Ostrovsky's works: a list of the best. Ostrovsky's first work

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Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky was born on April 12 (March 31 according to the old style), 1823 in Moscow.

As a child, Alexander received a good education at home - he studied ancient Greek, Latin, French, German, and later - English, Italian, Spanish.

In 1835-1840, Alexander Ostrovsky studied at the First Moscow Gymnasium.

In 1840 he entered the Faculty of Law at Moscow University, but in 1843 he left his studies due to a collision with one of the professors.

In 1943-1945 he served in the Moscow Conscience Court (a provincial court that considered civil cases in the conciliatory procedure and some criminal ones).

1845-1851 - worked in the office of the Moscow Commercial Court, having retired with the rank of provincial secretary.

In 1847, Ostrovsky published in the Moscow City Leaflet the first draft of the future comedy "Our People - Let's Settle" under the title "Insolvent Debtor", then the comedy "The Picture of Family Happiness" (later " family picture") and an essay in prose "Notes of a Zamoskvoretsky resident".

Ostrovsky's recognition was brought by the comedy "Our People - Let's Settle" (originally titled "Bankrupt"), which was completed at the end of 1849. Prior to publication, the play received favorable reviews from writers Nikolai Gogol, Ivan Goncharov, historian Timofey Granovsky. The comedy was published in 1950 in the Moskvityanin magazine. The censorship, which saw in the work an insult to the merchant class, did not allow it to be staged - the play was first staged in 1861.

Since 1847, Ostrovsky collaborated as an editor and critic with the Moskvityanin magazine, publishing his plays in it: "Morning young man"," An Unexpected Case "(1850), comedy" Poor Bride "(1851)," Do not get into your sleigh "(1852)," Poverty is not a vice "(1853)," Do not live as you want "(1854 ).

Upon the termination of the publication of "Moskvityanin", Ostrovsky in 1856 moved to the "Russian Bulletin", where his comedy "Hangover at a stranger's feast" was published in the second book of that year. But he did not work for this magazine for long.

Since 1856, Ostrovsky has been a permanent contributor to the Sovremennik magazine. In 1857 he wrote plays " Plum"and" Festive sleep before dinner", in 1858 - "The characters did not agree", in 1859 - "The Pupil" and "Thunderstorm".

In the 1860s, Alexander Ostrovsky turned to historical drama, considering such plays necessary in the repertoire of the theater. He created a cycle of historical plays: "Kozma Zakharyich Minin-Sukhoruk" (1861), "Voevoda" (1864), "Dmitry the Pretender and Vasily Shuisky" (1866), "Tushino" (1866), the psychological drama "Vasilisa Melentyeva" (1868 ).

The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources

Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky is one of the most prominent Russian playwrights, whose work has become milestone in development Russian literature And national theater. We can safely say that it was the works of Ostrovsky that laid the foundation for the Russian repertoire in the theater.

Ostrovsky's plays are known to many generations Russian viewers and readers and loved by them. Based on them art films, the questions that Ostrovsky raises in his works are relevant today.

Childhood and youth

The Russian playwright was born on March 13, 1823 in Moscow, in the family of a court official. The mother of the future playwright died early, the family had six children. Ostrovsky's father really wanted his son to follow in his footsteps. After graduating from the Moscow gymnasium, Alexander enters the law faculty of Moscow University. Ostrovsky never finished it.

In 1843, Ostrovsky was hired as a court clerk and worked in various Moscow courts until 1851. This period of life helped Ostrovsky a lot in his future work. Working in the courts, he perfectly studied the world of the Russian merchant class and the petty-bourgeois class, which he later brilliantly described in his works. Many characters, characters are taken by the playwright from his real life.

First plays

In 1847, Ostrovsky's essays were published in the Moscow City Leaf newspaper under the title "Notes of a Zamoskvoretsky Resident". However, the playwright gained wide popularity after the publication of the play “Our people - we will settle down”. This work, written in the comedy genre, was enthusiastically received by the public and received excellent reviews from critics. Gogol and Goncharov spoke favorably of this play.

However, the representatives of the merchant class did not like the work very much, and after their complaint to the authorities, the play was forbidden to be staged, and its author was fired from his job. "Our people - let's settle" was allowed to be staged only after the death of Emperor Nicholas, in 1861. With the second play, Alexander Nikolayevich was much more fortunate. “Don’t get into your sleigh” was written by him in 1852 and already in 1853 appeared on the stage of theaters. Since 1856, Ostrovsky has been constantly working in the Sovremennik magazine.

Since 1853, every year Moscow and St. Petersburg theaters staged new plays by the playwright, and all of them were favorably received by both the public and domestic critics.

