Spectacular play arts. Spatial arts

Art is a creative process of creating artistic images that reflect the real world in all its diversity. It is divided into separate types in accordance with the specifics of the material embodiment. Different types of art perform, in fact, one noble task - they serve society.

Classification

Modern art history literature offers a certain classification system for the types of creative activity. The most common scheme is the conditional division of art into three groups.

The first group combines spatial types of art that are perceived visually:

Decorative and applied art.
Art.
Architecture.
Art photography.
Sculpture.
Painting.

The second group includes temporary types of art, which have a certain dynamics or are extended in time:

Fiction.
Music.

Since temporary art forms can, under certain conditions, move into another category, this must be taken into account. In some cases, literature is synthesized with music (libretto).

The third group includes space-time art forms, which are perceived both visually and by ear:

Choreography, ballet, musicals.
Theatrical art.
Literary works.
Cinematography.
Circus genres.

Why separate types of art are needed

The existence of different types of art is explained by the fact that it is impossible to reproduce a comprehensive artistic picture in any particular way. After all, there is bound to be something behind the scenes. A complete picture can be reflected only with the involvement of all the artistic means of culture as a whole.

Spatial arts

One of the most popular creative processes is arts and crafts.

The artistic value of products made from improvised materials is high if the crafts are made by true masters of their craft.

Decorative and applied art is the creation of artistic household items, folklore exclusives from natural materials. The use of wood, clay, stone and bone is accepted. In the manufacture of decorative products, a variety of techniques for processing the material are used.

The process of creating art products for applied purposes is focused on the ethnic characteristics of a country or region. The arts and crafts, as a rule, are dominated by folk crafts representing local customs and traditions. In Russia it is:

Painting on wood - Gorodets, Khokhloma, Fedoskino, Polkhov-Maidan.
Wooden carving - Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya, Bogorodskaya.
Miniature painting - Palekh, Kholuy, Mstera.
Russian folk ceramics - Gzhel, Skopinsky, Kargopol and Dymkovo toys.
Lace weaving - Vologda, Mikhailov.
Painting on fabric - Pavlovsky Posad shawls, capes, shawls.
Artistic metal products - Veliky Ustyug scarlet silver, Zhostovo painting, Rostov enamel.
Embroidery - Vladimir gold embroidery.
Carving on white bone - Khotkovskaya, Kholmogory, Tobolsk.

Sculpture is a visual, spatial art that reflects the world in artistic plastic images. The materials used in the creation of sculptures are marble, bronze, stone, wood. Recently, others have been used, such as concrete, steel. As well as plasticized materials. Particularly large sculptures are reinforced with metal rods to avoid breakage.

Sculpture can be of two types: three-dimensional 3D and relief.

Three-dimensional repeats all the specified parameters and can be performed at any scale. Relief sculptures are divided into three types:

high relief - high relief;
bas-relief - medium or low relief;
counter-relief - mortise.

Each type of sculpture has its own classification. It can be monumental, easel or decorative. Monumental is installed on the streets and city squares. And also in places of historical importance. Monumental sculpture includes memorials, monuments. Easel sculptures are museum exhibits. As a rule, they are located indoors. Decorative sculptural images can stand in residential buildings, in garden plots, in gazebos.

Architecture

Architecture appeared long before the birth of Christ and gradually began to acquire artistic characteristics, while remaining a utilitarian structure. Architecture as an art form has spread since the beginning of the 13th century. It was then that architects began to build grandiose Gothic structures in Europe. Gothic and today is considered one of the most interesting styles of historical significance. Architecture as an art form occupies one of the leading places in the list of the world's cultural heritage. At the same time, its artistic value is undeniable.

Plastic spatial arts

In the world of artistic disciplines, there are areas that require classification. These include spatial art forms with signs of plasticity. They are characterized by the possible movement or transformation in a certain space. A masterpiece of architecture is considered plastic if it can be modified, expanded, and radically changed in terms of colors. All this applies only to modern achievements of architecture - historical architectural structures are inviolable. The possibility of artistic transformations of an already finished work of art classifies it into the category of a plastic look. Similar criteria can be applied to other samples of a spatial nature.

Theory and practice

At the same time, signs of plasticity do not necessarily have to be confirmed by the possibility of some changes. For example, the art of painting does not need any adjustment, much less transformation. Artistic canvases already created are finished works. Sculpture
belongs to the plastic arts. Since it can presumably be changed for the better. But this sign is purely theoretical and is used to determine the classification system for art forms. Any genre of artistic spatial creativity, except for photography, can be attributed to plastic types.

