Became head of the Soviet government after Stalin's death. The best ruler of the ussr
22 years ago, on December 26, 1991, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a declaration on the demise of the Soviet Union, and the country in which most of us were born is no more. Over the 69 years of the existence of the USSR, seven people became its head, whom I propose to recall today. And not just remember, but also choose the most popular of them.
And since the New Year is coming soon after all, and given that in the Soviet Union the popularity and attitude of the people towards their leaders was measured, among other things, by the quality of the jokes compiled about them, I think it would be appropriate to recall the Soviet leaders through the prism of jokes about them.
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Now we have almost forgotten what a political joke is - most of the jokes about current politicians are paraphrased jokes from Soviet times. Although there are witty original ones, for example, here is an anecdote from the time when Yulia Tymoshenko was in power: They knock on Tymoshenko’s office, the door opens, a giraffe, a hippopotamus and a hamster enter the office and ask: “Yulia Vladimirovna, how would you comment on the rumors that you use drugs?”.
In Ukraine, the situation with humor about politicians is generally somewhat different than in Russia. In Kyiv, they believe that it is bad for politicians if they are not laughed at - that means they are not interesting to the people. And since they still elect in Ukraine, the PR services of politicians even order a laugh at their bosses. It's no secret, for example, that the most popular Ukrainian "95th quarter" takes money to make fun of the one who paid. This is the fashion of Ukrainian politicians.
Yes, they themselves are sometimes not averse to making fun of themselves. There was once a very popular anecdote about himself among Ukrainian deputies: The session of the Verkhovna Rada ends, one deputy says to another: “It was such a hard session, we need to rest. Let's go out of town, take a few bottles of whiskey, rent a sauna, take girls, have sex ... ". He replies: “How? With girls?!".
But back to the Soviet leaders.
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The first ruler of the Soviet state was Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. For a long time, the image of the leader of the proletariat was beyond the reach of jokes, but in the Khrushchev and Brezhnev times in the USSR, the number of Leninist motives in Soviet propaganda increased dramatically.
And the endless chanting of Lenin's personality (as it usually happened in almost everything in the Soviet Union) led to the exact opposite of the desired result - to the appearance of many anecdotes ridiculing Lenin. There were so many of them that there were even jokes about jokes about Lenin.
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In honor of the centenary of the birth of Lenin, a competition was announced for the best political joke about Lenin.
3rd prize - 5 years in Lenin places.
2nd Prize - 10 years of strict regime.
1st prize - meeting with the hero of the day.
This is largely due to the tough policy pursued by Lenin's successor, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, who in 1922 took the post of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Jokes about Stalin also took place, and they remained not only in the materials of the criminal cases initiated on them, but also in the people's memory.
Moreover, in the jokes about Stalin, one feels not only a subconscious fear of the “father of all peoples”, but also respect for him, and even pride in his leader. Some kind of mixed attitude to power, which apparently at the genetic level was transmitted in us from generation to generation.
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- Comrade Stalin, what should we do with Sinyavsky?
- This what Synavskiy? Football caster?
- No, Comrade Stalin, a writer.
- And why do we need two Synavsky?
On September 13, 1953, shortly after the death of Stalin (March 1953), Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev became the first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Since Khrushchev's personality was full of deep contradictions, they were also reflected in jokes about him: from undisguised irony, and even contempt for the head of state, to a rather friendly attitude towards Nikita Sergeevich himself and his peasant humor.
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The pioneer asked Khrushchev:
- Uncle, did dad tell the truth that you launched not only a satellite, but also agriculture?
- Tell your dad that I plant more than just corn.
On October 14, 1964, Khrushchev was replaced as First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU by Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev, who, as you know, was not averse to listening to jokes about himself - their source was Brezhnev's personal hairdresser Tolik.
