Examples of heroism and self-sacrifice in history. Amazing examples of heroism An example of heroism in war

Dedicated to the problem of heroism, where we will present arguments from literature. Moreover, writing homework will not be difficult, because many writers touched on the topic where they revealed the problem of heroism, introducing readers to the heroes of their works. Very often, this problem is associated with works about war and is not without reason, because it is in war that a person manifests true or false heroism, as evidenced by arguments from the literature for the Unified State Exam.

Revealing the problem of the manifestation of heroism in war and arguing with examples, I would like to recall the wonderful work of Leo Tolstoy, where the author raises various philosophical questions. We see how the problem being studied evolves in the minds of Andrei Bolkonsky. Now Andrei’s priorities are to be a hero, and not to seem like one. Captain Tushin, as well as other heroes who gave their lives for their Motherland, showed real heroism in the novel. At the same time, there were also false patriots represented by people of high society.

The problem is also raised by Sholokhov in his work, where the hero Sokolov Andrei selflessly defended his homeland from the Nazi invaders. The war took his wife and children from him, but his will remained unbending, he endured everything and even found the strength to adopt an orphaned child. And this also revealed the heroic traits of his character.

Arguing the problem of heroism, I would like to recall the work of Tvardovsky about. In the work, the hero, despite fear, at the cost of his health, life, for the sake of love for the Motherland and family, does the impossible. A true heroic act when Vasily swims across a cold river in order to convey information that will contribute to the quick end of the war.

To be honest, many more arguments can be made from literature, where the authors touch on the problem of true and false heroism. This is the novel by Bykov Sotnikov, and the novel The White Guard by Bulgakov, and the Tale of a Real Man by B. Polevoy and many other works of famous writers whose works we read with pleasure, experience with the heroes, feel their pain and are proud of their dedication and heroic deeds.

The problem of heroism: arguments from literature

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The theme of heroism in Russian literature, if not the most popular, is at least one of the leading themes. Probably because Russia has spent about five hundred years in wars throughout its history, and writers could not help but sanctify the topic of heroism in war. Or maybe because since ancient times Russian people were prone to heroic, courageous actions. I would like to discuss the topic of heroism using the example of two famous Russian works: M. Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of a Man” and M. Gorky’s work “Old Woman Izergil”.

Why did you choose these two books? Because both books raise the theme of heroism, but different heroism: in war and in society. Let's start with the story "The Fate of a Man" and immediately turn to the main character Andrei Sokolov.

After all, it is through his image that the problem of heroism is revealed. He went to war and was captured almost immediately. Let us remember the scene of how he was taken away by German soldiers: he was severely wounded and saw German soldiers approaching him. But he did not chicken out, did not go on the run, but stood up proudly and was ready to accept his death. Notice that he was not afraid, but was ready for it. Isn't this heroism? Having been captured, he thought of only one thing: to escape from prison and return to his homeland. The first time the escape was unsuccessful. And he was again close to death, but was not afraid of it. He only covered his face with his hands so that the dogs would not tear him to pieces. Is this person not yet a hero for you? The moment that impressed me most was the dialogue with the German commander. For inappropriate words, Sokolov was sentenced to death, but before that he was summoned for a conversation with the general. Andrei was not afraid of a single part of his body, but only retained his pride. They directly tell him that he will be taken to be shot, and Sokolov drinks to his death with a grin! For such courage, the German commander canceled his execution, because, I think, he was simply afraid to shoot such a morally strong person. Thus, we understand that the theme of heroism in this story is revealed through the image of Andrei Sokolov, who during all the years of the terrible war never lost his pride and his dignity, and in not a single, even the most terrible situation, did he chicken out or lose his grip . This, I believe, is heroism!

But it’s not only in war that you meet people who are heroes, and not all of them are seasoned and courageous, like Andrei Sokolov. There are examples of romantic heroes in Russian literature. For example, Danko is the hero of M. Gorky’s work “The Old Woman Izergil”. His heroism lies in his boundless courage and perseverance. In mercy and kindness to callous and cowardly people. Danko was the only one who mustered up the courage and decided to lead his fellow villagers through the forest to a new land in order to escape. But during the hike they were overtaken by a terrible thunderstorm and the people simply got scared and chickened out! They unceremoniously attacked Danko. Just a little more and they would have torn him to pieces. The landscape at the moment personifies the tension that existed between people and Danko. But he tore out his brave heart and illuminated the way out of the forest for people. And he fell down dead. He sacrificed himself for others! And people simply took and indifferently crushed his heart, the sparks of which will forever burn over the valley and remind of the boundless courage and mercy of the main character. Danko is the personification of a real hero in Russian literature!

Thus, we understand that the theme of heroism in Russian literature was considered from different sides: heroism in war and the heroism of romantic people in the name of a higher goal!

heroism, self-sacrifice, feat, personality, war, victory, moral choice, spirit, will.

The article examines and analyzes examples of heroism and self-sacrifice in reality and fiction.

Article text:

In the modern world, spiritual values ​​are being lost, so it is necessary to cultivate in oneself such qualities of the spirit as heroism and self-sacrifice, because over the centuries they have changed the course of history, the lives and destinies of people, nations, peoples.

