Art and the process of cognition presentation. Art is a special way for a person to understand the world and comprehend reality.

Art is a special way for a person to understand the world, to comprehend reality through a system of images. Through the creation of works of art, such a type of cognitive activity of people as artistic cognition is realized. The subject of art is a person, his relationship with the outside world, as well as the life of people in certain historical conditions. Vasily Surikov “Morning of the Streltsy Execution” Ilya Repin “Princess Sophia”

Specificity of art as a form of artistic knowledge: Art is figurative and visual. Art is characterized by specific ways of reproducing the surrounding reality, as well as means of creating artistic images. In literature it is a word, in painting it is color, in music it is sound. In the process of understanding the world through art, the imagination and fantasy of the learning subject play an important role.

There are also many types of art - forms of artistic activity that differ in the way they embody artistic images. The main types of art include literature, theater, graphics, painting, sculpture, choreography, music, architecture, decorative and applied arts, circus, artistic photography, cinema.
The main functions of art: Hedonistic - associated with bringing joy, pleasure, enjoyment and mental relaxation to a person. Compensatory – makes up for dissatisfaction with real life. Communicative is a means of communication in the cultural space of different people. Aesthetic – aimed at transforming the world based on beauty. Educational - through examples and ideals, morally influences a person, through empathy encourages certain actions. Cognitive – promotes the acquisition of new knowledge about the world around us through artistic images.

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The concept and essence of art. Specificity of art. An artistic image as a person’s expression of the result of understanding the world through art. The role of art in understanding the world. The main social functions of art as a way of understanding the world. Relevance and prospects for the development of various types of art...

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Federal state educational budget
institution of higher professional education
"St. Petersburg State Economic University"

ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE: PHILOSOPHY

Abstract on the topic: "Art as a form of knowledge of the world"

Performed:

1st year student Yu-1401 group

Dubrovina Elizaveta

Supervisor:

Fedchuk D.A.

Associate Professor, Candidate of Philosophy

Saint Petersburg

2014

Introduction

Until now, scientists have not been able to come to a general conclusion about how human creative activity originated. The diversity of opinions on this matter speaks of the importance of art and allows us to consider it as a spiritual human activity and one of the main forms of knowledge of the world. It is difficult to find a compromise through which a general theory would be formulated, because each researcher relies on his own knowledge and personal opinion.

Art is a figurative expression of reality, which the author is able to bring to life with the help of various factors that distinguish one type of artistic and creative human activity from another. Each artist sees the reality around him in his own way and, accordingly, creates a masterpiece in an original and unique way, which may turn out to be truly significant for his era and even for the entire history of mankind.

Since ancient times, people have sought to enrich their lives with various decorations and add color to their permanent place of residence. So, they made earrings, unusual necklaces, various totems, masks, bracelets, and on the walls of the home, using plant and animal dyes, drawings appeared that reflected the main occupation of man in those days. Later, art was seen as a desire to repeat unique natural phenomena and reproduce the specific features of the world. And in the era of computer technology, art is used as one of the methods of encrypting information, which ensures not only the reliability of its storage, but also the relevance of its use. Such diversity in the content of human creative activity indicates its versatility and the historical experience of previous generations. But the emergence of art cannot be compared within the same framework with the moment of the emergence of material wealth, which it clearly enjoys today, because no one knows for sure whether the need for spiritual enrichment was the impetus for the creation of the necessary resources. Perhaps people treasured their ideas in memory and, passing them on with verbal signs, tried to preserve them for their descendants, who, in turn, had already found a way to create those same benefits.

Probably, the factor that distinguishes art from other forms of knowledge of the world is special and exceptional information in the artistic sphere. After all, art has developed based on knowledge that is not able to find and structure other ways of mastering the surrounding reality.

Art plays a very important role in public life and its importance for many individuals is difficult to overestimate. Any reform of social orders and foundations is directly related to art. People prepare clear and understandable slogans for demonstrations, draw propaganda posters, wear clothes that distinguish them from the crowd, etc. Thus, it stands before us as a significant component of social knowledge.

As for contemporary art, it is a practical reflection of existing reality and technological progress. The emergence of new forms, types, and genres of art allows anyone to do what is most interesting and exciting for them.

The concept and essence of art

The term art itself was initially of a mundane nature, reflecting only the more advanced skills of individuals relative to others. Now, when we talk about art, we imagine something refined, spiritual, works that are not similar to the creations of nature and do not echo the products of technological progress and science. Creative activity conveys an aesthetic feeling, a sense of beauty that is not alien to anyone. She is able to create her own world, where there is no place for the selfish and pragmatic needs of man, where the enjoyment of beauty manifests itself as a more sublime goal.