Literature

Spatio-temporal art forms are the most popular and in demand in society. Let's consider them in more detail.

Literature is a kind of art in which the main carrier of meaning, as well as a source of creative inspiration, is the artistic word. A writer who is sufficiently proficient in fiction uses his gift to create textual works. Literature as an art form can be divided into two categories:

artistic;
historical prose.

Literary genres

Lyrics are works of art, often in poetic form, reflecting a variety of human experiences, including love ones.
Drama is literature that describes events in a plot, usually a whole story or individual events from the life of heroes.
Tragedy is a work written in the dramatic genre, but with a deadly ending.
An epic is a literary narrative that reveals major historical events, the presentation is possible both in verse and in prose.
Novella is a genre of small narrative form.
A novel is a large work, consisting of several parts, containing a description of the life of the main and secondary characters in a certain period.
The story is a literary genre, less than a novel in terms of volume and number of characters.
A story is a work of a small form with a description of events that occurred in a short period of time, more common and arbitrary in terms of composition compared to a short story.

Choreography and ballet

Another creative activity in the category of "spatial arts" is choreography. It consists of artistically meaningful postures and movements of the human body, organized in space and time. It is a system worked out for centuries. Dance must be combined with music. In this case, a musical-choreographic image is created.

At all times, the dance was associated with the life of a person, imitating certain events. And on stage, his mission was to show the public the art of ballet. In addition, dances are part of various ceremonies and rituals. This is especially common on the African continent and in Asian countries.

The types of art, examples of which are given in this article, are somehow connected with the global Russian culture and are called upon to bring it to the people.

Among all forms of art, it is customary to put fiction in the first place, although perhaps the only reason for this is its much wider audience than works of other types of art.

Fiction - a kind of art in which the material carrier of imagery is ordinary, or everyday, language. Like other forms of art, literature reproduces, or depicts, objects and situations. But since she uses language for this, unlike fine arts in the proper sense of the word (paintings, sculptures, etc.) and from synthetic arts (theatre, cinema, television, etc.) uses "immaterial" images (G. Lessing), devoid of direct visual clarity and reliability: the word ns does not have visual similarities with what it means. The immaterial nature of the images is due to some limitations of literature, but at the same time, the words used by the writer make it possible to comprehend reality compactly and quickly in all the diversity of its manifestations, comprehended not only by feeling, but also by the intellect. The writer is able to present a person as a thinking and speaking being, to bring a literary text closer to a journalistic or philosophical one.

Music - an art form in which artistic images are formed using sounds. Music is characterized by a particularly active and direct impact on the inner world of a person. Sounds as the basis of musical imagery and expressiveness are devoid of the semantic specificity of words, they do not reproduce visible pictures of the world, as a pictorial image does. But sounds have an intonational nature, which expresses centuries-old speech experience, the experience of rhythmic movements, embodied, in particular, in theater, dance, etc. The expressiveness of music is also given by such components of musical composition as melody, harmony, rhythm, composition, polyphony, texture, etc. The existence of a musical work is inseparable from its performance: without a performer, such a work is just a musical notation. Music can be performed with the help of means: there is vocal, instrumental, vocal-instrumental music. Music exists in different forms and genres. There is symphonic, operatic and chamber music; but there is also the music of song, dance, symphony, sonata, suite, heroic or comic opera, and so on. Artistic images of music are highly generalized. But at the same time, they are distinguished by a huge emotional power, capable of integrally expressing a person's being. Music is capable of expressing the subtlest shades of human feelings and influencing the deep psychology of a person.

