Review. Russian literature of the 18th century

In Russian literature of the 18th century, researchers distinguish 4 periods: I. Literature of the time of Peter the Great. II years III.1760s – first half of the 70s. IV.The last quarter of a century.

Literature of Peter's time It is still of a transitional nature. The main feature is the intensive process of “secularization” (i.e., the replacement of religious literature with secular literature). During this period, a new solution to the personality problem is developed. Genre features: oratorical prose, stories, political treatises, textbooks, poetry.

Feofan Prokopovich The most striking figure, one of the most educated people of this period was F. Prokopovich (“Poetics”, “Rhetoric”), who clearly formed his artistic and aesthetic views. He believed that poetry should teach not only ordinary citizens, but also the rulers themselves.

Second period (years) This period is characterized by the formation of classicism, the creation of a new genre system, and in-depth development of the literary language. The basis of classicism was an orientation towards high examples of ancient art as a standard of artistic creativity. Genre features: tragedy, opera, epic (high genres), comedy, fable, satire (low genres)

Antioch Dmitrievich Kantemir () Author of satires in which national flavor is noted, connections with oral folk art, they are based on contemporary Russian reality (“On those who blaspheme the teaching”, “On the envy and pride of evil nobles”, etc.). According to V.G. Belinsky, he “was the first to bring poetry to life.”

Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky () He was a true innovator in the art of words. In his treatise “A New and Brief Method for Composing Russian Poems,” he prepared the ground for the further development of Russian poetry. In addition, Trediakovsky introduced new literary genres: ode, elegy, fable, epigram.

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov () One of the first theorists of classicism, experimental scientist, artist-author of a mosaic painting about the Battle of Poltava, creator of solemn odes, language reformer and author of “Letters on the Rules of Russian Poetry”, “A Brief Guide to Eloquence”, “Grammar” , theories of three calms.

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov () Lomonosov's enlightenment views and democratic disposition were reflected in his poetic activity and in the content of his works. The theme of the homeland was the main one in the main genre of his poetry - odes.

Alexander Petrovich Sumarokov () Also entered the history of literature as one of the theorists of Russian classicism, as the author of love lyrics (songs, eclogues, idylls, elegies), as the author of tragedies (9 tragedies, in which the main thing is the struggle between passion and reason, duty and personal feelings), author of comedies, fables (he wrote 400 fables).

Third period (1760s - first half of the 70s) During this period, the role of mercantile relations in society increases, and the dominance of the noble class increases. Parody genres are actively developing in literature, humorous poems by V.I. Maykov have been written (“The Ombre Player”, “Elisha, or the Irritated Bacchus”), M.D. Chulkov has written in the short story genre, and M.D. Chulkov’s literary magazines are being published (“ Both this and that”), V.V. Tuzova (“Mixture”), N.I. Novikova (“Drone”, “Pustomela”, “Painter”). At the same time, M.M. Kheraskov, the creator of "Rossiyada" - the Russian national epic, as well as a number of tragedies and dramas ("The Venetian Nun", "Borislav", "Fruits of Sciences", etc.) was working.

Fourth period Literature of the last quarter of the 18th century developed during a period of upheavals, social explosions, and foreign revolutions (American, French). In the fourth period, comic opera flourished, the work of D.I. Fonvizin () - the author of many fables (“Moralizing Fables with explanations by Mr. Golberg”), the play “The Brigadier” and the famous comedy “The Minor.”

Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin () Many poems and famous odes belong to his pen (“Ode on Her Majesty’s Birthday...”, “Felitsa”). Derzhavin was the first to introduce colloquial vocabulary and vernacular into poetry; he strengthened the democratic foundations of the literary language.

Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev () Ivan Andreevich Krylov () Writer, philosopher, poet. Author of the famous “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow.” The protest against slavery and spiritual enslavement constitutes the main pathos of this work. A famous fabulist, whose works also include tragedies (“Philomela”, “Cleopatra”) and comedies (“Fashion Shop”, etc.)

Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin () N.M. Karamzin led the sentimental-romantic line in literature. He laid the foundation for journalism, criticism, stories, novels, historical stories, and journalism. He owns translations of Shakespeare, such significant works as “Poor Liza”, “Natalia – the Boyar’s Daughter”.