The depiction of heroism and self-sacrifice of man in war has been traditional since the times of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” and “Zadonshchina”. The personal heroism of a soldier and an officer in L. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” gives rise to a “hidden warmth of patriotism” that broke “the back of the enemy.” But in Russian literature of the 20th century, a person’s feat in war is depicted not only through the fight against the enemy and victory over him, but also through the struggle of each person in the war with himself in a situation of moral choice and victory over himself.

Roman L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" is an epic about the feat of the people, about the victory of their spirit in the war of 1812. Later, speaking about the novel, Tolstoy wrote that the main idea of ​​the novel is “the thought of the people.” It lies not only and not so much in the depiction of the people themselves, their way of life, their life, but in the fact that every positive hero of the novel, in the end, connects his fate with the fate of the nation.

On the pages of the novel and especially in the second part of the epilogue, Tolstoy says that until now all history has been written as the history of individuals, as a rule, tyrants, monarchs, and no one has yet thought about what is the driving force of history . According to Tolstoy, this is the so-called “role principle”, the spirit and will of not one person, but the nation as a whole. And how strong is the spirit and will of the people, so probable are certain historical events. So Tolstoy explains the victory in the Patriotic War by the fact that two wills collided: the will of the French soldiers and the will of the entire Russian people. This war was fair for the Russians, they fought for their Motherland, so their spirit and will to win turned out to be stronger than the French spirit and will. Therefore, Russia's victory over France was predetermined.

The soldiers are aware that they may have to die defending their fatherland. And the moral strength of the people manifests itself most strongly in simple forms, largely related to folk concepts and customs. The militia put on clean shirts, the old soldiers refuse to drink vodka - “not such a day, they say.” The soldiers maintain good spirits and concentration on the main event even in the battle itself. Here the sense of camaraderie, the consciousness of the common cause, the moral fortitude of the soldiers, and the soldier’s humor are most clearly manifested. So, at the Raevsky battery “one felt the same and common to everyone, like a family revival.”

Assessing the role of the Battle of Borodino in the War of 1812, the writer argues that at Borodino, Napoleonic France for the first time experienced the hand of “the strongest enemy in spirit.” The flight of Napoleon's army from Moscow was a consequence of the blow it received in the Battle of Borodino.

Tolstoy shows how from the moment of the capture of Smolensk the war became a people's war. In the first battle of Smolensk, the French encountered popular resistance. “... We fought there for the first time for Russian land,” says Prince Andrei, “there was such a spirit in the troops that I have never seen.”

Tolstoy was the first in Russian literature to depict moments of change in the states of spirit of his heroes, and discovered what N. Chernyshevsky later called “the dialectics of the soul.” Tolstoy's favorite heroes are the flesh of nature. Everything that happens in nature resonates in their spirit. The heroes discover their “own” sky, which is associated with important, sometimes epoch-making changes in their spirits.

In his novel, Tolstoy depicted the events of 1812 as a victory of the Russian people - a victory of the spirit, that moral victory in which the writer saw the decisive force in the war. Before him, no one had so convincingly and vividly revealed the role of the moral factor in the outcome of the war.

Only the will of the people, only people's patriotism, the “spirit of the army” makes the army invincible. Tolstoy makes this conclusion in his immortal novel, the epic War and Peace.

One of the most striking examples of heroism and self-sacrifice of the spirit is the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. The Soviet people were seriously alarmed by the war, by the sudden attack of Nazi Germany, but they were not spiritually depressed and confused. He was confident that the insidious and powerful enemy would receive a proper rebuff. All means and methods of spiritual influence, all branches and sections of spiritual culture and art immediately began to work to raise the people for the Patriotic War, to inspire their Armed Forces to selfless struggle. “Get up, huge country, get up for a mortal battle with the dark fascist force, with the damned horde,” the song called to everyone. The people felt themselves to be full-fledged subjects of the spiritual life of humanity; they took upon themselves the mission of fighting the fascist invasion not only as a defense of their historical existence, but also as a great saving universal task.

Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 clearly showed that the spiritual struggle significantly influences the entire course of the military struggle. If the spirit is broken, the will is broken, the war will be lost even with military-technical and economic superiority. And vice versa, the war is not lost if the spirit of the people is not broken, even with great initial successes of the enemy. And this was convincingly proven by the Patriotic War. Every battle, every operation of this war represents a most complex military and spiritual action at the same time.

The war lasted 1418 days. All of them are filled with the bitterness of defeats and the joy of victories, large and small losses. How much and what kind of spiritual strength was required to overcome this path?!

May 9, 1945 is not only a victory of weapons, but also a victory of the people's spirit. Millions of people never stop thinking about its origins, results and lessons.

The Great Patriotic War was a difficult test that befell the Russian people. From the very first days of the war, we had to deal with a very serious enemy who knew how to wage a major modern war. Hitler's mechanized hordes, regardless of losses, rushed forward and put to fire and sword everything that came along the way. It was necessary to turn the entire life and consciousness of the Soviet people around, to organize morally and ideologically and mobilize them for a difficult and long struggle.

All means of spiritual influence on the masses, agitation and propaganda, political-mass work, print, cinema, radio, literature, art - were used to explain the goals, nature and features of the war against Nazi Germany, to solve military problems in the rear and at the front, to achieve victory over the enemy.