Painting - a type of fine art, the originality of which lies in the creation of artistic images with the help of paints applied to some solid surface (base). Painting visually reproduces the coloristic richness of reality, its spatiality and objectivity, embodies a wide range of ideas about the life of people, society and nature. Depending on the materials used by the artist to create a painting (oil, glue, wax, etc.), there are such types of painting as oil painting, tempera, painting on plaster (fresco), encaustic (wax painting on a board), etc. There are different genres of painting: landscape, portrait, still life, historical painting, everyday genre, etc. There are also different types of painting: easel painting, or painting, icon painting, panorama and diorama, monumental and decorative painting, decorative painting, etc. Significantly enriched the painting of the opening of the foreshortening , perspective and cut-off modeling. However, if progress was observed in painting, it did not consist in the growing ability of the painter to copy what "really exists", but in the ability to create the impression that we see the object depicted by him. Even the most plausible images cannot be called mere copies. Two drawings by Picasso can serve as a typical example: "A mother hen with chickens" (1941) and "Rooster" (1938). The first of them depicts, in a very realistic manner, a hen bending over her chicks; the second shows a belligerent rooster. If in the first case, Picasso clearly sought to convey the concern of the hen and her concern for her tiny chickens, then in the second case, he was least concerned about the outward resemblance of the depicted rooster to his prototype (if there was one at all); the artist sought to convey, above all, the aggressiveness, arrogance and stubbornness of the rooster.

Cinematography - a type of artistic creativity that was included in the system of synthetic types of art in the 20th century.

In the 20s. The period of silent cinema ended in the last century, and diverse possibilities for expressing artistic thoughts on the screen were discovered and realized, the entire genre system of cinematography was updated. Its synthesis is revealed in the fact that it gives a synthesis of different arts: literature, painting, music, theater.

Architecture - a form of art whose task is to create structures that meet the utilitarian and spiritual needs of people, including, of course, their aesthetic needs. As a field of art, architecture appears in the cultures of Mesopotamia and Egypt. As an author's art, it takes shape by the 5th century. BC. in ancient Greece. Until the middle of the XIX century. in synthesis with painting, sculpture, decorative art, architecture determined the style. Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, classicism are, first of all, the characteristics of the architecture of certain periods of past eras. From the end of the 19th century architecture gives way to leadership in the formation of the dominant artistic style of painting and sculpture. Modernism, constructivism, postmodernism are, first of all, a certain painting and sculpture, and only then - architecture.

Sculpture - a type of fine art, the specificity of which is in the volumetric implementation of an art form in space. Sculpture represents predominantly the forms of people, less often - animals, and even more rarely - a landscape or a still life. There are two main types of sculpture: round sculpture (statue, group, torso, bust) is designed to be viewed from many angles; relief sculpture is an image on a plane perceived as a background.

There are also other types of art: choreography, theater, photography, circus, variety art, arts and crafts, etc.

Architecture. Architecture (Greek "architecton" - "master, builder") is a monumental art form, the purpose of which is to create structures and buildings necessary for the life and activities of mankind, responding to the utilitarian and spiritual needs of people.

The forms of architectural structures depend on geographical and climatic conditions, on the nature of the landscape, the intensity of sunlight, seismic safety, etc.

Architecture is more closely connected than other arts with the development of the productive forces, with the development of technology. Architecture is able to combine with monumental painting, sculpture, decorative and other arts. The basis of the architectural composition is the three-dimensional structure, the organic interconnection of the elements of a building or an ensemble of buildings. The scale of the structure largely determines the nature of the artistic image, its monumentality or intimacy.

Architecture does not reproduce reality directly; it is not pictorial, but expressive.

Art. Fine art is a group of types of artistic creativity that reproduce visually perceived reality. Works of art have an objective form that does not change in time and space. Fine arts include: painting, graphics, sculpture.

Graphic arts. Graphics (translated from Greek - "I write, draw") is, first of all, drawing and artistic printed works (engraving, lithography). It is based on the possibilities of creating an expressive art form by using lines, strokes and spots of different colors applied to the surface of the sheet.

Graphics preceded painting. At first, a person learned to capture the outlines and plastic forms of objects, then to distinguish and reproduce their colors and shades. The mastery of color was a historical process: not all colors were mastered at once.

The specifics of graphics are linear relationships. By reproducing the forms of objects, it conveys their illumination, the ratio of light and shadow, etc. Painting captures the real ratios of the colors of the world, in color and through color it expresses the essence of objects, their aesthetic value, calibrates their social purpose, their correspondence or contradiction to the environment. .

In the process of historical development, color began to penetrate into drawing and printed graphics, and now drawing with colored crayons - pastel, and color engraving, and painting with water colors - watercolor and gouache are already included in graphics. In various literature on art history, there are different points of view about graphics. In some sources, graphics is a type of painting, while in others it is a separate subspecies of fine art.

Painting. Painting is a flat visual art, the specificity of which lies in the representation with the help of paints applied to the surface of the image of the real world, transformed by the creative imagination of the artist.