RUSSIAN LITERATURE XVIII CENTURIES

Prepared by Alena Khasanovna Borisova,

teacher of Russian language and literature

MBOU Algasovskaya secondary school

Russian literature of the 15th-3rd century developed under the influence of the great changes that the reforms of Peter I brought to the socio-political and cultural life of the country.

From the beginning of the 15th-12th centuries, old Moscow Rus' turned into the Russian Empire. Peter I introduced something new that he considered necessary for the state.

The second third of the 18th century is an important period in the development of Russian literature

Outstanding figures of Russian fiction (theorists and writers) appeared; an entire literary movement is born and takes shape, that is, in the work of a number of writers, common ideological and artistic features are revealed.

Literary directions XVIII century

The main direction was classicism

(from Latin classicus - exemplary).

Representatives of this trend proclaimed the highest image of artistic creativity of Ancient Greece and Rome.

These works were recognized as classic, that is, exemplary, and writers were encouraged to imitate

them to create truly artistic works themselves.

Artist, in thought

the founders of classicism,

comprehends reality in order to

then display it in your work

not a specific person with his

passions, and the type of person is a myth.

If this is a hero, then he has no flaws,

if the character is satirical, then he is completely funny.

Russian classicism originated and developed on original soil. It was distinguished by its satirical focus and choice of national and historical themes.

Russian classicism attached special importance to “high” genres: epic poem, tragedy, ceremonial ode.

Since the 70s of the 18th century. a new direction is emerging in literature - sentimentalism

The everyday life of the common man was placed at the center of the image. His personal emotional experiences. His feelings and moods.

With it new genres appear: travel and sensitive story. Special merit in the development of this genre belongs to N. M. Karamzin (the story “Poor Liza”, “Letters of a Russian Traveler”). A new view of life invaded literature, a new narrative structure arose: the writer looked more closely at reality, portrayed it more truthfully.

Antioch Kamtemir (1708-1744)

On January 1, 1732, A. Cantemir was appointed Russian ambassador in London. It was at this time that his literary talent blossomed. He writes and translates a lot.

A. Cantemir also wrote a religious and philosophical work

"Letters on Nature and Man".

Greek monastery.

V. K. Trediakovsky (1703-1768)

Poet and philologist Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky was born in Astrakhan, into the family of a priest. He received his education at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. In 1726 he fled abroad, to Holland, and later moved to France. At the Sorbonne he studied theology, mathematics and philosophy. In 1730 he returned to Russia, becoming one of the most educated people of his time and the first Russian academician. In the same year, he published his first printed work, “A Trip to the Island of Love,” a translation of an ancient book by a French author. There were also poems by Trediakovsky himself. The publication immediately made him a famous, fashionable poet.

Sincerely devoted to Russian literature, V.K. Trediakovsky was the author of dozens of volumes of translations and a brilliant expert on the theory of European poetry.

A. P. Sumarokov (1718-1777)

At the age of 13, A.P. Sumarokov was sent to the “knightly academy” - the Land Noble Corps. There were so many lovers of Russian literature here that a “society” was even organized: in their free time, the cadets read their works to each other. Sumarokov also discovered his talent; he became interested in French songs and began to compose Russian songs based on their model.

In the cadet corps, for the first time, A. P. Sumarokov’s tragedies “Khoreev”, “The Hermit” (1757) were performed; “Yaropolk and Dimisa” (1758) and comedies. One of the best is “The Guardian,” staged in 1768.

Sumarokov rose to the rank of actual state councilor and became the most popular poet of his era. He also wrote philosophical and mathematical works.

M.V. Lomonosov (1711-1765)

Lomonosov was a brilliant son of the Russian people, who passionately loved his country. He embodied the best traits characteristic of the Russian people

The breadth, depth and variety of his scientific interests were amazing. He truly was the father of new Russian science and culture. The most remarkable thing about him was his combination of scientist, public figure and poet.

He wrote odes, tragedies, lyrical and satirical poems, fables, and epigrams. He carried out a reform of versification, outlined the theory of three “calms”

G. R. Derzhavin (1743-1816)

Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin was born in

Kazan in the family of an army officer. In childhood

he was frail and weak, but he was different

“extreme inclination towards science.”

In 1759, Derzhavin nevertheless entered Kazan in

gymnasium. In 1762 G. R. Derzhavin entered

for military service.

After ten years of military service, G.R.

Derzhavin was promoted to officer.

In 1784 G. R. Derzhavin was appointed Olonets

governor. Not getting along with the governor of the region, he was

transferred by the governor to Tambov.