The foremost bearers of the heroic spirit of our army were the guards units, incl. tank, aviation, rocket artillery, this title has been awarded to many warships and naval units. The motto of the guardsmen - to always be heroes - was vividly embodied in the immortal feat of Panfilov’s men, which was accomplished by 28 soldiers of the 316th division of General I.V. Panfilova. Defending the line at the Dubosekovo crossing, this group under the command of political instructor V.G. On November 16, Klochkova entered into combat with 50 German tanks, accompanied by a large detachment of enemy machine gunners. Soviet soldiers fought with unparalleled courage and tenacity. “Russia is great, but there is nowhere to retreat. Moscow is behind us,” the political instructor addressed the soldiers with such an appeal. And the fighters fought to the death, 24 of them, including V.G. Klochkov died a brave death, but the enemy did not pass through here. The example of Panfilov’s men was followed by many other units and units, crews of aircraft, tanks and ships.

A striking example that personifies the heroic spirit of our soldiers is the feat of the Komsomol Marine Corps soldier M.A. Panikahin. During an enemy attack on the approaches to the Volga, he, engulfed in flames, rushed to meet a fascist tank and set it on fire with a bottle of fuel. The hero burned down along with the enemy tank. His comrades compared his feat with the feat of Gorky’s Danko: the light of the Soviet hero’s feat became a beacon to which other heroic warriors looked up.

What strength of spirit was demonstrated by those who did not hesitate to cover with their bodies the embrasure of the enemy bunker that was spewing deadly fire! Private Alexander Matrosov was one of the first to accomplish such a feat. The feat of this Russian soldier was repeated by dozens of fighters of other nationalities. Among them are Uzbek T. Erdzhigitov, Estonian I.I. Laar, Ukrainian A.E. Shevchenko, Kyrgyz Ch. Tuleberdiev, Moldavian I.S. Soltys, Kazakh S.B. Baytagatbetov and many others. Following the Belarusian Nikolai Gastello, Russian pilots L.I. sent their burning plane to the enemy. Ivanov, N.N. Skovorodin, E.V. Mikhailov, Ukrainian N.T. Vdovenko, Kazakh N. Abdirov, Jew I.Ya. Irzhak et al.

Of course, selflessness and contempt for death in the fight against the enemy do not necessarily entail the loss of life. Moreover, often these qualities of Soviet soldiers help them mobilize all their spiritual and physical strength to find a way out of a difficult situation. Faith in the people, confidence in victory, in the name of which the Russian man goes to death without fear of it, inspires the fighter, pours new strength into him.

Thanks to these same reasons, thanks to iron discipline and military skill, millions of Soviet people, who looked death in the face, won and remained alive. Military skill greatly enhanced the resilience and other moral and combat qualities of our soldiers. That is why our soldiers put their spirit into mastering weapons, equipment, and new fighting techniques.

One of the most characteristic features of the spiritual appearance of our soldiers is a sense of collectivism and camaraderie. There are thousands of examples of military camaraderie. Soviet partisans provided great assistance to the Red Army. 1943 was a time of unprecedented heroic mass partisan movement. Coordination of interaction between partisan detachments and their close connection with the combat operations of the Red Army were characteristic features of the nationwide struggle behind enemy lines.

Unwavering spirit, a proud consciousness of their strength and moral superiority over the enemy did not leave Soviet soldiers and officers even when they fell into the hands of the Nazis and found themselves in a hopeless situation. While dying, the heroes remained undefeated, their spirit could not be broken. Despite the fact that the Germans crucified Komsomol soldier Yuri Smirnov by driving nails into his palms and feet; they killed the partisan Vera Lisovaya by lighting a fire on her chest; tortured the legendary general D.M. Karbyshev, dousing him with water in the cold, who, in response to the Nazis’ offer to serve them, answered with dignity: “I am a Soviet man, a soldier, and I remain faithful to my duty.”

Thus, in the harsh times of war, the spiritual power of our people, selflessly devoted to their Motherland, stubborn in battle for a just cause, tireless in work, ready for any sacrifices and hardships in the name of the prosperity of the Fatherland, was revealed in all its greatness.

Albert Axel identifies love for the Motherland, for the Russian land as the main source of moral strength in the army, which during the Great Patriotic War manifested itself in “an atmosphere of universal heroism.” The historian consistently defends the thesis that the self-sacrifice of the Soviet people and their military exploits “changed the course of events in the Second World War.”

The Russian people realized the terrible danger that German Nazism brought to our country. It is here that we must look for the source of that unprecedented mass heroism, which became the decisive driving force in the war, the most important factor in victory in it. It manifested itself in the activities of people of all ages and professions, men and women, representatives of all nations and nationalities of the USSR. More than 11 thousand became Heroes of the Soviet Union, hundreds of thousands became holders of orders and medals.

The years of the Great Patriotic War were years of difficult trials for our Motherland and a time of unparalleled heroism of the people. There is no doubt that the Soviet people played the main role in the victory. In this feat, the like of which history has never known, the high skill of military commanders, the greatest courage of soldiers, partisans, members of the underground, and the dedication of home front workers merged together.

