or concept (means of comparison), with the goal of highlighting any particularly important artistic feature of the object of comparison:
Full of goodness before the end of the year,
Days are like Antonov apples.

A.T. Tvardovsky

Versification- the principle of rhythmic organization of poetic speech. Versification can be syllabic, tonic, syllabic-tonic.

Poem- a small work created according to the laws of poetic speech; usually a lyrical work.

Poetic speech- a special organization of artistic speech, differing from prose in its strict rhythmic organization; measured, rhythmically organized speech. A means of conveying expressive emotions.

Foot- a stable (ordered) combination of a stressed syllable with one or two unstressed syllables, which are repeated in each verse. The foot can be two-syllable (iambic U-, trochee -U) and three-syllable (dactyl -UU, amphibrachium U-U, anapest UU-).

Stanza- a group of verses repeated in poetic speech, related in meaning, as well as in the arrangement of rhymes; a combination of verses that forms a rhythmic and syntactic whole, united by a certain rhyme system; additional rhythmic element of verse. Often has complete content and syntactic structure. The stanza is separated from one another by an increased interval.

Plot- a system of events in a work of art, presented in a certain connection, revealing the characters of the characters and the writer’s attitude to the depicted life phenomena; subsequence. The course of events that constitutes the content of a work of art; dynamic aspect of a work of art.

Tautology- repetition of the same words that are close in meaning and sound.
Everything is mine, said gold,
Damask steel said everything mine.

A.S. Pushkin.

Subject- a circle of phenomena and events that form the basis of the work; object of artistic depiction; what the author is talking about and what he wants to attract the attention of readers to.

Type - a literary hero who embodies certain features of a particular time, social phenomenon, social system or social environment (“extra people” - Eugene Onegin, Pechorin, etc.).

Tonic versification- a system of versification based on the equality of stressed syllables in poetry. The length of the line is determined by the number of stressed syllables. The number of unstressed syllables is arbitrary.

The girl sang in the church choir

About all those who are tired in a foreign land,

About all the ships that went to sea,

About everyone who has forgotten their joy.

Tragedy - a type of drama that arose from the ancient Greek ritual dithyramb in honor of the patron of viticulture and wine, the god Dionysus, who was represented in the form of a goat, then in the likeness of a satyr with horns and a beard.

Tragicomedy – a drama that combines features of both tragedy and comedy, reflecting the relativity of our definitions of the phenomena of reality.

Trails- words and expressions used in a figurative sense in order to achieve artistic expressiveness of speech. The basis of any trope is a comparison of objects and phenomena.

Default- a figure that gives the listener or reader the opportunity to guess and reflect on what could be discussed in a suddenly interrupted utterance.
But is it me, is it me, the sovereign’s favorite...
But death... but power... but the people's disasters....

A.S. Pushkin

Fable – a series of events that serve as the basis of a literary work. Often, the plot means the same thing as the plot; the differences between them are so arbitrary that a number of literary scholars consider the plot to be what others consider to be the plot, and vice versa.

Feuilleton(French feuilleton, from feuille - sheet, sheet) - a genre of artistic and journalistic literature, which is characterized by a critical, often comic, including satirical, beginning, and certainly relevance.

The final - part of the composition of a work that ends it. It may sometimes coincide with the denouement. Sometimes the ending is an epilogue.

Futurism – artistic movement in the art of the first two decades of the 20th century. The birth of futurism is considered to be the “Futurist Manifesto” published in 1909 in the Parisian magazine Le Figaro. The theorist and leader of the first group of futurists was the Italian F. Marienetti. The main content of futurism was the extremist revolutionary overthrow of the old world, its aesthetics in particular, down to linguistic norms. Russian futurism opened with the “Prologue of Egofuturism” by I. Severyanin and the collection “A Slap in the Face of Public Taste,” in which V. Mayakovsky took part.

Literary character - a set of features of the image of a character, a literary hero, in which individual characteristics serve as a reflection of the typical, determined both by the phenomenon that makes up the content of the work and by the ideological and aesthetic intention of the author who created this hero. Character is one of the main components of a literary work.

Trochee- two-syllable poetic meter with stress on the first syllable.
The storm covers the sky with darkness,

U|-U|-U|-U|
Whirling snow whirlwinds;

U|-U|-U|-
Then, like a beast, she will howl, -U|-U|-U|-U|
Then he will cry like a child...

A.S. Pushkin

Quote - a statement by another author quoted verbatim in the work of one author - as confirmation of one’s thought with an authoritative, indisputable statement, or even vice versa - as a formulation requiring refutation, criticism.

Aesopian language - various ways to figuratively express this or that thought that cannot be expressed directly, for example, due to censorship.

Exposition – the part of the plot immediately preceding the plot that provides the reader with background information about the circumstances in which the conflict of the literary work arose.

Expression- emphasized expressiveness of something. Unusual artistic means are used to achieve expression.