He wrote the odes “Felitsa”, “Monument” and many poems.

D. I. Fonvizin (1745-1792)

D. I. Fonvizin was born in Moscow on April 3, 1745. In 1762, Fonvizin graduated from the noble gymnasium at Moscow University and entered the service of the College of Foreign Affairs.

Since 1769 he has been one of the secretaries of Count N.I. Panin.

In the mid-60s of the 18th century. Fonvizin becomes a famous writer. The comedy “Brigadier” brought him fame. One of the most significant works of D.I. Fonvizin is the comedy “The Minor.”

In 1782 he retired and decided to devote himself entirely to literature.

In the last years of his life, D.I. Fonvizin thought intensely about the high responsibilities of the Russian nobility.

A. N. Radishchev (1749-1802)

Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev was born in Moscow and spent his childhood on a Saratov estate. The richest landowners, the Radishchevs, owned thousands of serf souls.

During the Pugachev uprising, the peasants did not hand them over, they hid them in their yards, smeared with soot and dirt - they remembered that the owners were kind.

In his youth, A. N. Radishchev was the page of Catherine II. Together with other educated young men, he was sent to Leipzig to study, and in 1771, 22-year-old Radishchev returned to Russia and became a protocol officer for the Senate. As part of his job, he had to deal with a lot of court documents.

Based on the information received, he writes his famous work “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow”

Results of the development of literature XVIII century

Throughout the 17th century, Russian

Fiction has made significant progress.

Literary trends appear, drama, epic, lyricism develops

Slide 1

Review of themes and genre features. The main representatives of Russian literature of the 18th century.
Russian literature of the 18th century

Slide 2

In Russian literature of the 18th century, researchers distinguish 4 periods:
Literature of Peter's time. 1730-1750 1760s – first half of the 70s. The last quarter of a century.

Slide 3

Literature of Peter's time
It is still of a transitional nature. The main feature is the intensive process of “secularization” (i.e., the replacement of religious literature with secular literature). During this period, a new solution to the personality problem is developed. Genre features: oratorical prose, stories, political treatises, textbooks, poetry.

Slide 4

Feofan Prokopovich
The most striking figure, one of the most educated people of this period was F. Prokopovich (“Poetics”, “Rhetoric”), who clearly formed his artistic and aesthetic views. He believed that poetry should teach not only ordinary citizens, but also the rulers themselves.

Slide 5

Second period (1730-1750)
This period is characterized by the formation of classicism, the creation of a new genre system, and in-depth development of the literary language. The basis of classicism was an orientation towards high examples of ancient art as a standard of artistic creativity. Genre features: tragedy, opera, epic (high genres), comedy, fable, satire (low genres)

Slide 6

Antioch Dmitrievich Kantemir (1708-1744)
The author of satires in which the national flavor and connection with oral folk art are noted, they are based on contemporary Russian reality (“On those who blaspheme the doctrine”, “On the envy and pride of the evil nobles”, etc.). According to V.G. Belinsky, he “was the first to bring poetry to life.”

Slide 7

Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky (1703-1769)
He was a true innovator in the art of words. In his treatise “A New and Brief Method for Composing Russian Poems,” he prepared the ground for the further development of Russian poetry. In addition, Trediakovsky introduced new literary genres: ode, elegy, fable, epigram.

Slide 8

One of the first theorists of classicism, experimental scientist, artist-author of a mosaic painting about the Battle of Poltava, creator of solemn odes, language reformer and author of the “Letter on the Rules of Russian Poetry”, “A Brief Guide to Eloquence”, “Grammar”, and the theory of the three calms.

Slide 9

Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov (1711-1765)
Lomonosov's educational views and democratic disposition were reflected in his poetic activity and in the content of his works. The theme of the homeland was the main one in the main genre of his poetry - odes.

Slide 10

Alexander Petrovich Sumarokov (1717-1777)
He also went down in the history of literature as one of the theorists of Russian classicism, as the author of love lyrics (songs, eclogues, idylls, elegies), as the author of tragedies (9 tragedies in which the main thing is the struggle between passion and reason, duty and personal feelings), author of comedies , fables (they wrote 400 fables).