The Great Patriotic War showed all the depth, advanced character, and spiritual strength of the Soviet; showed the decisive role in the historical fate of the people of the quality of their spirituality, the importance of spiritual culture and ideology in its rise, in the mobilization of the people to fight for their historical existence.

This experience of war is extremely important in our time for people to gain faith in themselves, in their ability to solve problems that seem insurmountable. The Great Victory of the Soviet people over Nazi Germany obliges and inspires us to solve such problems.

During the war there were situations when our troops clearly did not have enough physical strength to stop the fascist hordes. What saved him was his fortitude, which allowed him to make a turning point in a fierce struggle. Spiritual power raised millions of soldiers to sacrificial service to the Fatherland on the endless fronts of the great war and in the vast expanses of the near and far rear. She united everyone and made them creators of the Great Victory. This is the greatest example for posterity of all time.

The people have not forgotten and glorify those who fought bravely and died, with the death of a hero, having brought the hour of our victory closer, glorifies those who survived, who managed to defeat the enemy. Heroes do not die, their glory is immortal, their names are forever included not only in the lists of personnel of the Armed Forces, but also in people's memory. People make up legends about heroes, erect beautiful monuments to them, and name the best streets of cities and villages after them.

You can become a hero not only during war, but also in simple, everyday matters. Outstanding thinkers said: “Often, human courage is recognized more in small things than in great things,” “Courage is needed not only in battles, but also in simple everyday affairs.” But not every brave act can be called heroic. For example, in front of passers-by, running across the street in a dangerous, wrong place at a red light is not heroism, but stupidity, which can end very badly for the “hero”. An action can be called courageous when it is performed in the name of a noble goal. For example, if a person, risking his life, saves a drowning man, this is heroism. There are many heroes in the history of science. These are, for example, Russian nuclear physicists, doctors, polar explorers, who spend a long time in the endless ice. And the Norwegian scientist Thor Heyerdahl sailed across the Pacific Ocean on a light raft made of logs. People also know heroic doctors who deliberately infected themselves with dangerous diseases in order to learn how to treat them. What about the heroes of space or the underwater world? Who knows if the unexpected might be in store for them this time? And yet they go on a mission to reveal new secrets to humanity. There are professions that require heroism, so to speak, “in the blood” - these are firefighters, police officers, and the Ministry of Emergency Situations. But they do not perceive their daily work as heroism, but consider it a normal occurrence. People in these professions do not understand the importance of their work - it has become the norm of their life. For the Russian people, in principle, this is the norm of life and character. Education of the spirit begins from an early age; every man is obliged to be a hero. The history of Russia itself forces a person to have the qualities of a hero, for example, perestroika, when deep, controversial changes took place in all spheres of life of Soviet society.

But there is heroism and self-sacrifice of a special kind - they lie in never, under any circumstances, changing the rules of honor, decency, friendship, and philanthropy. This is heroism, self-sacrifice of the spirit. A striking example of such heroism and self-sacrifice is in the destinies of people who, in the inhuman conditions of the Leningrad blockade, Hitler's and Stalin's camps and other similar trials, retained dignity, courage, goodwill - in a word, all truly human qualities. The deeds and exploits of heroes are remembered and highly revered; from their example they learn to live, fight and win. The history of every nation contains examples of remarkable heroism and self-sacrifice.

Literature.

1. Aksel A. Heroes of Russia. 1941-1945 / A. Aksel. M., 2002.

2. Bagramyan I.Kh. This is how we went to victory. Military memoirs / I.Kh. Bagramyan. M., 1990.

3. Dmitrienko V.P. The history of homeland. XX century: A manual for students / V.P. Dmitrienko, V.D. Esakov, V.A. Shestakov. M., 2002.

4. Brief world history. In 2 books / Ed. A.Z. Manfreda. M., 1996.

1. Paderin A.A. War and peace: the role of spiritual culture in the education of patriotic consciousness / A.A. Paderin // Materials of the scientific-practical conference. M., 2005.
2. Russian Soviet poetry. Ed. L.P. Krementsova. L., 1988.
3. Tolstoy L.N. PSS 12 t. T.4 War and Peace. M., 1987.
4. www.all-aforizmy.ru (date of access: 10/26/2011).
5. www.Litra.ru (accessed 07/09/2011).

Of the many topics that are provided in the Russian language exam for writing an essay, the topic “Heroism” can be especially highlighted.

The goal of Russian education is to raise a worthy and intelligent person who knows what he wants to achieve in life, a true patriot of his country. Increasing demands on the quality of the educational level of the population of the Russian Federation led to the introduction of the Unified State Exam, designed to test the knowledge of schoolchildren.

The Unified State Exam measures the knowledge of graduates after graduation, on the way to higher education, in various branches of science.

One of the most important subjects in the country in which schoolchildren are examined is the Russian language. This is literally the pillar on which the country is built, because only people who have their own system of oral communication can be considered a single people.

What is heroism

Heroism, in the understanding of people, is the accomplishment of a great feat by a person in the name of other people.

Heroes are not those who were born with this intention, but those who stand shoulder to shoulder for a common goal, driven by the concept of justice.

Self-sacrifice for a good cause that brings peace and prosperity to humanity is also considered heroism.