Elegy- a lyrical poem that conveys deeply personal, intimate experiences of a person, imbued with a mood of sadness.

Ellipsis- a stylistic figure, an omission of a word whose meaning can be easily restored from the context. The meaningful function of ellipsis is to create the effect of lyrical “understatement,” deliberate negligence, and emphasized dynamism of speech.
The beast has a den,
The way for the wanderer,
For the dead - drogues,
To each his own.

M. Tsvetaeva

Epigram- a short poem ridiculing a person.

Epigraph – an expression prefixed by the author to his work or part of it. An epigraph usually expresses the essence of the author's creative intent.

Episode – a fragment of the plot of a literary work that describes a certain integral moment of action that makes up the content of the work.

Epistrophe – repetition of the same word or expression in a long phrase or period, focusing the reader’s attention, in poetry - at the beginning and end of stanzas, as if surrounding them.

I won't tell you anything

I won't alarm you at all...

Epithet- an artistic and figurative definition that emphasizes the most significant feature of an object or phenomenon in a given context; used to evoke in the reader a visible image of a person, thing, nature, etc.

I sent you a black rose in a glass

Golden as the sky, Ai...

An epithet can be expressed by an adjective, adverb, participle, or numeral. Often the epithet has a metaphorical character. Metaphorical epithets highlight the properties of an object in a special way: they transfer one of the meanings of a word to another word based on the fact that these words have a common feature: sable eyebrows, a warm heart, a cheerful wind, i.e. a metaphorical epithet uses the figurative meaning of a word.

Epiphora- a figure opposite to anaphora, repetition of the same elements at the end of adjacent segments of speech (words, lines, stanzas, phrases):
Baby,
We are all a little bit of a horse,
Each of us is a horse in our own way.

V.V. Mayakovsky

Epic – 1. One of three types of literature, the defining feature of which is the description of certain events, phenomena, characters. 2. This term is often used to describe heroic tales, epics, and fairy tales in folk art.

Essay(French essai - attempt, test, essay) - a literary work of small volume, usually prosaic, of free composition, conveying the author’s individual impressions, judgments, thoughts about a particular problem, topic, particular event or phenomenon. It differs from an essay in that in an essay the facts are only a reason for the author’s thoughts.

Humor - a type of comic in which vices are not ridiculed mercilessly, as in satire, but the shortcomings and weaknesses of a person or phenomenon are kindly emphasized, recalling that they are often only a continuation or the reverse side of our merits.

Iambic- two-syllable poetic meter with stress on the second syllable.
The abyss has opened and is full of stars

U-|U-|U-|U-|
The stars have no number, the bottom of the abyss. U-|U-|U-|U-|

>>A brief dictionary of literary terms

Allegory- an allegorical description of an object or phenomenon for the purpose of its specific, visual representation.

Amphibrachium- a three-syllable meter of a verse, in a line of which groups of three syllables are repeated - unstressed, stressed, unstressed (-).

Anapaest- three-syllable verse size, in the lines of which groups of three syllables are repeated - two unstressed and stressed (-).

Ballad- a poetic story on a legendary, historical or everyday topic; The real in a ballad is often combined with the fantastic.

Fable- a short allegorical story of an instructive nature. The characters in fables are often animals, objects, and which exhibit human qualities. Most often, fables are written in verse.

Hero (literary)- a character, character, artistic image of a person in a literary work.

Hyperbola- excessive exaggeration of the properties of the depicted object.

Dactyl- a three-syllable verse, in the lines of which groups of three syllables are repeated - stressed and two unstressed.

Detail (artistic)- expressive detail with the help of which an artistic image is created. A detail can clarify and clarify the writer’s intention.

Dialogue- a conversation between two or more persons.

Dramatic work or drama- a work intended to be staged.

Genre literary- manifestation in a more or less extensive group of works of common features of the image of reality.

Idea- the main idea of a work of art.

Intonation- the main expressive means of spoken speech, which allows one to convey the speaker’s attitude to the subject of speech and to the interlocutor.

Irony- subtle, hidden mockery. The negative meaning of irony is hidden behind the external positive form of the statement.

Comedy- a dramatic work based on humor, funny.

Comic- funny in life and literature. The main types of comics: humor, irony, satire.

Composition- construction, arrangement and interrelation of all parts of a work of art.

Legend- a work created by folk fantasy, which combines the real (events, personalities) and the fantastic.

Lyrical work- a work that expresses the author’s thoughts and feelings caused by various life phenomena.

Metaphor- transferring the properties and actions of some objects to others, similar to them but based on the principle of similarity.

Monologue- the speech of one person in a work.

Novella- a narrative genre close in scope to a story. The short story differs from the short story in the sharpness and dynamics of the plot.

Personification- transferring the characteristics and properties of living beings to non-living ones.

Description- a verbal image of something (landscape, portrait of a hero, interior view of a home, etc.).

Parody- a funny, distorted likeness of something; comic or satirical imitation of someone (something).

