Reflection of the tragic conflicts of history in the fate of the heroes of the story by A. I.

The system of “imaginary” conflict resolutions in Racine’s tragedy “Andromache”

1. Tragedy - conflict resolution

Tragedies, oh vitality, in everyday life on stage their outcome is different, they are deprived of their reason by deceit, greed, power, where is the biblical outcome hidden?

For the first time in November 1667, Racine staged his great tragedy "Andromache", which was a tremendous success.

Turning to the origins of the ancient Greek mythological themes of the great ancient Greek myth about Hector and Andromache, glorified by Homer, Euripides and many other ancient authors, who repeatedly attracted the attention of almost all generations of mankind.

Adept of the poetic legend about the young son of Hector Astyanax to his national history, sensual and tragic.

The young man Astyanax did not die, as ancient authors say, he was miraculously saved and founded the monarchy, becoming the progenitor of the French kings. This is what the ancient French chronicles said. The plot, based on the legend of Andromache and her son, flattered the national consciousness of the French during Racine's time.

Andromache - wife of Hector, the warrior who led the Trojans in Trojan War, whom Achilles killed, after the war she became a captive of Achilles’ son, Pyrrhus.

The problem of choice has always been painful and unique for humans; honor and duty, love and betrayal are at stake.

The world is full of passion, jealousy, devotion and greed, everyone loves without deception, whoever ordered is the hero.

According to Racine’s concept, only in this case can the hero save his life and rise to the occasion; in all other cases, when the duty is forgotten, misfortune and death await the hero. Pyrrha, who made Andromache queen, was treacherously killed in front of the altar by the Greeks, led by Orestes, who carried out revenge for the abandoned Hermione, called on them to take revenge on the Greeks for their new husband. So she fulfilled her debts and was saved.

Forgotten about duty under the influence of passion unrequited love, received a life collapse: Pyrrhus was killed, Hermione committed suicide, Orestes went mad.

Depicting Andromache's triumph on stage would have reduced the tragedy of the work, but there was another reason for the absence main character in the final. Racine the psychologist explores the problem of unrequited love as a real human tragedy; Andromache is no exception - her love for Hector could not be realized and made her unhappy, regardless of whether she was a captive or a queen. However, the depiction of Andromache's suffering would contradict the philosophical pathos of glorifying loyalty to duty. So, Racine found the most accurate artistic solution this contradiction.

Corneille's tragedy is very different from Racine's “love” tragedy. Thus, for all the closeness of his tragedies to their European sources, there is also a significant difference, especially in relation to Racine.

In Andromache, the central motif is destructive passion.

Racine has these central characters are carriers of a single dramatic action.

And Racine is not immoral: his Andromache represents a positive contrast to the other leading characters of the tragedy. On the other hand, Pyrrhus, Hermione and Orestes, despite the neglect moral principles, are by no means uniquely negative heroes: being in the grip of demonic passion, which tears them out of the moral order, these three heroes do not control themselves, they are not free. It is difficult, if not impossible, to discern moral condemnation in this situation.

In Racine, man is a victim of forces over which he has no control. The passion of Pyrrhus, Orestes and Hermione manifests itself as a fatal force against which man is helpless. The power here is not with man, it is with the gods. In an effort to update French tragedy through references to classical tragedy, Racine introduces the idea of ​​the power of fate - an idea that was close to him thanks to his adherence to French Jansenism with its doctrine of predestination (as you know, Racine was a pupil of Port-Royal)

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A lesson in learning new material based on the story of A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day"

Ivan Denisovich"

Studying "One Day..." allows us to show what the role of fiction is

in the process of opening tragic pages national history XX century

Goals and objectives of the lesson:

introduce the history of the creation of the story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", his

genre and compositional features, artistic and expressive

means, the hero of the work;

note the features of the writer’s artistic skill;

consider the reflection tragic conflicts stories in the destinies of heroes;

During the classes

Analysis of the story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"

Historical reference: victims of terror since 1947-1953 (data in all

sources are based on materials collected by A.I. Solzhenitsyn) steel from 5.5 to

6.5 million people.