In a sense, the country was lucky then, because, as soon everyone was convinced, a person who was not evil, not cruel, and not making special moral demands either on himself, or on his comrades-in-arms, or on the Soviet people, came to power. And the Soviet people answered Brezhnev with the same jokes about him - kind and not cruel.
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At a meeting of the Politburo, Leonid Ilyich pulled out a piece of paper and said:
- I want to make a statement!
Everyone stared at the paper intently.
- Comrades, - Leonid Ilyich began to read, - I want to raise the issue of senile sclerosis. Things have gone too far. Vshera at the funeral of comrade Kosygin ...
Leonid Ilyich looked up from his paper.
- Somehow I don’t see him here ... So, when the music started playing, I alone guessed to invite the lady to dance! ..
On November 12, 1982, Brezhnev was replaced by Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov, who previously headed the State Security Committee, and who adhered to a tough conservative position on fundamental issues.
The course proclaimed by Antropov was aimed at social and economic transformations through administrative measures. The rigidity of some of them seemed unusual to the Soviet people in the 1980s, and they responded with appropriate jokes.
On February 13, 1984, the post of head of the Soviet state was taken by Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko, who was considered a contender for the post of general secretary even after the death of Brezhnev.
He was elected as a transitional intermediate figure in the Central Committee of the CPSU, while there was a struggle for power between several party groups. Chernenko spent a significant part of his reign at the Central Clinical Hospital.
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The Politburo decided:
1. Appoint Chernenko K.U. General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
2. Bury him in Red Square.
On March 10, 1985, Chernenko was replaced by Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev, who carried out numerous reforms and campaigns that ultimately led to the collapse of the USSR.
And the Soviet political jokes on Gorbachev, respectively, ended.
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- What is the peak of pluralism?
- This is when the opinion of the President of the USSR absolutely does not coincide with the opinion of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
Well, now the poll.
Which of the leaders of the Soviet Union, in your opinion, was the best ruler of the USSR?
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
23 (6.4 % )
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin
114 (31.8 % )
In the Soviet Union, the private life of the country's leaders was strictly classified and protected as state secrets of the highest degree of protection. Only an analysis of the materials published recently allows us to lift the veil over the secret of their payrolls.
Having seized power in the country, Vladimir Lenin in December 1917 set himself a monthly salary of 500 rubles, which roughly corresponded to the wages of an unskilled worker in Moscow or St. Petersburg. Any other income, including fees, was strictly forbidden to high-ranking party members at the suggestion of Lenin.
The modest salary of the “leader of the world revolution” was quickly eaten up by inflation, but Lenin somehow did not think about where the money comes from for a completely comfortable life, treatment with the involvement of world luminaries and domestic servants, although he did not forget to strictly say to his subordinates every time: “Subtract these expenses from my salary!”
The general secretary of the Bolshevik Party, Joseph Stalin, at the beginning of the NEP was set a salary less than half of Lenin's salary (225 rubles), and only in 1935 was it raised to 500 rubles, but the next year a new increase to 1200 rubles followed. The average salary in the USSR at that time was 1,100 rubles, and although Stalin did not live on his own salary, he could very well live modestly on it. During the war years, the leader’s salary turned almost to zero as a result of inflation, but at the end of 1947, after the monetary reform, the “leader of all peoples” set himself a new salary of 10,000 rubles, which was 10 times higher than the then average wage in the USSR. At the same time, a system of "Stalin envelopes" was introduced - monthly tax-free payments to the top of the party and Soviet apparatus. Be that as it may, Stalin did not seriously consider his salary and did not attach much importance to it.
The first among the leaders of the Soviet Union who became seriously interested in their salary was Nikita Khrushchev, who received 800 rubles a month, which was 9 times the average salary in the country.