At the peak of popularity

In 1856, Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky went to the Volga region to study the life and life of the inhabitants of the region. It was after this trip that Ostrovsky wrote one of his most striking plays, The Thunderstorm. In 1859, the first collected works of Ostrovsky were published, which was enthusiastically received by critics. In the 1860s, Ostrovsky began to study Russian history, he was especially interested in the period of the Time of Troubles.

In 1863 he was awarded the Uvarov Prize and became a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In the 60s, the playwright founded the Artistic Circle, which gave a start in life to many future stars of the Russian stage. In 1874, on the initiative of Ostrovsky, the Society of Russian Dramatic Writers and opera composers. In 1885, Alexander Nikolaevich became the head of the repertoire of all Moscow theaters.

Ostrovsky worked hard all his life, this seriously undermined his health. In June 1886 he died on his estate in the Kostroma province. Emperor Alexander III granted a large sum to the funeral of the playwright, and also granted a pension to his widow and provided funds for the education of his children.

Ostrovsky's plays show the life and everyday life of ordinary people, his works are very realistic, but at the same time they pose deep and eternal problems for the viewer.

Ostrovsky can be called the founder Russian theater he created a new theater school and a new concept of acting.

A. N. Ostrovsky

Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky is one of the most prominent Russian playwrights, whose work has become an important stage in the development of Russian literature and the national theater. We can safely say that it was the works of Ostrovsky that laid the foundation for the Russian repertoire in the theater.

Ostrovsky's plays are known and loved by many generations of Russian viewers and readers. Feature films were shot on them, the questions that Ostrovsky raises in his works are still relevant today.

Childhood and youth

The Russian playwright was born on March 13, 1823 in Moscow, in the family of a court official. The mother of the future playwright died early, the family had six children. Ostrovsky's father really wanted his son to follow in his footsteps. After graduating from the Moscow gymnasium, Alexander enters the law faculty of Moscow University. Ostrovsky never finished it.

In 1843, Ostrovsky was hired as a court clerk and worked in various Moscow courts until 1851. This period of life helped Ostrovsky a lot in his future work. Working in the courts, he perfectly studied the world of the Russian merchant class and the petty-bourgeois class, which he later brilliantly described in his works. Many characters, characters are taken by the playwright from his real life.

First plays

In 1847, Ostrovsky's essays were published in the Moscow City Leaf newspaper under the title "Notes of a Zamoskvoretsky Resident". However, the playwright gained wide popularity after the publication of the play "Our people - let's get along." This work, written in the comedy genre, was enthusiastically received by the public and received excellent reviews from critics. Gogol and Goncharov spoke approvingly of this play.

However, the representatives of the merchant class did not like the work very much, and after their complaint to the authorities, the play was forbidden to be staged, and its author was fired from his job. “Our people - we will settle” was allowed to be staged only after the death of Emperor Nicholas, in 1861. With the second play, Alexander Nikolayevich was much more fortunate. “Don’t get into your sleigh” was written by him in 1852 and already in 1853 appeared on the stage of theaters. Since 1856, Ostrovsky has been constantly working in the Sovremennik magazine.

Since 1853, every year Moscow and St. Petersburg theaters staged new plays by the playwright, and all of them were favorably received by both the public and domestic critics.

At the peak of popularity

In 1856, Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky went to the Volga region to study the life and life of the inhabitants of the region. It was after this trip that Ostrovsky wrote one of his most striking plays, The Thunderstorm. In 1859, the first collected works of Ostrovsky were published, which was enthusiastically received by critics. In 1860, Ostrovsky began to study Russian history, he was especially interested in the period of the Time of Troubles.

In 1863 he was awarded the Uvarov Prize and became a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In the 60s, the playwright founded the Artistic Circle, which gave a start in life to many future stars of the Russian stage. In 1874, on the initiative of Ostrovsky, the Society of Russian Dramatic Writers and Opera Composers was founded. In 1885, Alexander Nikolaevich became the head of the repertoire of all Moscow theaters.

Ostrovsky worked hard all his life, this seriously undermined his health. In June 1886, he died on his estate in the Kostroma province. Emperor Alexander III granted a large sum for the funeral of the playwright, and also assigned a pension to his widow and allocated funds for the education of his children.

The significance of Ostrovsky for Russian literature and his role in the development of the Russian theater are undeniable and enormous. For the Russian theater he was a figure of the same magnitude as Molière for French theater, and Shakespeare is for English. On account of his 47 plays written by him personally, several more were written in collaboration.

