External threats to the security of the Russian Federation. Information security and types of possible threats
National, including basic, interests can be affected by a diverse range of threats.
In today's international environment, there is three types of threats to Russia: external, internal and cross-border, the neutralization of which is to some extent a function of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
The main external threats include:
1. Deployment of groupings of forces and means for a military attack on the Russian Federation and its allies;
2. Territorial claims to the Russian Federation, the threat of political or forceful rejection of certain territories from the Russian Federation;
3. Implementation by states or socio-political structures of programs for the creation of WMD;
4. Interference in the internal affairs of the Russian Federation by foreign states or organizations supported by foreign states;
5. Demonstration of military force near the borders of the Russian Federation, conducting exercises with provocative goals;
6. The presence near the borders of the Russian Federation or the borders of its allies of centers of armed conflicts that threaten their security;
7. Instability, weakness of state institutions in border countries;
8. Building up groupings of troops, leading to a violation of the existing balance of forces near the borders of the Russian Federation or the borders of its allies and the sea waters adjacent to their territory;
9. Expansion of military blocs and alliances to the detriment of the military security of the Russian Federation and its allies;
10. Activities of international Islamic radical groups, strengthening the positions of Islamic extremism near Russian borders;
11. The introduction of foreign troops (without the consent of the Russian Federation and the UN Security Council) on the territory of neighboring and friendly states of the Russian Federation;
12. Armed provocations, attacks on military installations of the Russian Federation located on the territory of foreign states;
13. Actions hindering Russia's access to strategically important transport communications;
14. Discrimination, suppression of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation in foreign countries;
15. Distribution of dual-use technologies and components for the manufacture of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction.
The main internal threats include:
1. Attempts to forcibly change the constitutional order;
2. Planning, preparation and implementation of actions to disrupt and disrupt the functioning of public authorities and administration, attacks on state, national economic, military facilities, life support facilities and information infrastructure;
3. Creation, equipment, training and functioning of illegal armed formations;
4. Illegal distribution (trafficking) on the territory of the Russian Federation of weapons, ammunition, explosives, etc.;
5. Large-scale activities of organized crime, threatening political stability on the scale of the subject of the Russian Federation;
6. Activities of separatist and radical religious-nationalist movements in the Russian Federation.
Cross-border threats
They combine the features of internal and external threats. Being internal in form of manifestation, in essence (according to sources of stimulation, possible participants, possible participants) they are external. There is a trend towards an increase in the importance of cross-border threats to the security of the Russian Federation.
Cross-border threats include:
1. Creation, equipment, provision and training of armed formations on the territory of other states for the purpose of their transfer for operations on the territory of the Russian Federation and the territory of its allies;
2. Support from abroad for subversive separatist, national and religious extremist groups intended to undermine the constitutional order, creating a threat to the territorial integrity of the Russian Federation and the security of its citizens;
3. Cross-border crime, including smuggling and other illegal activities on a scale that threatens the military-political security of the Russian Federation or the stability of the territory of the allies of the Russian Federation;
4. Conducting informational actions hostile to the Russian Federation;
5. International terrorism, if its activities affect the security of the Russian Federation;
6. The activities of the drug business, the transportation of drugs to the territory or the use of the territory of the Russian Federation as a transit territory for the transportation of drugs to other countries.
Threats to the national security of the Russian Federation include:
1. Terrorist threat. Local conflicts, often on ethnic grounds, inter-confessional confrontation, which are artificially pumped up and imposed on the world by extremists of various stripes, remain a significant fuel for terrorists, a source of their weapons and a field of activity. From 1991 to 2004 390 kamikaze attacks were registered. The leader so far is Israel, where from 2000 to 2004. 59 "live bombs" exploded.
2. A serious threat to the national security of the Russian Federation is the threat of WMD proliferation. If such weapons fall into the hands of terrorists, the consequences can be simply catastrophic. Nuclear weapons are now possessed by 9 states of the world (Russia, USA, England, France, China, India, Pakistan, Israel, North Korea), and another 8 states are close to creating them.
3. The threat is spinning the flywheel of the arms race, moreover, it enters a new technological level, threatening the emergence of a whole arsenal of new destabilizing weapons. US military spending in 2006 exceeded Russia's military spending by 23 times.
4. The absence of a guarantee not to withdraw weapons, including nuclear ones, into space. The launch of intercontinental ballistic missiles with non-nuclear warheads may provoke an inadequate response from the nuclear powers, including a retaliatory strike using strategic nuclear forces. The situation with the development of ballistic missiles in North Korea, Iran.
5. Saved the threat of bloc thinking stereotype. For example, in order to protect themselves allegedly from Russia, the Baltic countries, Georgia and a number of other countries of the former Warsaw Pact have entered or have a desire to enter the NATO bloc. The composition of the NATO bloc: 1949 - 12 states; 1982 - 16 states; 1999 - 19 states; 2004 - 26 states.
6. Threat in the economic sphere. It manifests itself in the reduction of high-tech industries, a decrease in investment (in 2011, investments from foreign investors in the Russian economy amounted to 38 billion dollars, in the United States in the first quarter of 2012 more than 130 billion dollars), as well as innovation activity, the destruction of scientific -technical potential.
The export of foreign exchange reserves, strategically important types of raw materials, the outflow of qualified personnel and intellectual property from Russia is increasing.
In industry, the share of the fuel and raw materials sector is increasing, an economic model is being formed based on the export of fuel and raw materials and the import of equipment, food and consumer goods, i.e., the country's dependence on foreign manufacturers of high-tech equipment is growing, technological dependence of the Russian Federation on Western countries and undermining the defense potential of the state.
7. Available threat to Russia's security in the social sphere, due to the increase in the proportion of the population living below the poverty line, the stratification of society into a narrow circle of the rich and the predominant mass of low-income citizens. All this leads to a decrease in the intellectual and productive potential of Russia, a reduction in the population, the depletion of the main sources of spiritual and economic development, and may lead to the loss of democratic gains. Approximately 30% of the country's population now refuses to have children for economic and spiritual reasons.
8. The threat of depletion of natural resources and deterioration of the environmental situation. This threat is especially great due to the predominant development of the fuel and energy industries, the underdevelopment of the legislative framework for environmental protection measures, and the lack of use of environmentally friendly technologies. There is a growing tendency to use the territory of Russia as a place for the disposal of hazardous materials and substances, and to place hazardous industries on Russian territory.
9. The likelihood of man-made disasters is increasing. According to foreign researchers, the risk of man-made disasters and accidents in Russia is 2 orders of magnitude higher than in Western countries. The share of man-made emergencies in the total amount in our country is 91.8%.