Pathos- in fiction: sublime feeling, passionate inspiration, elevated, solemn tone of the narrative.

Scenery- depiction of nature in a work of art.

Tale- one of the types of epic works. In terms of the scope of events and characters, the story is more than a short story, but less than a novel.

Portrait- an image of the hero’s appearance (his face, figure, clothes) in the work.

Poetry- poetic works (lyrical, epic and dramatic).

Poem- one of the types of lyric-epic works: the poem has a plot, events (as in an epic work) and an open expression by the author of his feelings (as in lyrics).

Parable- a short story containing a religious or moral message in an allegorical form.

Prose- non-poetic works of art (stories, novellas, novels).

Prototype- a real person who served the writer as the basis for creating a literary image.

Story- a small epic work telling about one or more events from the life of a person or animal.

Narrator- the image of a person in a work of art, on whose behalf the story is told.

Rhythm- repetition of homogeneous elements (speech units) at regular intervals.

Rhyme- consonance of the endings of poetic lines.

Satire- ridiculing, exposing the negative aspects of life by depicting them in an absurd, caricatured form.

Comparison- comparison of one phenomenon or object with another.

Poem- a poetic line, the smallest unit of rhythmically organized speech. The word "verse" is often used to mean "poem".

Poem- a short poetic work in verse.

Poetic speech- unlike prose, speech is rhythmically ordered, consisting of similar sounding segments - lines, stanzas. Poems often have rhyme.

Stanza- in a poetic work, a group of lines (verses) that constitute a unity, with a certain rhythm, as well as a repeating arrangement of rhymes.

Plot- the development of action, the course of events in narrative and dramatic works, sometimes lyrical ones.

Subject- the range of life phenomena depicted in the work; what is said in the works.

Fantastic- works of art in which a world of incredible, wonderful ideas and images is created, born of the writer’s imagination.

Literary character- an image of a person in a literary work, created with a certain completeness and endowed with individual characteristics.

Trochee- two-syllable verse with stress on the first syllable.

Fiction- one of the types of art is the art of words. The word in fiction is a means of creating an image, depicting a phenomenon, expressing feelings and thoughts.

Artistic image- a person, object, phenomenon, picture of life, creatively recreated in a work of art.

Aesopian language- forced allegory, artistic speech, full of omissions and ironic hints. The expression goes back to the legendary image of the ancient Greek poet Aesop, the creator of the fable genre.

Epigram- a short satirical poem.

Epigraph- a short saying (proverb, quote) that the author places before the work or part of it to help the reader understand the main idea.

Episode- an excerpt of a work of art that is relatively complete.

Epithet- an artistic definition of an object or phenomenon, helping to vividly imagine the object and feel the author’s attitude towards it.

Epic work- a work of art in which the author tells about people, the world around us, and various events. Types of epic works: novel, story, short story, fable, fairy tale, parable, etc.

Humor- in a work of art: depiction of heroes in a funny, comic form; cheerful, good-natured laughter that helps a person get rid of shortcomings.

Iambic- two-syllable verse with stress on the second syllable

Simakova L. A. Literature: Handbook for 7th grade. behind-the-scenes initial deposits from my Russian beginning. - K.: Vezha, 2007. 288 pp.: ill. - Russian language.

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ABERTATION - distortion of something.
PARAGRAPH - a passage of text from one red line to another.
AUTOBIOGRAPHY is a work in which the writer describes his life.
AUTOGRAPH - a manuscript of a work, a letter, an inscription on a book, handwritten by the author, as well as the author’s handwritten signature.
AUTHOR is a real person, the creator of a literary work.
AUTHOR'S SPEECH is an allegorical depiction of an abstract concept or phenomenon of reality using a specific image.
ACMEISM is a literary movement (neo-romanticism) in Russian poetry of the early 20th century. This name was invented by N.S. Gumilyov to designate the work of a group of poets, which included A.A. Akhmatova, O.E. Mandelstam and others.
ACROSTIC - a poem in which the initial letters of the lines form a first or last name, word or phrase.
ACTUALISM is a sense of time in which the present is perceived as the only objective reality.
ALLEGORY is a type of allegory. An abstract concept embodied in a concrete image: wolf - greed, fox - cunning, cross (in Christianity) - suffering, etc.
ALLITERATION - repetition in poetry (less often in prose) of identical, consonant consonant sounds to enhance the expressiveness of artistic speech.
ALLUSION - the use of an allusion to some well-known fact instead of mentioning the fact itself.
ALMANAC - a collection of literary works of various contents.
AMFIBRACHIUS is a three-syllable foot in Russian syllabic-tonic versification, in which the stress falls on the second syllable.
ANACREONTIC POETRY is a type of ancient lyric poetry: poems that glorify a cheerful, carefree life.
ANAPEST - a three-syllable foot in Russian syllabic-tonic versification with stress on the third syllable.
ANAPHOR - repetition of the same sounds, words, or phrases at the beginning of each poetic line.
ANECDOTE is a genre of folklore, a short story of humorous content with a witty ending.
ANIMAL WORK – a work that describes the habits and characteristics of animals.
ABSTRACT - a brief explanation of the contents of the book.
ANONYMOUS - 1) a work without indicating the name of the author; 2) the author of the work who has hidden his name.
ANTISYSTEM - systemic integrity of people with a negative outlook.
ANTITHESIS is a turn of poetic speech in which, for expressiveness, directly opposite concepts, thoughts, and character traits of the characters are sharply contrasted.
ANTHOLOGY - a collection of selected works by various authors.
ANTHROPOCENTRISM is the view that man is the “crown of the universe.”
APOSTROPE - a turn of poetic speech consisting of addressing an inanimate phenomenon as an animate one and an absent person as a present one.
ARCHITECTONICS - the construction of a work of art, the proportionality of its parts, chapters, episodes.
APHORISM is a short saying containing an original thought, worldly wisdom, and moral teaching.