Accordingly, a hero is a person who performs a feat out of love for his neighbor, actively creates the fate of the world and is prone to altruistic behavior. From a psychological point of view, this concept can denote any individual who commits a noble act, overcoming his own fears and doubts.

Examples of heroic behavior can be found not only in literary sources, but also in the environment. Works telling about the exploits of heroes are often based on events taken from life.

The problem of heroism - arguments from literature for the Unified State Exam

The problem of heroism and the development of a person’s personality as a hero was raised by many writers in their works.

The most famous works of Russian authors are: B. Vasilyev “And the Dawns Here Are Quiet”, M. Sholokhov “The Fate of a Man” and B. Polevoy “The Tale of a Real Man”.

Less known in modern Russia is the story “Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya” by V. Uspensky, which is based on the story of a young pioneer who, together with her friends, joined a partisan detachment and died heroically under Nazi torture.

The story by B. Polevoy is based on a real-life story about the pilot Alexei Maresyev. Shot down in enemy territory, he was able to pass through the thicket of the forest. Due to the fact that in extreme conditions there was no one to provide first aid, the man lost both legs, however, overcoming his own imperfections for the sake of his love for the sky, he was able to learn to fly an airplane while wearing prosthetics.

“The Fate of a Man” tells the story of Andrei, who defended his native Fatherland from Nazi Germany. Despite the news of the death of people close to him, the main character was able to survive and not give in to the horrors of war. The ability to empathize with people remained in him, despite the hardships and hardships that fate presented. This is most clearly expressed in his action: Andrei adopted a boy who had lost his family.

The heroes of the book “The Dawns Here Are Quiet” are ordinary people who, by the will of fate, found themselves in the forefront of the battle for the country. They could have survived, but their strongest desire was to protect their homeland, so their death was worthy.

Foreign literature also presents many works based on the heroism of ordinary people. You can highlight arguments from the works of famous authors.

A classic example is E. Hemingway’s story “For Whom the Bell Tolls,” where two people from different worlds meet - a bomber and an ordinary girl. Robert, who died in the explosion of the bridge, who knows that he is going to certain death, but did not deviate from the task entrusted to him, and Maria, who increasingly understands that she will not see her lover, but lets him go for the sake of the great goal - to put an end to the war that is tearing the country apart. parts. Which of them can be considered a real hero?

Another classic example of heroism can be considered the story of D. London “Love of Life”. The man in this creation does not save anyone but himself, however, his courage, determination and will to preserve life deserve the deepest respect, since many people, faced with the betrayal of friends, would have surrendered to the will of circumstances if they found themselves in a hostile area.

The problem of true and false heroism according to Tolstoy

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy is one of the most famous Russian writers and thinkers, one of the greatest novelists in the world

For example, true heroism always comes “from the heart”, full of depth and purity of thoughts; false heroism manifests itself as the desire to “show off” without having deep motives inside. According to the classics of Russian literature, a person who commits a heroic act in order to be positively assessed by others cannot be a real hero.

The example here is Bolkonsky, who strives to accomplish “a beautiful feat that will certainly be appreciated by other people.”

True heroism lies in the fact that a person steps over his ego, not caring how beautiful he will look in the eyes of other people, and does everything possible for the well-being of the common cause.

The heroism of a Russian woman and mother

A woman in the literature of her native country is a collective image of several roles: mother, wife, daughter.

An example of the heroism of Russian young ladies can be the wives of the Decembrists, who followed their beloved husbands, who were exiled to distant, practically uninhabited lands.

Women, raised according to the laws of secular society, where exile means shame, were not afraid to leave comfortable conditions for the wilderness.

The second example of the heroism of a Russian woman is Vera Rozaltseva from Chernyshevsky’s novel “What is to be done?” The heroine represents a qualitatively new type of emancipated lady. She is not afraid of difficulties and actively implements her own ideas, while helping other girls.

If we consider female heroism using the example of a mother, we can highlight V. Zakrutkin’s story “Mother of Man.” Maria, a simple Russian woman who lost her family due to the Nazis, loses the will to live. The inhumanity of the war makes her “petrify her heart,” but the heroine finds the strength to live on and begins to help orphans who are also grieving for their departed relatives.

The image of the Mother presented in the story is deeply humane in relation to people. The author of the work presented to the reader such a quality of a woman as love for humanity, indivisible by nationality, faith, etc.

Heroism during the Great Patriotic War

The war with Germany brought many new names to the honor roll, some of whom became such posthumously. The fire of indignation that broke out at the inhumanity and unscrupulousness of the Fuhrer SS troops is manifested in partisan methods of warfare.

Two types of heroes can be distinguished during the Second World War:

• partisans;
• soldiers of the Army of the Soviet Union.

The first include the following people:

• Marat Kazei. After the Nazis killed his mother for harboring partisans, he went to fight with his sister at the partisan headquarters. He was awarded a medal for his courage in 1943, but died the following year at the age of 14 while performing a mission;
• Lenya Golikov. He joined the partisan detachment in 1942. For his numerous exploits, it was decided to award the hero a medal, but he never managed to receive it. In 1943 he was killed along with the detachment;
• Zina Portnova. She became a scout in 1943. She was caught while performing a mission and subjected to many tortures. In 1944 she was shot.