10. The threat to the physical health of the nation is alarming. This is most clearly manifested in the crisis state of health care systems and social protection of the population, in the growth in alcohol consumption (18 liters of pure alcohol per capita, and more than 12 liters is already a threat to the nation) and narcotic substances. 3% of the population of the Russian Federation are drug addicts, annually in the country 70,000 people. dies of a drug overdose. More than 500 thousand HIV-infected people are officially registered. The Russian Federation spends 3% of GDP on healthcare, while Germany and France spend 8%. Life expectancy in the Russian Federation is now 71 years, the task has been set to raise it to 75 years within 6 years.
A serious problem is the demographic situation in the country: in a number of regions of the Russian Federation, mortality exceeds the birth rate, and people's health is deteriorating. In Yaroslavl, for example, in 2011, 6445 people were born, and 8330 people died, i.e. the decline was 1885 people.
11. In the international sphere threats are manifested through the attempts of some states to counteract the strengthening of Russia as one of the centers of the emerging multipolar world. This is manifested in actions aimed at violating the territorial integrity of the Russian Federation, as well as in territorial claims.
12. There are military threats. The importance of military force in the system of international relations has not diminished in recent times. The military-political situation does not rule out the possibility of major armed conflicts arising near Russia's borders, affecting the security interests of the Russian Federation.
13. A new threat has emerged maritime piracy.
Introduction
The security of the Russian Federation is the state of protection of the vital interests of its citizens, society and state from internal and external threats.
By security threats we mean potential threats to political, social, economic, military, environmental and other, including spiritual and intellectual values of the nation and the State. Security threats are closely linked to the national interests of the country, including outside its territory. In each specific case, their elimination requires special forms and methods of the State's activity: the use of appropriate special bodies, forces and means of the state.
The main security objects are:
personality - its rights and freedoms; society -- its material and spiritual values;
the state - its constitutional system, sovereignty and territorial integrity
The threat to the security of the Russian Federation is a combination of conditions and factors that endanger the vital interests of the individual, society and the state.
The real and potential threat to security objects, emanating from internal and external sources, determines the content of activities to ensure internal and external security, depending on the spheres of life of society and the state, which are targeted by security threats. they can be conditionally divided into political (threats to the existing constitutional order), economic, military, informational, man-made, environmental and others.
Security threats: external, internal, cross-border
Today, there are several types of threats to the national security of the Russian Federation: external, internal and cross-border. External threats include the deployment of groupings of armed forces and assets near the borders of the Russian Federation and its allies, territorial claims against the Russian Federation, threats of secession of certain territories from the Russian Federation; interference in the internal affairs of R.F. from foreign countries; buildup of troop groupings leading to disruption of the existing balance of forces near the borders of the Russian Federation; armed provocations, including attacks on Russian military installations located on the territory of foreign states, as well as on objects and structures on the State Border of the Russian Federation and the borders of its allies; actions that impede Russia's access to strategically important transport communications; discrimination, non-observance of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation in some foreign states
The main external threats to national security are:
1. reduction of the role of Russia in the world economy due to the targeted actions of individual states and interstate associations, such as the UN, the OSCE;
2. reduction of economic and political influence on the processes taking place in the world economy;
3. strengthening the scope and influence of international military and political associations, including NATO;
4. emerging trends towards the deployment of military forces of foreign states near the borders of Russia;
5. ubiquitous distribution in the world of weapons of mass destruction;
6. weakening of the processes of integration and establishment of economic ties between Russia and the CIS countries;
7. creating conditions for the formation and emergence of military armed conflicts near the state borders of Russia and the CIS countries;
8. territorial expansion in relation to Russia, for example, from Japan and China;
9. international terrorism;
10. weakening of Russia's position in the field of information and telecommunications. This is manifested in the reduction of Russia's influence on international information flows and the development by a number of states of information expansion technologies that can be applied to Russia;
11. revitalization on the territory of Russia of the activities of foreign organizations involved in intelligence and the collection of strategic information;
12. A sharp decrease in the military and defense potential of the country, which does not allow it, if necessary, to repel a military attack, which is associated with a systemic crisis in the country's defense complex.
13. activation in the territory of Russia of the activities of foreign organizations engaged in intelligence and collection of strategic information;
Experts refer to internal threats as follows: attempts to forcibly change the constitutional order and violate the territorial integrity of Russia; planning, preparation and implementation of actions to disrupt and disrupt the functioning of public authorities and administration, attacks on state, economic and military facilities, life support facilities and information infrastructure; creation, equipping, training and activities of illegal armed formations; illegal distribution of weapons, ammunition and explosives on the territory of the Russian Federation; large-scale organized crime activities that threaten political stability in some regions of the Russian Federation. Activities of separatist and radical religious national movements.
The main internal threats to national economic security are:
1. strengthening the degree of differentiation of living standards and incomes of the population. The formation of a small group of the wealthy population (oligarchs) and a large part of the poor population creates a situation of social tension in society, which can ultimately lead to serious socio-economic shocks;
2. deformation of the sectoral structure of the national economy. The orientation of the economy towards the extraction of minerals creates serious structural shifts;
3. Strengthening the uneven economic development of the regions. A sharp difference in the level of socio-economic development of the regions destroys the existing ties between them and hinders inter-regional integration;
4. criminalization of Russian society. In society, the tendencies to receive unearned income through direct robbery and seizure of property have sharply increased, which negatively affects the overall stability and stability of the national economy. Of great importance is the total penetration of criminal structures into the state apparatus and industry and the emerging trend of merging between them;
5. a sharp decline in the scientific and technical potential of Russia. The basis of economic growth - the scientific and technological potential - has been practically lost over the past decade, due to a reduction in investment in priority scientific and technical research and development, the mass exodus of leading scientists from the country, the destruction of science-intensive industries, and the strengthening of scientific and technical dependence;
6. strengthening the isolation and desire for independence of the subjects of the Federation. Russia has significant territories that function within the framework of a federal structure;
7. increased interethnic and interethnic tension, which creates real conditions for the emergence of internal conflicts on ethnic grounds;
8. widespread violation of the single legal space, leading to legal nihilism and non-compliance with the law;
9. decline in the physical health of the population, leading to degradation due to the crisis of the health care system;
10. demographic crisis associated with a steady trend of prevalence of general mortality of the population over the birth rate.
Taken together, internal threats to national security are closely intertwined and interrelated.
The environmental situation in the world is characterized by negative trends. Its characteristic features are the depletion of natural resources, the periodic occurrence of extensive zones of environmental disasters and catastrophes, and the degradation of renewable natural resources. Most countries are characterized by the use of environmentally imperfect technologies in industry, agriculture, energy, and transport. A real threat to Russia's interests is the tendency to use its territory for the disposal of hazardous waste from the chemical and nuclear industries of the developed countries of Europe.