Painting is divided into:

- monumental - fresco (from Italian Fresco) - painting on wet plaster with paints diluted in water and mosaic (from French mosaiqe) image of colored stones, smalt (Smalt - colored transparent glass.), ceramic tiles.
- easel (from the word "machine") - a canvas that is created on an easel.

Painting is represented by a variety of genres (Genre (French genre, from Latin genus, genitive generis - genus, species) is an artistic, historically established internal division in all types of art.):

- Portrait - the main task is to convey an idea of the external appearance of a person, to reveal the inner world of a person, to emphasize his individuality, psychological and emotional image.
- Landscape - reproduces the surrounding world in all its diversity of forms. The image of the seascape is defined by the term marinism.
- Still life - the image of household items, tools, flowers, fruits. Helps to understand the worldview and way of a certain era.
- Historical genre - tells about historically important moments in the life of society.
- Household genre - reflects the everyday life of people, the temper, customs, traditions of a particular ethnic group.
- Icon painting (translated from Greek as "prayer image") - the main goal is to direct a person on the path of transformation.
- Animalism - the image of an animal as the main character of a work of art.

In the XX century. the nature of painting is changing under the influence of technological progress (the appearance of photo and video equipment), which leads to the emergence of new forms of art - multimedia art.

Sculpture. Sculpture is a spatial and visual art that explores the world in plastic images.

The main materials used in sculpture are stone, bronze, marble, wood. At the present stage of development of society, technological progress, the number of materials used to create sculptures has expanded: steel, plastic, concrete and others.

There are two main types of sculpture: volumetric three-dimensional (circular) and relief:

- high relief - high relief,
- bas-relief - low relief,
- counter-relief - cut-in relief.

By definition, sculpture is monumental, decorative, easel.

Monumental - used to decorate the streets and squares of the city, designate historically important places, events, etc. Monumental sculpture includes:

- monuments,
- monuments,
- memorials.

Easel - designed for inspection from a close distance and is designed to decorate the interior.

Decorative - used to decorate everyday life (small plastic items).

Decorative and applied art. Decorative and applied art is a kind of creative activity in the creation of household items designed to meet the utilitarian and artistic and aesthetic needs of people.

Decorative and applied arts include products made from a variety of materials and using various technologies. The material for the subject of DPI can be metal, wood, clay, stone, bone. The technical and artistic methods of manufacturing products are very diverse: carving, embroidery, painting, chasing, etc. The main characteristic feature of the DPI object is decorativeness, which consists in imagery and the desire to decorate, make it better, more beautiful.

Decorative and applied art has a national character. Since it comes from the customs, habits, beliefs of a certain ethnic group, it is close to the way of life.

An important component of decorative and applied arts is folk art crafts - a form of organizing artistic work based on collective creativity, developing a local cultural tradition and focused on the sale of handicrafts.

The key creative idea of traditional crafts is the assertion of the unity of the natural and human worlds.

The main folk crafts of Russia are:

- Woodcarving - Bogorodskaya, Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya;
- Painting on wood - Khokhloma, Gorodetskaya, Polkhov-Maidanskaya, Mezenskaya;
- Decoration of products from birch bark - embossing on birch bark, painting;
- Artistic processing of stone - processing of hard and soft stone;
- Bone carving - Kholmogory, Tobolsk. Khotkovskaya
- Miniature painting on papier-mache - Fedoskino miniature, Palekh miniature, Mstera miniature, Kholuy miniature
- Artistic processing of metal - Veliky Ustyug niello silver, Rostov enamel, Zhostovo painting on metal;
- Folk ceramics - Gzhel ceramics, Skopinsky ceramics, Dymkovo toy, Kargopol toy;
- Lace making - Vologda lace, Mikhailovsky lace,
- Painting on fabric - Pavlovian scarves and shawls
- Embroidery - Vladimirskaya, Color interlace, Gold embroidery.

Literature. Literature is a kind of art in which the material carrier of imagery is the word.

The scope of literature includes natural and social phenomena, various social cataclysms, the spiritual life of the individual, her feelings. In its various genres, literature embraces this material either through a dramatic reproduction of an action, or through an epic narration of events, or through a lyrical self-disclosure of a person's inner world.

