Which educational institutions did Turgenev attend? Where was Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich born? Polynette had two children

Turgenev, Ivan Sergeevich, famous writer, was born on December 28, 1818 in Orel, into a wealthy landowner family that belonged to an ancient noble family. [Cm. also the article Turgenev, life and work.] Turgenev’s father, Sergei Nikolaevich, married Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova, who had neither youth nor beauty, but inherited enormous property - purely for convenience. Soon after the birth of his second son, the future novelist, S. N. Turgenev, with the rank of colonel, left military service, where he had been until then, and moved with his family to his wife’s estate, Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, near the city of Mtsensk, Oryol province. Here the new landowner quickly developed the violent nature of an unbridled and depraved tyrant, who became a threat not only to the serfs, but also to members of his own family. Turgenev's mother, who even before her marriage experienced a lot of grief in the house of her stepfather, who pursued her with vile proposals, and then in the house of her uncle, to whom she fled, was forced to silently endure the wild antics of her despot-husband and, tormented by the pangs of jealousy, did not dare to reproach him loudly him in unworthy behavior that offended her feelings as a woman and wife. Hidden resentment and years of accumulated irritation embittered and embittered her; this was fully revealed when, after the death of her husband (1834), having become the sovereign mistress of her estates, she gave free rein to her evil instincts of unrestrained landowner tyranny.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. Portrait by Repin

In this suffocating atmosphere, saturated with all the miasma of serfdom, the first years of Turgenev’s childhood passed. According to the prevailing custom in the landowner life of that time, the future famous novelist was brought up under the guidance of tutors and teachers - Swiss, Germans and serf uncles and nannies. The main attention was paid to French and German languages, learned by Turgenev in childhood; the native language was suppressed. According to the author of “Notes of a Hunter” himself, the first person who interested him in Russian literature was his mother’s serf valet, who secretly, but with extraordinary solemnity, read to him somewhere in the garden or in a remote room from Kheraskov’s “Rossiada”.

At the beginning of 1827, the Turgenevs moved to Moscow to raise their children. Turgenev was placed in a private boarding house of Weidenhammer, then was soon transferred from there to the director of the Lazarev Institute, with whom he lived as a boarder. In 1833, being only 15 years old, Turgenev entered Moscow University in the literature department, but a year later, with the family moving to St. Petersburg, he moved to St. Petersburg University. Having completed the course in 1836 with the title of full student and having completed next year exam for a candidate's degree, Turgenev, given the low level of Russian university science of that time, could not help but realize the complete insufficiency of the university education he received and therefore went to complete his studies abroad. To this end, in 1838 he went to Berlin, where for two years he studied ancient languages, history and philosophy, mainly the Hegelian system under the guidance of Professor Werder. In Berlin, Turgenev became close friends with Stankevich, Granovsky, Frolov, Bakunin, who together with him listened to lectures by Berlin professors.

However, it was not just scientific interests that prompted him to go abroad. Possessing by nature a sensitive and receptive soul, which he preserved among the groans of the unrequited “subjects” of the landowners-lords, among the “beatings and tortures” of the serfdom, which instilled in him from the very first days of his adult life invincible horror and deep disgust, Turgenev felt a strong need to at least temporarily flee from their native Palestine. As he himself later wrote in his memoirs, he could either submit and humbly wander along the common path, along the beaten path, or turn away at once, push “everyone and everything” away from him, even at the risk of losing much that was dear and close to my heart. That’s what I did... I threw myself headfirst into the “German sea,” which was supposed to cleanse and revive me, and when I finally emerged from its waves, I still found myself a “Westerner” and remained one forever.”

The beginning of Turgenev's literary activity dates back to the time preceding his first trip abroad. While still a 3rd year student, he submitted for Pletnev’s consideration one of the first fruits of his inexperienced muse, a fantastic drama in verse, “Stenio” - this is a completely absurd, according to the author himself, work, in which, with childish ineptitude, a slavish imitation of Byron’s was expressed. Manfred." Although Pletnev scolded the young author, he still noticed that there was “something” in him. These words prompted Turgenev to take him several more poems, two of which were published a year later in " Contemporary" Upon returning from abroad in 1841, Turgenev went to Moscow with the intention of taking the exam for a master's degree in philosophy; This turned out to be impossible, however, due to the abolition of the philosophy department at Moscow University. In Moscow, he met the luminaries of the Slavophilism that was emerging at that time - Aksakov, Kireevsky, Khomyakov; but the convinced “Westernizer” Turgenev reacted negatively to the new trend of Russian social thought. On the contrary, he became very close friends with the hostile Slavophiles Belinsky, Herzen, Granovsky and others.

In 1842, Turgenev left for St. Petersburg, where, due to a disagreement with his mother, who severely limited his funds, he was forced to follow the “common track” and enter service in the office of the Minister of Internal Affairs Perovsky. “Registered” in this service for a little over two years, Turgenev was not so much engaged in official affairs as in reading French novels and writing poetry. Around the same time, starting in 1841, in " Domestic Notes“His small poems began to appear, and in 1843 the poem “Parasha” was published signed by T. L., which was very sympathetically received by Belinsky, whom he soon met after that and remained close friendly relations until the end of his days. The young writer impressed Belinsky very much. strong impression. “This man,” he wrote to his friends, “is unusually smart; conversations and arguments with him took my soul away.” Turgenev later recalled these disputes with love. Belinsky had a considerable influence on the further direction of his literary activity. (See Turgenev's early work.)