There are growing negative trends in the global social sphere. There is an increase in the proportion of patients, the disabled, people suffering from hunger and malnutrition, the use of poor-quality water. The proportion of illiterate and unemployed remains high (according to the official unemployment rate, Russia is still among the most prosperous countries, ranking approximately 7th in the world). However, according to the classification of the International Labor Organization in Russia, there are more than 5 million unemployed. Approximately the same number work part-time or are on forced leave, the level of material support of the population is declining. Migration processes are expanding to alarming proportions. Indicators of physical and mental development of people are deteriorating.
The threat to the physical health of the nation is manifested in the crisis state of health care systems and social protection of the population. There is widespread alcoholization of the population. Consumption of recorded and unrecorded alcohol per capita in terms of pure alcohol is from 11 to 14 liters, while the situation is assessed as dangerous at -8 liters.
Cross-border threats are manifested in the following:
Creation, equipment and training on the territory of other states of armed formations and groups for the purpose of their transfer for operations on the territory of Russia;
The activities of subversive separatist, national or religious extremist groups supported from abroad, aimed at undermining the constitutional order of Russia, creating a threat to its territorial integrity and the security of its citizens. Cross-border crime, including smuggling and other illegal activities on an alarming scale;
Drug trafficking activities that create a threat of drug penetration into the territory of Russia or the use of its territory for the transit of drugs to other countries;
Activities of international terrorist organizations.
Terrorism, having a very complex content, affects the national security of the country at all its levels - interstate, state, international, national, class and group. In addition, domestic and international terrorism violates the nation's ability to self-preservation, self-reproduction and self-development.
Domestic and international terrorism carry a similar threat. In general, the boundary between these types of terrorism is so shaky (according to most scientists, terrorist acts committed in Russia are manifestations of precisely international terrorism) that, as the author sees it, it is very difficult to clearly separate the threats from them.
Terrorism poses a threat to the country's interests in the social sphere, which are to ensure a high standard of living for the people. By destroying the economic and political systems of society, terrorism impedes the achievement of society's highest value, which is its own well-being.
Terrorism violates the main inalienable right of every person - the right to life. The result of the two Chechen wars and the activities of all pro- and anti-Russian administrations is a full-scale humanitarian catastrophe. Over the 12 years of the anti-terrorist war in the Chechen Republic, the total losses amounted to about 45 thousand people. Over half a million residents of Chechnya and adjacent territories were forced to leave their homes
The process of identifying sources of dangers and threats requires a clear understanding of their general and specific characteristics. Sources of danger to the security of the state are in various spheres of society. It seems that the most significant of them are hidden in the spheres of political relations of the state, classes, social groups of society; economic relations; spiritual and ideological, ethno-national and religious, as well as in the environmental and information security spheres, etc.
Natural and artificial threats
The development of new information technologies and general computerization have led to the fact that information security is not only becoming mandatory, it is also one of the characteristics of IS. There is a rather extensive class of information processing systems in the development of which the security factor plays a primary role (for example, banking information systems).
Under IP security refers to the protection of the system from accidental or intentional interference in the normal process of its functioning, from attempts to steal (unauthorized receipt) of information, modification or physical destruction of its components. In other words, this is the ability to counteract various disturbing influences on the IS.
Under the threat of information security refers to events or actions that can lead to corruption, unauthorized use, or even destruction of the information resources of the managed system, as well as software and hardware.
Information security threats are divided into two main types - these are natural and artificial threats.. Let's dwell on natural threats and try to identify the main ones. . To natural threats include fires, floods, hurricanes, lightning strikes and other natural disasters and phenomena that are beyond human control. The most common among these threats are fires. To ensure the security of information, a prerequisite is the equipment of the premises in which the elements of the system (digital data carriers, servers, archives, etc.) are located, with fire sensors, the appointment of those responsible for fire safety and the availability of fire extinguishing equipment. Compliance with all these rules will minimize the risk of loss of information from a fire.
If premises with valuable information carriers are located in close proximity to water bodies, then they are subject to the threat of information loss due to flooding. The only thing that can be done in this situation is to exclude the storage of information media on the first floors of the building, which are prone to flooding.
Lightning is another natural threat. Very often during lightning strikes, network cards, electrical substations and other devices fail. Especially significant losses, when network equipment fails, are borne by large organizations and enterprises, such as banks. To avoid such problems, the mains connection cables must be shielded (shielded mains cable is resistant to electromagnetic interference) and the cable shield must be earthed. To prevent lightning from entering electrical substations, a grounded lightning rod should be installed, and computers and servers should be equipped with uninterruptible power supplies.
The next type of threat is artificial threats, which in turn divided into unintentional and deliberate threats. Unintentional Threats- these are actions that people commit through negligence, ignorance, inattention or out of curiosity. This type of threat includes the installation of software products that are not included in the list of necessary for work, and subsequently can cause system instability and loss of information. This also includes other "experiments" that were not malicious intent, and the people who performed them were not aware of the consequences. Unfortunately, this type of threat is very difficult to control, not only is the staff qualified, it is necessary that each person is aware of the risk that arises from his unauthorized actions.
Deliberate Threats- Threats associated with malicious intent of intentional physical destruction, subsequently failure of the system. Deliberate threats include internal and external attacks. Contrary to popular belief, large companies suffer multimillion-dollar losses often not from hacker attacks, but through the fault of their own employees. Modern history knows a lot of examples of deliberate internal threats to information - these are the tricks of competing organizations that introduce or recruit agents for the subsequent disorganization of a competitor, the revenge of employees who are dissatisfied with wages or status in the company, and so on. In order to minimize the risk of such cases, it is necessary that each employee of the organization corresponds to the so-called "trustworthiness status".
To external intentional threats include threats of hacker attacks. If the information system is connected to the global Internet, then to prevent hacker attacks, it is necessary to use a firewall (the so-called firewall), which can be either built into the equipment or implemented in software.
A person who tries to disrupt the operation of an information system or gain unauthorized access to information is usually called a hacker, and sometimes a “software pirate” (hacker).
In their illegal actions aimed at mastering other people's secrets, crackers seek to find such sources of confidential information that would give them the most reliable information in the maximum volume with minimal cost to obtain it. With the help of various tricks and a variety of techniques and means, ways and approaches to such sources are selected. In this case, the source of information means a material object that has certain information that is of particular interest to attackers or competitors.
The main threats to the security of information and the normal functioning of the IS include:
Leakage of confidential information;
Information compromise;
Unauthorized use of information resources;
Erroneous use of information resources;
Unauthorized exchange of information between subscribers;
Refusal of information;
Violation of information service;
Illegal use of privileges.