Sybarite Leonid Brezhnev was the first who violated the Leninist ban on additional, except for wages, income for the top of the party. In 1973, he awarded himself the International Lenin Prize (25,000 rubles), and starting in 1979, when Brezhnev's name adorned a galaxy of classics of Soviet literature, huge fees began to pour into the Brezhnev family budget. Brezhnev's personal account in the publishing house of the Central Committee of the CPSU "Politizdat" is replete with thousands of sums for huge circulations and multiple reprints of his masterpieces "Renaissance", "Small Land" and "Virgin Land". It is curious that the general secretary had a habit of often forgetting about his literary income when paying party dues to his favorite party.
Leonid Brezhnev was generally very generous at the expense of "nationwide" state property - both to himself, and to his children, and to those close to him. He appointed his son First Deputy Minister of Foreign Trade. In this post, he became famous for his constant trips for magnificent parties abroad, as well as huge senseless spending there. Brezhnev's daughter led a wild life in Moscow, spending money coming from nowhere on jewelry. Brezhnev's associates, in turn, were generously endowed with dachas, apartments and huge bonuses.
Yuri Andropov, being a member of the Brezhnev Politburo, received 1,200 rubles a month, but when he became General Secretary, he returned the salary of the General Secretary of the Khrushchev era - 800 rubles a month. At the same time, the purchasing power of the “Andropov ruble” was about half that of the “Khrushchev” ruble. Nevertheless, Andropov completely retained the system of "Brezhnev's fees" of the Secretary General and successfully used it. For example, with a basic salary of 800 rubles, his income in January 1984 amounted to 8,800 rubles.
Andropov's successor, Konstantin Chernenko, keeping the general secretary's salary at the level of 800 rubles, intensified his activity in extorting fees, publishing various ideological materials on his own behalf. According to his party card, his income ranged from 1200 to 1700 rubles. At the same time, Chernenko, a fighter for the moral purity of the communists, had a habit of constantly hiding large sums from his native party. So, the researchers could not find in the party card of General Secretary Chernenko in the column for 1984 4550 rubles of the fee received from the payroll of Politizdat.
Mikhail Gorbachev "reconciled" with a salary of 800 rubles until 1990, which was only four times the average salary in the country. Only by combining the posts of president and general secretary in 1990, Gorbachev began to receive 3,000 rubles, while the average salary in the USSR was 500 rubles.
The successor to the general secretaries, Boris Yeltsin, was almost to the end with the “Soviet salary”, not daring to radically reform the salaries of the state apparatus. Only by decree of 1997, the salary of the President of Russia was set at 10,000 rubles, and in August 1999 its size increased to 15,000 rubles, which was 9 times higher than the average wage in the country, that is, it was approximately at the level of the salaries of his predecessors in governing the country, who had the title of general secretary. True, the Yeltsin family had a lot of income from the “outside”.
Vladimir Putin for the first 10 months of his reign received "Yeltsin's rate". However, effective June 30, 2002, the President's annual salary was set at 630,000 rubles (approximately $25,000) plus secrecy and language bonuses. He also receives a military pension for the rank of colonel.
From that moment on, the main salary rate of the leader of Russia for the first time since Lenin's time has ceased to be just a fiction, although against the background of wage rates for leaders of the leading countries of the world, Putin's rate looks rather modest. For example, the President of the United States receives 400 thousand dollars, almost the same amount has the Prime Minister of Japan. The salaries of other leaders are more modest: the British Prime Minister has $348,500, the German Chancellor has about $220,000, and the French President has $83,000.
It is interesting to see how the "regional general secretaries" - the current presidents of the CIS countries - look against this background. The former member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU, and now the President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, essentially lives according to the “Stalinist norms” for the ruler of the country, that is, he and his family are completely and completely provided by the state, but he also set a relatively small salary for himself - 4 thousand dollars a day. month. Other regional general secretaries - the former first secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Parties of their republics - formally set themselves more modest salaries. Thus, Azerbaijani President Heydar Aliyev receives only $1,900 a month, while Turkmen President Sapurmurat Niyazov receives only $900. At the same time, Aliyev, having put his son Ilham Aliyev at the head of the state oil company, actually privatized all the country's income from oil - the main currency resource of Azerbaijan, and Niyazov generally turned Turkmenistan into a kind of medieval khanate, where everything belongs to the ruler. Turkmenbashi, and only he, can solve any issue. All foreign exchange funds are managed only personally by Turkmenbashi (Father of the Turkmens) Niyazov, and the sale of Turkmen gas and oil is managed by his son Murad Niyazov.