1. History of creation and publication, genre of the work.

1950-51 years old. Carried out in 1959 first as "Shch"- 854 (One day of one prisoner)" (u-

854 - camp writer's number). After the XXII Congress, the writer for the first time decided

offer something then in open seal, chose “New World” by A. Tvardovsky. Achieve

“How did this come about? It was just such a camp day, hard work, I was carrying a stretcher

with a partner and thought about how to describe the whole camp world- one day.

Of course, you can describe your 10 years of camp, there, the entire history of the camps, but enough in

one day to collect only one day of one average, unremarkable

person from morning to evening. And everything will be.

Now apply this idea. For seven years she just lay there. I'll try to write

one day for one prisoner. sat down - and how it poured! With terrible tension! Because in

you concentrate on many of these days at once. And just so what -don't miss anything,

I incredibly quickly wrote "One Day:"

Image of Ivan Denisovich formed from the soldier Shukhov, who fought with the author in

Soviet-German war (and never imprisoned), the general experience of prisoners and

Genre story attracted the writer, because in small form you can do a lot

place, and it is a great pleasure for an artist to work on a small form,

because in it you can “hone the edges with great pleasure for yourself.”

The publication of “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” was perceived as an Event.

2. Determine the theme, main idea, reveal the plot of the story.

history, this is a book about resistance human spirit camp violence.

3. Main character story.

1. Pre-camp biography. Briefly describe it.

Shukhov worked and lived in the village of Temgenevo, was married and had two children. But it started

Great Patriotic War, and he became a soldier. “And it was like this: in February forty

second year in North - In the West they surrounded their entire army... And so little by little the Germans

by le sam l They captured me and took me... Shukhov remained in captivity for a couple of days.” Miraculously I got to my people, and

he was accused of treason and put behind bars. Shukhov carried out the task of the German

intelligence. “What a task - no Shu Khov himself could not come up with it, nor the investigator. Yes and

just left - tasks e".

2. What awaited the hero of the story if he had not signed the “deed”?

“If you don’t sign, it’s a wooden peacoat; if you sign, you’ll at least live a little longer. Signed."

Shukhov chose life by signing documents against himself. Even camp, painful

and difficult, but still life.

3. What kind of life is this in the camp? How does Ivan Denisovich behave? Let's watch

camp reality.

Shukhov was sentenced to eight years in the camps. At five o'clock in the morning the camp wakes up.

A cold barracks, in which not every light bulb was lit, where fifty bedbugs

clapboards, two hundred people were sleeping...

Kitchen. The prisoners eat their meager gruel with their hats on. "It's the best time

camp - June: every vegetable runs out and is replaced with cereals. The worst time -

July: put nettles into a cauldron.” Sometimes they give you porridge from magara. “Magara is not like

cold - Even when hot, it leaves neither taste nor satiety: grass and grass, only

yellow, looking like millet... Porridge is not porridge, but goes for porridge..."

It's freezing outside, taking your breath away. And the Tyurin brigade (in which

Shukhov) is going to work... Endless checks and inspections.

Ivan Denisovich Shukhov is a jack of all trades. He is a mason, a roofing felt cutter, and

stove maker Works with passion, without feeling cold. This is how the author describes

prisoner: “Shukhov grabs the smoking solution with a trowel... The solution

he throws exactly as much as under one cinder block. And grabs a cinder block from a pile

(but be careful not to tear the mitten, cinder blocks are painful to tear). AND

I evened out the mortar with a trowel and slapped a slag block there... And it was grabbed,

frozen...

But they [the prisoners] did not stop for a moment and drove the masonry further and

Shukhov not only lives (just to survive), but in order to maintain respect for

to yourself. Doesn’t inform on fellow prisoners, doesn’t humiliate himself because of tobacco, doesn’t lick other people’s

dishes.. . He takes care of his bread and carries it in a special pocket.

4. What character traits does the author value in Ivan Denisovich? And you?

His character is revealed in a whole series of small episodes.

The main character of the story, having gone through trials, managed to preserve the inherent in his

character traits characteristic of the Russian peasant: conscientiousness, hard work,

human dignity.