The literature is divided into:

- Artistic
- Educational
- Historical
- Scientific
- Reference

The main genres of literature are:

- Lyrics- one of the three main genres of fiction, reflects life by depicting a variety of human experiences, a feature of the lyrics is a poetic form.
- Drama- one of the three main genres of fiction, a plot work written in colloquial form and without the author's speech.
- epic- narrative literature, one of the three main genres of fiction, includes:
- epic- a major work of the epic genre.
- Novella- narrative prose (much less often - poetic) genre of literature, representing a small narrative form.
- Tale(story) - a literary genre that is distinguished by a less significant volume, fewer figures, life content and breadth
- Story- An epic work of small size, which differs from the short story in the greater prevalence and arbitrariness of the composition.
- Novel- a large narrative work in prose, sometimes in verse.
- Ballad- a lyrical-epic poetic plot work written in stanzas.
- Poem- a plot literary work of a lyrical-epic nature in verse.

The specificity of literature is a historical phenomenon, all the elements and constituent parts of a literary work and the literary process, all the features of literature are in constant change. Literature is a living, mobile ideological and artistic system that is sensitive to changes in life. The predecessor of literature is oral folk art.

Musical art. Music - (from the Greek musike - lit. - the art of muses), a type of art in which musical sounds organized in a certain way serve as a means of embodying artistic images. The main elements and expressive means of music are mode, rhythm, meter, tempo, loud dynamics, timbre, melody, harmony, polyphony, instrumentation. Music is recorded in musical notation and realized in the process of performance.

The division of music into secular and spiritual is accepted. The main area of sacred music is cult. The development of the European musical theory of musical notation and musical pedagogy is connected with European cult music (usually called church music). By performing means, music is divided into vocal (singing), instrumental and vocal-instrumental. Music is often combined with choreography, theatrical art, and cinema. Distinguish music monophonic (monody) and polyphonic (homophony, polyphony). Music is divided into:

- for genera and types - theatrical (opera, etc.), symphonic, chamber, etc.;
- genres - song, chorale, dance, march, symphony, suite, sonata, etc.

Musical works are characterized by certain, relatively stable typical structures. Music uses, as a means of embodying reality and human feelings, sound images.

Music in sound images generally expresses the essential processes of life. An emotional experience and an idea colored by feeling, expressed through sounds of a special kind, which are based on the intonations of human speech - such is the nature of a musical image.

Choreography. Choreography (gr. Choreia - dance + grapho - writing) is a kind of art, the material of which is the movements and postures of the human body, poetically meaningful, organized in time and space, constituting an artistic system.

Dance interacts with music, together with it forming a musical and choreographic image. In this union, each component depends on the other: the music dictates its own laws to the dance and at the same time is influenced by the dance. In some cases, the dance can be performed without music - accompanied by clapping, tapping with heels, etc.

The origins of the dance were: imitation of labor processes; ritual celebrations and ceremonies, the plastic side of which had a certain regulation and semantics; dance spontaneously expressing in movements in movements the culmination of a person's emotional state.

Dance has always, at all times, been associated with the life and way of life of people. Therefore, each dance corresponds to the character, the spirit of the people from whom it originated.

Theatrical art. Theater is an art form that artistically masters the world through a dramatic action carried out by a creative team.

The basis of the theater is dramaturgy. Synthetic nature of theatrical art determines its collective nature: the performance combines the creative efforts of a playwright, director, artist, composer, choreographer, actor. art classification spatial temporal

Theatrical performances are divided into genres:

- Drama;
- Tragedy;
- Comedy;
- Musical, etc.

Theatrical art has its roots in ancient times. Its most important elements already existed in primitive rites, in totemic dances, in copying the habits of animals, etc.

Photo art. Photography (gr. Phos (photos) light + grafo I write) is an art that reproduces on a plane, through lines and shadows, in the most perfect way and without the possibility of error, the contour and shape of the object transmitted by it.

A specific feature of photography is the organic interaction of creative and technological processes in it. Photo art developed at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries as a result of the interaction of artistic thought and the progress of photographic science and technology. Its emergence was historically prepared by the development of painting, which was oriented towards a mirror accurate image of the visible world and used the discoveries of geometric optics (perspective) and optical instruments (camera obscura) to achieve this goal.

The specificity of photographic art lies in the fact that it gives a pictorial image of a documentary value.

A photograph gives an artistically expressive image and captures with certainty an essential moment of reality in a frozen image.

Life facts in photography are transferred almost without additional processing from the realm of reality to the realm of art.

