Presentation for the lesson "Culture of Western Europe in the Middle Ages. Education and philosophy"
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Culture of Western Europe in the Early Middle Ages History teacher MBOU “Secondary School No. 27 in Yoshkar-Ola” Norkina T.V. Presentation for a lesson in 6th grade
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Problem: what is the role of the church in the formation and development of medieval culture in Western Europe?
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Lesson plan: Medieval man's ideas about the world. Carolingian revival. "The Seven Liberal Arts". The art of handwritten books. Literature. Entertainment.
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1. Medieval people’s ideas about the world During the early Middle Ages, people imagined the earth in different ways: in the form of a ball (the teachings of Pythagoras were not forgotten), floating in the ocean on whales or turtles, about a precisely defined “edge of the earth,” about the firmament supported pillars, etc.
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Medieval maps Jerusalem is the “navel” of the Earth! On maps, as in ancient times, the earth was drawn in the shape of a circle, but if the ancients placed each of their own fatherland in the center of the universe, then medieval cartographers took Jerusalem as the center, because there, according to the Gospel legend, Jesus Christ was crucified and Jerusalem was considered the “navel” of the Earth .
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Absolutely fantastic, fragmentary information from travelers about various regions and the peoples inhabiting them - people with dog heads and generally headless people, having four eyes, living on the smell of apples, etc., was spread throughout society. Inhabitants of distant countries. Medieval miniature. In the first centuries of the Middle Ages, not many people traveled beyond their rural surroundings. Absolutely fantastic, fragmentary information from travelers about various regions and the peoples inhabiting them - people with dog heads and generally headless people, having four eyes, living on the smell of apples, etc., was spread throughout society.
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Why did Europeans go and travel few places in the early Middle Ages? Bad roads or their absence Dangerous Lack of maps Lack of transport Why do you think in the early Middle Ages Europeans went and traveled few places? Bad roads or lack thereof Dangerous Lack of maps Lack of transport
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Time Water clock Sundial Hourglass Time calculation: Time and the change of seasons were determined by natural signs (by the Sun, rooster crows, phases of the Moon, flowering of plants, by the nature of wind and precipitation) They were indifferent to the exact time. Dates were counted from church holidays and important historical events (changes of power, battles, epidemics, etc.) Sometimes the inventions of Ancient Rome and Greece were used - sundials, water or hourglasses. The day was divided into day and night. Night is the time of manifestation of the devil, evil spirits, and spirits. The day is bright and kind.
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The rise of culture during the reign of Charlemagne Charlemagne. Imaginary image of Albrecht Durer. 2. Carolingian Renaissance Carolingian Renaissance is the rise of culture during the reign of Charlemagne.
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1. Invited educated people from England, Italy, Spain, and Ireland to the court. 2. Entrusted the Anglo-Saxon monk Alcuin with the responsibility of schools, who organized education and wrote textbooks. Raban the Maurus, led by Alcuin, presents his composition to the Archbishop of Mainz. Miniature of the Fulda Code. miniature Charlemagne 1. Invited educated people from England, Italy, Spain, and Ireland to the court. 2. Entrusted the Anglo-Saxon monk Alcuin with the responsibility of schools, who organized education and wrote textbooks. Student's message about Alcuin.
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3. A society for scientific studies arose in Aachen - the “Palace Academy” 4. Charles built churches and palaces, the late Roman buildings served as a model. The palace of Charlemagne in Aachen was built in the 8th century AD. 3. A society for scientific studies arose in Aachen - the “Palace Academy” - where Karl, his family and courtiers discussed the works of ancient authors and modern chronicles and biographies. The emperor himself knew the languages of the conquered peoples and tried to learn to write. 4. Charles built churches and palaces, using late Roman buildings as a model.
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Why did Charlemagne revive ancient culture and promote the spread of literacy? To govern a vast country, Charlemagne needed competent officials and judges. Why did Charlemagne revive ancient culture and promote the spread of literacy? Why did Charlemagne revive ancient culture and promote the spread of literacy?
