Architectural and Ethnographic Museum “Khokhlovka. Architectural and Ethnographic Museum Khokhlovka History of the Khokhlovka Museum
The Architectural-Ethno-Graphic Museum of Wooden Architecture "Khokhlovka", a branch of the Perm Museum of Local Lore, is the first open-air museum in the Urals.
The museum was conceived in 1966 and began to be created in 1969, and was opened to visitors in September 1980. The museum complex of 23 monuments of wooden architecture fits harmoniously on a high cape above the Kama Sea, which washes it on three sides. Here, on an area of 35 hectares, a thoughtful selection of buildings and structures brought from other places is presented and provides a comprehensive picture of the wooden architecture of the Kama region, the best examples of traditional and religious architecture.
The museum complex is divided into parts in accordance with the main cultural and ethnographic zones of the region and thematic complexes.
In the very center of the open-air museum is the Church of the Transfiguration, built in 1702. in the north of the Kama region - in the village of Yanidor, which is translated from Finno-Ugric as “God’s place”. The church has a covered gallery - a “gulbishche” - which was made so that people who came to the service from distant villages would not freeze or get wet in bad weather. The Yanidor Church is also unique with a “christened barrel” under the dome and a ploughshare roof.
The church is empty inside, but when you enter it, you imagine the “Perm gods” who probably once adorned it. Also included in the “Northern Kama Region” sector is a second building from the Cherdynsky district. This is a Russian manor with paintings from the village of Gadya (1880s).
Closer to the top of the hill, the Watchtower of the Torgovishchensky fortress was erected: the 8-tower fortress was cut down in 1663 and covered the approaches to Kungur, which was then the center of the Southern Kama region.
In 1671 and 1708, the Torgovishchensky fort withstood Bashkir raids. In 1899, the tower of that fortress burned down, and the residents themselves erected an exact copy of it in 1905 (which is now in the museum).
At the very top of the hill, among the fir trees, there is a “pearl” of Kama wooden architecture, the Mother of God Church from the village of Tokhtarevo, Suksun district - the oldest object in the museum (1694). The temple is tall, stands on a basement - a utility room and is very bright - festive inside. Two rows of windows in the temple part provide a lot of light.
Church of the Virgin Mary (1694)
The temple is remembered for its elegance, the plowshare roof of the church is just like in the North and the platbands that are most characteristic of the Urals. Next to the church there is a Bell Tower from the village of Syra, Suksun region (1781), the peaked tent of which is visible from afar. The belfry and the tent are surrounded by “red planks” - the ends of the boards have cuts in the shape of bird feathers or sun rays.
Estate V.I. Igosheva from the village of Gribany, Uinsky district (mid-19th century) and the Rural Fire Station from the village of Skobelevka, Perm region (first third of the 20th century), represent characteristic rural buildings of the 19th - 20th centuries. All these structures belong to the “Southern Kama” sector.
From the fire station the path leads down, and you don’t even notice how you find yourself in the taiga. The “Hunting Camp” complex demonstrates commercial hunting buildings of the Northern Kama region of the 19th century. Forest twilight, the smell of pine needles, silence - you get the feeling that this is really a deep forest, and not a grove of 100x100 meters. A hut (these stood in the taiga and everyone could use them), a shelter for spending the night and a storage shed, that is, a small barn on a leg for protection from animals.
And leaving the taiga, you find yourself near the “Salt Industrial Complex” - an ensemble of industrial buildings of the Ust-Borovsky salt plant - the Brine-lifting tower, the Salt Chest, the Varnitsa and the Salt Barn - revealing the secrets of the ancient craft that existed in the Kama region since the beginning of the 15th century. Since the 16th century, Perm salt, or “Permianka,” has become famous. Although these buildings are a little over 100 years old, exactly the same saltworks were built 500 years ago. Permian salt was mined in wells and boreholes. The salt chest, that is, the settling tank where the brine stood for several days until the sand settled, the salt chest was brought to Khokhlovka entirely, without disassembly, on a barge along the Kama. The wood of the chest is corroded by salt, and at the same time it is salted so that it does not rot. From the salt-working buildings comes a completely indescribable but pleasant smell of salted wood.
Varnitsa is the main link in the salt production cycle. Under the brewhouse there was a brick firebox, which consumed up to 10 cubic meters of firewood per day. On the firebox lay a tsiren, or chren, a giant iron frying pan into which brine was poured. The moisture evaporated, the salt settled. The steam went up a wooden pipe, and the salt workers scooped out the salt with special rakes. It was a nightmare of work - the temperature in the brewhouses was about 80 degrees, with 100% humidity.