BALLAD is a lyric-epic poetic work with a clearly expressed plot of a historical or everyday nature.
FABLE - a small work with ironic, satirical or moralizing content based on the technique of allegory, allegory. A fable differs from a parable or an apologist in the completeness of its plot development, and from other forms of allegorical narration, such as the allegorical novel, in its unity of action and conciseness of presentation.
ABYSS - emptiness or vacuum that is not part of the material world.
FICTION - artistic prose works.
BLANK POEMS - poems that do not rhyme.
BLESSING (euphony) - the quality of speech, which consists in the beauty and naturalness of its sound.
BURIME - a poem composed according to predetermined, often unusual rhymes.
BURLESQUE is a comic narrative poem in which a sublime theme is presented ironically and parodically.
BYLINA is a Russian folk narrative song-poem about heroes and heroes.

INSPIRATION - a state of inspiration, creative upsurge.
Free verse is free verse without formal characteristics (meter and rhyme), but with some rhythm.
VERSIFICATION is a system of certain rules and techniques for constructing poetic speech and versification.
VISION - a description of a journey through the afterlife accompanied by an angel, a saint; contains religious or ethical teaching.
VERSHI - poems on religious and secular topics with a mandatory rhyme at the end of the line.
ARTISTIC TASTE - the ability to correctly perceive and independently comprehend works of art; understanding the nature of artistic creativity and the ability to analyze a work of art.
EXTRA-PLOT ELEMENTS – elements of the composition of a work that do not develop the action: lyrical digressions, introductory episodes and descriptions.
VAUDEVILLE is a short play of the dramatic genre with intrigue and comic situations of love content.
FREE VERSE - syllabic-tonic, usually iambic verse with an unequal number of feet in the poetic lines.
WILL - the ability to act according to a freely made choice.
MEMORIES, or MEMOIRS - works of narrative literature about past events, written by their participants.
VULGARISM is a rude word, an incorrect turn of phrase, not accepted in literary speech.
FICTION is a figment of the writer's imagination.

HEXAMETER - poetic meter in ancient versification, in Russian - six-foot dactyl combined with trochee.
LYRICAL HERO - a person in lyric poetry, whose experiences, thoughts and feelings are expressed in the poem on whose behalf it is written.
THE HERO OF A LITERARY WORK is the main or one of the main characters, possessing distinct character traits and behavior, a certain attitude towards other characters and life phenomena.
HYPERBOLE is a stylistic figure consisting of a figurative exaggeration of the depicted event or phenomenon.
TALKING SURNAME – a character’s surname that conveys an important trait of his character.
GOLEM is a very common Jewish folk legend that originated in Prague about an artificial man, the Golem, created from clay to perform various “menial” jobs, difficult tasks that are important for the Jewish community, and ch. arr. to prevent blood libel through timely intervention and exposure.
FEE - literary fee - remuneration received by a writer for his work.
GOTHIC NOVEL - works of the horror genre, the scene of which is a medieval castle with ghosts, devilish forces and asserting the unknowability of the world and the omnipotence of evil.
GROTESQUE - an image of a person, events or phenomena in a fantastic, ugly-comic form.
HUMANISM is a worldview in which man in all his manifestations is declared the highest value.

DIGEST – a publication or book consisting of fragments or a summary of literary works.
DACTYL is a three-syllable foot in Russian syllabic-tonic versification, containing a stressed and two unstressed syllables.
DECADENTITY - decadence. Ideological phenomenon at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. which was based on the statement about the onset of an era of decline and extinction of civilization.
DETECTIVE is an epic work in which crimes are investigated.
CHILDREN'S LITERATURE - works of different genres intended for children.
DIALOGUE - a conversation between two or more characters.
DITHYRAMB - a work of praise.
DOLNIK - a three-syllable meter with the omission of one or two unstressed syllables within the line. An intermediate form between syllabic-tonic and tonic verse.
DUMA is a lyric-epic genre of Ukrainian folklore (ballad).