The situation is worse than others for the former First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Georgia and a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Eduard Shevardnadze. With a modest monthly salary of $ 750, he could not establish full control over the country's wealth because of the strong opposition to him in the country. In addition, the opposition keeps a close eye on all personal expenses of President Shevardnadze and his family.
The lifestyle and real opportunities of the current leaders of the former country of the Soviets are well characterized by the behavior of the wife of Russian President Lyudmila Putina during her husband's recent state visit to the UK. The British prime minister's wife, Sheri Blair, took Ludmila to a 2004 fashion show at Burberry, a well-known design firm among the wealthy. For more than two hours, Lyudmila Putina was shown the latest fashion, and in conclusion, Putin was asked if she would like to buy something. Blueberry prices are very high. For example, even a gas scarf of this company pulls on 200 pounds sterling.
The Russian president's eyes widened so much that she announced the purchase of ... the entire collection. Even super-millionaires did not dare to do this. By the way, because if you buy the entire collection, then people will not understand that you are wearing next year's fashion clothes! After all, no one else has anything comparable. The behavior of Putina in this case was not so much the behavior of the wife of a major statesman of the early 21st century, but rather resembled the behavior of the main wife of an Arab sheikh in the middle of the 20th century, distraught from the amount of petrodollars that had fallen on her husband.
This episode with Mrs. Putina needs some explanation. Naturally, neither she nor the “art historians in civilian clothes” accompanying her during the display of the collection had as much money with them as the collection cost. This was not required, because in such cases, respected people need only their signature on the check and nothing else. No money or credit cards. Even if the very Mr. President of Russia, who is trying to present himself to the world as a civilized European, was outraged by this act, then, of course, he had to pay.
Other rulers of countries - the former Soviet republics - also know how to "live well." So, a couple of years ago, the six-day wedding of the son of the President of Kyrgyzstan, Akaev, and the daughter of the President of Kazakhstan, Nazarbayev, thundered all over Asia. The scale of the wedding was truly khan's. By the way, both newlyweds only a year ago graduated from the University in College Park (Maryland).
Against this background, the son of Azerbaijani President Heydar Aliyev, Ilham Aliyev, who set a kind of world record, looks quite worthy against this background: in just one evening he managed to lose as much as 4 (four!) Million dollars in the casino. By the way, this worthy representative of one of the “general secretary” clans is now registered as a candidate for the presidency of Azerbaijan. Residents of this country, one of the poorest in terms of living standards, are invited to elect in the new elections either the lover of the “beautiful life” son Aliyev or father Aliyev himself, who has already “served” two presidential terms, has crossed the 80-year mark and is so ill that he is no longer able to move independently.
The general secretaries (general secretaries) of the USSR... Once their faces were known to almost every inhabitant of our vast country. Today they are only part of the story. Each of these political figures committed actions and deeds that were later evaluated, and not always positively. It should be noted that the general secretaries were not chosen by the people, but by the ruling elite. In this article, we present a list of the General Secretaries of the USSR (with photo) in chronological order.
I. V. Stalin (Dzhugashvili)
This politician was born in the Georgian city of Gori on December 18, 1879 in the family of a shoemaker. In 1922, during the lifetime of V.I. Lenin (Ulyanov), he was appointed the first general secretary. It is he who heads the list of general secretaries of the USSR in chronological order. However, it should be noted that while Lenin was alive, Joseph Vissarionovich played a secondary role in government. After the death of the “leader of the proletariat”, a serious struggle broke out for the highest state post. Numerous competitors of I. V. Dzhugashvili had every chance to take this post. But thanks to uncompromising, and sometimes even tough actions, political intrigues, Stalin emerged victorious from the game, he managed to establish a regime of personal power. Note that most of the applicants were simply physically destroyed, and the rest was forced to leave the country. For a rather short period of time, Stalin managed to take the country into "hedgehogs". In the early thirties, Joseph Vissarionovich became the sole leader of the people.