Leakage of confidential information- this is an uncontrolled release of confidential information outside the IP or the circle of persons to whom it was entrusted in the service or became known in the course of work. This leak may be due to:
Disclosure of confidential information;
Leaving information through various, mainly technical, channels;
Unauthorized access to confidential information in various ways.
Disclosure of information by its owner or possessor is the intentional or careless actions of officials and users to whom the relevant information was duly entrusted in the service or work, which led to familiarization with it by persons who were not admitted to this information.
Uncontrolled care of confidential information via visual-optical, acoustic, electromagnetic and other channels is possible.
Unauthorized access- this is an unlawful deliberate possession of confidential information by a person who does not have the right to access protected information.
The most common ways of unauthorized access to information are:
Interception of electronic radiation;
The use of listening devices (bookmarks);
Remote photography;
Interception of acoustic emissions and restoration of the text of the printer;
Copying media overcoming protection measures
Disguise as a registered user;
Disguise under system requests;
Using software traps;
Exploiting shortcomings of programming languages and operating systems;
Illegal connection to equipment and communication lines of specially designed hardware that provides access to information;
Malicious disabling of protection mechanisms;
Decryption by special programs encrypted: information;
information infections.
The listed ways of unauthorized access require quite a lot of technical knowledge and appropriate hardware or software developments on the part of the cracker. For example, technical leak channels are used - these are physical paths from the source of confidential information to the attacker, through which it is possible to obtain protected information. The reason for the occurrence of leakage channels is the design and technological imperfections of circuit solutions or the operational wear of the elements. All this allows hackers to create converters operating on certain physical principles, forming an information transmission channel inherent in these principles - a leakage channel.
However, there are quite primitive ways of unauthorized access:
Theft of information carriers and documentary waste;
Proactive collaboration;
Declining to cooperate on the part of the burglar;
probing;
Eavesdropping;
Observation and other ways.
Any methods of leaking confidential information can lead to significant material and moral damage both for the organization where the IS operates and for its users.
There is and is constantly being developed a huge variety of malicious programs, the purpose of which is to corrupt information in the database and computer software. A large number of varieties of these programs does not allow the development of permanent and reliable remedies against them.
The international situation, the state of the domestic economy, the social polarization of Russian society and the aggravation of interethnic relations create a wide range of internal and external threats to the country's security.
Internal threats are caused, first of all, by a significant reduction in the gross domestic product, a decrease in investment, innovation activity and scientific and technical potential, the stagnation of the agricultural sector, an imbalance in the banking system, an increase in external and internal debt, a trend in the predominance of fuel and raw materials and energy components in export deliveries, and also imports of equipment, food and consumer goods, including basic necessities.
The weakening of the scientific, technical and technological potential of the country, the reduction of research in strategically important areas of scientific and technological development, the outflow of specialists and intellectual property abroad threaten Russia with the loss of its leading positions in the world, the degradation of high-tech industries, increased external technological dependence and undermining the defense power of the state.
a threat to Russia's securitysocial sphere is the stratification of society into a narrow circle of the rich and the predominant mass of low-income citizens, an increase in the proportion of the population living below the poverty line, an increase in unemployment, and an increase in social tension. The growth of negative manifestations in the social sphere leads to a decrease in the intellectual and productive potential of Russia, a reduction in the population, the depletion of the main sources of spiritual and economic development, and may lead to the loss of democratic gains.
The threat to the physical health of the nation is manifested in the crisis state of health systems and social protection of the population, the rapid increase in the consumption of alcohol and drugs, and the deterioration of people's health.
The consequences of a deep social crisis are a sharp reduction in the birth rate and average life expectancy, the deformation of the demographic and social composition of society, the undermining of labor resources as the basis for the development of production, the weakening of the fundamental cell of society - the family, and the decrease in the spiritual, moral and creative potential of society.
Threatdepletion of natural resources and deteriorationenvironmental situation in the country is directly dependent on the level of economic development and the readiness of society to realize the global nature and importance of these problems. This threat to Russia is especially great due to the predominant development of the fuel and energy industries, the underdevelopment of the legislative framework for environmental protection, the absence or limited use of environmentally friendly technologies, and low environmental culture. There is a tendency to use the territory of Russia as a burial place for environmentally hazardous materials and substances.
The weakening of state supervision and the lack of effective legal and economic mechanisms for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations increase the risks of man-made disasters in all areas of economic activity.
Negative processesin economics lie at the heart of the centrifugal aspirations of a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation. This leads to increased political instability, weakening of the single economic space of Russia and its most important components - production, technological and transport links, financial, banking, credit and tax systems, contributes to the growing threat of violating the unity of the country's legal space and even its territorial integrity.
Ethnoegoism, ethnocentrism And chauvinism, manifested in the activities of a number of public formations, as well as uncontrolled migration, contribute to the strengthening of nationalism and regional separatism, religious extremism and create favorable conditions for the emergence of conflicts.
Economic disintegration, social differentiation of society, devaluation of spiritual values provoke an increase in tension in relations between regions and the center, representing threatfederal structure And socio-economic structure Russian Federation.
The unified legal space of the country is being eroded as a result of the deviation from the principle of priority of the norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation over other legal acts and norms of the constituent entities of Russia, the lack of well-functioning public administration at various levels, which is a factor that negatively affects the state of national security of the country.
Strengthening negative trendsin the defense sector contributes to the delay in the process of reforming the military organization and the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation, insufficient funding for national defense and the imperfection of the regulatory framework. At the present stage, this is manifested in the extreme severity of social problems in the Russian Armed Forces, the critically low level of their operational and combat training, the unacceptable reduction in the staffing of troops (forces) with modern weapons, military and special equipment and leads, in general, to a weakening of the defense security of the Russian Federation. .
Threatcriminalization public relations, emerging in the process of reforming the socio-political structure and economic activity, acquires particular urgency. The mistakes made at the initial stage of reforms in the economic, military, law enforcement and other spheres of state activity, the weakening of the system of state regulation and control, the imperfection of the legal framework and the lack of a strong social state policy, the decline in the spiritual and moral potential of society are the main factors contributing to the persistence of crime and corruption, the spread of political extremism.
The consequences of these miscalculations are manifested in the weakening of legal control over the situation in the country, the merging of individual elements of the executive and legislative authorities with criminal structures, their penetration into the management of the banking business, large industries, trade organizations and commodity distribution networks. In this regard, the fight against crime and corruption has not only a legal, but also a political character.