Cinematography. Cinema is the art of reproducing on screen moving images captured on film, creating the impression of living reality. Cinema is an invention of the 20th century. Its appearance is determined by the achievements of science and technology in the field of optics, electrical and photographic engineering, chemistry, etc.

Cinema conveys the dynamics of the era; working with time as a means of expression, cinema is able to convey the change of various events in their internal logic.

Cinema is a synthetic art, it includes organic elements such as literature (script, songs), painting (cartoon, scenery in a feature film), theatrical art (acting), music, which serves as a means of complementing the visual image.

Cinema can be conditionally divided into scientific-documentary and fiction.

Film genres are also defined:

- drama,
- tragedy,
- fantastic,
- comedy,
- historical, etc.

Architecture(Greek "architecton" - "master, builder") - a monumental art form, the purpose of which is to create structures and buildings necessary for the life and activities of mankind, meeting the utilitarian and spiritual needs of people. Architecture is able to combine with monumental painting, sculpture, decorative and other types of art. The basis of the architectural composition is the three-dimensional structure, the organic interconnection of the elements of a building or an ensemble of buildings. The scale of the structure largely determines the nature of the artistic image, its monumentality or intimacy. Architecture does not reproduce reality directly, it is not pictorial, but expressive.

GRAPHIC ARTS

Graphics (translated from Greek - "I write, draw") is, first of all, drawing and artistic printed works (engraving, lithography). It is based on the possibilities of creating an expressive art form by using lines, strokes and spots of different colors applied to the surface of the sheet.

Painting- planar fine art, the specificity of which lies in the representation with the help of paints applied to the surface of the image of the real world, transformed by the creative imagination of the artist. Painting is divided into:

Monumental - fresco (from Italian Fresco) - painting on wet plaster with paints diluted in water and mosaic (from French mosaiqe) an image of colored stones, smalt (Smalt - colored transparent glass.), Ceramic tiles. - easel (from the word "machine") - a canvas that is created on an easel.

Painting is represented by a variety of genres:

Portrait - Landscape - Still life - Historical genre - Domestic genre - - Icon painting - Animalism

Sculpture- spatial - fine art, mastering the world in plastic images.

There are two main types of sculpture: volumetric three-dimensional (circular) and relief:

High relief - high relief, - bas-relief - low relief, - counter-relief - incised relief.

By definition, sculpture is monumental, decorative, easel.

Monumental - used to decorate the streets and squares of the city, designate historically important places, events, etc. Monumental sculpture includes: - monuments, monuments, memorials.

Easel - designed for inspection from a close distance and is designed to decorate the interior.

Decorative - used to decorate everyday life (small plastic items).

Arts and Crafts- a type of creative activity in the creation of household items designed to meet the utilitarian and artistic and aesthetic needs of people.

Literature- a kind of art in which the material carrier of imagery is the word.

Literature is divided into: Artistic, Educational, Historical, Scientific, Reference

The main genres of literature are:

Lyrics - one of the three main genres of fiction, reflects life by depicting a variety of human experiences, the peculiarity of the lyrics is the poetic form.

Drama is one of the three main genres of fiction, a plot work written in colloquial form and without the author's speech. - Epic - narrative literature, one of the three main genres of fiction, includes: - Epic - a major work of the epic genre.

Novella is a narrative prose (much less often poetic) genre of literature, representing a small narrative form. - A story (story) is a literary genre that is distinguished by a less significant volume, a smaller number of figures, life content and breadth

Story - An epic work of small size, which differs from a short story in greater prevalence and arbitrariness of composition. - A novel is a large narrative work in prose, sometimes in verse. - A ballad is a lyric-epic poetic plot work written in stanzas.

A poem is a plot literary work of a lyric-epic nature in verse.

Music- (from the Greek musike - lit. - the art of muses), a type of art in which musical sounds organized in a certain way serve as a means of embodying artistic images. The main elements and expressive means of music are mode, rhythm, meter, tempo, loud dynamics, timbre, melody, harmony, polyphony, instrumentation. Music is recorded in musical notation and realized in the process of performance.

The division of music into secular and spiritual is accepted. The main area of sacred music is cult. By performing means, music is divided into vocal (singing), instrumental and vocal-instrumental. Music is often combined with choreography, theatrical art, and cinema. Distinguish music monophonic (monody) and polyphonic (homophony, polyphony). Music is divided into:

For genera and types - theatrical (opera, etc.), symphonic, chamber, etc.;

Genres - song, chorale, dance, march, symphony, suite, sonata, etc.