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Schools were opened at cathedrals and monasteries Education in Latin Only boys were educated There was no division into classes The main textbook is the Bible 3. “The Seven Liberal Arts” Charlemagne ordered the opening of schools at monasteries and cathedrals, where only boys were educated, without division into classes or by age . Education was conducted in Latin, although it had not been spoken for a long time. The main book in teaching was the Bible (Old and New Testament).
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"Trivium" "Quadrivium" Grammar; Rhetoric; Dialectics; Arithmetic; Geometry; Astronomy; Music. Theology “Queen of Sciences” “Seven Liberal Arts”: “TRIVIUM”: Grammar, Rhetoric, Dialectics “Quadrivium”: Arithmetic, Geometry, Astronomy, Music
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Parchment is specially treated skin from young calves or lambs. 4. The art of handwritten books Under Charles, the number of educated people increased rapidly. Workshops for copying books appeared at the monasteries. It took about 1 year to create 1 book, so they were of great value. The book took on the modern appearance of folded and bound sheets of parchment.
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Medieval Book of Hours. Many people worked on the book - scribes and artists. Each of them did their own part - text, initials, screensavers, miniatures.
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Books were a luxury item, and only very wealthy people could afford them, because... each book was a real masterpiece. In libraries and cathedrals, books were chained to the wall to protect them from thieves. Instead of reed feathers, they began to write with bird feathers. Books were a luxury item, and only very wealthy people could afford them, because... every book was a real masterpiece. In libraries and cathedrals, books were chained to the wall to protect them from thieves.
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Lives of Saints Scenes from the life of St. Jerome (creation of the Vulgate). Vivian's Bible. 845 Paris, National Library. Works that told about the exploits of saints in the name of God and made calls for mercy and love for people. 5. Literature In medieval literature, the main genre was religious literature - gospels and Lives of saints. The lives told of the exploits of saints in the name of God and there were calls for mercy and love for people.
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II. Chronicles are manuscripts that tell about the history of peoples and contemporary life according to the chronicler Isidore of Seville, “History of the Goths.” Gregory of Tours "History of the Franks." Bede Venerable “Ecclesiastical History of the People of the Angles” Charles Martell (Hammer) - Savior of the West (engraving from the World Chronicle of G. Schedel) II. Chronicles are manuscripts that tell about the history of peoples and contemporary life according to the chronicler Isidore of Seville, “History of the Goths.” Gregory of Tours "History of the Franks." The Venerable Bede "Ecclesiastical History of the English People"
In the form of a disk covered with the sky like a cap. The Sun, Moon and 5 then known planets make their way across the sky. The “navel” of the Earth is the city of Jerusalem, where the Tomb of Jesus Christ is located. The East was placed at the top, because in the East there is a mountain on which the earthly paradise is located. Rivers flow from paradise: Ganges, Tigris, Euphrates, Nile. The Indian Ocean is closed. People living far away are fabulous creatures.
The time and change of seasons were determined by natural signs (by the Sun, the crowing of a rooster, the phases of the Moon, the flowering of plants, by the nature of the wind and precipitation). They were indifferent to the exact time. Dates were counted from church holidays and important historical events (changes of power, battles, epidemics, etc.) Sometimes they used the inventions of Ancient Rome and Greece - sundials. The night was divided into “three candles.” Night is the time of manifestation of the devil, evil spirits, and spirits.
4. Charles built churches and palaces, using late Roman buildings as a model 2. Entrusted the Anglo-Saxon monk Alcuin with the management of schools, who organized education and wrote textbooks 3. A society for scientific studies arose in Aachen - the “Palace Academy” 1. Invited educated people from England, Italy, Spain, Ireland
Salic truth (Frankish legislation) Einhard. Biography of Charlemagne Einhard. Biography of Charlemagne Isidore of Seville. The story is ready. Isidore of Seville. The story is ready. Gregory of Tours. History of the Franks. Gregory of Tours. History of the Franks. Trouble Hon. "Ecclesiastical History of the English People" Bede Hon. “Ecclesiastical history of the English people” Lives of the saints. Lives of the Saints. Capitularies of Charlemagne. Capitularies of Charlemagne. Tacitus. Annals. Tacitus. Annals. "Beowulf." "Beowulf." "The Elder Edda" "The Elder Edda" "The Song of Roland". "The Song of Roland" "Song of the Nibelungs" Song of the Nibelungs.