Turgenev soon became close to the circle of writers who grouped around Otechestvennye Zapiski and attracted him to participate in this magazine, and took an outstanding place among them as a person with a broad philosophical education, familiar with Western European science and literature from primary sources. After “Parasha”, Turgenev wrote two more poems in verse: “Conversation” (1845) and “Andrey” (1845). First prose work His was a one-act dramatic essay "Carelessness" (Otechestvennye Zapiski, 1843), followed by the story "Andrei Kolosov" (1844), the humorous poem "The Landowner" and the stories "Three Portraits" and "Breter" (1846). These are the first literary experiments did not satisfy Turgenev, and he was ready to give up literary activity when Panaev, starting with Nekrasov to publish Sovremennik, turned to him with a request to send something for the first book of the updated magazine. Turgenev sent a short story “Khor and Kalinich”, which was placed by Panaev in the modest “mixture” section under the title “From the Notes of a Hunter”, which he invented, which created unfading fame for our famous writer.

With this story, which immediately aroused everyone's attention, begins new period Turgenev's literary activity. He completely abandons the writing of poetry and turns exclusively to novels and stories, primarily from the life of the serf peasantry, imbued with humane feeling and compassion for the enslaved masses. “Notes of a Hunter” soon became famous; their rapid success forced the author to abandon his previous decision to part with literature, but could not reconcile him with the difficult conditions of Russian life. An ever-increasing sense of dissatisfaction with them finally led him to the decision to finally settle abroad (1847). “I didn’t see any other way in front of me,” he wrote later, recalling the internal crisis that he was experiencing at that time. “I couldn’t breathe the same air, stay close to what I hated; For this I probably lacked reliable endurance and strength of character. I needed to move away from my enemy in order to attack him more strongly from my distance. In my eyes, this enemy had a certain image, wore famous name: this enemy was - serfdom. Under this name I collected and concentrated everything that I decided to fight against to the end - with which I vowed never to reconcile... This was my Annibal oath... I also went to the West in order to better fulfill it.” This main motive was also supplemented by personal motives - a hostile relationship with his mother, dissatisfied with the fact that her son chose her literary career, and Ivan Sergeevich’s affection for famous singer Viardot-Garcia and her family, with whom he lived almost inseparably for 38 years, a bachelor all his life.

Ivan Turgenev and Polina Viardot. More than love

In 1850, the year of his mother’s death, Turgenev returned to Russia to organize his affairs. He released all the courtyard peasants of the family estate that he and his brother had inherited; He transferred those who wished to quit rent and contributed in every possible way to the success of the general liberation. In 1861, during the redemption, he gave up a fifth of everything, but in the main estate he did not take anything for the estate land, which was quite a large sum. In 1852 Turgenev released separate publication“Notes of a Hunter”, which finally strengthened his fame. But in official spheres, where serfdom was considered an inviolable foundation of public order, the author of “Notes of a Hunter”, moreover, for a long time who lived abroad was in very bad standing. An insignificant reason was enough for official disgrace against the author to take a concrete form. This reason was Turgenev’s letter, caused by Gogol’s death in 1852 and published in Moskovskie Vedomosti. For this letter, the author was sent to prison for a month, where, by the way, he wrote the story “Mumu”, and then, by administrative order, he was sent to live in his village of Spasskoye, “without the right to leave.” Turgenev was released from this exile only in 1854 through the efforts of the poet Count A.K. Tolstoy, who interceded for him with the heir to the throne. The forced stay in the village, as Turgenev himself admitted, gave him the opportunity to get acquainted with those sides peasant life, which previously escaped his attention. There he wrote the stories “Two Friends”, “The Calm”, the beginning of the comedy “A Month in the Country” and two critical articles. From 1855 he reconnected with his foreign friends, from whom exile had separated him. From that time on, its most famous fruits began to appear. artistic creativity- “Rudin” (1856), “Asya” (1858), “The Noble Nest” (1859), “On the Eve” and “First Love” (1860). [Cm. Novels and heroes of Turgenev, Turgenev - lyrics in prose.]

Having retired abroad again, Turgenev listened sensitively to everything that was happening in his homeland. At the first rays of the dawn of revival that was breaking over Russia, Turgenev felt in himself a new surge of energy, which he wanted to give a new use to. To his mission as a sensitive artist of our time, he wanted to add the role of a publicist-citizen, one of the most important moments socio-political development of the homeland. During this period of preparation for reforms (1857 - 1858), Turgenev was in Rome, where many Russians then lived, including Prince. V. A. Cherkassky, V. N. Botkin, gr. Ya. I. Rostovtsev. These individuals organized meetings among themselves at which the issue of liberating the peasants was discussed, and the result of these meetings was a project for the founding of a magazine, the program of which Turgenev was entrusted with developing. In his explanatory note In addition to the program, Turgenev proposed calling on all the living forces of society to assist the government in the liberation reform being undertaken. The author of the note recognized Russian science and literature with such forces. The projected magazine was supposed to be devoted “exclusively and specifically to the development of all issues related to the device itself peasant life and the consequences arising from them." This attempt, however, was considered “premature” and was not put into practice.

In 1862, the novel “Fathers and Sons” appeared (see its full text, summary and analysis), which had unprecedented success in the literary world, but also brought many difficult moments to the author. A whole hail of sharp reproaches rained down on him both from the conservatives, who accused him (pointing to the image of Bazarov) of sympathizing with “nihilists”, of “tumbling in front of the youth,” and from the latter, who accused Turgenev of slandering the younger generation and of treason.” cause of freedom." By the way, “Fathers and Sons” led Turgenev to break with Herzen, who insulted him with a harsh review of this novel. All these troubles had such a hard effect on Turgenev that he seriously thought about abandoning further literary activity. The lyrical story “Enough,” written by him shortly after the troubles he experienced, serves literary monument the gloomy mood that the author was in at the time.