Choreography(gr. Choreia - dance + grapho - I write) - a type of art, the material of which is the movements and postures of the human body, poetically meaningful, organized in time and space, constituting an artistic system.

Theater- an art form that artistically masters the world through a dramatic action carried out by a creative team.

Theatrical productions are divided into genres: - Drama; - Tragedy; - Comedy; - Musical, etc.

Theatrical art has its roots in ancient times. Its most important elements already existed in primitive rites, in totemic dances, in copying the habits of animals, etc.

Photo(gr. Phos (photos) light + grafo I write) - art that reproduces on a plane, through lines and shadows, in the most perfect way and without the possibility of error, the contour and shape of the object transmitted by it.

Movie- the art of reproducing on the screen moving images captured on film, creating the impression of living reality. Cinema is an invention of the 20th century. Its appearance is determined by the achievements of science and technology in the field of optics, electrical and photographic engineering, chemistry, etc.

Cinema can be conditionally divided into scientific-documentary and fiction.

Film genres are also defined: - drama, - tragedy, - science fiction, - comedy, - historical, etc.

Variety of art forms

Art, one of the forms of social consciousness, an integral part of the spiritual culture of mankind, a specific kind of practical-spiritual exploration of the world. In this regard, art includes a group of varieties of human activity - painting, music, theater, fiction (which is sometimes distinguished especially - the expression "literature and art"), etc., combined because they are specific - artistic and figurative forms reproduction of reality.

The definition of the hallmarks of art and its role in people's lives has caused sharp controversy throughout the history of culture. It was declared "imitation of nature" - and "free form creation"; "reproduction of reality" - and "self-knowledge of the Absolute", "artist's self-expression" - and "language of feelings"; a special kind of play - and a special kind of prayer. Such disagreements are due to many reasons: the difference in the philosophical positions of theorists, their ideological attitudes, reliance on various types of art and creative methods (for example, literature or architecture, classicism or realism), and finally, the objective complexity of the structure of art itself. This complexity, the versatility of the structure is not recognized even by some theorists who define the essence of art either as epistemological, or as ideological, or as aesthetic, or as creative and creative, etc. Dissatisfaction with such one-linear definitions led some art historians to assert that in art different moments are organically interconnected - cognition and evaluation of reality, or reflection and creation, or model and sign. But even such two-dimensional interpretations of its essence do not recreate its complex structure with due completeness.

The process of historical development of the social division of labor has led to the fact that from the original fused, syncretic human life activity, diverse branches of material and spiritual production, as well as various forms of human communication, have emerged and gained an independent existence. Unlike science, language and other forms of specialized social activity designed to satisfy the various needs of people, art turned out to be necessary for mankind as a way of holistic social education of the individual, his emotional and intellectual development, his familiarization with the collective experience accumulated by mankind, with centuries of wisdom, with specific social and historical interests, aspirations, ideals. But in order to play this role of a powerful tool for the socialization of the individual, art must be similar to real human life, that is, it must recreate (model) life in its real integrity and structural complexity. It should "double" the real life activity of a person, be its imaginary continuation and addition, and thereby expand the life experience of the individual, allowing him to "live" many illusory "lives" in the "worlds" created by writers, musicians, painters, etc.

At the same time, art appears both as similar to real life and as different from it - fictional, illusory, as a game of the imagination, as a creation of human hands. A work of art excites at the same time the deepest experiences, similar to the experiences of real events, and aesthetic pleasure arising from its perception precisely as a work of art, as a model of life created by man.

Art as a specific social phenomenon is a complex system of qualities, the structure of which is characterized by a combination of cognitive, evaluative, creative (spiritual and material) and sign-communicative facets (or subsystems). Thanks to this, it acts both as a means of communication between people, and as a tool for their enlightenment, enriching their knowledge about the world and about themselves, and as a way of educating a person on the basis of a particular system of values, and as a source of high aesthetic joys.