The second group includes the following people:

• Alexander Matrosov. He closed the embrasure with his body, allowing the detachment to pass through to carry out the combat mission;
• Ivan Panfilov. The division under his leadership fought bravely near Volokolamsk, repelling enemy attacks for six days;
• Nikolay Gastello. Directed a burning plane towards enemy troops. Died with honor.

Apart from people famous for their exploits and participation in the war, a huge number of heroes were never named by the country due to ignorance about them.

The problem of courage and heroism of sailors

War does not happen only on land. Both the firmament and the expanses of water are captured by it. Such is the inherent power of the destructive element - to draw everything and everyone into its networks. People of opposing sides clashed not only on land, but also in water.

• V. Kataev “Flag”. The Nazis offer to surrender to the Russian team of sailors, but the latter, realizing that they will die if they do not capitulate, still decide in favor of battle, defending the city;
• V. M. Bogomolov “Flight of the Swallows.” When transporting ammunition across the river, the steamer "Lastochka" is fired upon by fascist troops, and as a result of this action, a mine lands on a barge. Realizing the fact of danger, the captain, driven by the idea of ​​protecting his native fatherland, turns the helm and directs the ship towards the enemy.

Russian writers focus on the decisions of people whose main quality is courage. Brave behavior at high risk is still relevant today.

Courage and heroism today

There are heroes at any time, regardless of the circumstances of their environment. Nowadays, the names of those who accomplished feats in the name of humanity are engraved on the honor board.

These are ordinary children in everyday life and heroes in extreme situations:

• Evgeny Tabakov. At the age of seven, he saved his sister from a maniac, receiving a mortal wound;
• Julia Korol. Showed the highest level of courage when rescuing comrades as a result of the tragedy on Syamozero;
• Sasha Ershova. During an accident at a water park, she held a little girl above the water, preventing her from drowning.

The annals of the history of our days include not only the children presented above, but also many other modern people who actively help those who are weaker than their circumstances in high-risk situations.

In stories with a heroic way of life, the correct upbringing of their children by parents is of great importance. After all, the maturation of the future personality depends on how well the relatives convey norms and values ​​to the child.

How to write an essay on the topic “Heroism of the Russian people”

The heroic deeds of people over many generations formed the history of the exploits of the Russian state. Students who need to pass a specialized exam in the Russian language write an essay upon finishing 9th grade.

“How to write a creative assignment correctly?” - this question worries many schoolchildren who want to show the maximum result when testing.

The basis of any essay on a given topic is always a goal and a plan. The purpose of the essay is given in the assignment for it. The plan is developed by the student himself; it usually involves dividing the work into stages of work on it.

What does an essay plan consist of:

1. Introduction.
2. Main part.
3. Conclusion.

In addition to the main stages, the student should think about what arguments he will refer to when writing an essay; relevant presentation of information that the student would like to convey to the reader; correct use of Russian language means in the text.

For example, let’s consider the theme of the heroism of the Russian people using the example of Sholokhov’s novel “Quiet Don”. It is based on the history of the world of White Guards fighting for their ideals. They are doomed by history to disappear, but they fearlessly fight against the bitter truth of communism, which is forcibly implanted on the Cossack Don.

The epic clearly shows the problems that worried people of that time: the split of the population into two fronts (white and red guards), the desire to defend their truth, life and established order; clash of ideals of different groups of the population.

Sholokhov show the internal evolution of the heroes of their novel, their changes over time: both internal and external. For example, Dunyasha first appears to the audience as a “girl with pigtails”, but at the end of the novel she is an integral person who has independently chosen her path. Dunya, a descendant of a White Guard, chooses as her husband the communist who killed her brother.

The girl is an example of the highest sacrifice and heroism, as she is not afraid to step over the outdated stereotypes of society.

Conclusion

Each person decides for himself who to call a hero. S. Marshak, for example, in his poem about an unknown rescuer, draws the reader’s attention to the fact that any passerby could turn out to be such a hero.

L. Tolstoy in his epic distinguishes between the concepts of true and false heroism. False heroism, according to the writer, is the desire to show off in public, while a person’s real feat begins with the pure thoughts of his soul.

Absolutely anyone can become a hero, regardless of circumstances. No one knows what kind of life the little partisans would have lived if the Patriotic War had not happened in the 40s of the last century.

The most important thing in life is to be a person worthy of yourself; respect yourself as a person; strive for the stars and help people who are lost in life.

Discussions about correct behavior are nothing without practical application. Big things always start with small things. Becoming a hero starts with helping those in need.

The famous American poet and writer Eleanor Murry Sarton, known to millions of readers as May Sarton, has the oft-quoted words: “Think like a hero and you will act like a decent person.”

Much has been written about the role of heroism in people's lives. This virtue, which has a number of synonyms: courage, valor, bravery, is manifested in the moral strength of its bearer. Moral strength allows him to pursue real, real service to his homeland, people, and humanity. What is the problem with true heroism? Different arguments can be used. But the main thing about them is: true heroism is not blind. Various examples of heroism are not simply overcoming certain circumstances. They all have one thing in common - they bring a sense of perspective to people's lives.