Fathers and Sons. Feature Film based on the novel by I. S. Turgenev. 1958

But the need for creativity in the artist was too great for him to dwell on his decision for a long time. In 1867, the novel “Smoke” appeared, which also brought upon the author accusations of backwardness and lack of understanding of Russian life. Turgenev reacted much more calmly to the new attacks. “Smoke” was his last work to appear on the pages of the Russian Messenger. Since 1868, he published exclusively in the then emerging journal “Bulletin of Europe”. At the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War, Turgenev moved from Baden-Baden to Paris with Viardot and lived in the house of his friends in the winter, and in the summer he moved to his dacha in Bougival (near Paris). In Paris he became close friends with the most prominent representatives French literature, was on friendly terms with Flaubert, Daudet, Ogier, Goncourt, and patronized Zola and Maupassant. As before, he continued to write a novel or short story every year, and in 1877 Turgenev’s largest novel, Nov, appeared. Like almost everything that came from the pen of the novelist, his new work - and this time, perhaps with more reason than ever - aroused many different rumors. The attacks were renewed with such ferocity that Turgenev returned to his old idea of ​​stopping his literary activity. And, indeed, for 3 years he did not write anything. But during this time events occurred that completely reconciled the writer with the public.

In 1879 Turgenev came to Russia. His arrival gave rise to a whole series of warm applause at his address, in which young people took a particularly active part. They testified to how strong the sympathy of the Russian intelligentsia for the novelist was. On his next visit in 1880, this ovation, but on an even more grandiose scale, was repeated in Moscow during the “Pushkin days”. Since 1881, alarming news about Turgenev’s illness began to appear in newspapers. Gout, from which he had been suffering for a long time, grew worse and at times caused him severe suffering; for almost two years, at short intervals, she kept the writer chained to a bed or chair, and on August 22, 1883, she put an end to his life. Two days after his death, Turgenev's body was transported from Bougival to Paris, and on September 19 it was sent to St. Petersburg. The transfer of the ashes of the famous novelist to the Volkovo cemetery was accompanied by a grandiose procession, unprecedented in the annals of Russian literature.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev(Turgeniev) (October 28, 1818, Oryol, Russian Empire - August 22, 1883, Bougival, France) - Russian writer, poet, translator; Corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of Russian language and literature (1860). Considered one of the classics of world literature.

Biography

Father, Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev (1793-1834), was a retired cuirassier colonel. Mother, Varvara Petrovna Turgeneva (before Lutovinov's marriage) (1787-1850), came from a wealthy noble family.

The family of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev came from an ancient family of Tula nobles, the Turgenevs. It is curious that the great-grandfathers were involved in the events of the times of Ivan the Terrible: the names of such representatives of this family as Ivan Vasilyevich Turgenev, who was Ivan the Terrible’s nursery (1550-1556); Dmitry Vasilyevich was a governor in Kargopol in 1589. And in the Time of Troubles, Pyotr Nikitich Turgenev was executed Execution Place in Moscow for denouncing False Dmitry I; great-grandfather Alexey Romanovich Turgenev was a participant in the Russian-Turkish war under Anna Ioannovna.

Until the age of 9, Ivan Turgenev lived on the hereditary estate Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, 10 km from Mtsensk, Oryol province. In 1827, the Turgenevs, in order to give their children an education, settled in Moscow, buying a house on Samotek.

The first romantic interest of young Turgenev was falling in love with the daughter of Princess Shakhovskaya, Ekaterina. The estates of their parents in the Moscow region bordered, they often exchanged visits. He is 14, she is 18. In letters to her son, V.P. Turgenev called E.L. Shakhovskaya a “poet” and a “villain,” since Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev himself, his son’s happy rival, could not resist the charms of the young princess. The episode was revived much later, in 1860, in the story “First Love.”

After his parents went abroad, Ivan Sergeevich first studied at the Weidenhammer boarding school, then at the boarding school of the director of the Lazarevsky Institute, Krause. In 1833, 15-year-old Turgenev entered the literature department of Moscow University. Herzen and Belinsky studied here at that time. A year later, after Ivan’s older brother joined the Guards Artillery, the family moved to St. Petersburg, and Ivan Turgenev then moved to the Faculty of Philosophy at St. Petersburg University. Timofey Granovsky became his friend.

Group portrait of Russian writers - members of the editorial board of the Sovremennik magazine. Top row: L. N. Tolstoy, D. V. Grigorovich; bottom row: I. A. Goncharov, I. S. Turgenev, A. V. Druzhinin, A. N. Ostrovsky, 1856

At that time, Turgenev saw himself in the poetic field. In 1834 he wrote dramatic poem“Steno”, several lyric poems. The young author showed these samples of writing to his teacher, professor of Russian literature P. A. Pletnev. Pletnev called the poem a weak imitation of Byron, but noted that the author “has something.” By 1837, he had already written about a hundred small poems. At the beginning of 1837, an unexpected and short meeting took place with A.S. Pushkin. In the first issue of the Sovremennik magazine for 1838, which after Pushkin’s death was published under the editorship of P. A. Pletnev, Turgenev’s poem “Evening” was published with the caption “- - -v”, which is the author’s debut.

In 1836, Turgenev graduated from the course with the degree of a full student. Dreaming about scientific activity, he took the final exam again the following year, received a candidate's degree, and in 1838 he went to Germany. During the trip, a fire broke out on the ship, and the passengers miraculously managed to escape. Turgenev, who feared for his life, asked one of the sailors to save him and promised him a reward from his rich mother if he managed to fulfill his request. Other passengers testified that the young man plaintively exclaimed: “To die so young!”, while pushing women and children away from the lifeboats. Fortunately, the shore was not far.