Ivan Denisovich Shukhov is first and foremost a peasant, he is characterized by prudence,

thoroughness in thoughts, he is unfussy, corroding in the little things of life; knows what exactly

life consists of them; resourceful, reasonable, never loses humanity

Senka Klevshin . He was captured and escaped three times, but was “caught.” Even in

Buchenwald “miraculously escaped death, and is now serving his sentence quietly.”

Kolya Vdovushkin . Former student literary faculty theta...

Baptist Alyoshka...

Brigadier Tyurin...

Captain Buinovsky...

Film director Caesar Markovich...

Sixteen-year-old boy Gopchik...

IN "One day..." there are faces, oh which the author tells with big

Senka Klevshin. The writer highlights one more hero, not named. Total

half a page is occupied by a story about "high silently m old man." He was in prison

and the camps are countless years old, and not a single amnesty has touched it. But not myself

lost. “His face was exhausted, but not to the weakness of the disabled wick, but to the stone

hewn, dark. AND By hands, big, in cracks and blackness, it was obvious that

he's had a lot to deal with sit out all these years being a moron.”

"Jerks" - camp "aristocrats" - lackeys: orderlies baraku, foreman

Dair, “observer” Shkuropatenko, hairdresser, accountant, one of the KVCH - “the first

the bastards sitting in zone, these hard workers considered these people lower than crap.”

the moral aspect is strongly expressed. It is especially noticeable in scenes -

clashes: Buinovsky-Volkovoy, foreman-Tyurin-foreman Der. Important

Short episodes that reveal the relationships between prisoners are also important:

Shukhov - Caesar, Shukhov - Senka Klevshin. TO best pages need a story

include those episodes that show 104- th brigade at work.

5. What is Solzhenitsyn’s camp in this story? How can a person live in it and

The convict camp was taken from Solzhenitsyn not as an exception, but as a way of life.

A person can fighting with strength, to fight the circumstances. It is possible to survive

only by resisting the camp order of forced forced extinction.

The camp was created for the sake of murder, aimed at destroying the main thing in a person -

inner world: thoughts, conscience, memory. "Life here shook him from

getting up before lights out, leaving no idle memories: And remembering the village

Temgenevo and his native hut had even fewer reasons for him.”

Camp law: "You die today - I will tomorrow" This is a general "life guidance"

puts a person on the other side of good and evil. Don't let yourself get to this point if you

if you want to be called a Man - that’s Shukhov’s task.

6. Question to the students of the whole class: what saves a person in this inhumane

free life.

2) Saves work(the episode of laying a wall at the site is reread: “He supervised the work

dashingly, but without thinking at all:"). Ivan Denisovich returned both to himself and to others - albeit for a short time!

human emancipation, because they stopped being afraid, they even forgot about security.

(For eight years (and they gave Shukhov ten) Ivan Denisovich has been hanging around the camps, but

retains its human dignity, even in non-human conditions

drops":

does not humiliate himself because of a cigarette;

due to soldering;

does not lick plates;

does not inform on his comrades in order to improve his lot.

Shukhov, like any hardworking peasant, respects bread (he carries it in a special

pocket, in a clean cloth). When he eats, take pictures t hat. He's always everything

earns by honest work, so he is not able to understand how he can take

a lot of money for hack work (we learn this from a letter sent to him from home).

Why does he forbid his wife to collect parcels for him at camp?

Because, we can already conclude, conscientiousness, reluctance to live for someone else

count, cause inconvenience to someone - Here character traits this man. Ivan

Denisovich lives according to human law, even while in the Special Camp: “For someone else’s

don’t stretch your belly’s goodness.” Shukhov never feigns illness, but when he is seriously ill,

feels guilty: “That’s what... Nikolai Semyonovich... I think it’s... sick.” Ivan

Denisovich is accustomed to work, like all peasants, he is a mason, a stove maker, and a shoemaker,

and the roofing felt carver: “He who knows two things with his hands, then “He’ll pick up ten more.” He is very

thrifty, thrifty. In captivity, he protects and hides the trowel in his hands

a fragment of a saw blade turns into a shoe knife.

One day. Is this a lot or a little? Everyone sets their own regime. But not in totalitarian state. You can re-read a lot of history books, encyclopedias and just textbooks to find out how people lived in an authoritarian country. But to feel this, you need to read the work of A. I. Solzhenitsyn. The truth cannot be made up. It can be written off from reality. And all other camp works pale in comparison to the work of the author who survived this horror.