During practical activity, a person develops certain thoughts, opinions, and judgments, which are embodied in a variety of interpretations, ranging from pain and suffering to laughter and joy. Works of art are created by authors thanks to the presence of many material resources, such as sounds, colors, costumes, masks, words, clay, sand and many others.

The uniqueness of art lies in the fact that when engaged in creative activity, a person creates work, showing himself from all sides, and does it holistically and structured. This is impossible in the implementation of individual, private sciences, which are based on theoretical facts and evidence and do not have an aesthetic character. An artist painting a picture puts his soul, all his emotions and experiences into painting it, which cannot be said about specific types of activity where a person reveals himself only on one side.

Subject of aesthetics. Development of aesthetic thought as a manifestation of human artistic knowledge of the world

By dividing the ways of understanding the world into scientific and artistic, scientists give them the right to be fundamental for the development of aesthetics. After all, her attitude and attachment to beauty shows a philosophical and theoretical consideration of the world of art as a way of identifying the differences between these forms of knowledge.

Aesthetic thought originated as an awareness of the importance and value of the whole world as a whole, an individual person and the results of his activities. For a long time, art existed only in mythological ideas, legends that had no evidence, but were the main subject of glorification of any hero and his exploits. Later it acquired a more realistic character and interpretation became possible in all languages ​​of the world. In various spheres of public life, the differences between beauty and goodness, utility, truth and sacredness were associated with the awareness of the unequal meaning of these concepts. Therefore, the question arose about the need to find certain common features and factors in all its manifestations in order to establish the framework on which ignorant or novice creators could rely.

Art is fully manifested in aesthetics and is its subject in relation to all the magnificent facets that allow us to understand the world, engage in and develop the kind of it that comes closer to the personal worldview. Thus, we can say that art acts as a manifestation of the human soul.

Specifics of art

The expression of reality in artistic form with the help of images is specific to art as an activity, so it can be easily distinguished from other practical human actions. This feature contains the knowledge of all previous generations and at the same time is a product of the creative process of the present time.

An artistic image as a person’s expression of the result of understanding the world through art

In this case, the artistic image appears to us not simply as a copy of real reality, but as one of the methods for the author himself to add or change some of its content in order to convey his feelings to members of society.

An artistic image is a reflection and recreation of the surrounding world precisely from the author’s perspective, taking into account his interests and character. It can be realized as a musical work (opera, symphony), as a literary creation (novel, drama), as a theatrical performance (play, ballet), as a visual work (painting, photography), as an architectural monument (building, cathedral), etc. .d.

Speaking about the uniqueness and specificity of art, we can highlight the following characteristic features, which are some of its distinctive features:

1. Art is figurative and visual, which is quite logical and natural. People's lives are undoubtedly diverse in all their manifestations. It reflects many artistic images that are usually the result of fiction, but still carry a truthful character and assessment. Both a concept in science and an artistic image in art realizes the identification of necessary and important features of the subject under study and creates some generalized information about it. In a specific period of time, an artistic image can have a different impact on society, their mood and opinions, and even become a certain symbol of a given era.
2. To express the author's emotions, there are many ways to reflect reality or fiction. In musical creativity this method is notes, in literature - the word, and in sculpture - three-dimensional forms. There are quite a few such examples, so it will be much easier and simpler to find out everything that this or that author thinks.
3. Creating a masterpiece also depends on the imagination of the creator. By endowing his work with certain features, the author shows us a reflection of reality in his own interpretation. In comparison with scientific activity, where fiction has no place to be, art is endowed with greater possibilities and colors.

The role of art in understanding the world

Development of the content of the concept of artistic knowledge of the world by man in different eras

As far as we know, not a single historical time period has ended without leaving an imprint on the next, which makes it possible to understand the foundations and customs in force in those times and their connection with art. It is especially important to remember that the development of art throughout people’s lives is a natural process of the formation of aesthetics as artistic consciousness.

Until quite recently, the views of the entire era were identified with the sayings of one or another philosopher on various aspects of social life. But now in the human mind there are thoughts about comprehending oneself and guesses about the various prerequisites for the creation of art as such. Based on known and reliable facts of the entire historical process, it is possible to consider and analyze the versatility of artistic consciousness, as well as its historical movement forward. In fact, this factor is the most important point in understanding the world through art, since people of every era, creating famous monuments that will remain inviolable in the future and leaving behind a cultural heritage, were guided only by the then existing knowledge and experience of practical activities that were popular at that time.