Once on the shore, the young man was ashamed of his cowardice. Rumors of his cowardice permeated society and became the subject of ridicule. The event played a certain negative role in the subsequent life of the author and was described by Turgenev himself in the short story “Fire at Sea.” Having settled in Berlin, Ivan took up his studies. While listening to lectures on the history of Roman and Greek literature at the university, at home he studied the grammar of ancient Greek and Latin languages. Here he became close to Stankevich. In 1839 he returned to Russia, but already in 1840 he went abroad again, visiting Germany, Italy and Austria. Impressed by his meeting with a girl in Frankfurt am Main, Turgenev later wrote the story “Spring Waters”.

Henri Troyat, “Ivan Turgenev” “My whole life is permeated with the feminine principle. Neither a book nor anything else can replace a woman for me... How can I explain this? I believe that only love causes such a flowering of the whole being that nothing else can give. And what do you think? Listen, in my youth I had a mistress - a miller's wife from the outskirts of St. Petersburg. I met her when I went hunting. She was very pretty - blonde with radiant eyes, the kind we see quite often. She didn't want to accept anything from me. And one day she said: “You should give me a gift!” - "What do you want?" - “Bring me soap!” I brought her soap. She took it and disappeared. She returned flushed and said, holding out her fragrant hands to me: “Kiss my hands as you kiss them to the ladies in St. Petersburg drawing rooms!” I threw myself on my knees in front of her... There is no moment in my life that could compare with this!” (Edmond Goncourt. "Diary", March 2, 1872.)

Turgenev's story at dinner at Flaubert's

In 1841, Ivan returned to Lutovinovo. He became interested in the seamstress Dunyasha, who in 1842 gave birth to his daughter Pelageya (Polina). Dunyasha was married off, leaving her daughter in an ambiguous position.

At the beginning of 1842, Ivan Turgenev submitted a request to Moscow University for admission to the exam for the degree of Master of Philosophy. At the same time he began his literary activity.

The largest printed work of this time was the poem “Parasha”, written in 1843. Not hoping for positive criticism, he took the copy to V. G. Belinsky at Lopatin’s house, leaving the manuscript with the critic’s servant. Belinsky praised Parasha, publishing two months later positive feedback V " Domestic notes" From that moment their acquaintance began, which over time grew into a strong friendship.

In the fall of 1843, Turgenev saw Pauline Viardot on stage for the first time opera house, When great singer came on tour to St. Petersburg. Then, while hunting, he met Polina’s husband, the director of the Italian Theater in Paris, famous critic and art critic Louis Viardot, and on November 1, 1843 he was introduced to Polina herself. Among the mass of fans, she did not particularly single out Turgenev, who was better known as an avid hunter rather than a writer. And when her tour ended, Turgenev, together with the Viardot family, left for Paris against the will of his mother, without money and still unknown to Europe. In November 1845, he returned to Russia, and in January 1847, having learned about Viardot’s tour in Germany, he left the country again: he went to Berlin, then to London, Paris, a tour of France and again to St. Petersburg.

In 1846 he took part in updating Sovremennik. Nekrasov - his best friend. With Belinsky he travels abroad in 1847 and in 1848 lives in Paris, where he witnesses revolutionary events. He becomes close to Herzen and falls in love with Ogarev's wife Tuchkova. In 1850-1852 he lived either in Russia or abroad. Most of the “Notes of a Hunter” were created by the writer in Germany.

Pauline Viardot

Without an official marriage, Turgenev lived in the Viardot family. Pauline Viardot raised illegitimate daughter Turgenev. Several meetings with Gogol and Fet date back to this time.

In 1846, the stories “Breter” and “Three Portraits” were published. Later he wrote such works as “The Freeloader” (1848), “The Bachelor” (1849), “Provincial Woman”, “A Month in the Village”, “Quiet” (1854), “Yakov Pasynkov” (1855), “Breakfast at the Leader’s "(1856), etc. He wrote "Mumu" in 1852, while in exile in Spassky-Lutovinovo because of the obituary on the death of Gogol, which, despite the ban, he published in Moscow.

A collection was published in 1852 short stories Turgenev under the general title “Notes of a Hunter,” which was published in Paris in 1854. After the death of Nicholas I, four major works of the writer were published one after another: “Rudin” (1856), “ Noble Nest"(1859), "On the Eve" (1860) and "Fathers and Sons" (1862). The first two were published in Nekrasov's Sovremennik. The next two are in the “Russian Bulletin” by M. N. Katkov.

In 1860, Sovremennik published an article by N. A. Dobrolyubov, “When will the real day come?”, in which the novel “On the Eve” and Turgenev’s work in general were rather harshly criticized. Turgenev gave Nekrasov an ultimatum: either he, Turgenev, or Dobrolyubov. The choice fell on Dobrolyubov, who later became one of the prototypes for the image of Bazarov in the novel “Fathers and Sons.” After this, Turgenev left Sovremennik and stopped communicating with Nekrasov.

Turgenev gravitates towards the circle of Westernized writers who profess the principles of “ pure art”, opposing the tendentious creativity of raznochintsy revolutionaries: P. V. Annenkov, V. P. Botkin, D. V. Grigorovich, A. V. Druzhinin. For a short time, Leo Tolstoy, who lived for some time in Turgenev’s apartment, also joined this circle. After Tolstoy’s marriage to S.A. Bers, Turgenev found a close relative in Tolstoy, but even before the wedding, in May 1861, when both prose writers were visiting A.A. Fet on the Stepanovo estate, a serious quarrel occurred between the two writers, barely which did not end in a duel and spoiled the relationship between the writers for 17 long years.