GENRE is a historically established division of a set of literary works, carried out on the basis of the specific properties of their form and content.
CRUEL ROMANCE is a lyric-epic genre; a poetic monologue telling about unhappy love and love suffering, with an emphasis on the experiences and torments of the lover.
LIFE - in ancient Russian literature, a story about the life of a hermit, monk or saint.

PREPARATION - the event from which the development of action in the work begins.
RIDDLE is a genre of folklore in which the correct answer must be found based on the image contained in the question.
CONSPIRACY – a genre of folklore; words that have a magical meaning and are called upon, through a certain combination, to influence the material world.
BORROWING - the use by an author of techniques, themes or ideas of another writer.
SPELL - a genre of folklore, a magical formula designed to influence nature and humans; usually accompanied by magical ritual actions.
ZAKLICHKA – a genre of children's folklore; a naive poetic appeal to the forces of nature.
SOUND WRITTEN - a technique that consists in selecting words, the combination of which imitates the sounds of the real world in the text (the whistle of the wind, the sound of rain, the chirping of birds, etc.).

IDEALIZATION - an image of something in a better form than in reality.
THE IDEAL WORLD OF A WORK is the area of artistic solutions. It includes the author’s assessments and ideal, artistic ideas and pathos of the work.
IDIOMA is an indecomposable phrase peculiar only to a given language, the meaning of which does not coincide with the meaning of its constituent words, taken individually, for example, the Russian expressions “stay with your nose”, “ate the dog”, etc.
THE IDEA OF A WORK OF ART is the main idea about the range of phenomena that are depicted in the work; expressed by the writer in artistic images.
IDYLL - a poem that depicts a serene life in the lap of nature.
IMAGINISM is a literary movement; Imagists proclaimed that the main task of artistic creativity is to invent new images not related to reality. Participants in this movement argued for the necessity and inevitability of “pure art.” Imagists included S.A. Yesenin, V.G. Shershenevich and others.
IMPRESSIONISM is a literary movement; The impressionists considered the task of art to convey the writer’s immediate personal impressions.
IMPROVISATION is the creation of works without prior preparation.
INVECTIVE is a type of pathos, a sharp denunciation that expresses the author’s hatred of certain phenomena and characters. Unlike satire, it does not cause comedy or laughter.
INVERSION is a turn of poetic speech consisting of a peculiar arrangement of words in a sentence that violates the usual order.
Allegory - an indirect, hidden image of objects, phenomena, people.
INTERIOR – a description of the interior decoration of a room. Often used to indirectly characterize a character.
INTONATION is a syntactic structure of a relatively completed fragment of a literary text (phrase, period, stanza), indicating how artistic speech should sound in this fragment.
INTRIGE - the development of action in a complex plot of a work.
IRONY - hidden mockery.

PUN – a stylistic turn (“play on words”), based on the use of complete sound coincidence of various words and phrases.
CANTATA - a poem of a solemn nature, glorifying some joyful event or its hero.
CANTILENA - a short narrative poem sung to music.
CANZONA - a poem glorifying knightly love.
CARICATURE - a humorous or satirical depiction of events or persons.
CATharsis is a strong emotional experience when perceiving a literary work. Catharsis is considered as an obligatory consequence of the tragic in literature.
CLASSICISM - literary movement (current) XVII - beginning. XIX centuries in Russia and Western Europe, based on imitation of ancient models and strict stylistic standards.
CLASSICAL LITERATURE - exemplary, most valuable literature of the past and present.
CLAUSE - the final syllables of a poetic line, starting with the last stressed syllable.
CLIMAX - a type of gradation, a series of expressions relating to the same phenomenon; Moreover, these expressions are arranged in order of increasing significance, i.e., so that each of them enhances the meaning of the previous one (“increasing”).
CODA - final, additional verse.
COLLISION - a clash, a struggle between acting forces involved in a conflict among themselves.
COMMENT - interpretation, explanation of the meaning of a work, episode, phrase.
COMPOSITION - the structure of a work of art.
CONTEXT is the “environment” in which a work of art was created and continued to live. The context can be socio-historical, biographical, everyday, literary, etc.
CONTRAST - a sharply expressed opposition of traits, qualities, properties of human character, object, phenomenon; literary device.
CONFLICT is a clash underlying the struggle of the characters in a work of art.
ENDING - the final part or epilogue of a literary work.
BEAUTY is a complex of forms that are liked without prejudice.
CRITICISM - essays devoted to the evaluation, analysis and interpretation of works of art.
WINGED WORD is an apt expression that has become a proverb.
CLIMAX - an episode of a literary work in which the conflict reaches a critical point in its development.
VERSE - a stanza in a song that has a refrain; usually has a complete meaning, close to the stanzas.