Camp literature is always distinguished by its deep experience of social upheaval; it is never singular. It did not become such in A.I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich,” despite the fact that it describes a seemingly fragmentary piece of the life of an “ordinary” prisoner. No, those prisoners are not “ordinary”, they all don’t have numbers on faded sweatshirts, but their own privacy and a pattern of behavior, personal life before the zone and the same dream for everyone: to return home. How could Solzhenitsyn so restrainedly, but without holding his mouth, describe the story of one prisoner (himself?) and everyone else, but with pain and a suppressed groan of the soul?

Solzhenitsyn, while studying in his fourth year at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Rostov University, simultaneously entered MIFLI as a correspondence student. At that time he was seriously interested in literature and also studied at courses in English. In 1941, like everyone else, he was mobilized and later in 1942 he went to the front. With his battery suppressing enemy artillery, he marched from Orel to eastern Prussia. And then in February 1945, censorship discovered sharply critical reviews of Stalin’s personality in Solzhenitsyn’s correspondence, for which the writer was arrested and received a prison sentence of 8 years. The wanderings began: Kaluga outpost, research institute (sharashka), general work in the camps of Kazakhstan. After his release, he lived for about three years in the south of Kazakhstan, then moved to Ryazan region and worked as a mathematics teacher in rural school. This autobiographical moment is presented in the story “ Matrenin Dvor" And in 1962, the magazine “New World,” whose editor at that time was A. T. Tvardovsky, published the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.” IN last years Solzhenitsyn's novels and short stories were also published.

The figure of this writer stands out noticeably against the background of 20th century literature as a whole. Solzhenitsyn took a special place not only in literature modern Russia, but also in its spiritual culture. Solzhenitsyn’s fate, embodied in the fates of the heroes of his works, merged with pain and resentment for the country, is worthy of veneration in the civil consciousness of society. Solzhenitsyn himself became the embodiment of the moral authority and conscience of the nation.

In the minds of the average reader, the name Solzhenitsyn is usually associated with the reflection and development of the camp theme with the characteristics and criteria of real, genuine “truthfulness,” “exposure of totalitarian violence,” and “historical authenticity.” All this is true. But with the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” he opened for readers new world and had an unprecedented impact on the minds and souls of his contemporaries. Camp theme under his pen is not limited to suffering in the zone. The works were supposed to convey to the reader not so much the everyday life of the camp as they were to present literary lesson. The state machine twisted destinies, redrew maps, resettled entire nations, exterminated the thinking intelligentsia, and destroyed science (for example, genetics). What could the fate of an individual mean to her? So, main theme The story is the theme of the fate of Russia.

Shukhov Ivan Denisovich - ordinary soviet man, village man. He lived, fought at the front, was surrounded and, as a result, captured - miraculously managed to escape. During his captivity, he was accused of treason and espionage for Nazi Germany. If you want to live, slander yourself, but you’re tired of it, so defend your truth, which no one needs... It’s a camp life, but... Now he’s just a number. Despite this, Shukhov is endowed by the author with “normality”, non-flamboyant behavior, perseverance, and most importantly, indestructible inner dignity. He never “drops himself.”

Shukhov represents folk character- he does not know how and does not want to complain about hardships, but, on the contrary, is able to settle in a deliberately unfavorable environment. He is a dexterous person: he managed to wind up his trowel, hides pieces of aluminum wire, and has a folding knife. Shukhov survives in the zone as an individual. Next to Ivan Denisovich there is Alyosha, a Baptist who received a 25-year sentence for his faith. Two Estonians live and work, also serving 25 years for the fact that one is a fisherman from the coast, and the second was taken as a child to Sweden, but returned to his homeland and was immediately taken in as a foreign agent. And then there is Tsezar Markovich, brigadier Tyurin - excellent in combat and political training, but the son of a kulak, Yu-81, who “has been in camps and prisons for countless times.” Soviet authority stands”, and “Mongrel Fetyukov”.