The main social functions of art as a way of understanding the world:

1. Art plays a fundamental role in the formation of a person’s aesthetic taste. Yes, it doesaesthetic function. From childhood, a person has a desire to create, which is noticeable in the example where young children often choose the most beautiful things or objects from the many offered. Even children who do not have the opportunity to fully contact the world due to congenital pathologies or past diseases have a developed instinct of beauty, which helps them enjoy beauty in their own way and receive aesthetic pleasure.
2. performing social function, art transforms society and social reality, allowing people to form groups based on their interests. Thanks to this function, people have common knowledge, ideas, thoughts, which gives impetus to the development of interpersonal relationships.
3. to make up for the lack of beauty in everyday life, for relaxation, art performscompensatory function. It makes it possible to recover from stress, solve urgent psychological problems of a person, and also restore his mental balance after difficult work days.
4. allows you to understand reality with the help of a variety of artistic imagescognitive function art. In society, education often depends on a person’s cultural upbringing, since from childhood parents introduce their child to art through trips to museums, theaters, listening to classical music, etc.
5. It helps a person to get real pleasure from arthedonic function. To become involved with the author, to understand his work - this is pleasure. Even in Ancient Greece, attention was paid to the special, exclusive nature of aesthetic pleasure, which is not similar to carnal pleasures. This is spiritual pleasure, where manifestations of material and utilitarian human needs are not possible.
6. huge role to playeducational functionwhich deals with the socialization of the individual. Art develops in people certain thoughts and feelings, thanks to which the formation of a personality becomes real, interacting with the whole society. The influence of this function extends to all aspects of human life, and therefore everyone is subject to this positive impact.
7. don't forget aboutprognostic function. Different types of art are able to predict the future, which makes it even more interesting and mysterious. One of the most remarkable features of this prediction is the ability to make forecasts without complete and sufficient information about a particular phenomenon under study.

And these are just the basic functions of art that it performs every day. Creative activity has many other functions that reveal and distribute a number of basic obligations.

Relevance and prospects for the development of various types of art

Art is characterized by factors such as the search for new directions and forms, an irresistible desire for the unknown, and the identification of the most modern means of creating works of art, but they are not the main components in the development of artistic activity. In its structure, the most important role is played by the social needs of people, as well as the way in which a certain type of art is able to satisfy these needs. It is easy to confirm this with an example when, during the Renaissance, the fine arts reached such extraordinary heights that, speaking about this historical period, literally everyone can give an assessment of the cultural development of that century.

The current form of art will always most fully express the social needs of not only one person, but also the entire society. All these types of art are naturally changeable and are influenced by society, since people’s needs change due to progress, and the subject’s views on the artistic process also change.

Society often places emphasis on certain types of art, which gives them a real opportunity to develop in conditions of acute social need for them. After all, it is known that during any era there were certain trends and almost every second person followed fashion. Naturally, those who understood and followed all the changes in the world of creativity constituted that part of the population whose opinion was the most significant. Accordingly, it was they who were able to finance the types of art they liked and develop these areas for the better.

In society, the development of modern technologies and means of communication takes place again with the participation of aesthetic needs. For example, television arose as a result of the need to quickly and efficiently convey information to all segments of the population. Now we can easily find out news that happened recently, or watch a live broadcast, becoming to some extent a participant in the events that are happening on the screen. But no matter how satisfied we are with the properties of television, human needs are limitless, and therefore technology is improving every day.

This is very good for many other types of arts, since music, theater and much more would be able to directly broadcast a play or opera without problems or delays, and each person would have the opportunity to enrich their inner world and enjoy art on the TV screen.

Only truly artistic influence can evoke inspiration and moral feelings in a person, with the help of which a creative personality is formed. Her active actions require a certain impetus that can awaken the senses of beauty and give the world a new masterpiece.

Also important was the advent of recording musical works. Nowadays everyone can use various means of playing music and thereby get closer to art. It is noteworthy that many products containing modern technologies are on store shelves, and anyone, whether a professional, an esthete or just an ordinary listener, can purchase the product they need. Thanks to professional recordings, a synthesis occurs between theater, television, etc.

From one point of view, sound recordings play an important role, passing on all available information to the next generations, the music of classics or modern performers. On the other hand, their significance is manifested in the territorial issue. A person, being outside of one state or region, can still hear, buy or download a song he likes, which was created in a certain place, maybe even overseas.