Ostrovsky's plays show the life and everyday life of ordinary people, his works are very realistic, but at the same time they pose deep and eternal problems for the viewer.

Ostrovsky can be called the founder of the Russian theater, he created a new theater school and a new concept of acting.

Alexa ́ NDR Nikola ́ evich Ostro ́ vsky(March 31 ( 12th of April) 1823 - June 2 (14) 1886 ) - an outstanding Russian playwright, corresponding member Petersburg Academy of Sciences .

Origin

The father of the future playwright, a graduate of the Moscow theological seminary, served in the Moscow City Court. Mother from a family of the clergy, died in childbirth when Alexander was seven years old.

Younger brother - statesman M. N. Ostrovsky .

Childhood and youth

The childhood and youth of the writer passed in Zamoskvorechye. The father married a second time to the daughter of a Russified Swedish baron, who was not too busy raising children from her husband's first marriage. Ostrovsky was left to himself, as a child he became addicted to reading.

Start literary activity: choice in favor of dramaturgy

IN 1840 After graduating from high school, he was enrolled in legal faculty Moscow University, but in 1843 left it, not wanting to retake the exam. Then he entered the office of the Moscow Constituent Court, later served in the Commercial Court ( 1845 -1851 ). This experience played a significant role in the work of Ostrovsky.

On literary field joined in the second half of the 1840s. like a follower Gogol tradition creatively oriented natural school . At this time, Ostrovsky created a prose essay " Notes of a Zamoskvoretsky resident", the first comedy(play " family picture» was read by the author on February 14 1847 in the professor's circle S. P. Shevyreva and accepted with approval).

The playwright became widely known for the satirical comedy "Bankrupt" (" Our people - let's count », 1849 ). The basis of the plot (false bankruptcy of the merchant Bolshova, deceit and heartlessness of his family members - the daughter of Lipochka and the clerk, and then the son-in-law of Podkhalyuzin, who did not redeem the old father from the debt hole, Bolshov's later insight) Ostrovsky's observations on the analysis of family litigations were based, obtained while serving in the conscientious court. The strengthened mastery of Ostrovsky, a new word that sounded on the Russian stage, affected, in particular, in a combination of a spectacularly developing intrigue and bright everyday descriptive inserts (speech of a matchmaker, squabbles between mother and daughter), which slow down the action, but also make it possible to feel the specifics of the life and customs of the merchant environment. A special role here was played by the unique, at the same time both class and individual psychological coloring. character speeches .

Ostrovsky - "undoubtedly the first dramatic writer"

"Columbus Zamoskvorechye"

Already in " bankrupt» a cross-cutting theme of Ostrovsky’s dramatic work was identified: patriarchal, traditional life, how it was preserved in the merchant and petty-bourgeois environment, and its gradual rebirth and collapse, as well as complex relationships into which a person enters with a gradually changing way of life. Having created fifty plays over forty years of literary work (some of them co-authored), which became the repertory basis of the Russian public, democratic theater, Ostrovsky at different stages of his career represented differently main topic of your creativity. So, becoming 1850 an employee known for his soil direction of the magazine Muscovite» (editor M. P. Pogodin, employees A. A. Grigoriev , T. I. Filippov etc.), Ostrovsky, who was a member of the so-called "young editors", tried to give the journal a new direction - to focus on the ideas of national identity and originality, but not the peasantry (unlike the "old" Slavophiles), A patriarchal merchants .

In his later plays, Do not sit in your sleigh », « Poverty is not a vice », « Don't live the way you want » ( 1852 -1855 ) the playwright tried to reflect the poetry folk life: “In order to have the right to correct the people without offending them, it is necessary to show them that you know good behind them; this is what I am doing now, combining the lofty with the comic,” he wrote in the “Muscovite” period. At the same time, the playwright got along with the girl Agafya Ivanovna (who had four children from him), which led to a break in relations with his father. According to eyewitnesses, she was a kind, warm-hearted woman, to whom Ostrovsky owed much of his knowledge of Moscow life.

For "Muscovite" plays are characterized by the famous utopianism in resolving conflicts between generations (in the comedy " Poverty is not a vice », 1854 , a happy accident upsets the marriage imposed by the tyrant father and hated by the daughter, arranges the marriage of a rich bride - Lyubov Gordeevna- with the poor clerk Mitya). But this feature of Ostrovsky's "Muscovite" dramaturgy does not negate the realistic quality of the works of this circle. Complex, dialectically connecting seemingly opposite qualities is the image Lyubima Tortsova, the drunken brother of a tyrant merchant Gordeya Tortsova in a play written much later Warm heart » ( 1868 ). Lyubim makes Gordey see clearly, having lost a sober outlook on life because of his own vanity, passion false values. The play was staged for the first time January 15 1869 V Maly Theater to benefit Prov Mikhailovich Sadovsky .