The policy of this Secretary General of the USSR went down in history:
- mass repression;
- collectivization;
- total dispossession.
In 37-38 years of the last century, mass terror was carried out, in which the number of victims reached 1,500,000 people. In addition, historians blame Iosif Vissarionovich for his policy of forced collectivization, mass repressions that took place in all sectors of society, and the forced industrialization of the country. Some traits of the leader's character affected the domestic policy of the country:
- sharpness;
- thirst for unlimited power;
- high conceit;
- intolerance for other people's opinions.
Cult of personality
You will find a photo of the Secretary General of the USSR, as well as other leaders who have ever held this post, in the presented article. We can say with certainty that Stalin's personality cult had a very tragic effect on the fate of millions of very different people: scientific and creative intelligentsia, state and party leaders, and the military.
For all this, during the thaw, Joseph Stalin was branded by his followers. But not all actions of the leader are reprehensible. According to historians, there are moments for which Stalin is worthy of praise. Of course, the most important thing is the victory over fascism. In addition, there was a fairly rapid transformation of the destroyed country into an industrial and even military giant. There is an opinion that if it were not for the personality cult of Stalin, now condemned by all, many accomplishments would be impossible. The death of Joseph Vissarionovich happened on March 5, 1953. Let's look at all the general secretaries of the USSR in order.
N. S. Khrushchev
Nikita Sergeevich was born in the Kursk province on April 15, 1894, in an ordinary working-class family. He took part in the civil war on the side of the Bolsheviks. He was a member of the CPSU since 1918. In the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine in the late thirties he was appointed secretary. Nikita Sergeevich headed the Soviet Union some time after Stalin's death. It should be said that he had to fight for this post with G. Malenkov, who chaired the Council of Ministers and at that time was actually the leader of the country. But still the leading role went to Nikita Sergeevich.
During the reign of Khrushchev N.S. as General Secretary of the USSR in the country:
- There was a launch of the first man into space, all kinds of development of this sphere.
- A huge part of the fields were planted with corn, thanks to which Khrushchev was nicknamed "corn".
- During his reign, the active construction of five-story buildings began, which later became known as "Khrushchev".
Khrushchev became one of the initiators of the "thaw" in foreign and domestic policy, the rehabilitation of victims of repression. This politician made an unsuccessful attempt to modernize the party-state system. He also announced a significant improvement (along with capitalist countries) in living conditions for the Soviet people. At the XX and XXII Congresses of the CPSU, in 1956 and 1961. accordingly, he spoke harshly about the activities of Joseph Stalin and his cult of personality. However, the construction of a nomenklatura regime in the country, the violent dispersal of demonstrations (in 1956 - in Tbilisi, in 1962 - in Novocherkassk), the Berlin (1961) and Caribbean (1962) crises, the aggravation of relations with China, the building of communism by 1980 and the well-known political call to “catch up and overtake America!” - all this made Khrushchev's policy inconsistent. And on October 14, 1964, Nikita Sergeevich was relieved of his post. Khrushchev died on September 11, 1971, after a long illness.
L. I. Brezhnev
The third in order in the list of General Secretaries of the USSR is L. I. Brezhnev. Born in the village of Kamenskoye in the Dnepropetrovsk region on December 19, 1906. In the CPSU since 1931. He took the post of general secretary as a result of a conspiracy. Leonid Ilyich was the leader of the group of members of the Central Committee (Central Committee) that ousted Nikita Khrushchev. The era of Brezhnev's rule in the history of our country is characterized as stagnation. This happened for the following reasons:
- in addition to the military-industrial sphere, the development of the country was stopped;
- The Soviet Union began to lag significantly behind Western countries;
- repression and persecution began again, people again felt the grip of the state.