Terrorism in Russia acquires a multifaceted character and poses a serious threat to the security of the state. International terrorists have unleashed an open campaign against Russia to destabilize the situation in the North Caucasus and seize this region from Russia, which poses a direct threat to the territorial integrity of the state.
The threat of terrorism and organized crime is growing as a result of a large-scale, often conflicting change in the forms of ownership, an intensification of the struggle for power based on group and ethno-nationalist interests. The low effectiveness of preventive measures to prevent criminal manifestations, legal nihilism, the outflow of qualified personnel from law enforcement agencies increase the degree of impact of this threat on the individual, society and the state.
Main EXTERNAL Threats to Russia's national security are caused by the following factors:
the desire to belittle the role of existing mechanisms for ensuring international security, primarily the UN and the OSCE;
the danger of weakening the political, economic and military influence of Russia in the world;
the strengthening of military-political blocs and alliances, above all, the expansion of NATO to the east;
the possibility of foreign military bases appearing in the immediate vicinity of the Russian borders;
the continued proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery;
strengthening of centrifugal processes in the CIS;
the emergence and escalation of conflicts near the state border of Russia and the external borders of the CIS;
territorial claims to Russia.
The combination of these factors may pose a threat to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Russia, including the possibility of direct military aggression against it.
Threats to the national security of the Russian Federation in the international sphere are manifested through the attempts of other states to counteract the strengthening of Russia as one of the influential centers of the multipolar world.
Elevated to the rank of a strategic doctrine, NATO's transition to the practice of forceful military operations without the sanction of the UN Security Council is fraught with the threat of destabilizing the strategic situation in the world.
The growing technological gap between a number of leading powers and the build-up of their capabilities to create weapons and military equipment of new generations can lead to a qualitatively new stage in the arms race and significantly affect the forms and methods of military operations.
INborder sphere Threats to the security and interests of Russia are caused by:
the incompleteness of the international legal registration of the state border of the Russian Federation and the delimitation of the national territory with a number of neighboring states;
the expansion of the economic, demographic, cultural and religious expansion of neighboring states into Russian territory;
the intensification of the activities of cross-border organized crime in the smuggling of material values, drugs, weapons, theft of natural resources, as well as foreign terrorist organizations;
the instability of the situation in the border regions of Russia due to a decrease in the living standards of the population, ethnic, inter-confessional and other conflicts.
Activity is activated on the territory of Russia foreign special services and the organizations they use. There are also deliberate attempts by foreign states to interfere in Russia's internal affairs.
Separatism and local armed conflicts are also among the direct threats to national security.
Serious dangers are: pursuit a number of countries to dominance in global information space, ousting Russia from the external and internal information market; development a number of states concepts "information wars" providing for the creation of means of dangerous influence on the information spheres of other countries of the world, disruption of the normal functioning of information and telecommunication systems, the safety of information resources or obtaining unauthorized access to them.
The main forms of application of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
The purpose of the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other troops.
Basic principles of the development of the military organization of the state.
Factors determining the military-political situation.
External threats to national security.
Internal threats to national security.
Cross-border threats to national security.
Factors of uncertainty in the field of construction and use of the RF Armed Forces.
Priorities of foreign policy of the Russian Federation.
The main objectives of the military policy of the Russian Federation at the present stage.
Types of military conflicts and their brief description.
To reveal the concept of "Military organization of the Russian Federation" and its main tasks.
The composition of the military organization of the Russian Federation.
Types and branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
What applies to conventional weapons.
Nuclear weapons: - types of ammunition;
The damaging factors of nuclear weapons;
The distribution of nuclear weapons by the nature of the application.
17. Chemical weapons. CW groups according to the nature of the impact on the body.
18. Biological weapons. Concept and brief description.
19. Expand the concepts: quarantine, observation.
20. Non-lethal weapons. A brief description of.
21. Promising types of weapons of mass destruction.
22. Expand the concept of "Mobilization preparation".
23. Expand the concept of "Mobilization".
24. Special formations of health care: concept, classification.
25. Management bodies of special healthcare units:
purpose and rights.
26. Management bodies of special healthcare units:
27. Rear health care hospitals: purpose.
28. State material reserve: concept, purpose.
29. Mobilization reserve: concept, procedure for its formation, requirements for the shelf life of material assets.
30. The order of inventory of material assets of the mobilization reserve.
31. Military accounting: concept. Categories of citizens subject to and not subject to military registration.
32. Types of rear hospitals, their tasks and organizational structure.
33. Conscription of citizens.
34. What is military service.
35. Tasks and organizational structure of observational health care centers of the Russian Federation.
The main forms of application of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
The main forms of employment of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other troops:
strategic operations, operations and combat operations in large-scale and regional wars;
operations and combat actions - in local wars and international armed conflicts;
joint special operations - in internal armed conflicts;
counter-terrorist operations - with participation in the fight against terrorism in accordance with federal law;
peacekeeping operations.
The purpose of the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other troops.
Purposes of the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other troops:
in a large-scale (regional) war if it is unleashed by any state (group, coalition of states) - protecting the independence and sovereignty, territorial integrity of the Russian Federation and its allies, repelling aggression, defeating the aggressor, forcing him to cease hostilities on conditions that meet the interests of the Russian Federation and its allies;
in local wars and international armed conflicts - the localization of a hotbed of tension, the creation of prerequisites for ending a war, an armed conflict, or for forcing them to stop at an early stage; neutralizing the aggressor and reaching a settlement on terms that meet the interests of the Russian Federation and its allies;
in internal armed conflicts - the defeat and liquidation of illegal armed formations, the creation of conditions for a full-scale settlement of the conflict on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal legislation;
in operations to maintain and restore peace - the disengagement of the opposing sides, the stabilization of the situation, and the provision of conditions for a just peace settlement.
Basic principles of the development of the military organization of the state.
The main principles of the development of the military organization of the state:
adequate consideration of the conclusions drawn from the analysis of the state and prospects for the development of the military-political situation;
centralization of leadership;
unity of command on a legal basis;
the achieved correspondence, within the limits of the country's economic capabilities, of the level of combat and mobilization readiness, as well as the training of military command and control bodies and troops (forces), their structures, combat strength and strength of the reserve, stocks of materiel and resources to the tasks of ensuring military security;
unity of training and education;
realization of the rights and freedoms of military personnel, ensuring their social security, decent social status and standard of living.
Factors determining the military-political situation.
The military-political situation is determined by the following main factors:
reducing the risk of unleashing a large-scale war, including a nuclear one;
formation and strengthening of regional centers of power;
strengthening of national, ethnic and religious extremism;
activation of separatism;
the spread of local wars and armed conflicts;
intensification of the regional arms race;
proliferation of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction, their means of delivery;
exacerbation of information confrontation.
External threats to national security.