IN 1855 playwright, dissatisfied with his position in " Muscovite"(constant conflicts and meager fees), left the magazine and became close to the editors of the St. Petersburg " Contemporary » ( N. A. Nekrasov considered Ostrovsky "undoubtedly the first dramatic writer"). IN 1859 the first collected works of the playwright came out, which brought him fame and human joy.

"Storm"

Subsequently, two trends in the coverage of the traditional way of life - critical, accusatory and poetic - fully manifested themselves and merged in Ostrovsky's tragedy " Storm » ( 1859 ). The work, written within the genre framework of social drama, is endowed with tragic depth and historical significance of the conflict at the same time. Clash of two female characters - Katerina Kabanova and her mother-in-law Marfa Ignatievna ( Kabanikhi) - in its scale far exceeds the conflict between generations, traditional for the Ostrovsky theater. Character main character(named N. A. Dobrolyubov"beam of light in dark kingdom”) consists of several dominants: the ability to love, the desire for freedom, a sensitive, vulnerable conscience. Showing the naturalness, inner freedom of Katerina, the playwright at the same time emphasizes that she is nonetheless flesh from flesh. patriarchal way of life .

Living by traditional values, Katerina, having betrayed her husband, surrendering to her love for Boris, takes the path of breaking with these values ​​and is acutely aware of this. The drama of Katerina, who denounced herself in front of everyone and committed suicide, turns out to be endowed with the features of the tragedy of an entire historical order, which is gradually being destroyed, becoming a thing of the past. seal eschatologism, the feeling of the end is also marked by the attitude of Marfa Kabanova, the main antagonist of Katerina. At the same time, Ostrovsky's play is deeply imbued with the experience of "poetry folk life» ( Apollon Grigoriev), song and folklore elements, a sense of natural beauty (the features of the landscape are present in the remarks, stand up in the replicas of the characters).

Late stage of creativity

New heroes

Subsequent big period playwright's work 1861 -1886 ) reveals the proximity of Ostrovsky's searches to the development paths of the contemporary Russian novel - from " Lord Golovlyov » M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin before psychological novels L. N. Tolstoy And F. M. Dostoevsky. Powerfully sounds in the comedies of the "post-reform" years the theme " crazy money", self-interest, shameless careerism of representatives of the impoverished nobility, combined with wealth psychological characteristics characters, with the playwright's ever-increasing skill at storytelling. So, the "antihero" of the play " Enough simplicity for every sage » ( 1868 ) Egor Glumov somewhat reminiscent of Griboedovsky Molchalin. But this is Molchalin new era: for the time being, Glumov's inventive mind and cynicism contribute to his dizzying career that had begun. These same qualities, the playwright hints, in the finale of the comedy will not let Glumov fall into the abyss even after his exposure. The theme of the redistribution of life's goods, the emergence of a new social and psychological type- businessman (" crazy money », 1869 , Vasilkov), or even a predatory businessman from the nobility (“ Wolves and sheep », 1875 , Berkutov) existed in the work of Ostrovsky until the end of his writing career. IN 1869 Ostrovsky entered into a new marriage after death Agafya Ivanovna from tuberculosis. From his second marriage, the writer had five children.

"Forest"

Genre and compositionally complex, full of literary allusions, hidden and direct quotations from Russian and foreign classical literature (Gogol , Cervantes , Shakespeare , molière , Schiller) comedy" Forest » ( 1870 ) sums up the first post-reform decade. The play touches on themes developed by the Russian psychological prose , - the gradual ruin of the "noble nests", the spiritual decline of their owners, the stratification of the second estate and those moral collisions in which people are involved in new historical and social conditions. In this social, domestic and moral chaos, the bearer of humanity and nobility is a man of art - a declassed nobleman and provincial actor Neschastlivtsev.