Solzhenitsyn describes only one day of a political prisoner, but we see so many broken destinies and ruined, innocent people human lives. There are hundreds of thousands of prisoners, who in the overwhelming majority were not at all guilty of what the Soviet authorities accused them of, which they served both in freedom and in the camp. And arbitrariness and impunity reigned in the camp. Under these conditions, the strong, like Shukhov, survived and were respected, and the weak, as a rule, died.

Solzhenitsyn closes the circle in the artistic topography of the story, that is, the work has ring composition, which gives it symbolic meaning. Prisoner's view: circle surrounded by barbed wire; Spotlights are blinding from above, depriving them of air, sky, horizon; in the morning they go to a point - their place of work, and in the evening they return back to the barracks. And so every day, as if in a vicious and damned circle. As a result, prisoners do not have a normal life. But they have their own inner world, a space of memory in which images of the village, the world appear...

Solzhenitsyn, using a number of proverbs and folk beliefs, refrains from loud words and displays of emotions. He does not allow expression: it is enough for the reader to feel these feelings in his own soul. And this is the writer’s goal, which is achieved and guaranteed by the entire narrative. Solzhenitsyn, having independently experienced this nightmare, which lasted not only eight camp years, but also 70 years of communist totalitarian times, told readers about the slavery of prisoners, about the humiliations human dignity that in a totalitarian state a person cannot be free. And that means happy. The camp is a copy of reality. And the whole Soviet reality was one big camp. And the people in it were all equal - all imprisoned in the cruel framework of authoritarianism and the cult of personality.

Below are flowcharts of some basic spelling rules.

The principle of using the algorithm allows you to correctly solve any spelling problem. Block diagrams will help the listener to repeat and consolidate spelling rules in a generalized form.

Block diagram No. 1

Roots with alternation

2) -zor-/-zar- (z A rya – z O ri). Without accent - A

3) roots of “...IRA”. If behind the root A , I’m basically writing AND

The spelling of the root depends on the consonant in it:

vyr A puppy, p A groaning, but expressing O With .

Remember: R O stov, R O stislav, r O stockman, r O stock, but negative A sl.

The spelling of roots depends on the meaning:

6) th A k- (“to immerse something in liquid”); exchange A dip the pen into the ink.

M O k (“to let moisture through”); prom O read cotton wool.

R O vn- (“even, smooth); arr. O pick up the edges of the sheet.

Equal- (“equal, identical”); command “Equal!”

Remember: ur O ven, r A vnina.

Sk A k- (long-term action), obsk A kick someone.

Remember: jump O To.

Sk O h- (short action), high O chilled unexpectedly.

7) -pl s c- (if the word is a substantive formation); pl s present.

Pl O c- I write in words pl O vec, pl O sneeze.

Pl A c- I write in all other cases. (Pl A vuchy).

Block diagram No. 2 pre-; at –

I. Spelling pre-, pre- depends on the meaning

II. Distinguish by context

Block diagram No. 3

Letter b at the end of words

A. Feminine nouns. numbers – mouse, daughter.

B. Verbs:

in the initial form: protect - take care, teach - learn (spelling b checked by the question: if b is in the question, then it is written in the word: (what is he doing?) studies; but he started (what to do?) study);

in the second person singular present and future tense: you are w b , I think w b , read w b ;

Do, do -

will - there is .

If he does,

That - tsya .

V. At the end of adverbs there is a sibilant, except for the words: already, married, unbearable. Compare: backhand, wide open, but: married.

Soft sign in parts of speech

Algorithm 4

s/u at the root after the prefixes

Example of reasoning: disinfection: 1) prefix according to; 2) excl. 1 is not included; 3) foreign language. Priest. dez ® AND.

Background – 1) prefix in acc.; 2) not included in the exception; 3) not inter-, super- and not foreign languages, Russian. ® Y.

Algorithm 5

o/e after sibilants under stress

Example of reasoning: Uprooting - 1) uprooting - spelling in suf., 2) uprooting - suf. verbal origin ® Ё

Hacksaw – 1) knife – spelling in suf.; 2) from knife, suf. non-verbal ® O

Algorithm 6

n/nn in participles and adjectives

End of Algorithm 6

We must distinguish

An example of a specific reasoning: Liver fried in oil - 1) na-ny form - full; 2) fry - from the verb; not included in the exception; 3) no -ovanna-, -evan-; 4) what to do? fry - nesov. view; 5) fried in what? in oil – there is a dependent word ® NN.