The last link is the barn. The length of the salt barn is 28 m. The barns were placed on “ryazhi” - log cages that protected the salt from getting wet during the river flood - and were divided into compartments - bins, where salt was loaded from above. The salt was carried over the top via a carriage or ladder (this barn has a ladder in the tower). Salt harvesting is a job no less hellish than a salt worker: for a woman, the norm was a 3-pound bag, for a man, a 5-pound bag (that is, 45 and 65 kg, respectively), and they carried up to a thousand bags a day. Hence the “Permyak - salty ears” - from sweat, salt settled on the body, corroded the skin, and the back, back of the head, and ears became covered with non-healing scabs.
Sector "Northwestern Kama region". Estate P.I. Kudymov (mid-19th century) from the Yusvinsky district, the Svetlakov Estate (1910-1920) from the Kochevsky district, the Bayandin-Botalov Estate (late 19th century) from the Yusvinsky district of the Komi-Permyak district - represent the traditional architecture of the Komi-Permyaks - indigenous population of the Perm region. This is a Pomeranian-style house-yard, but some of the buildings still stand separately. The Komi-Permyaks learned to build huts from the Russians. The interiors of the rooms are almost the same, only the stove is of a different shape. But most striking are the doors, which are more like hatches in size. And a little to the side there is a building that from the outside can be mistaken for a utility room, but inside it is very interesting - it is a combined threshing floor and barn with an exhibition of implements of Komi-Permyak peasants.
The “Agricultural Complex” includes a Windmill (mid-19th century) from the village of Shikhiri, Ochersky district, a Grain Storage Barn (early 20th century) from the village of Khokhlovka, and a Gumno with a barn (1920s) from the village of Oshib, Kudymkarsky district.
“Khokhlovka” gives visitors the opportunity not only to learn new things about ancient architecture, but also to enjoy communication with nature and take a break from the bustle of the city. The main secret is in the harmony of architecture and nature: from the top of the hill there is a view of a landscape of rare beauty - the expanses of the river surface, wooded hills, rocks along the bay; The spruce forest alternates with birch groves, juniper thickets are adjacent to mountain ash, bird cherry, and viburnum. And in winter you can take a break from the bustle of the city, enjoying the most beautiful landscape, seeing the icy expanses of the Kama River, snow-covered roofs of churches, the winter sun in a thick, weightless haze on the white expanses...
On the picturesque banks of the Kama River, near the village Khokhlovka(Perm region), on an area of 42 hectares there is an amazing open-air museum. Its exhibits are unique examples of wooden architecture, characteristic of this region and brought here from various parts of it. 23 objects dating from the end of the 17th century to the first half of the 20th century are collected here. All of them represent the best examples of folk construction and artistic culture of the Perm region.
Founding history
The proposal to create such an amazing corner came back in 1966. The famous Perm architect A.S. was inspired by this idea. Terekhin. Two years later, a site was selected for the future museum of wooden architecture. It became a plot of land located near the village of Khokhlovka (emphasis on the first “o”), which gave the name to the museum.
The final decision to create the complex was made in April 1969, and in March 1971 the museum project was approved. The already mentioned Terekhin took part in its preparation in company with other equally famous architects G.D. Kantorovich and G.L. Katsko.
The grand opening of the Khokhlovka Museum of Wooden Architecture to visitors took place in September 1980. It immediately became a center of attraction for tourists in the Perm region. Its exhibits show the history of Russian wooden architecture, the traditional way of life and the main crafts of the Russian people.
Territorial-ethnographic areas
The Khokhlovka Museum is divided into three territorial and ethnographic sections: Southern, Northern and Northwestern Prikamye. Each of them presents examples of the architecture of these conventional regions of the Kama region. For example, in the Southern Kama region you can see objects of church architecture - Church of the Virgin Mary And bell tower. They are located on the highest section of the open-air museum and are surrounded by utility and residential buildings. Entering this corner of Khokhlovka, you can feel like a resident of that era. The main types of crafts of our ancestors who inhabited the southern lands of the present Perm Territory are also presented here.