LACONISM - brevity in the expression of thoughts.
LEGEND - in folklore, an oral, folk story based on a miraculous event or image.
LEITMOTHIO - an image or turn of artistic speech that is repeated in a work.
LIMERICK - a pentaverse written in anapest according to the AABBA scheme. In limericks 3 and 4, verses have fewer feet than 1, 2 and 5. Limericks in a comic-ironic form describe some events that happen to someone.
FICTION LITERATURE is a field of art, the distinctive feature of which is the reflection of life, the creation of an artistic image using words.
LITOTE is the opposite of hyperbole. A deliberately implausible understatement.
PULK LITERATURE - cheap books with pictures, which were sold by traveling peddlers.

MAGIC is a set of actions, rituals and verbal formulas aimed at influencing the material world, changing it, as well as establishing connections between the real and the unreal world.
MADRIGAL is a lyrical work of humorous, complimentary or loving content, expressing admiration for someone.
MACARONICA SPEECH - a combination of two or more national languages in one phrase; can create a comic effect and serve as a means of characterizing a literary character.
ARTISTIC SKILLS - the writer’s ability to convey the truth of life in artistic images.
MEDITATION is lyrical reflection accompanied by emotional experience.
MELODICS OF A VERSE - its intonation organization, raising and lowering the voice, conveying intonation and semantic shades.
MELODRAMA is a dramatic genre that orients the viewer toward compassion and sympathy for the characters.
METAPHOR - the use of a word in a figurative sense to describe a person, object or phenomenon.
METHOD - the basic principles that guide the writer. Artistic methods included realism, romanticism, sentimentalism, etc.
METONYMY - replacement in speech of a word or concept with another that has a causal or other connection with the first.
METRIC VERSE - a system of versification based on the alternation of short and long syllables in verse. This is what ancient versification is like.
MINIATURE - a small literary work.
MYTH is an ancient legend about the origin of life on Earth, about natural phenomena, about the exploits of gods and heroes.
POLY UNION (polysyndeton) - a turn of poetic speech; deliberate increase in the number of conjunctions in a sentence.
MODERNISM is a direction (current) in art that is opposite to realism and is characterized by the denial of traditions, conventional representation and experimentation.
MONOLOGUE is the speech of a character addressed to an interlocutor or to himself.
MONORHYTHM - a poem with a repeating single rhyme.
MOTIVE - in a literary work, additional, secondary themes, which, in combination with the main theme, form an artistic whole.
MOTIVATION - the dependence of all elements of the artistic form of a work on its content.

SCIENCE FICTION – works whose plot is based on scientific and technical achievements that have not been refuted, but also not proven by science.
INITIAL RHYME - consonance found at the beginning of a verse.
FABLES - a genre of children's folklore, comic poems that depict obvious absurdities and implausible circumstances.
NEOLOGISM is a new word.
INNOVATION - introducing new ideas and techniques.
NOVELLA - a short story with an unexpected ending.

IMAGE - an artistic depiction in a literary work of a person, nature or individual phenomena.
ADDRESS - a turn of poetic speech, consisting in the writer’s emphasized appeal to the hero of his work, natural phenomena, and the reader.
RITUAL SONG is a genre of folklore. Part of the ritual during wedding, funeral and other ceremonies.
ODA - a laudatory poem dedicated to a solemn event or hero.
OXYMORON - a combination of words that contradict each other in meaning in one image.
OCTAVE - a stanza of eight verses in which the first six verses are united by two cross rhymes, and the last two by an adjacent rhyme.
PERSONIFICATION (prosopopoeia) is a technique in which inanimate objects, animals, and natural phenomena are endowed with human abilities and properties.
ONEGIN STROPHE - a stanza used by A. S. Pushkin when writing the novel "Eugene Onegin", consisting of three quatrains and a final couplet.
DISCOVERY – describing the familiar from an unexpected point of view.
OPEN FINALE – no resolution to the work.