Many bright classics of literature, both Russian and foreign, sought and found their bright and unique arguments to illuminate the topic of the emergence of the phenomenon of valor. The problem of heroism, fortunately for us, readers, is illuminated by the masters of the pen in a bright, non-trivial way. What is valuable in their works is that the classics immerse the reader in the spiritual world of the hero, whose high deeds are admired by millions of people. The topic of this article is a review of some of the works of the classics, in which a special approach to the issue of heroism and courage can be traced.

Heroes are around us

Today, unfortunately, a distorted concept of heroism prevails in the philistine psyche. They are immersed in their own problems, in their own little selfish world. Therefore, fresh and non-trivial arguments on the problem of heroism are fundamentally important for their consciousness. Believe me, we are surrounded by heroes. We simply don’t notice them because our souls are short-sighted. Not only men perform feats. Take a closer look - a woman who, according to doctors, is unable to give birth in principle - is giving birth. Heroism can and is demonstrated by our contemporaries at the patient's bedside, at the conference table, in the workplace, and even at the kitchen stove. You just need to learn to see it.

The literary image of God is like a tuning fork. Pasternak and Bulgakov

Sacrifice distinguishes true heroism. Many brilliant literary classics are trying to influence the beliefs of their readers, raising the bar for understanding the essence of heroism as high as possible. They find creative strength to uniquely convey to readers the highest ideals, telling in their own way about the feat of God, the son of man.

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak in Doctor Zhivago, an extremely honest work about his generation, writes about valor as the highest emblem of humanity. According to the writer, the problem of true heroism is revealed not in violence, but in virtue. He expresses his arguments through the mouth of the protagonist’s uncle, N.N. Vedenyapin. He believes that the beast dormant in each of us cannot be stopped by a tamer with a whip. But this is within the power of a self-sacrificing preacher.

A classic of Russian literature, the son of a theology professor, Mikhail Bulgakov in his novel “The Master and Margarita” presents us with his original literary interpretation of the image of the Messiah - Yeshua Ha-Nozri. The preaching of Good with which Jesus came to people is a dangerous business. Words of truth and conscience that go against the foundations of society are fraught with death for those who utter them. Even the procurator of Judea, who, without hesitation, can come to the aid of Mark the Ratboy, surrounded by the Germans, is afraid to tell the truth (at the same time, he secretly agrees with the views of Ha-Nozri.) The peaceful messiah courageously follows his destiny, and the battle-hardened Roman commander is a coward. Bulgakov's arguments are convincing. The problem of heroism for him is closely connected with the organic unity of worldview, worldview, word and deed.

Henryk Sienkiewicz's arguments

The image of Jesus in an aura of courage also appears in Henryk Sienkiewicz’s novel “Kamo Gradesi”. Bright finds the Polish literary classic shades to create a unique plot situation in his famous novel.

After Jesus was crucified and resurrected, he came to Rome, following his mission: to convert the Eternal City to Christianity. However, he, an unnoticed traveler, as soon as he arrived, witnesses the ceremonial entry of Emperor Nero. Peter is shocked by the Romans' worship of the emperor. He does not know what arguments to find for this phenomenon. The problem of heroism, the courage of a person ideologically opposed to the dictator, is illuminated, starting with Peter’s fear that the mission will not be completed. He, having lost faith in himself, runs away from the Eternal City. However, leaving the city walls behind, the apostle saw Jesus in human form coming towards him. Amazed by what he saw, Peter asked the Messiah where he was going: “Where are you coming?” Jesus replied that since Peter had abandoned his people, there was only one thing left for him to do - to go to the crucifixion a second time. True service certainly requires courage. Shocked Peter returns to Rome...

The Theme of Courage in War and Peace

Russian classical literature is rich in discussions about the essence of heroism. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, in his epic novel War and Peace, raised a number of philosophical questions. The writer put his own special arguments into the image of Prince Andrei, following the path of a warrior. The problem of heroism and courage is painfully rethought and evolving in the minds of the young Prince Bolkonsky. His youthful dream - to accomplish a feat - gives way to understanding and awareness of the essence of war. To be a hero, and not to appear, is how the life priorities of Prince Andrei change after the battle of Shengraben.

Staff officer Bolkonsky understands that the real hero of this battle is the battery commander Skromny, who is lost in the presence of his superiors. The object of ridicule of the adjutants. The battery of a small and frail, nondescript captain did not flinch before the invincible French, inflicted damage on them and enabled the main forces to retreat in an organized manner. Tushin acted on a whim; he did not receive an order to cover the rear of the army. Understanding the essence of war - these were his arguments. The problem of heroism is rethought by Prince Bolkonsky, he radically changes his career and, with the assistance of M.I. Kutuzov, becomes a regiment commander. In the battle of Borodino, he, who raised the regiment to attack, was seriously wounded. The body of a Russian officer with a banner in his hands is seen by Napoleon Bonaparte as he circles around. The French Emperor's reaction is one of respect: "What a beautiful death!" However, for Bolkonsky, the act of heroism coincides with an awareness of the integrity of the world and the importance of compassion.

Harper Lee "To Kill a Mockingbird"

Understanding the essence of the feat is also present in a number of works by American classics. All young Americans study the novel “To Kill a Mockingbird” in schools. It contains an original discussion about the essence of courage. This thought comes from the lips of lawyer Atticus, a man of honor, taking on a fair, but by no means profitable, case. His arguments on the problem of heroism are as follows: courage is when you take on a task, knowing in advance that you will lose. But you still take it and go to the end. And sometimes you still manage to win.