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Culture of early medieval Europe
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Plan
1. Medieval man’s ideas about the world. 2. An idea of the structure of the Universe and the Earth 3. An idea of time. 4. Carolingian Renaissance. 5. The Seven Liberal Arts 6. The Art of the Handwritten Book.
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Medieval man's ideas about the world.
During the first centuries of the Middle Ages, few people traveled beyond their rural surroundings. Communications between villages were rare. Long journeys were dangerous and difficult. Due to bad roads we moved slowly. Even about the border countries, only fragmentary information reached the people. But rulers and diplomats, warriors, merchants and missionaries traveled throughout Western Europe and left us with a lot of interesting information about that time. However, Europeans for a long time knew almost nothing about what was happening outside Europe, and they composed fables about distant countries.
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Idea about the structure of the Universe and the Earth
The teaching of the ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras and his followers that the Earth is a sphere was not completely forgotten. Medieval scientists imagined that the Earth was round, motionless, and located at the center of the Universe. But some of them disputed the sphericity of the Earth, arguing that people living on the opposite side of the globe would have to walk “upside down” and trees would have to grow “upside down.” They imagined the Earth as a disk covered with the sky, like a cap, and the Sun, Moon and five then known planets made their way across the sky. The center, or “navel,” of the Earth was considered the city of Jerusalem, in which the Tomb of Jesus Christ is located.
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The idea of time.
Medieval people had a unique attitude towards historical time. Chroniclers were indifferent to exact figures. They used vague expressions: “at that time,” “in the meantime,” “shortly thereafter.” Both feudal lords and peasants often confused the past, present and future. There was no single system of time reference. In some countries, the year began with Easter, in others - with the Nativity of Christ. A medieval hour was approximately three modern hours.
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Carolingian Renaissance.
There were no literate people not only among the peasants - they were also rare among the feudal lords. Even kings did not always know how to read and write. For a long time in Western Europe, only church ministers knew writing, and not all of them: they had to read religious books, know prayers, and give sermons. To govern a vast country, Charlemagne needed competent officials and judges. He understood: in order to revive the Roman Empire, it was necessary to revive culture, and above all ancient knowledge. Under him, a rise in culture began, which historians called the Carolingian Renaissance.
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Seven Liberal Arts
in the 10th-11th centuries, cathedral schools began to open at churches and cathedrals in large cities. The training was in Latin. Since ancient times, complete school education has included the study of the “seven liberal arts”: the sciences of the “trivium” and “quadrivium”. The “Trivium” included: -grammar (the ability to read and write Latin), -rhetoric (eloquence), -dialectics (the art of reasoning). Carolingian illustrator The second stage of education - “quadrivium” included: - arithmetic, - geometry, - astronomy, - music. Only after mastering these sciences could one further study the “queen of sciences” - theology.
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Handwritten book art
The art of handwritten books developed in monastic scriptoria. In ancient times, a book was most often a papyrus scroll, in the late Roman Empire - a parchment scroll. 1 book of skins with 300 calves. Many people worked on one handwritten book for a long time: some wrote the text in calligraphic (beautiful) handwriting; others intricately decorated the capital letters at the beginning of the red line - initials, inscribing entire picturesque scenes - miniatures - into them; still others made headbands and ornaments. There were few books and they were very expensive. Kings and noble feudal lords gave each other books on the most solemn occasions: when concluding contracts, the birth of a child, or at a wedding. They took oaths on the Bible and swore allegiance to the king or lord. Copies of beautifully crafted, huge Bibles with expensive bindings were made for cathedrals, where they were attached with chains so as not to be stolen.
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Lesson plan Medieval man’s ideas about the world Carolingian Renaissance “The Seven Liberal Arts” The art of the handwritten book Literature “A juggler, unlike others and in character...”