The Northern Kama region shows museum visitors examples of residential and ecclesiastical (Church of the Transfiguration) architecture of the northern peoples, as well as vehicles (land and water) used by them for economic purposes. The North-Western Kama region (or the Komi-Permyak sector) is entirely devoted to residential buildings. Here you can look at a good-quality hut of a wealthy peasant, a poor man’s hut, a hunter’s winter home and some other buildings.
Main objects of Khokhlovka
These undoubtedly include Church of the Virgin Mary And Church of the Transfiguration, bell tower, Kudymov estate, watchtower, fire station, windmill, Nikolskaya saltworks and Mikhailovsky salt chest.
Church of the Virgin Mary dates from 1694. This is one of the oldest wooden buildings in the Perm region. Its location was the village of Tokhtarevo, in the Suksun district. There it was part of a church complex that consisted of two churches and a bell tower. It was brought to the museum in 1980.
This monument of wooden architecture belongs to the oldest temples in Kleti. It consists of a refectory, an altar and a porch. The interior decoration of the church is very modest, but contains everything necessary for worship and carrying out all the actions required during the service.
Bell tower located near the Church of the Virgin Mary. Its height, together with the cross, reaches 30 m. It was erected in 1781 in the village of Syra (Suksun district), from where it was delivered to the museum during the years of its creation. This is the only wooden bell tower built in the Perm region that has survived to this day.
A wooden staircase leads to the belfry, located in the bell tower at a height of 20 m. The structure is covered by a tall tent, decorated with carved elements reminiscent of the rays of the sun.
Church of the Transfiguration“originally” from the village of Yanidor (Cherdynsky district). She was brought to Khokhlovka five years later by Bogoroditskaya. The year of construction of this exhibit is 1707.
The Church of the Transfiguration was built at the highest level of construction at that time. The logs in its walls are so tightly connected to each other that they do not allow the cold to pass through at all. In this regard, the walls of the structure did not have to be insulated with additional materials in winter. In addition to the traditional interior spaces for churches of that time, there is a covered gallery where people awaiting services could take shelter from bad weather.
Kudymov Estate is an example of residential wooden architecture from the 18th century. It was located in the Yusvensky district, in the village of Yashkino. In addition to the residential building, this exhibit includes a bathhouse, a barn, a glacier, and a gate with a fence. Kudymov's estate is not distinguished by luxurious decoration, but it is made very well. The carefully thought-out design of the roof reliably protects it from leaks, and the central object of the house, as was customary in Rus', is an exemplary stove.
Watch tower was erected in the 17th century in the village of Torgovishche, Suksun district. It was part of a complex of eight watchtowers connected by a palisade. This security complex, traditional for the Russian people, was located on the Sylva River, along which the waterway passed in those days.
A fire that occurred in 1899 almost completely destroyed the tower, but the village residents restored it by their own efforts by 1905. In its restored form, it “arrived” at the Khokhlovsky Museum of Wooden Architecture.
Fire station was built in the village of Skobelevka in the 30s of the twentieth century. A distinctive feature of this building is the high tower - kalancha. It was the largest building in the village, and on its top sat a guard. The main task of the latter is to observe whether smoke has appeared anywhere. In case of danger, a signal was given using a bell.
At the foot of the fire station tower there are several service buildings that housed firefighters, horses and carts with barrels filled with water, as well as other firefighting equipment. Every museum visitor can get acquainted with these simple devices.
Windmill dates back to the 19th century, and the initiator of its appearance was one of the wealthy peasants of the village of Shikhari (Ochersky district) Rakhmanov. This is the only windmill built in the Perm region that has survived to this day. A distinctive feature of this structure is that the roof with the blades attached to it can be rotated. Such an ingenious device was invented by the builders of that time in order to turn the windmill after the wind suddenly changed direction and thereby ensure the uninterrupted operation of the mill.
Nikolskaya saltworks and the Mikhailovsky salt chest are part of the complex of salt factory buildings. This fishery was the main one for the residents of the Perm region. Both of these objects, along with some others, were brought from the city of Solikamsk, where they were erected in 1880.
Saltworks It is a square structure, inside of which there is a furnace for evaporating salt, an exhaust pipe and a floor for drying the resulting raw materials. The Mikhailovsky salt chest looks like a wooden hut and weighs over 100 tons. It was intended for storing brine and distributing it later among the brewhouses.
During a tour of the salt production complex, you can get acquainted in detail with the features of this industry and learn the history of the emergence and development of salt production in the Perm region.
How to get there and when to visit
A commuter bus takes everyone from Perm to Khokhlovka to the museum. The distance between these settlements is only 45 km.