"Poems in Prose". Bulletin of Europe, 1882, December. From the editorial introduction it is clear that this is a magazine title, not an author's one.

From the beginning of the 1860s, Turgenev settled in Baden-Baden. The writer actively participates in cultural life Western Europe, making acquaintances with the greatest writers of Germany, France and England, promoting Russian literature abroad and introducing Russian readers to the best works of contemporary Western authors. Among his acquaintances or correspondents are Friedrich Bodenstedt, Thackeray, Dickens, Henry James, George Sand, Victor Hugo, Saint-Beuve, Hippolyte Taine, Prosper Mérimée, Ernest Renan, Théophile Gautier, Edmond Goncourt, Emile Zola, Anatole France, Guy de Maupassant , Alphonse Daudet, Gustave Flaubert. In 1874, the famous bachelor dinners of the five began in the Parisian restaurants of Riche or Pellet: Flaubert, Edmond Goncourt, Daudet, Zola and Turgenev.

I. S. Turgenev - honorary doctor Oxford University. 1879

I. S. Turgenev acts as a consultant and editor for foreign translators of Russian writers; he himself writes prefaces and notes to translations of Russian writers into European languages, as well as to Russian translations of works by famous European writers. He translates Western writers into Russian and Russian writers and poets into French and German. This is how translations of Flaubert’s works “Herodias” and “The Tale of St. Julian the Merciful" for the Russian reader and Pushkin's works for French reader. For some time, Turgenev became the most famous and most widely read Russian author in Europe. In 1878, at the international literary congress in Paris, the writer was elected vice-president; in 1879 he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Oxford University.

Feast of the classics. A. Daudet, G. Flaubert, E. Zola, I. S. Turgenev

Despite living abroad, all of Turgenev’s thoughts were still connected with Russia. He writes the novel “Smoke” (1867), which caused a lot of controversy in Russian society. According to the author, everyone criticized the novel: “both red and white, and above, and below, and from the side - especially from the side.” The fruit of his intense thoughts in the 1870s was the largest in volume of Turgenev’s novels, Nov (1877).

Turgenev was friends with the Milyutin brothers (fellow Minister of Internal Affairs and Minister of War), A.V. Golovnin (Minister of Education), M.H. Reitern (Minister of Finance).

At the end of his life, Turgenev decides to reconcile with Leo Tolstoy; he explains the significance of modern Russian literature, including Tolstoy’s work, to the Western reader. In 1880, the writer took part in Pushkin celebrations dedicated to the opening of the first monument to the poet in Moscow, organized by the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. The writer died in Bougival near Paris on August 22 (September 3), 1883 from myxosarcoma. Turgenev's body was, according to his wishes, brought to St. Petersburg and buried in the Volkov cemetery in front of a large crowd of people.

Family

Turgenev's daughter Polina was raised in the family of Polina Viardot, and in adulthood she no longer spoke Russian. She married manufacturer Gaston Brewer, who soon went bankrupt, after which Polina, with the assistance of her father, hid from her husband in Switzerland. Since Turgenev's heir was Polina Viardot, his daughter found herself in a difficult situation after his death. financial situation. She died in 1918 from cancer. Polina's children, Georges-Albert and Jeanne, had no descendants.

Memory

Tombstone bust of Turgenev at Volkovskoye Cemetery

Named after Turgenev:

Toponymy

• Streets and Turgenev Square in many cities of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia.
• Moscow metro station "Turgenevskaya"

Public institutions

• Oryol State Academic Theater.
• Library-reading room named after I. S. Turgenev in Moscow.
• Museum of I. S. Turgenev (“Mumu’s house”) - (Moscow, Ostozhenka St., 37, building 7).
• Turgenev School of Russian Language and Russian Culture (Turin, Italy).
• State literary museum named after I. S. Turgenev (Eagle).
• Museum-reserve "Spasskoye-Lutovinovo" estate of I. S. Turgenev (Oryol region).
• Street and museum "Turgenev's Dacha" in Bougival.
• Russian Public Library named after I. S. Turgenev (Paris).

Monuments

In honor of I. S. Turgenev, monuments were erected in the following cities:

• Moscow (in Bobrov Lane).
• St. Petersburg (On Italianskaya Street).
• Eagle:
  • Monument in Orel.
  • Bust of Turgenev on the "Noble Nest".

• Ivan Turgenev is one of the main characters in Tom Stoppard's Coast of Utopia trilogy.
• F. M. Dostoevsky in his novel “Demons” portrays Turgenev as the character of “The Great Writer Karmazinov” - a loud, petty, practically mediocre writer who considers himself a genius and is holed up abroad.
• Ivan Turgenev had one of the most big brains of the people who ever lived whose brains were weighed:

His head immediately spoke of a very great development of mental abilities; and when, after the death of I. S. Turgenev, Paul Ber and Paul Reclus (surgeon) weighed his brain, they found that it was so much heavier than the heaviest known brain, namely Cuvier, that they did not believe their scales and took out new ones, to test yourself.

• After the death of his mother in 1850, the collegiate secretary I. S. Turgenev inherited 1925 souls of serfs.
• Chancellor of the German Empire Clovis Hohenlohe (1894-1900) called Ivan Turgenev the best candidate for the post of Prime Minister of Russia. He wrote about Turgenev: “Today I spoke with the most smart person Russia."

Russian writer Ivan Turgenev died on August 22 (September 3), 1883 in the town of Bougival near Paris. Before his death, he was seriously ill. It was nresistance, according to P.V. Annenkova, between “ an unimaginably painful illness and an unimaginably strong body" Doctors were unable to make an accurate diagnosis. Only after death, during an autopsy, Turgenev was found to have malignant tumor spinal bones.