Note that during the reign of this politician there were both negative and favorable sides. At the very beginning of his reign, Leonid Ilyich played a positive role in the life of the state. He curtailed all the unreasonable undertakings created by Khrushchev in the economic sphere. In the first years of Brezhnev's rule, enterprises were given more independence, material incentives, and the number of planned indicators was reduced. Brezhnev tried to establish good relations with the United States, but he never succeeded. And after the introduction of Soviet troops into Afghanistan, this became impossible.
period of stagnation
By the end of the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s, Brezhnev's entourage cared more about their clan interests and often ignored the interests of the state as a whole. The politician's inner circle catered to the sick leader in everything, awarded him orders and medals. The reign of Leonid Ilyich lasted for 18 years, he was in power the longest, with the exception of Stalin. The eighties in the Soviet Union are characterized as a "period of stagnation". Although after the devastation of the 1990s, it is increasingly presented as a period of peace, state power, prosperity and stability. Most likely, these opinions have the right to be, because the entire Brezhnev period of government is heterogeneous in nature. L. I. Brezhnev was in his position until November 10, 1982, until his death.
Yu. V. Andropov
This politician spent less than 2 years at the post of General Secretary of the USSR. Yuri Vladimirovich was born in the family of a railway worker on June 15, 1914. His homeland is the Stavropol Territory, the city of Nagutskoye. Party member since 1939. Due to the fact that the politician was active, he quickly climbed the career ladder. At the time of Brezhnev's death, Yuri Vladimirovich led the State Security Committee.
He was nominated for the post of general secretary by his associates. Andropov set himself the task of reforming the Soviet state, trying to prevent the impending socio-economic crisis. But, unfortunately, I didn't have time. During the reign of Yuri Vladimirovich, special attention was paid to labor discipline in the workplace. While serving as Secretary General of the USSR, Andropov opposed the numerous privileges that were granted to employees of the state and party apparatus. Andropov showed this by personal example, refusing most of them. After his death on February 9, 1984 (due to a long illness), this politician was the least criticized and most of all aroused the support of society.
K. U. Chernenko
On September 24, 1911, Konstantin Chernenko was born into a peasant family in the Yeysk province. He has been in the ranks of the CPSU since 1931. He was appointed to the post of General Secretary on February 13, 1984, immediately after Yu.V. Andropov. When governing the state, he continued the policy of his predecessor. He served as general secretary for about a year. The death of a politician occurred on March 10, 1985, the cause was a serious illness.
M.S. Gorbachev
The date of birth of the politician is March 2, 1931, his parents were simple peasants. Gorbachev's homeland is the village of Privolnoye in the North Caucasus. He joined the Communist Party in 1952. He acted as an active public figure, therefore he quickly moved along the party line. Mikhail Sergeevich completes the list of general secretaries of the USSR. He was appointed to this position on March 11, 1985. Later he became the only and last president of the USSR. The era of his reign went down in history with the policy of "perestroika". It provided for the development of democracy, the introduction of publicity, and the provision of economic freedom to the people. These reforms of Mikhail Sergeyevich led to mass unemployment, a total shortage of goods and the liquidation of a huge number of state-owned enterprises.
The collapse of the Union
During the reign of this politician, the USSR collapsed. All the fraternal republics of the Soviet Union declared their independence. It should be noted that in the West, MS Gorbachev is considered perhaps the most respected Russian politician. Mikhail Sergeevich has the Nobel Peace Prize. Gorbachev remained in the post of general secretary until August 24, 1991. He headed the Soviet Union until December 25 of the same year. In 2018, Mikhail Sergeevich turned 87 years old.