To summarize, we note that absolutely all types of arts are dynamic and are in constant development, helping society to improve, and every day, month, year, new ways of interaction of certain forms of knowledge of the world are found. And art progresses both as a form of knowledge transfer from generation to generation, and as the introduction of fresh informationmation into the spiritual sphere of society.

List of used literature

1. Tolstikova I. I. Sadokhin A. P. "World culture and art";
2. Silichev D. A. "Culturology";
3. Markova A. N. "Culturology. History of world culture";
4. Khrenov N.A. " Social psychology of art: a transitional era."

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Slide captions:

art

Art and its types. Features of art as a form (way) of understanding the world. Functions of art.

Art is a specific form of social consciousness and human activity, which is a reflection of the surrounding reality in artistic images. Art as a special field of activity (the essence and forms of beauty in artistic creativity) is studied by aesthetics (Greek sthetikos - feeling, sensual). Art as a cultural phenomenon is divided into a number of types, each of which has a specific language and its own sign system. The following types of art are distinguished: architecture, fine arts (painting, sculpture, decorative and applied arts and design, artistic photography), literature, music, theater, circus, ballet, cinema, variety art.

Types of art Types of art Characteristics Architecture (architecture) A system of buildings and structures that form the spatial environment of human life. Architecture occupies a special place among other arts because it does not depict objects, but creates them. Painting Displaying life on a certain surface using color. In painting, genres are distinguished: a) portrait (image of a person or group of people); b) still life (image of things); c) landscape (image of nature); d) everyday genre (depiction of everyday life); e) animalistic genre (depiction of animals); f) historical genre (depiction of historical events and figures), etc.

Types of art Types of art Characteristics Works of sculpture have a physically material, objective volume and a three-dimensional form located in real space. There are easel sculpture (small sculpture for decorating premises), decorative (medium size) and monumental (large and enormous size). Sculpture The art of creating, using technical means, a visual image of documentary significance, artistically expressive and reliably conveying a moment of reality in a static image Photo art

Types of art Types of art Characteristics Directly related to the everyday needs of people. The works are made of wood, clay, stone, glass, fabric, paper, etc. Decorative and applied arts, design Literature Reflection of reality in verbal and written images Music Reflection of reality in sound images. Music can be vocal (intended for singing) and instrumental (intended only for playing instruments)

Types of art Types of art Characteristics Theater Reflection of reality through stage action that occurs during the actor's performance in front of an audience Circus The art of acrobatics, gymnastics, pantomime, juggling, illusion, clowning, horse riding, animal training, etc. Cinema Works are created using filming of real events, specially staged or recreated by means of animation.

Types of art Types of art Characteristics Ballet A type of art, the content of which is revealed in dance and musical images. Includes small forms of drama, music and choreography. The main works are independent, complete Estrada numbers

Features of art as a way of understanding the world Imagery and visibility The means of understanding the world is an artistic image - an individual perception of reality born of the artist’s imagination. The use of special ways of reflecting the surrounding reality. Word, sound, color, shape, movement, etc. Sensory perception of the surrounding world Works of art, reflecting the surrounding world, are addressed to the feelings and emotions of a person A pronounced subjective character The imagination and fantasy of the artist and viewer play a huge role

Functions of art Aesthetic Forms aesthetic tastes and needs, awakens in a person the desire for beauty Cognitive Reflects reality in figurative and symbolic form Educational Promotes personality development

Functions of art Psychological Influences the internal harmony of the individual, contributes to the preservation and restoration of its psychological balance Hedonic Provides aesthetic pleasure Socially transformative Having an aesthetic impact on people, includes them in targeted and value-oriented activities to transform society

Reflection of reality in artistic images is characteristic of philosophy, art, morality of religion Answer: 2

Are the following statements about art true? A) The main task of art is to obtain and constantly update knowledge about the world. B) An artistic image used in art is a subjective reflection by the artist of the surrounding world. only A is true, only B is true, both judgments are true, both judgments are false Answer: 2

Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, belong to the arts. Aesthetics Music Ballet Architecture Morality Literature Answer: 15

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and forms (areas) of culture. Characteristics Forms (areas) of culture science art A) knowledge of the world with the help of words, color and sound B) the significance of artistic fiction C) imagery D) obtaining an objective culture of the world E) justification of the laws of development of nature and society Answer: 22211

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• Through the creation of works of art, such a type of cognitive activity of people as artistic cognition is realized.
• Art is a figurative understanding of reality; the process or result of expressing the internal or external (in relation to the creator) world in an artistic image; creativity directed in such a way that it reflects interests not only of the author himself, but also of other people.

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