The Khokhlovsky Museum is open daily: from June to October - from 10 am to 6 pm, and from November to May - from 9 am to 5 pm.
The entrance ticket price per person is 120 rubles. An excursion for a group of 10 people will cost 70 rubles. from each visitor.
Perm, Museums
Khokhlovka is the first open-air architectural and ethnographic museum of wooden architecture in the Urals. The museum began to be created in 1969 and was opened to visitors in September 1980. The territory of 43 hectares contains the most attractive, interesting and historically significant buildings from all over the once Perm province.
For example, the unique architectural complex of the Ust-Borovsk salt plant, exported from Solikamsk, demonstrates the technological process of salt production: from pumping brine from the well to loading. For this purpose, on the territory of Khokhlovka, in its most picturesque part on the banks of the Kama, there is a 12-meter brine lifting tower, a salt settling tank, a brewhouse and a salt barn. The extraction of salt is one of the important milestones in the history of the region, and it is not for nothing that they call Permyak. This nickname has been earned through hard work for more than five centuries.
In addition to the salt-making complex, 19 more monuments of wooden architecture of the late 17th - early 20th centuries have been collected in Khokhlovka.
In another part of the Museum, on the site of the current village of Gora, the Komi-Permyak sector is located. 5-6 peasant estates are located here, and any tourist will be curious to look into the estate of a wealthy peasant, into the hut of a poor Komi-Permyak and into the winter hut of a hunter.
Having risen higher, we will find ourselves in the “Northern Kama Region” sector. Here you can stroll between unique wooden buildings, which are examples of residential architecture of the region. The village of Yanidor, Cherdynsky district, became the model for this sector of Khokhlovka. The development of this village turned out to be typical for settlements in the northern territories of the Perm Territory. Here you can get acquainted with a variety of vehicles - boats, barges, carts, sleighs, drags, which were widely used in the economy of the northern peoples.
A bell tower brought from the village of Syra occupies a special place in the “Southern Kama” sector. The peaked tent of the bell tower is visible from afar. It is the center of this open-air exhibition, sharing primacy with the Mother of God Church from the village of Tokhtarevo (built in 1694). This church captivates the viewer with its beauty and grace. Both architectural monuments were brought from the Suksun region and geographically installed on the highest point of the peninsula.
“Khokhlovka surprises not only with its monuments of wooden architecture. The main secret is in the harmony of architecture and nature: from the top of the hill there is a view of a landscape of rare beauty - the expanses of the river surface, wooded hills, rocks along the bay; The spruce forest alternates with birch groves, juniper thickets are adjacent to mountain ash, bird cherry, and viburnum. And in winter you can take a break from the bustle of the city, enjoying the most beautiful landscape, see the icy expanses of the Kama, snow-covered roofs of churches, the winter sun in a thick weightless haze on the white expanses...” - This is how those who visited the Museum poetically describe it.
Distance to Perm: 40 km.
How to get there:
By car on the road in the direction of Ilyinsky, turn onto Khokhlovka. Parking and the entrance to the museum are located next to the road.
Architectural and Ethnographic Museum Khokhlovka Perm
Hello, dear friends! Today our story is about a unique Architectural and Ethnographic Museum Khokhlovka, which is located 43 km. from the city of Perm near the village of Khokhlovka, on the picturesque shore of the Kama Reservoir.
Khokhlovka- an open-air museum of wooden architecture of the Perm region, containing more than 20 masterpieces of wooden architecture in the region. The museum was founded in 1969. The museum was opened to the public on September 17, 1980.
Since the wooden architecture of the Kama region in each region had its own unique features, the museum is divided into several different sectors: Komi-Permyatsky, Northern and Southern Kama region, as well as the architecture of salt industrial complexes.
The first place on the route was “Estate P.I. Kudymova» 18th century brought from the village of Yashkino, Yusvinsky district. The estate includes the main house and courtyard. The residential part is divided into three zones “hut-canopy-hut”. In the courtyard there was a barn, a stable, a barn, and a bathhouse. The hut contains some objects from everyday life of that time.
Estate P.I. Kudymova
Svetlakov estates
Church of the Transfiguration, 1707 brought from the village of Yanidor, Cherdyn region. Unique monument wooden architecture designed in the form of a “ship”. The church is divided into three parts: the refectory, the temple and the altar.