The artistic and creative activity of a person unfolds in diverse forms, which are called types of art, its types and genres. The abundance and diversity of these forms may seem like a chaotic heap, but in reality they are a regularly organized system of species, generic, genre forms. Thus, depending on the material means by which works of art are constructed, three groups of art forms objectively arise: 1) spatial, or plastic (painting, sculpture, graphics, art photography, architecture, arts and crafts and design), i.e. e. those who deploy their images in space; 2) temporary (verbal and musical), i.e., those where images are built in time, and not in real space; 3) spatio-temporal (dance; acting and all based on it; synthetic - theater, cinema, television art, variety and circus, etc.), i.e. those whose images have both length and duration, corporality and dynamism. On the other hand, in each of these three groups of art, artistic and creative activity can use: 1) signs of a pictorial type, that is, those suggesting the similarity of images with sensually perceived reality (painting, sculpture, graphics - the so-called fine arts .; literature, acting art); 2) signs of a non-pictorial type, i.e., not allowing recognition in the images of any real objects, phenomena, actions and addressed directly to the associative mechanisms of perception (architectural and applied arts, music and dance); 3) signs of a mixed, pictorial-non-pictorial nature, characteristic of synthetic forms of creativity (synthesis of architecture or decorative and applied arts with fine arts; verbal-musical - song and acting-dance - pantomimic synthesis).

Each type of art is directly characterized by the way of the material existence of its works and the type of figurative signs used. Within these limits, all its types have varieties, determined by the characteristics of this or that material and the resulting originality of the artistic language. So, varieties of verbal art are oral creativity and written literature; varieties of music - vocal and various types of instrumental music; varieties of performing arts - drama, music, puppet, shadow theater, as well as stage and circus; varieties of dance - everyday dance, classical, acrobatic, gymnastic, ice dance, etc. On the other hand, each art form has a generic and genre division. The criteria for these divisions are defined in different ways, but the very existence of such types of literature as epic, lyric, drama, such types of fine arts as easel, monumental-decorative, miniature, such genres of painting as portrait, landscape, still life, etc. d.

Thus, art, taken as a whole, is a historically established system of various specific ways of artistic exploration of the world, each of which has features that are common to all and individually unique.

Arts and Crafts

Decorative and applied arts, section of art; covers a number of branches of creativity that are devoted to the creation of artistic products intended mainly for everyday life. His works can be: various utensils, furniture, fabrics, tools, vehicles, as well as clothes and all kinds of decorations. Along with the division of works of decorative and applied art according to their practical purpose in the scientific literature from the 2nd half of the 19th century. the classification of industries by material (metal, ceramics, textiles, wood) or by technique (carving, painting, embroidery, printing, casting, embossing, intarsia, etc.) was approved. This classification is due to the important role of the constructive-technological principle in arts and crafts and its direct connection with production. Solving in aggregate, like architecture, practical and artistic tasks, arts and crafts at the same time belongs to the spheres of creation of both material and spiritual values. Works of this type of art are inseparable from the material culture of their contemporary era, are closely connected with the way of life that corresponds to it, with one or another of its local ethnic and national characteristics, and social and group differences. Composing an organic part of the subject environment with which a person comes into daily contact, works of arts and crafts with their aesthetic merits, figurative structure, character constantly affect the state of mind of a person, his mood, are an important source of emotions that affect his attitude to the world around him.

Aesthetically saturating the environment surrounding a person, the works of this genre are at the same time absorbed by it, as it were. are usually perceived in connection with its architectural and spatial design, with other objects included in it or their complexes (a service, a set of furniture, a costume, a set of jewelry). Therefore, the ideological content of works of arts and crafts can be most fully understood only with a clear idea (real or mentally recreated) of these relationships of the object with the environment and with the person.

The architectonics of an object, determined by its purpose, design capabilities and plastic properties of the material, often plays a fundamental role in the composition of an artistic product. Often in the arts and crafts, the beauty of the material, the proportionate proportions of parts, and the rhythmic structure serve as the only means of embodying the emotional and figurative content of the product (for example, glassware or other untinted materials without decoration). Here, the special significance for decorative and applied art of purely emotional, non-pictorial means of artistic language, the use of which makes it related to architecture, is clearly manifested. An emotionally meaningful image is often activated by an image-association (comparison of the shape of an item with a drop, a flower, a figure of a person, an animal, its individual elements, with some other item - a bell, a baluster, etc.). The decor, appearing on the product, also significantly affects its figurative structure. Often, it is thanks to its decor that a household item becomes a work of art. Possessing its own emotional expressiveness, its own rhythm and proportions (often contrasting in relation to the form, as, for example, in the products of Khokhloma masters, where the modest, simple shape of the bowl and the elegant, festive surface painting are different in their emotional sound), the decor visually modifies the form and at the same time merges with it in a single artistic image.