PANTORISM - a poem in which all the words rhyme.
PALINDROME - “reversal” - a word, phrase or verse that is read the same from left to right and back.
PAMPHLET is a journalistic work with a clearly expressed accusatory orientation and a specific socio-political address.
PARAPHRASE - retelling a work or part of it in your own words.
PARALLELISM is a technique of poetic speech that consists of comparing two phenomena by depicting them in parallel.
PARODY is a genre of literature that politically or satirically imitates the features of the original.
LAMPURE - a work with offensive, slanderous content.
PASTORAL - a poem describing the peaceful life of shepherds and shepherdesses in the lap of nature.
PAPHOS is the leading emotional tone of the work.
LANDSCAPE - an image of nature in a literary work.
TRANSFER (enjambeman) - transferring the end of a complete sentence from one poetic line or stanza to the next one.
PERIPHRASIS - replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of its essential features and characteristics.
CHARACTER is the protagonist of a literary work.
NARRATOR - the person on whose behalf the story is told in epic and lyric epic works.
NARRATIVE - middle form; a work that highlights a number of events in the life of the main character.
PROVERB - a short figurative expression that does not have syntactic completeness.
PORTRAIT is a depiction of a character’s appearance in a work of art.
DEDICATION - an inscription at the beginning of a work indicating the person to whom it is dedicated.
MESSAGE - a literary work written in the form of an appeal to any person or persons.
AFTERWORD - an additional part of the work, which contains the author’s explanations of his creation.
PROVERB is a genre of folklore, a short, rhythmically organized and syntactically complete saying, containing judgments from the field of morality, philosophy, and worldly wisdom.
Rhymes are humorous rhymes that parents use to accompany games with their little children.
TEACHING - a literary work in the form of speech of an educational nature.
POETRY - artistic creativity in poetic form.
JOB - a sharp word or phrase.
A PARABLE is an edifying story about human life in an allegorical or allegorical form. Unlike fables, it explains abstract, for example, religious problems.
PROBLEM - a question that is explored by the writer in the work.
ISSUES - a list of issues raised in the work.
PROSE is a work of art presented in ordinary (freely organized, not poetic) speech.
PROLOGUE - introduction to a literary work.
COMMON SPEAK - words inherent in folk non-literary speech. Speech of poorly educated native speakers.
PROTOTYPE is a real person whose life and character were reflected when the writer created a literary image.
A pseudonym is a fictitious name or surname of a writer.
PUBLICISTICS - a set of artistic works reflecting the social and political life of society.
JOURNEY - a literary work that tells about a real or fictitious journey.

PARADISE VERSE - lines of different feet joined together by paired rhymes.
DENOUGH - the position of the characters that has developed in the work as a result of the development of the events depicted in it; final scene.
VERSE SIZE - the number and order of alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables in the feet of syllabic-tonic verse.
RHAPSOD is a wandering ancient Greek poet-singer who sang epic songs to the lyre.
STORY - a short work of art that describes a completed event.
REASON is the ability to freely choose a reaction under conditions that allow it.
EDITION - one of the text options of the work.
REASONER - an “outside observer” in a work expressing the author’s point of view on events and characters.
REQUIEM is a literary work in the form of farewell to the deceased.
REMARK - an explanation by the author about a particular character or the setting of the action, intended for actors.
REPLICA - the response of one character to the speech of another.
REFRAIN - repeated verses at the end of each stanza.
REVIEW - a critical review of a work. The review can be negative or positive.
RHYTHM is a systematic, measured repetition in verse of certain, similar units of speech (syllables).
RHYME - endings of poetic lines that match in sound.
TYPE OF LITERATURE - division according to fundamental characteristics: drama, lyricism, lyric epic, epic.
ROMAN - large form; a work in which events usually involve many characters whose destinies are intertwined. Novels can be philosophical, adventure, historical, family, social
ROMANCE is a small lyric poem of a melodious type on the theme of love.
NOVEL - EPIC - a work that reveals the fate of a person against the backdrop of historical events that are important for the entire people.
RONDO - an eight-line poem containing 13 (15) lines and 2 rhymes.
RUBAI - forms of lyrical poetry of the East: quatrains in which the first, second and fourth lines rhyme.
KNIGHT'S NOVEL is a medieval epic genre telling about the adventures of a knight, emphasizing the idealism of the feudal era.

SAGA is a genre of Scandinavian and Icelandic epic literature; a heroic epic that combines poetic and prose descriptions of deeds.
SARCASM is a caustic mockery.
SATIRE - works of art that ridicule vicious phenomena in the life of society or the negative qualities of an individual.
FREE VERSE (free verse) - verse in which the number of stressed and unstressed syllables is arbitrary; it is based on a homogeneous syntactic organization that determines the uniform intonation of the verse.
SYLLABIC VERSE - it is based on the same number of syllables in a poetic line.
SYLLAB-TONIC VERSE - a system of versification, which is determined by the number of syllables, the number of stresses and their location in the poetic line.
SYMBOLISM is a literary movement; Symbolists created and used a system of symbols that had a special mystical meaning.
SKAZ is a way of organizing a narrative, focused on oral, often popular, speech.
LEGEND (legend) is a work of art based on an incident that took place in reality.
LITERARY TALE - a genre of epic that creates a mythologized artistic world based on fantastic conventions.
SYLLABLE - a sound or combination of sounds in a word, pronounced with one exhalation; primary rhythmic unit in poetic measured speech.
DEATH is a way of existence of biosphere phenomena, in which there is a separation of space from time.
EVENT - rupture of system connections.
A SONNET is a type of complex stanza consisting of 14 verses, divided into 2 quatrains (quatrains) and 2 tercets (tercets).
JUSTICE - compliance with morals and ethics.
COMPARISON - definition of a phenomenon or concept in artistic speech by comparing it with another phenomenon that has common characteristics with the first.
STANCES - a small form of lyric poetry, consisting of quatrains, complete in thought.
STYLISTICS is a section of literary theory that studies the features of the language of works.
STYLE is a set of basic ideological and artistic features of a writer’s work.
VERSE - measured, rhythmically organized, brightly emotional speech, as well as one line in a poetic work.
VERSE - a system for constructing measured poetic speech, which is based on some repeating rhythmic unit of speech. -
STOP - in syllabic-tonic versification, repeated combinations of stressed and unstressed syllables in a verse, which determine its size.
STROPHE - a combination of two or more poetic lines, united by a rhyme system and general intonation or only general intonation.
SCRIPT – processing of a work to create a film, play, cartoon.
PLOT - the main episodes of a series of events in their artistic sequence.