Slide 11

Third period (1760s - first half of the 70s)
During this period, the role of mercantile relations in society increases, and the dominance of the noble class intensifies. Parody genres are actively developing in literature, humorous poems by V.I. Maykov have been written (“The Ombre Player”, “Elisha, or the Irritated Bacchus”), M.D. Chulkov has written in the short story genre, and M.D. Chulkov’s literary magazines are being published (“ Both this and that”), V.V. Tuzova (“Mixture”), N.I. Novikova (“Drone”, “Pustomela”, “Painter”). At the same time, M.M. Kheraskov, the creator of "Rossiyada" - the Russian national epic, as well as a number of tragedies and dramas ("The Venetian Nun", "Borislav", "Fruits of Sciences", etc.) was working.

Slide 12

The fourth period
Literature of the last quarter of the 18th century developed during a period of upheaval, social explosions, and foreign revolutions (American, French). In the fourth period, comic opera flourished, the work of D.I. Fonvizin (1745-1792) - the author of many fables (“Moralizing Fables with explanations by Mr. Golberg”), the play “The Brigadier” and the famous comedy “The Minor.”

Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin (1766-1826)
N.M. Karamzin led the sentimental-romantic line in literature. He laid the foundation for journalism, criticism, stories, novels, historical stories, and journalism. He owns translations of Shakespeare, such significant works as “Poor Liza”, “Natalia – the Boyar’s Daughter”.

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Slide captions:

Russian literature of the 18th century Review of themes and genre features. The main representatives of Russian literature of the 18th century.

In Russian literature of the 18th century, researchers distinguish 4 periods: Literature of the time of Peter the Great. 1730-1750 1760s – first half of the 70s. The last quarter of a century.

Second period (1730-1750) This period is characterized by the formation of classicism, the creation of a new genre system, and in-depth development of the literary language. The basis of classicism was an orientation towards high examples of ancient art as a standard of artistic creativity. Genre features: tragedy, opera, epic (high genres), comedy, fable, satire (low genres)

Antioch Dmitrievich Kantemir (1708-1744) Author of satires, in which national color is noted, connections with oral folk art, they are based on contemporary Russian reality (“On those who blaspheme the teaching”, “On the envy and pride of evil nobles”, etc.). According to V.G. Belinsky, he “was the first to bring poetry to life.”

Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky (1703-1769) was a true innovator in the art of words. In his treatise “A New and Brief Method for Composing Russian Poems,” he prepared the ground for the further development of Russian poetry. In addition, Trediakovsky introduced new literary genres: ode, elegy, fable, epigram.

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1711-1765) One of the first theorists of classicism, experimental scientist, artist-author of a mosaic painting about the Battle of Poltava, creator of solemn odes, language reformer and author of “Letter on the Rules of Russian Poetry”, “A Brief Guide to Eloquence”, “Grammars”, theories of the three calms.

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1711-1765) Lomonosov's enlightenment views and democratic disposition were reflected in his poetic activity and in the content of his works. The theme of the homeland was the main one in the main genre of his poetry - odes.

Alexander Petrovich Sumarokov (1717-1777) Also entered the history of literature as one of the theorists of Russian classicism, as the author of love lyrics (songs, eclogues, idylls, elegies), as the author of tragedies (9 tragedies in which the main thing is the struggle of passion and reason, duty and personal feelings), author of comedies and fables (he wrote 400 fables).

Fourth period Literature of the last quarter of the 18th century developed during a period of upheavals, social explosions, and foreign revolutions (American, French). In the fourth period, comic opera flourished, the work of D.I. Fonvizin (1745-1792) - the author of many fables (“Moralizing Fables with explanations by Mr. Golberg”), the play “The Brigadier” and the famous comedy “The Minor.”

Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin (1743-1816) He wrote many poems and famous odes (“Ode on Her Majesty’s Birthday...”, “Felitsa”). Derzhavin was the first to introduce colloquial vocabulary and vernacular into poetry; he strengthened the democratic foundations of the literary language.

Writer, philosopher, poet. Author of the famous “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow.” The protest against slavery and spiritual enslavement constitutes the main pathos of this work. A famous fabulist, whose works also include tragedies (“Philomela”, “Cleopatra”) and comedies (“Fashion Shop”, etc.)

Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin (1766-1826) N.M. Karamzin led the sentimental-romantic line in literature. He laid the foundation for journalism, criticism, stories, novels, historical stories, and journalism. He owns translations of Shakespeare, such significant works as “Poor Liza”, “Natalia – the Boyar’s Daughter”.