External threats include:
Deployment of groupings of forces and means aimed at a military attack on Russia or its allies;
Territorial claims against the Russian Federation, the threat of political or forceful exclusion from Russia of its individual territories;
Implementation by states, organizations and movements of programs to create weapons of mass destruction;
Interference in the internal affairs of the Russian Federation by organizations supported by foreign states;
Demonstration of military force near the borders of Russia, conducting exercises with provocative goals;
The presence near the borders of the Russian Federation or the borders of its allies of centers of armed conflicts that threaten their security;
Instability, weakness of state institutions in border countries;
The build-up of groupings of troops, leading to a violation of the existing balance of forces near the borders of the Russian Federation or the borders of its allies and the sea waters adjacent to their territory;
Expansion of military blocs and alliances to the detriment of the military security of Russia or its allies;
The activities of international radical groups, the strengthening of the positions of Islamic extremism near Russian borders;
The introduction of foreign troops (without the consent of the Russian Federation and the sanction of the UN Security Council) on the territory of states adjacent and friendly to the Russian Federation;
Armed provocations, including attacks on military installations of the Russian Federation located on the territory of foreign states, as well as on objects and structures on the state border of the Russian Federation or the borders of its allies;
Actions that impede the operation of the Russian systems of state and military control, ensuring the functioning of strategic nuclear forces, warning of a missile attack, anti-missile defense, control of outer space and ensuring the combat stability of troops;
Actions that impede Russia's access to strategically important transport communications;
Discrimination, suppression of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation in foreign countries;
The proliferation of equipment, technologies and components used to manufacture nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction, as well as dual-use technologies that can be used to create WMD and their means of delivery.
Internal threats to national security.
Internal threats include:
Attempts to forcibly change the constitutional order and violate the territorial integrity of Russia;
Planning, preparation and implementation of actions to disrupt and disrupt the functioning of public authorities and administration, attacks on state, national economic, military facilities, life support facilities and information infrastructure;
Creation, equipment, training and functioning of illegal armed formations;
Illegal distribution (trafficking) on the territory of the Russian Federation of weapons, ammunition, explosives, etc.;
Large-scale activities of organized crime, threatening political stability on the scale of the subject of the Russian Federation;
Activities of separatist and radical religious-nationalist movements in the Russian Federation.
Cross-border threats to national security.
To the concept cross-border threats include political, military-political or forceful threats to the interests and security of the Russian Federation, which combine the features of internal and external threats. Being internal in form of manifestation, in their essence (sources of emergence and stimulation, possible participants, etc.) are external.
These threats include:
Creation, equipment, provision and training on the territory of other states, armed formations and groups for the purpose of their transfer for operations on the territory of the Russian Federation or the territories of its allies;
Activities of subversive separatist, national or religious extremist groups directly or indirectly supported from abroad, aimed at undermining the constitutional order of the Russian Federation, creating a threat to the territorial integrity of the state and the security of its citizens;
Cross-border crime, including smuggling and other illegal activities on a scale that threatens the military and political security of the Russian Federation or stability on the territory of Russia's allies;
Conducting information (information-technical, information-psychological, etc.) actions hostile to the Russian Federation and its allies;
Activities of international terrorist organizations;
Drug trafficking activities that pose a threat to the transportation of drugs to the territory of the Russian Federation, or the use of the territory of Russia for the transportation of drugs to other countries.
Factors of uncertainty in the field of construction and use of the RF Armed Forces.
Under uncertainty factor refers to a situation, conflict or process of a political or military-political nature, the development of which can significantly change the geopolitical situation in a region that is a priority for Russia's interests or create a direct threat to the security of the Russian Federation. The factors of uncertainty are:
Reducing the role of the UN Security Council formal and actual deprivation of its prerogatives to authorize the use of military force in the world. The expansion of the practice of using military force for political or economic purposes on the basis of a national decision will significantly reduce the significance and effectiveness of political instruments for resolving crisis situations and significantly lower the threshold for the use of the Armed Forces. This may require Russia to seriously adjust its plans for military development and deployment of troops. Thus, the retention by the UN Security Council of the authority to authorize the use of military force in the world is seen as the most important instrument for maintaining international stability.
The possibility of returning to nuclear weapons the properties of a real military instrument. Attempts were noted to return nuclear weapons to the range of acceptable military instruments through the implementation of "breakthrough" scientific and technical developments in new types of nuclear weapons that turn nuclear weapons into relatively "clean" ones, the use of which does not have such significant negative consequences as the use of earlier types of nuclear weapons. weapons. The conduct of similar R&D in a number of countries and the adoption of political decisions on the possibility of their expanded financing are considered by the RF Ministry of Defense as a factor capable of seriously changing world and regional stability. In fact, the question is raised about the possibility of targeted use of nuclear weapons in regional conflicts against military and civilian targets in order to destroy large groups of armed forces and civilian infrastructure. The lowering of the threshold for the use of nuclear weapons at the operational-tactical and tactical levels, which devalues the importance of conventional armed forces and weapons, transforms the threat of the use of nuclear weapons from a political one into a military-political one. This will require Russia to overhaul its command and control system and create a deterrence capability, perhaps not only through a change in nuclear policy, but also through a readiness to implement asymmetric measures.
Possibility of strengthening WMD proliferation processes, including nuclear technology, and delivery vehicles. The expansion of the practice of using armed forces without the sanction of the UN Security Council may provoke a greater demand for weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons, among regional centers of power seeking to create an instrument of deterrence. In addition to the general destabilization of the international situation, this will also have a number of military-applied consequences. The appearance in the regional balances of forces of the nuclear factor on both sides will significantly change the nature of the armed struggle. For Russia, this process, if implemented on a full scale, will create the problem of expanding measures to counter the threat of the development and use of weapons of mass destruction in regional conflicts, both at the political and military-technical levels.
Prospects and direction of development of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. At present, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) plays a crucial role in ensuring regional stability in Central Asia and the western part of the Far East region. In the event of further strengthening of the political and military-political potential of this structure, Russia will have a zone of peace and stability in the Southeast and Far East directions, excluding the emergence of a large-scale military threat, which Russia will have to confront alone. In the event that there is a complete or partial renationalization of the security policy of the states of the region, Russia will be forced to consider the region as a potential source of ethnic conflicts, border disputes and general military-political instability. This can naturally make adjustments to Russian military planning, as well as to the principles for deploying groupings of forces and means of permanent readiness units.