The death of the writer, who had a lot of readers and fans, was a real shock in both France and Russia. About 500 people gathered for Turgenev's funeral service in the Russian church in Paris, including more than 100 Frenchmen, including famous writers And creative figures of its time.
The Russian magazine "World Illustration" published a series of engravings dedicated to the mourning events and funeral of Turgenev.

Funeral service for Ivan Turgenev Orthodox Church Alexander Nevsky on Rue Daru in Paris



According to the will of the writer, the coffin with his body was sent to Russia, to St. Petersburg. Starting from the border station of Verzhbolovo, memorial services and farewells to Turgenev were held at all stops along the route. Locals Somehow they found out that the coffin with the body of the writer was being transported on a passing train and flocked from all over the area to the railway stations and stops.

In St. Petersburg, at the Warsaw station, a solemn and mournful meeting took place... The famous lawyer, senator A.F. Koni talked about it like this:

“The reception of the coffin in St. Petersburg and its passage to the Volkovo cemetery presented unusual spectacles in their beauty, majestic character and complete, voluntary and unanimous observance of order. An unbroken chain of 176 deputations from literature, from newspapers and magazines, scientists, educational and educational institutions, from the zemstvos, Siberians, Poles and Bulgarians, it occupied a space of several miles, attracting the sympathetic and often moved attention of the huge public who crowded the sidewalks - carried by deputations with elegant, magnificent wreaths and banners with meaningful inscriptions. Thus, there was a wreath “To the Author of “Mumu”” from. SPCA"; a wreath with a repetition of the words spoken by the sick Turgenev to the artist Bogolyubov:« Live and love people as I loved them» , - from the Partnership Traveling exhibitions; wreath with the inscription "Love" stronger than death» from pedagogical women's courses. The wreath with the inscription especially stood out« To the unforgettable teacher of truth and moral beauty» from the St. Petersburg Law Society... Deputation from amateur drama courses performing arts brought a huge lyre made of fresh flowers with broken silver strings."

A. F. Koni, “Turgenev’s Funeral”

Somehow there were no political speeches, although the funeral turned into a grandiose event - only after the death of the writer Russian society realized the extent to which Turgenev was important for Russian literature and culture...

Tombstone of I.S. Turgenev at the Volkovsky cemetery in St. Petersburg (photo from Wikipedia)