TAUTOGRAM - a poem in which all words begin with the same letter.
CREATIVE HISTORY - the history of the creation of a work of art.
CREATIVE PROCESS - the writer’s work on a work.
THEME is the object of artistic reflection.
THEME - a set of themes of the work.
TREND is an idea, a conclusion to which the author seeks to lead the reader.
TERZETT – a poetic stanza consisting of 3 verses (lines) that rhyme with each other or with the corresponding verses of the subsequent terzetto.
LITERARY TREND - a creative unity of writers who are close to each other in ideology, perception of life and creativity.
TYPE is an artistic image that reflects the main characteristic features of a certain group of people or phenomena.
TRAGEDY is a dramatic genre that is built on an insoluble conflict. A type of dramatic work telling about the unfortunate fate of the main character, often doomed to death.
TREATISE – a genre of scientific literature; a complete essay on a scientific topic, containing a statement of the problem, a system of evidence for its solution and conclusions.
THRILLER - a work that causes severe stress, horror, disgust, etc.
TROP - a figure of speech consisting of the use of a word or expression in a figurative meaning, meaning.
LABOR SONGS – a genre of folklore, songs accompanying labor processes; with their rhythm and emotional attitudes contributing to the facilitation of work.

SIMPLIFICATION - reducing the density of system connections.
URBANISM is a direction in literature primarily concerned with describing the features of life in a big city.
UTOPIA is a work of art that tells about a dream as a real phenomenon, depicting an ideal social system without scientific justification.
ORAL FOLK POETIC CREATIVITY (folklore) - a set of poetic works created among the people, existing in oral form; they do not have a single author’s position, which is replaced by an orientation towards a national ideal.

FABULA - the plot basis of a literary work.
FANTASTIC – depiction of the impossible in real life.
FEULETON - A feuilleton, at the time of its appearance, is a piece of paper in a newspaper specifically devoted to issues of theater, literature, and art. Now, a newspaper article ridiculing the evils of society.
STYLISTIC FIGURE - an unusual turn of speech that the writer resorts to to enhance the expressiveness of the literary word.
FOLKLORE is a set of works of oral folk poetry.
FUTURISM is a sense of time in which the future is perceived as the only objective reality.
FANTASY is a creative method of romanticism characterized by the creation of works based on the myth-making of the author, which have a pronounced philosophical sound.

CHARACTER is an artistic image of a person with pronounced individual traits.
Trochaic - a two-syllable poetic meter with stress on the first syllable.
CHRONICLE - a narrative or dramatic literary work that displays events in public life in chronological order.

CAESURA - a pause in the middle of a verse (line) of a poetic work.
CYCLE - a series of artistic works united by the same characters, era, thought or experience.

CHASTUSHKA - a small work (quatrain) of oral folk poetry with humorous, satirical or lyrical content.

EUPHEMISM is the replacement of rude expressions in poetic speech with softer ones.
AESOP'S LANGUAGE is an allegorical, disguised way of expressing one's thoughts.
ECLOGUE - a short poem depicting rural life.
EXPOSITION - the introductory, initial part of the plot; unlike the plot, it does not affect the course of subsequent events in the work.
Impromptu is a work created quickly, without preparation.
ELEGY - a poem permeated with sadness or a dreamy mood.
EPIGRAM - a short witty, mocking or satirical poem.
EPIGRAPH - a short text placed at the beginning of the work and explaining the author's intention.
EPISODE - one of the interconnected events in the plot, which has more or less independent meaning in the work.
EPILOGUE is the final part of the work, briefly informing the reader about the fate of the heroes.
EPITHET - figurative definition.
EPIC - a heroic narrative describing a significant historical era or a major historical event.
ESSAY is a work of the epic genre, containing subjective, unconventional reasoning of the author, which does not pretend to be an exhaustive description and in-depth study of the problem raised. The essay is distinguished by its free composition and focus on figurative, aphoristic language, and a conversation with the reader.

HUMOR is a type of pathos based on the comic. Unlike satire, humor does not reject or ridicule the comic in life, but accepts and affirms it as an inevitable and necessary side of existence. Humor is an expression of cheerfulness and healthy optimism.
HUMORESQUE - a short humorous work in prose or poetry.

JAMB is a two-syllable meter in Russian versification, consisting of an unstressed and stressed syllable.