Possible directions for the development of the NATO enlargement process. In the event that NATO is transformed into a political organization with a historically formed military potential, the process of expanding the Alliance to the east will remain within the framework of a political dialogue with Russia regarding the conditions for further interaction. In this dialogue, difficulties will inevitably arise related to the conditions for the integration of new member countries into the Alliance and their role in it, since Russia firmly advocates the absence of anti-Russian components not only in military planning, but also in the political declarations of the member countries of the Alliance. Otherwise, the partnership between Russia and NATO is devoid of functional meaning. However, if NATO continues as a military alliance with a predominantly offensive military doctrine, especially against the backdrop of a weakening role of the UN Security Council in deciding on the use of force, this will require a radical restructuring of Russian military planning and the principles of building the Russian Armed Forces, including in the range of possible actions elements of a preventive strategy in the event of a threat to the Russian Federation. Moreover, such a restructuring will require the deployment of groups of foreign troops on the territory of states bordering on Russia. A change in Russian nuclear strategy and an increase in the importance of tactical nuclear weapons for ensuring stability in the Western strategic direction are not ruled out.
Priorities of foreign policy of the Russian Federation.
The Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation defines the main priorities of the foreign policy of our state in solving global problems:
Formation of a new world order;
Strengthening international security;
Ensuring favorable foreign policy conditions for Russia in the field of international economic relations;
Respect and protection of human rights at the international level;
Information support of foreign policy activities.
The main objectives of the military policy of the Russian Federation at the present stage.
Based on the current situation and the fact that the highest priority of Russia's state policy is to protect the interests of the individual, society and the state, it is necessary to identify the main goals of Russia's military policy at the present stage.
1) Ensuring the reliable security of the country, maintaining and strengthening its sovereignty and territorial integrity, strong and authoritative positions in the world community, which to the greatest extent meet the interests of the Russian Federation as a great power, as one of the influential centers of the modern world and which are necessary for the growth of its political, economic , intellectual and spiritual potential.
2) Impact on global processes in order to form a stable, fair and democratic world order based on universally recognized norms of international law, including, above all, the goals and principles of the UN Charter, on equal and partnership relations between states.
3) Creation of favorable external conditions for the progressive development of Russia, the rise of its economy, the improvement of the living standards of the population, the successful implementation of democratic reforms, the strengthening of the foundations of the constitutional order, and the observance of human rights and freedoms.
4) Formation of a belt of stability along the perimeter of the Russian borders, assistance in eliminating existing and preventing the emergence of potential hotbeds of tension and conflicts in the regions adjacent to the Russian Federation.
5) Search for agreement and concurring interests with foreign countries and interstate associations in the process of solving the problems of world security, determined by Russia's national priorities, building on this basis a system of partnerships and allied relations that improve the conditions and parameters of international cooperation.
Types of military conflicts and their brief description.
Armed conflict. One of the forms of resolving political, national-ethnic, religious, territorial and other contradictions with the use of means of armed struggle, in which the state (states) participating in hostilities does not go into a special state called war. In an armed conflict, the parties, as a rule, pursue private military-political goals.
An armed conflict may result from the escalation of an armed incident, a border conflict, an armed action and other limited-scale armed clashes, during which the means of armed struggle are used to resolve contradictions.
An armed conflict may be of an international character (with the participation of two or more states) or of an internal character (with the conduct of armed confrontation within the territory of one state).
Local war. A war between two or more states, limited by political goals, in which military operations will be conducted, as a rule, within the borders of the opposing states and mainly the interests of only these states (territorial, economic, political, and others) are affected.
A local war can be waged by groupings of troops (forces) deployed in the area of conflict, with their possible reinforcement through the transfer of additional forces and assets from other directions and partial strategic deployment of the armed forces.
Under certain conditions, local wars can develop into a regional or large-scale war.
regional war. A war involving two or more states (groups of states) of a region by national or coalition armed forces using both conventional and nuclear weapons on a territory bounded by one region with adjacent oceans, seas, air and outer space, in the course of which the parties will pursue important military-political goals. To conduct a regional war will require the full deployment of the armed forces and the economy, the high tension of all the forces of the participating states. If nuclear-weapon states or their allies participate in it, a regional war will be characterized by the threat of transition to the use of nuclear weapons.
Large scale war. War between coalitions of states or the largest states of the world community. It can be the result of an escalation of an armed conflict, a local or regional war by involving in them a significant number of states from different regions of the world. In a large-scale war, the parties will pursue radical military-political goals. It will require the mobilization of all available material resources and spiritual forces of the participating states.
To reveal the concept of "Military organization of the Russian Federation" and its main tasks.
The defense of Russia's national interests in the military sphere is decided first of all, military organization of the state, which represents a set of state and military administration bodies, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies, as well as allocated parts of the scientific and industrial complexes, the joint activity of which is aimed at ensuring defense and military security, protecting the vital interests of the state.
The main task of the military organization of the Russian Federation is the exercise of deterrence in the interests of preventing aggression of any scale, including the use of nuclear weapons against Russia and its allies.
The composition of the military organization of the Russian Federation.
Organizationally, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation consist of centralized military command and control bodies, associations, formations, military units, institutions and organizations, as well as military educational institutions that are included in the types and types of troops, Logistics of the Armed Forces and troops that are not included in the types and types of troops Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
Military authorities designed to lead troops (forces) in various units in both peacetime and wartime. These include commands, headquarters, departments, departments and other permanently and temporarily created structures. For placement and operation of command and control agencies in combat conditions, command posts are deployed.
Associations- these are military formations, including several smaller formations or associations, as well as units and institutions. The formations include an army, a flotilla, a military district - an operational-strategic territorial combined arms association, and a fleet - a naval association.
Military district- this is an operational-strategic territorial combined-arms association of military units, formations, educational institutions, military institutions of various types and branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. A military district, as a rule, covers the territory of several subjects of the Russian Federation.
Fleet is the highest operational-strategic association of the Navy. Commanders of districts and fleets direct their troops (forces) through headquarters subordinate to them.
connections are military formations consisting of several units or formations of a smaller composition, usually various types of troops (forces), special troops (services), as well as units (subdivisions) of support and maintenance. Formations include corps, divisions, brigades and other equivalent military formations.
Military Unit- organizationally independent combat and administrative-economic unit in all types of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Military units include all regiments, ships of 1st, 2nd and 3rd ranks, separate battalions (divisions, squadrons) and separate companies that are not part of battalions and regiments.
TOinstitutions of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation include such structures to ensure the life of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, such as military medical institutions, officers' houses, military museums, editorial offices of military publications, sanatoriums, rest houses, camp sites, etc.
to military schools include: military academies, military universities and institutes, higher and secondary military schools, military faculties at civilian universities, the Suvorov and Nakhimov schools, training and retraining courses for officers.