On September 3, 1883, one of the outstanding writers and thinkers of Russia - Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. Turgenev as an artist is remarkable in that he always knew how to respond to the most pressing issues of our time and at the same time solve these issues with great philosophical and psychological depth. In his numerous stories and novels, he managed to reflect, in his own words, “the very spirit and pressure of the time.” Turgenev’s realism is deep: in addition to the pressing questions of his time about the paths of development of Russia, about the destinies the best people time, within the social problems of his era, he was able to pose whole line deep, historically recurring problems: the problem of an illusory social goal (Don Quixote), the problem of lack of will (Hamlet), the problem of disharmony of personal happiness and public duty. Symbolically using the images of world literary artists - Shakespeare, Cervantes, Goethe - he filled them with his own, new historical content.
The purpose of our article was a historical excursion into the last year of Turgenev’s life, reconstruction and restoration of historical reality.
1879 The disease begins to progress, sensing his approaching death, Turgenev draws up a will.
28th of February. The date of the notarial spiritual will of I. S. Turgenev, certified by the 4th department of the Moscow District Court, according to which he left his entire fortune to the relatives of his late wife A. Ya. Shvarts-Malyarevsky. In the will of I. S. Turgenev it is stated: “To the collegiate secretary I. S. Turgenev the cash capital is 22 thousand rubles, also under the contract for logging in the village of Somov, concluded by the merchant Chadayev, 22,800 rubles and Borodaevsky’s bill for 10 thousand, a total of 55 thousand. rub".
1882 Less than a year remains until Turgenev’s death.
March, 6. “Lunches for five” are resuming; lunch in the company of Turgenev, Zola, Daudet and E. de Goncourt. Talk about death. Turgenev said that he drives away the thought of death, although it comes to him.
June 11. Turgenev writes to the poet Ya. P. Polonsky about deteriorating health in connection with the move to Bougival; realizes that the disease is incurable, but he is not deprived of care and attention. He ends the letter with a mournful aristocratic phrase: “When you are in Spassky, bow for me to the house, the garden, my young oak tree, bow to my homeland, which I will probably never see again.”
1883 The year of Turgenev's death.
January 14. Turgenev transfers surgery; surgeon Paul Segon removes his neuroma.
January 27. Turgenev writes in his last diary his feelings during the operation: “It was very painful; but, taking advantage of Kant’s advice, I tried to give myself an account of my feelings and, to my own amazement, I didn’t even make a sound or move.”
March 4th. Turgenev informs Zh. A. Polonskaya, the wife of Ya. P. Polonsky, about the deterioration of his health. The pain intensifies and chest cramps appear.
March 16. Professor Guerrier visits Turgenev and finds him in terrible condition. Turgenev is forced to constantly lie down and is unable to write, which Guerrier reported in a letter to the writer’s friend P.V. Annenkov.
March 29. The date of another will of I. S. Turgenev, concerning his literary property. Written in Russian by the actual state councilor Andrei Nikolaevich Kartsev, the Russian ambassador in Paris, under the dictation of Turgenev, with his signature: “In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. Being of sound mind and sound memory, I, the undersigned, collegiate secretary Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, in the event of my death, bequeath all copyrights and literary property in my works, both published and unpublished, as well as those still owed to me under the contract by the bookseller-publisher Ivan Ilyich Glazunov twenty thousand rubles - entirely to the French subject Pauline Viardot-Garcia. Written from my words and at my personal request in my apartment in Paris, rue Douai, No. 50, the seventeenth - twenty-ninth of March, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-three, by the actual state councilor A. N. Kartsev. Collegiate Secretary I. S. Turgenev.”
April 10th. Diary entry French writer E. Goncourt: “Dinner with Zola and Daudet, but instead of Flaubert and Turgenev, Huysmans and Cear. They talked about poor Turgenev, about whom Charcot said that he was hopeless.”
25th of April. An issue of the Times is published, with the following message: “Unfavorable news has been received from Paris regarding the health of Turgenev, for whom medical care has been established for some time. It is reported that the celebrated novelist is rapidly losing his voice and memory.” The pain is so severe that Turgenev calls out to those around him: “You will be a great friend to me if you give me a gun!”
September 1. P. Viardot gives a telegram to M. M. Stasyulevich that Turgenev is very bad. Three days before his death, Turgenev was delirious, screaming and predicted that he would die in three days, which happened.
September 3. The artist V.V. Vereshchagin visits Turgenev in Bougival; finds him in severe agony. On this day, Monday, Turgenev dies in Bougival at 2 o'clock in the afternoon, surrounded by the Viardot family and close friend A. A. Meshchersky. His last words were to the people around him: “Closer, closer to me, and let me feel you all near me... The moment has come to say goodbye... Forgive me!” Two days later, the issue “Gaulois” was published with a touching obituary for Turgenev, written by Guy de Maupassant.
From the medical report: “I. S. Turgenev died of cancer (myxosarcoma). The myxosarcoma initially appeared in the pubic region and was operated on by Dr. Segon in March 1883. The transfer of this suffering to the 3rd, 4th and 5th dorsal vertebrae produced complete destruction of the vertebral bodies and the formation of an abscess in front of the spinal cord membranes. This abscess communicated through a fistulous tract with one of the bronchi of the upper lobe of the right lung. This metastasis was the cause of death." Microscopic examination of the preparations was carried out by J. Latte.
4 September. A memorial service for Turgenev took place in Bougival. It was served by Archpriest Vasiliev with a clergyman, who came specially from Paris.
6 September. A memorial service for Turgenev took place in the Russian church in Paris on Daru Street. The ceremony lasted three hours. Literary and artistic celebrities took part in it: E. Renan, E. Ogier, J. Clarty, E. de Goncourt, G. Paris, the Viardot family, Rolston came from London, J. Massenet was there; from the Russians, artists A.P. Bogolyubov, V.V. Vereshchagin, Prince N.A. Orlov, A.A. Meshchersky, A.F. Onegin, G.N. Vyrubov came to bow to Turgenev; students, artists, visitors to the Turgenev Library.
October 1st. The coffin with Turgenev's body was transported to the Northern Railway station in Paris, where a “ceremonial temple” was built; They were allowed in with tickets. Paris said goodbye to Turgenev. Speakers E. Renan, E. Abu, G. N. Vyrubov, A. P. Bogolyubov and others spoke about Turgenev - an artist, a bearer of reconciliation and harmony. The funeral service seemed to fade into the background.
M.I. Venyukov, a famous traveler and geographer, wrote on this occasion: “The last “forgiveness” of Paris to Turgenev was, one might say, even more solemn, even more sincere than his funeral service in the Russian church three weeks ago.”
October 9. Turgenev was buried at the Volkov cemetery in St. Petersburg. The liturgy and requiem were served by His Eminence Sergius, Bishop of Ladoga, co-served by the archimandrites of the Volkovo Church. It was possible to get into the church only with tickets, since there were many people who wanted to. Almost all Russian newspapers and magazines wrote about this mourning event, counting the number of those present, delegations and wreaths.
Speeches at the grave of Turgenev, delivered by the rector of St. Petersburg University A. N. Beketov, professor of Moscow University S. A. Muromtsev, D. V. Grigorovich, A. N. Pleshcheev - a natural continuation funeral ceremony, but already a civil memorial service, which resulted in a “posthumous ovation.”

CONTEMPORARIES ABOUT TURGENEV
Guy de Maupassant called himself a student of Turgenev and admitted: “...This is not the place to analyze the work of this outstanding man, who will remain one of greatest geniuses Russian literature. Along with the poet Pushkin, whom he passionately admired, along with the poet Lermontov and the novelist Gogol, he will always be one of those to whom Russia should owe deep and eternal gratitude, for he left her people something immortal and invaluable - his art, unforgettable works, that precious and enduring glory, which is higher than any other glory!
Henry James - American writer, spoke of Turgenev: “He was the noblest, kindest, most charming person in the world; his heart was filled with love for justice, but it also contained everything from which the greats of this world are created.”
Alphonse Daudet: “I considered myself a friend of this man, I loved him very much. For many years, Turgenev was my favorite author, his books were amazing, which you read and re-read constantly. Since then, my preferences have changed, but my opinion remains the same.”
M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin: “In modern Russian fiction there is not a single writer (with the exception of a few peers of the deceased, who simultaneously entered the literary field), who did not have a teacher in Turgenev and for whom the works of this writer did not serve starting point. In modern Russian society there is hardly a single major phenomenon that Turgenev did not treat with amazing sensitivity, which he did not try to interpret...”
“Turgenev’s literary activity was of leading importance for our society, on a par with the activities of Nekrasov, Belinsky and Dobrolyubov. And no matter how remarkable his artistic talent is in itself, it is not in it that the secret of that deep sympathy and heartfelt affections that he managed to awaken to himself in all thinking Russian people lies, but in the fact that he reproduced life images were full of deep teachings."
W. Rolston wrote about Turgenev in his memoirs: “I knew him closely for almost fifteen years. I visited him in Baden, in Paris, in Bougival; I stayed for about ten days at his Russian estate... I met him more than once in England, in various cases and different places; and everywhere, at all times, I found him the same charming companion, the kindest and most modest of people.”
M. Stasyulevich: “He was never so beautiful during his lifetime, one might even say so majestic; the traces of suffering, which were still noticeable yesterday, on the second day disappeared completely, blossomed, and the face took on a deeply thoughtful look, with an imprint of extraordinary energy, which had never been visible even a shadow during life, the eternally good-natured face of the deceased, always ready to smile.” A monument to Turgenev and Viardot by sculptor Grigory Pototsky was unveiled in Moscow. Ceremony The opening of the monument took place on October 14, 2004 near the building of the Moscow state institute international relations. The monument was created for the 120th anniversary of the death of the great Russian writer I. S. Turgenev. The sculpture is a leaf of an ash tree, on one side of which is Turgenev, “growing” from books with a pen in his hand, on the other, Viardot, sitting among roses and playing the lyre. The sheet is pierced through in the place where the writer’s heart and the lyre are located in the singer’s hands.
Streets in many Russian cities, as well as libraries and drama theaters, are named after Turgenev.