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1. Medieval people’s ideas about the world In the Middle Ages, most people, including scientists, considered the Earth to be a flat disk. The ideas of the Ancient Greeks that the Earth was a sphere were not known to many. Few people left their native lands in the Middle Ages. Few people had even visited neighboring cities, but they knew at least a little about Europe. The rest of the world was unknown and full of dangers and secrets.
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1. Medieval people’s ideas about the world The center of the Earth was considered the city of Jerusalem, in which the Tomb of Jesus Christ is located. In the Middle Ages, it was believed that there was a mountain in the East, on which there was an earthly paradise. Rivers flow from paradise: Tigris, Euphrates, Ganges and Nile. The world according to Herodotus The world according to medieval ideas
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1. Medieval people’s ideas about the world In the early Middle Ages, they used devices for measuring time created in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome: sundials determined time by the shadow cast by a stick driven vertically into the ground, water and hourglasses (helped determine only individual periods of time ). Hourglass and water clock Sundial
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1. Medieval man’s ideas about the world There was no single system of counting time. In some countries, the year began with Easter, in others - with the Nativity of Christ. A medieval hour was approximately three modern hours. In the Middle Ages, people explained the change of seasons in their own way.
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1. Medieval man’s ideas about the world The day was divided into day and night. The night was considered the time of action of evil forces, so all honest and righteous people had to sleep at night.
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2. Carolingian Renaissance There were no literate people not only among the peasants - they were also rare among the feudal lords. Even kings did not always know how to read and write. For a long time in Western Europe, only church ministers knew writing, and not all of them.
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2. Carolingian Renaissance Under Charlemagne, a rise in culture began, which historians called the Carolingian Renaissance. To govern a vast country, Charlemagne needed competent officials and judges. He understood: in order to revive the Roman Empire, it was necessary to revive culture, and above all ancient knowledge. Charles invited scientists from all over his empire to the capital.
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2. Carolingian Renaissance Charles built stone palaces and churches in Aachen and other cities. In the 8th-9th centuries, the number of educated people in the Frankish state increased, and many works of ancient authors were rewritten. The Carolingian Renaissance quickly faded after the collapse of Charlemagne's empire.
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3. “Seven Liberal Arts” Charlemagne ordered the opening of schools in monasteries. Later, cathedral schools began to open at churches and cathedrals in big cities. Education was conducted in Latin, the international language of educated people in Western Europe: prayers were read in it, books were written, laws were written down, and important messages were composed.
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3. “Seven Liberal Arts” Since ancient times, complete school education has included the study of the “seven liberal arts”: the sciences of the “trivium” and “quadrivium”. The Trivium included grammar (the ability to read and write Latin), rhetoric (eloquence) and dialectic (the art of reasoning). The second stage of education, the “quadrivium,” included arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. Only after mastering these sciences could one further study the “queen of sciences” - theology.
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3. “Seven Liberal Arts” An educated person was considered to be one who knew the opinion of authorities on any matter. Education consisted of memorizing quotes from authorities and presupposed, above all, good memory and perseverance. The sciences of the “quadrivium” were poorly developed. Counting was done in Roman numerals for a long time and was difficult; usually only addition and subtraction were learned. Multiplication, division and fractions were given to few people. Geometry was used to solve the simplest practical problems necessary for construction. Astronomy was used to calculate the dates of church holidays and the timing of field work.
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4. The art of handwritten books The art of handwritten books developed in monastic scriptoria. In ancient times, a book was most often a papyrus scroll; in the late Roman Empire, a parchment scroll. In the Middle Ages, it acquired the modern form of folded and intertwined sheets of parchment. It was stronger than papyrus and could be folded and written on both sides. Early Middle Ages book
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4. The art of a handwritten book Many people worked on one handwritten book for a long time: some wrote the text in calligraphic handwriting; others intricately decorated the capital letters at the beginning of the red line - initials, inscribing picturesque scenes - miniatures; still others made headbands and ornaments. There were few books and they were very expensive. Kings and noble feudal lords gave each other books on special occasions: when concluding contracts, the birth of a child, or at a wedding.