Types and branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation include the branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation:
The type of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is like an integral part, distinguished by special weapons and designed to perform the tasks assigned to them. The types of the Armed Forces include: Ground Forces, Air Force (Air Force), Navy (Navy).
Ground Forces, Air Force and Navy. Each branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation consists of branches of service (forces), for the comprehensive support of the combat activities of the branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, they include special troops and rear services.
To the branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation include: Space Forces. Strategic Rocket Forces, Airborne Troops. A branch of service is understood as a part of the branch of the Armed Forces. distinguished by the main armament, technical equipment, organizational structure, the nature of training and the ability to perform specific combat missions for interaction with other branches of the armed forces.
Special troops serve to provide for the types and types of troops and assist them in the performance of combat missions. These include: engineering troops, chemical troops, radio engineering troops, signal troops, automobile troops, road troops and a number of others.
What applies to conventional weapons.
conventional weapons comprise all fire and strike weapons that use artillery, aviation, small arms and engineering ammunition, conventional missiles, high-precision weapons, volumetric explosion (thermobaric) ammunition, incendiary ammunition and mixtures.
The relativity of the term "conventional weapons" should be emphasized, since the use of this type of weapon can lead to mass casualties among the population. This is evidenced by the experience of wars and armed conflicts of the 20th century.
In recent years, there has been a sharp increase in the combat potential of developed countries due to the quantitative and qualitative buildup of conventional weapons. Thus, having accumulated significant stocks of weapons of mass destruction, the United States and its allies increased the production of weapons of conventional systems. Their damaging properties and combat effectiveness have sharply increased.
Fire and strike weapons include firearms (small arms, artillery, bombs, mines, grenades), jet and rocket weapons.
Firearms - a weapon in which the energy of an explosive is used to eject a projectile (mines, bullets, other fillers). Firearms include artillery weapons (howitzers, cannons, mortars) and small arms (machine guns, machine guns, rifles and pistols).
Relatively new models of firearms, widely used in military conflicts of the 20th century are ammunition with ready-made submunitions. In particular, we are talking about ball bombs, needle-filled ammunition and a more modern, fragmentation-beam projectile.
ball bombs contain up to 300 and. more than metal or plastic balls with a diameter of 5-6 mm. During the explosion, the balls scatter at high speed in all directions and cause multiple injuries to soft tissues and internal organs, as well as fragmentary bone fractures. During the aggression in Vietnam, the US military used ball bombs in cluster form (about 600 bombs per cluster).
Needle-filled ammunition contain from 5 to 12 thousand thin steel needles or arrows, which, when exploded and scattered, are bent in the shape of a hook and inflict multiple severe injuries, most often leading to death. These munitions can conditionally be classified as means of mass destruction, since when they explode, the range of projectiles reaches 500 m with an area of damage up to 70-80 hectares.
Fragmentation-beam projectile with ready-made striking elements simultaneously throws out 1500 2-gram bullets, destroying all life on an area of 3000-5000 m²
Rocket weapon - ground, aviation and marine installations (10-45 barrels) for volley fire with unguided rockets delivered to the target due to the thrust of a jet engine (Grad, Pinocchio systems).
Missile weapons (in conventional equipment) - a system in which means of destruction are delivered to the target by missiles: a complex that includes a missile with a conventional launcher, a launcher, means of targeting, test and launch equipment, means that control the flight of the missile, vehicles, etc. devices.
The most effective type of conventional weapons is precision-guided weapons (PW).
Accepted for high-precision weapons include various kinds of devices and means intended for delivering "point" remote strikes in automatic mode. The concept of WTO includes a set of weapons (missiles, aerial bombs, land mines), their means of delivery (launchers, aviation), guidance and navigation. High accuracy (up to 10 m) and high charge power allow you to strike at well-protected targets and shelters. Precision weapons are often referred to as reconnaissance-strike systems (RUS) or reconnaissance-strike systems (RUK).
Volumetric explosion ammunition (thermobaric ammunition)
Thermobaric ammunition – devices capable of producing detonating gas-air or air-fuel mixtures. As a result of the detonation of a gas-air or air-fuel mixture flowing into cracks, trenches, dugouts, military equipment, ventilation hatches and communication cables of leaky engineering structures, buildings, protective structures and buried objects can be completely destroyed. Moreover, explosions in a confined space are highly effective not only for causing damage (destruction) to fortifications (protective) structures, but also for destroying enemy manpower and the population.
Named ammunition has the following damaging factors: shock wave, thermal and toxic effects.
Incendiaries (mixtures)
incendiary mixtures are pyrotechnics containing napalm (incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products with a combustion temperature of up to 1200 ° C), phosphorus (metallized incendiary mixtures - pyrogels, with a combustion temperature of up to 1600 ° C) or thermite (thermite mixtures with a combustion temperature of up to 2000 ° C ). They can be equipped with air bombs, mines, land mines, flamethrowers. Incendiary mixtures were widely used during the Korean War (1950-1953) and the American aggression in Vietnam (1964-1974). The damaging effect of incendiary mixtures is due to thermal burns of the skin and mucous membranes, infrared radiation and poisoning by combustion products. The burning fiery mixture can affect not only the skin, but also the subcutaneous tissue, muscles and even bones: deep burns of III and IV degrees occur in 70-75% of cases. Phosphorus burns can be complicated by poisoning of the body when phosphorus is absorbed through the burn surface. The impact of incendiary mixtures on the human body often causes combined lesions, leading to the development of shock, the appearance of which is possible in more than 30% of those affected.
The unifying link for the considered damaging agents is the presence of a single leading damaging factor - the ability to cause mechanical (wounds) and traumatic injuries to people.
Nuclear weapons: - types of ammunition;
- damaging factors of nuclear weapons;
- distribution of nuclear weapons according to the nature of the application.
Nuclear weapon – ammunition, the damaging effect of which is based on the use of intranuclear energy released during explosive nuclear reactions (fission, fusion, fission and fusion at the same time).
Distinguish atomic, thermonuclear and neutron munitions. Depending on the power of the ammunition(energy of a nuclear explosion in TNT equivalent (kilotons, megatons)), they distinguish: ultra-small (up to 1 kt), small (1-10 kt), medium (10-100 kt), large (100 kt-1 mt) and extra large (over 1 mt) nuclear munitions.
By the nature of the use of nuclear weapons allocate : ground, underground, underwater, surface, air and high-altitude explosions.
The damaging factors of the reference ground explosion include (Film No. 2/2 ORP): light emission(30-35% of the energy of a nuclear explosion goes to the formation), shock wave (50%), penetrating radiation (5%:), radioactive contamination of the area and air,electromagnetic pulse, as well as the psychological factor, i.e. the moral impact of a nuclear explosion on personnel.