Church of the Transfiguration
Watch tower, XVII century brought from the village of Torgovishche, Suksun district. A copy of the original. The tower burned down in 1899. It was restored by local peasants.
Watch tower
Bell tower, 1781 brought from the village of Syra, Suksun region. The height of the bell tower together with the cross is about 30 meters. The only structure of this type preserved in the region.
Bell tower
Church of the Virgin Mary, 1694 brought from the village of Tokhtarevo, Suksunsky district. Pearl Prikamsky wooden architecture, also divided into three parts and raised to a high basement.
Church of the Virgin Mary
Igoshev's hut, end of the 19th century brought from the village of Gribany, Uinsky district.
Igoshev's hut
1930s brought from the village of Skobelevka, Perm region.
Nikolskaya saltworks, 1880s brought from the city of Solikamsk.
Nikolskaya saltworks
Grain barn, 1906, village of Khokhlovka, Perm region.
Grain barn
Bayandin-Botalov estate, end of the 19th century A copy of the original from the village of Dmitrievo, Yusvinsky district. The estate of a wealthy Komi-Permyak peasant. The two-story residential part is a feature of this estate. On the ground floor there was a warm hut with a Russian stove, a crate for wounding household utensils, a trading shop and a blueprint workshop for painting canvases. On the second floor there was an upper room with "Dutch" oven, kitchen, cellar.
Bayandin-Botalov estate
Also on site Khokhlovka Museum you can see: Mikhailovsky salt chest, 1880, Solikamsk; Windmill, 19th century. Shikhari village, Ochersky district; Brine lifting tower, 19th century. Solikamsk; Nikolsky salt barn, 1880, Solikamsk; Hunting camp.
It is worth noting that on the territory Khokhlovka Museum Various ethnic and cultural festivals and holidays take place, one of the most massive " International festival of modern ethnic cultures KAMWA"
In 2016 " KAMWA International Festival"will take place on August 5-7. You can read more about the festival here: http://www.kamwa.ru/projects/international-festival-kamwa-2016.html
Address of the architectural and ethnographic museum "Khokhlovka":
Perm region, Perm district, village. Khokhlovka
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They say that the village of Khokhlovka (Perm region) attracts more and more visitors from all over the world every year.
What is the reason for such popularity? Can a modest settlement really become the object of such intense scrutiny? Is it worth going there during your next vacation?
It turns out that all three questions posed above can be answered in the affirmative without any doubt.
This article will not only tell you about an amazing place called Khokhlovka (Perm region), the sights of which can truly surprise even the most experienced tourist. The reader will also receive practical advice on how to get to this locality, what to pay special attention to, and what objects to visit first.
Section 1. General Description
The village of Khokhlovka (Perm Territory, by the way, has a fairly vast territory) is a small settlement that could live the rural life familiar to these parts, if not for one “but”. In its vicinity there is an amazing museum of wooden architecture. This object is located in the open air, and today is rightfully considered one of the main
Geographically on the map this place can be found 43 km from Perm, on the coast near the village of the same name. The museum was created in the late 60s of the last century, but the opening took place only in 1980. The complex contains a unique exhibition of 23 monuments of wooden architecture from the 17th to 20th centuries.
Section 9. and firefighting
The mill, built by a wealthy peasant K. Rakhmanov in the 19th century, was brought from the village of Shikhari, Ochersky district, in 1977. The design is based on an octagonal frame, reminiscent of northern tent-type religious buildings. The roof of the mill rotates thanks to a special lever.
The fire station, built in the village of Skobelevka in the 30s of the last century, appeared in the museum in 1977. The rectangular structure with a ledge is adjacent to utility rooms. The watchtower is on pillars supported by beam walls.
There is a bell installed under the tower's tent. Inside there are sleighs and carts with hand pumps, as well as gigs with water barrels.
According to experienced travelers, Khokhlovka is far from the only Russian attraction of this kind. The Perm region can organize a weekend holiday perfectly, but those interested in this particular area will actually have to travel around the country.
You should also visit other similar museum sites with architectural and ethnographic exhibitions. The most popular are probably the following:
- Tchaikovsky city. Museum complex "Saigatka" at the Tchaikovsky Museum of Local Lore.
- Chusovsky ethnographic reserve, located near the city of Chusovo. Here anyone can touch all museum exhibits with their hands.
- Many architectural monuments are located in the city of Usolye (Savior Transfiguration Cathedral, Stroganov Chambers, etc.).