Uninvited guests – 1) form on - full; 2) from (not) call – from the verb; not included in the exception; 3) no -ovanna-, evan-; 4) what to do? (not) to call - nesov. view; 5) the question is not asked from the word “uninvited”, there is no dependence. words ® N.

The night is long – 1) form -na – short; long – full form; 2) from length – noun; 3) the base ends with N+N ® NN. This means that in short form"long" ® NN.

Algorithm 7

Particle NOT with different parts of speech

Continuation of Algorithm 7

Particles are not and neither

End of Algorithm 7

COMPOSITION

on the topic "Reflection of tragic conflicts in the destinies of heroes of works about the civil war (work of choice)"

The novel "War and Peace" talks about Civil War one thousand eight hundred and twelve, that is, the war with Napoleon Bonaparte. In this Civil War, a lot of lives were lost. Napoleon went to the last, he wanted to own Moscow, but he did not succeed, since it was not such that Russia would give up its possessions to anyone. The main character of this novel, A. Bolkonsky, previously dreamed of the battle that is described in the novel, but he simply did not want to believe in this dream, he believed that it was just a dream, and nothing more. When Bolkonsky himself participated in this battle, he also did not think that it was a dream, and could not even imagine that Napoleon himself would forgive him in the battle and that he would die in this battle. The novel "War and Peace" reflected the tragic conflict between A. Bolkonsky and Napoleon. When Napoleon wounded A. Bolkonsky, lying on his stomach bleeding, he did not help him in any way: not morally, not physically, he simply laughed wildly at his pain in the wound. They didn’t know what they both wanted, either to prove themselves in battle, or to win in battle. Probably neither one nor the other. A. Bolkonsky and Napoleon simply did not understand each other. The civil war completely turned their lives upside down. The death of A. Bolkonsky turned N. Rostova’s whole life upside down, although N. Rostova was L. N. Tolstoy’s most beloved heroine. Because N. Rostova loved A. Bolkonsky very much. Napoleon and Bolkonsky had conflicts all their lives. The Civil War added even more problems to both Napoleon and A. Bolkonsky, especially Bolkonsky himself. A. Bolkonsky wanted to destroy Napoleon, and for this he sacrificed his life, for the sake of his Motherland. He still did not become a scoundrel even when he was face to face with his death. He won anyway, and did not give them his homeland - Moscow: to the scoundrel Napoleon. Many people left their lives on the battlefield, but they died heroically, they fought for their Motherland: “Guys, Moscow is behind us, are we really going to give it to the French,” that is, the Russian people have never had anything like this, and never will. They are patriots of their Motherland and have always been so. Kutuzov also fought against Napoleon, and also defended Moscow. Kutuzov did everything so that Moscow would not fall to Napoleon. There is also a kind of conflict between Kutuzov and Napoleon. They also did not understand each other, just like Napoleon and A. Bolkonsky, but Kutuzov knew better what he wanted. He decided that he would defend Moscow. Kutuzov is an experienced commander. This is not his first time in battle, and A. Bolkonsky has not yet gained enough experience in order to defend his homeland, but Bolkonsky also showed himself with the best side, he did not “run away” from the battlefield, he fought to the end, no matter what happened next. The Civil War of one thousand eight hundred and twelve went down in history. And everyone should know that this war took place in the year one thousand eight hundred and twelve, who won it and who led it, that they gave all the credit to their Russia. What was the goal in this war. That it was not for nothing that the Russians took part in it. No wonder A. Bolkonsky left his life on the battlefield for his homeland. Moscow was burned by Napoleon because it was made of wood, because it was then forbidden to build buildings from brick. All the names went down in history who died in the Civil War, because those who left their lives in this war. Not everything is forgotten. Maybe someone doesn't remember heroic deeds, which were committed for the sake of the Motherland, for the sake of their Russia, that not everything is for a reason. Someone thinks that everything is nonsense, that there was no war at all in 1812. This is all nonsense. Those who are interested in history know that the war was in 1812.

Literature: 2 (two)