In the genre of drama

In addition to the "people's tragedy" (" Storm »), satirical comedy (« Forest”), Ostrovsky, at a later stage of his work, also creates exemplary works in the genre of psychological drama (“ Dowry », 1878 , « talents and fans », 1881 , « Guilty without guilt », 1884 ). The playwright in these plays expands, psychologically enriches the stage characters. Correlating with traditional stage roles and with commonly used dramatic moves, characters and situations turn out to be able to change in an unforeseen way, thereby demonstrating the ambiguity, inconsistency of a person’s inner life, the unpredictability of every everyday situation. Paratov- this is not only a "fatal man", a fatal lover Larisa Ogudalova but also a man of simple, rough worldly calculation; Karandyshev- Not only " small man”, who tolerates cynical “masters of life”, but also a person with immense, painful pride; Larisa is not only a heroine suffering from love, ideally different from her environment, but also under the influence of false ideals (“ Dowry"). The character of Negina (« talents and fans”): the young actress not only chooses the path of serving art, preferring it to love and personal happiness, but also agrees to the fate of a kept woman, that is, she “practically reinforces” her choice. In the fate of the famous artist Kruchinina (« Guilty without guilt”), both the ascent to the theatrical Olympus and the terrible personal drama were intertwined. Thus, Ostrovsky follows a path that is consistent with the paths of his contemporary Russian realistic prose, - ways of ever deeper awareness of the complexity of the inner life of the individual, the paradoxical nature of the choice she makes.

Ostrovsky Theater

Monument to Ostrovsky at the Maly Theater in Moscow

It is with Ostrovsky that the Russian theater in its modern sense begins: the writer created a theater school and a holistic concept of acting in the theater.

The essence of Ostrovsky's theater is the absence of extreme situations and opposition to the actor's gut. The plays of Alexander Nikolaevich depict ordinary situations with ordinary people whose dramas go into everyday life and human psychology.

The main ideas of the theater reform:

• the theater should be built on conventions (there is a 4th wall separating the audience from the actors);
• immutability of attitude towards language: mastery speech characteristics expressing almost everything about the characters;
• the bet on the entire troupe, and not on one actor;
• "People go to see the game, not the play itself - you can read it."

Ostrovsky's theater demanded a new stage aesthetics, new actors. In accordance with this, Ostrovsky creates an ensemble of actors, which includes such actors as Martynov , Sergei Vasiliev , Evgeny Samoilov , Prov Sadovsky .

Naturally, innovations met opponents. They were, for example, Shchepkin. The dramaturgy of Ostrovsky demanded from the actor a detachment from his personality, which M. S. Shchepkin did not do. For example, he left the dress rehearsal of The Thunderstorm, being very dissatisfied with the author of the play.

Ostrovsky's ideas were brought to their logical conclusion Stanislavsky .

Folk myths and national history in the dramaturgy of Ostrovsky

A special place in the legacy of Ostrovsky is occupied by " spring fairy tale» « Snow Maiden » ( 1873 ). At the beginning of 1873 Maly Theater was closed for renovations. Three troupes of the imperial Moscow theaters, drama, opera and ballet, were supposed to perform on stage Bolshoi Theater , and performances were needed in which all three troupes could be involved. The directorate approached Ostrovsky with a proposal to write an appropriate play. Music at the personal request of the playwright ordered 33-year-old P.I. Tchaikovsky, a young professor at the Moscow Conservatory, who was already the author of two outstanding symphonies, three operas. "Snegurochka" stood on his creative way a bridge from the first composing experiences and brilliant insights to " Swan Lake", "Eugene Onegin". In "The Snow Maiden" Ostrovsky's poetic and utopian views on the possibility of harmonious relations between people are clothed in the form of a literary "fairy tale for the theater", in which images appear related to images Slavic mythology . IN 1881 year on stage Mariinsky Theater successful premiere of the opera N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov "Snow Maiden" which the composer called his the best work. A. N. Ostrovsky himself appreciated the creation Rimsky-Korsakov: "Music to my" Snow Maiden“Amazing, I could never imagine anything more suitable for her and so vividly expressing all the poetry of the Russian pagan cult and this first snow-cold, and then irresistibly passionate heroine of a fairy tale.”

The playwright addresses historical genres - chronicles , tragedy , comedies written on topics Russian history : « Kozma Zakharyich Minin-Sukhoruk » ( 1861 , 2nd edition 1866 ), « Governor » ( 1864 , 2nd edition 1885 ), « Dmitry Pretender and Vasily Shuisky » ( 1866 ) and etc.. national history gives Ostrovsky material for creating large, energetic characters, for the widespread use of the heroic principle in dramaturgy.

demise

At the end of his life, Ostrovsky finally achieved material prosperity (he received a lifetime pension of 3 thousand rubles), and also in 1884 took the position of head of the repertoire of Moscow theaters (the playwright dreamed of serving the theater all his life). But his health was undermined, his strength was exhausted. He died on his estate Shchelykovo from a hereditary disease angina pectoris .

MOU "Lyceum" School of Managers "

"The life and work of A.N. Ostrovsky"

9B students

Poltorikhina Anastasia.

Novomoskovsk 2010