The article is illustrated with engravings kindly provided by the Novosibirsk Museum of Funerary Culture

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, a future world-famous writer, was born on November 9, 1818. Place of birth - the city of Orel, parents - nobles. He began his literary activity not with prose, but with lyrical works and poems. Poetic notes are also felt in many of his subsequent stories and novels.

It is very difficult to briefly introduce Turgenev’s work; the influence of his creations on all Russian literature of that time was too great. He is a prominent representative of the golden age in the history of Russian literature, and his fame extended far beyond Russia - abroad, in Europe the name Turgenev was also familiar to many.

Turgenev's Peru owns the typical images of new literary heroes– serfs, extra people, fragile and strong women and commoners. Some of the topics he touched on more than 150 years ago are still relevant today.

If we briefly characterize Turgenev’s work, then researchers of his works conventionally distinguish three stages in it:

1. 1836 – 1847.
2. 1848 – 1861.
3. 1862 – 1883.

Each of these stages has its own characteristics.

1) Stage one is the beginning creative path, writing romantic poems, finding yourself as a writer and your style in different genres- poetry, prose, drama. At the beginning of this stage, Turgenev was influenced by the philosophical school of Hegel, and his work was romantic and philosophical character. In 1843, he met the famous critic Belinsky, who became his creative mentor and teacher. A little earlier, Turgenev wrote his first poem called “Parasha”.

Turgenev’s work was greatly influenced by his love for the singer Pauline Viardot, after whom he left for France for several years. It is this feeling that explains the subsequent emotionality and romanticism of his works. Also, during his life in France, Turgenev met many talented wordsmiths of this country.

TO creative achievements This period includes the following works:

1. Poems, lyrics - “Andrey”, “Conversation”, “Landowner”, “Pop”.
2. Dramaturgy – plays “Carelessness” and “Lack of Money”.
3. Prose – stories and stories “Petushkov”, “Andrey Kolosov”, “Three Portraits”, “Breter”, “Mumu”.

The future direction of his work—works in prose—is emerging more and more clearly.

2) Stage two is the most successful and fruitful in Turgenev’s work. He enjoys the well-deserved fame that arose after the publication of the first story from “Notes of a Hunter” - the essay story “Khor and Kalinich”, published in 1847 in the Sovremennik magazine. Its success marked the beginning of five years of work on the remaining stories in the series. In the same year, 1847, when Turgenev was abroad, the following 13 stories were written.

The creation of “Notes of a Hunter” carries an important meaning in the work of the writer:

- firstly, Turgenev was one of the first Russian writers to touch upon new topic– the theme of the peasantry was revealed more deeply by their image; He portrayed the landowners in a real light, trying not to embellish or criticize without reason;

- secondly, the stories are imbued with a deep psychological meaning, the writer does not just depict a hero of a certain class, he tries to penetrate his soul, understand his way of thinking;

- thirdly, the authorities did not like these works, and for their creation Turgenev was first arrested and then sent into exile to his family estate.

Creative heritage:

1. Novels – “Rud”, “On the Eve” and “The Noble Nest”. The first novel was written in 1855 and had readers big success, and the next two further strengthened the writer’s fame.
2. The stories are “Asya” and “Faust”.
3. Several dozen stories from “Notes of a Hunter.”

3) Stage three is the time of mature and serious works of the writer, in which the writer touches on deeper issues. It was in the sixties that the writing itself took place. famous novel Turgenev - “Fathers and Sons”. This novel raised questions about the relationship between different generations that are still relevant today and gave rise to many literary discussions.

An interesting fact is also that at the dawn of its creative activity Turgenev returned to where he started - to lyrics and poetry. He became interested in a special type of poetry - writing prose fragments and miniatures in lyrical form. Over the course of four years, he wrote more than 50 such works. The writer believed that such literary form can fully express the most secret feelings, emotions and thoughts.

Works from this period:

1. Novels – “Fathers and Sons”, “Smoke”, “New”.
2. Stories - “Punin and Baburin”, “King of the Steppes Lear”, “Brigadier”.
3. Mystical works - “Ghosts”, “After Death”, “The Story of Lieutenant Ergunov”.

IN last years During his life, Turgenev was mainly abroad, without forgetting his homeland. His work influenced many other writers, opened up many new questions and images of heroes in Russian literature, therefore Turgenev is rightfully considered one of the most outstanding classics of Russian prose.

Download this material:

(3 rated, rating: 5,00 out of 5)