Melanie by Margaret Mitchell

In the novel about the American South of the 19th century, she creates a unique image of the fragile and sophisticated, but at the same time courageous and brave Lady Melanie.

She is sure that there is something good in all people, and is ready to help them. Her modest, neat house becomes famous in Atlanta thanks to the sincerity of the owners. During the most dangerous periods of her life, Scarlett receives such help from Melanie that it is impossible to evaluate.

Hemingway on heroism

And of course, one cannot ignore Hemingway’s classic story “The Old Man and the Sea,” which tells about the nature of courage and heroism. The fight between the elderly Cuban Santiago and a huge fish is reminiscent of a parable. The arguments on the problem of heroism presented by Hemingway are symbolic. The sea is like life, and old man Santiago is like human experience. The writer utters words that have become the leitmotif of true heroism: “Man was not created to suffer defeat. You can destroy it, but you can’t defeat it!”

The Strugatsky brothers "Picnic by the road"

The story introduces its readers to a phantasmagoric situation. Obviously, after the arrival of aliens, an anomalous zone formed on Earth. Stalkers find the “heart” of this zone, which has a unique property. A person who finds himself in this territory receives a harsh alternative: either he dies, or the zone fulfills his every desire. The Strugatskys masterfully show the spiritual evolution of the hero who decided on this feat. His catharsis is convincingly shown. The stalker has nothing selfish or mercantile left, he thinks in terms of humanity and, accordingly, asks the zone for “happiness for everyone,” and such that there are no people deprived of it. What, according to the Strugatskys, is the problem of heroism? Arguments from literature indicate that it is empty without compassion and humanism.

Boris Polevoy "The Tale of a Real Man"

There was a period in the history of the Russian people when heroism became truly widespread. Thousands of warriors have immortalized their names. The high title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded to eleven thousand soldiers. At the same time, 104 people were awarded it twice. And three people - three times. The first person to receive this high rank was ace pilot Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin. On just one day - April 12, 1943 - he shot down seven planes of the fascist invaders!

Of course, to forget and not convey such examples of heroism to new generations is like a crime. This should be done using the example of Soviet “military” literature - these are the arguments of the Unified State Examination. The problem of heroism is illuminated for schoolchildren using examples from the works of Boris Polevoy, Mikhail Sholokhov, Boris Vasiliev.

Front-line correspondent of the Pravda newspaper Boris Polevoy was shocked by the story of the pilot of the 580th fighter regiment Alexey Maresyev. In the winter of 1942, it was shot down over the skies of the Novgorod region. The pilot, wounded in the legs, crawled for 18 days to reach his own people. He survived and made it, but his legs were “eaten” by gangrene. Amputation followed. In the hospital where Alexey lay after the operation, there was also a political instructor. He managed to ignite Maresyev with a dream - to return to the sky as a fighter pilot. Overcoming the pain, Alexey learned not only to walk on prosthetics, but also to dance. The apotheosis of the story is the first air battle carried out by the pilot after being wounded.

The medical commission “capitulated.” During the war, the real Alexey Maresyev shot down 11 enemy planes, most of them - seven - after being wounded.

Soviet writers have convincingly revealed the problem of heroism. Arguments from the literature indicate that not only men, but also women called to serve, performed feats. Boris Vasiliev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet” amazes with its drama. A large sabotage group of fascists, numbering 16 people, landed in the Soviet rear.

Young girls (Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Sonya Gurevich, Galya Chetvertak), serving at the 171st railway siding under the command of foreman Fedot Vaskov, die heroically. However, they destroy 11 fascists. The sergeant major discovers the remaining five in the hut. He kills one and captures four. Then he surrenders the prisoners to his own, losing consciousness from fatigue.

"The Fate of Man"

This story by Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov introduces us to the former Red Army soldier - driver Andrei Sokolov. The writer reveals heroism simply and convincingly. It didn’t take long to look for arguments that touched the reader’s soul. The war brought grief to almost every family. Andrei Sokolov had it in abundance: in 1942, his wife Irina and two daughters were killed (a bomb hit a residential building). The son miraculously survived and after this tragedy volunteered to go to the front. Andrei himself fought, was captured by the Nazis, and escaped. However, a new tragedy awaited him: in 1945, on May 9, a sniper killed his son.

Andrei himself, having lost his entire family, found the strength to start life “from scratch.” He adopted a homeless boy, Vanya, becoming his adoptive father. This moral feat again fills his life with meaning.

Conclusion

These are the arguments to the problem of heroism in classical literature. The latter is truly capable of supporting a person and awakening courage in him. Although she is not able to help him financially, she erects a boundary in his soul that Evil cannot cross. This is what Remarque wrote about books in Arc de Triomphe. The argumentation of heroism occupies a worthy place in classical literature.

Heroism can also be presented as a social phenomenon of a kind of “instinct of self-preservation”, only not of individual life, but of the entire society. A part of society, a separate “cell” - a person (the most worthy ones perform feats), consciously, driven by altruism and spirituality, sacrifices himself, preserving something greater. Classical literature is one of the tools that helps people understand and comprehend the non-linear nature of courage.