Arguments for an essay on the problem of interrelations of the Russian language. Arguments on the topic “Language” for the Unified State Examination essay

• Heartlessness manifests itself even towards very close people
• The thirst for profit often leads to heartlessness and dishonorable acts.
• A person’s spiritual callousness complicates his life in society
• The reasons for a heartless attitude towards others lie in upbringing
• The problem of heartlessness and mental callousness may be characteristic not only to an individual, but also to society as a whole
• Difficult life circumstances can make a person heartless
• Often, spiritual callousness manifests itself in relation to moral, worthy people
• A person admits that he was heartless when nothing can be changed
• Mental callousness does not make a person truly happy
• The consequences of a callous attitude towards people are often irreversible

Arguments

A.S. Pushkin “Dubrovsky”. The conflict between Andrei Dubrovsky and Kirilla Petrovich Troekurov ended tragically due to the callousness and heartlessness on the part of the latter. The words spoken by Dubrovsky, although they were offensive to Troekurov, were certainly not worth the abuse, dishonest trial and death of the hero. Kirill Petrovich did not spare his friend, although in the past they had a lot of good things in common. The landowner was driven by heartlessness and a desire for revenge, which led to the death of Andrei Gavrilovich Dubrovsky. The consequences of what happened were terrible: officials burned, people were left without their real master, Vladimir Dubrovsky became a robber. The manifestation of the spiritual callousness of just one person made the lives of many people miserable.

A.S. Pushkin “The Queen of Spades”. Hermann, the protagonist of the work, is driven to act heartlessly by the desire to get rich. To achieve his goal, he presents himself as an admirer of Lizaveta, although in fact he does not have feelings for her. He gives the girl false hopes. Penetrating into the countess's house with the help of Lizaveta, Hermann asks the old woman to tell him the secret of the three cards, and after her refusal, he takes out an unloaded pistol. Graphia, very frightened, dies. The deceased old woman comes to him a few days later and reveals the secret on the condition that Hermann will not play more than one card per day, in the future will not play at all and will marry Lizaveta. But the hero does not have a happy future: his heartless actions serve as a reason for retribution. After two wins, Hermann loses, which causes him to go crazy.

M. Gorky “At the Bottom”. Vasilisa Kostyleva does not feel any feelings for her husband except hatred and complete indifference. Wanting to inherit at least a small fortune, she very easily decides to persuade the thief Vaska Pepel to kill her husband. It's hard to imagine how heartless a person would have to be to come up with such a plan. The fact that Vasilisa was not married out of love does not in the least justify her action. A person must remain a person in any situation.

I.A. Bunin “Mr. from San Francisco”. The theme of the death of human civilization is one of the main ones in this work. The manifestation of the spiritual degradation of people lies, among other things, in their spiritual callousness, heartlessness, and indifference towards each other. The sudden death of the gentleman from San Francisco evokes not compassion, but disgust. During his life, he is loved for his money, and after his death, they heartlessly put him in the worst room, so as not to spoil the reputation of the establishment. They cannot even make a normal coffin for a person who dies in a foreign country. People have lost true spiritual values, which have been replaced by a thirst for material gain.

K.G. Paustovsky “Telegram”. A life full of activities and events captivates Nastya so much that she forgets about the only person truly close to her - her old mother Katerina Petrovna. The girl, receiving letters from her, is glad that her mother is alive, but does not think about anything else. Nastya doesn’t even read the telegram from Tikhon about Katerina Petrovna’s poor condition right away: at first she doesn’t understand at all who she’s talking about. we're talking about. Later, the girl realizes how heartless her attitude towards to a loved one. Nastya goes to Katerina Petrovna, but does not find her alive. She feels guilty before her mother, who loved her so much.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn “Matrenin’s Dvor”. Matryona is a person you rarely meet. Without thinking about herself, she never refused to help strangers and treated everyone with kindness and sympathy. People didn't answer her in kind. After the tragic death of Matryona, Thaddeus thought only about how to win back part of the hut. Almost all relatives came to cry over the woman’s coffin only as an obligation. They did not remember Matryona during her lifetime, but after her death they began to lay claim to the inheritance. This situation shows how callous and indifferent human souls have become.

F.M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”. Rodion Raskolnikov's heartlessness was expressed by his desire to test his terrible theory. Having killed the old pawnbroker, he tried to find out who he belonged to: “trembling creatures” or “those with the right.” The hero failed to maintain composure, to accept what he did as right, which means that he is not characterized by absolute spiritual callousness. The spiritual resurrection of Rodion Raskolnikov confirms that a person has a chance for correction.

Y. Yakovlev “He killed my dog.” The boy, showing compassion and mercy, brings a stray dog ​​into his apartment. His father doesn’t like this: the man demands that the animal be thrown back onto the street. The hero cannot do this, because “she was already kicked out.” The father, acting completely indifferent and indifferent, calls the dog to him and shoots him in the ear. The child cannot understand why an innocent animal was killed. Together with the dog, the father kills the child’s faith in the justice of this world.

ON THE. Nekrasov “Reflections at the front entrance.” The poem depicts the harsh reality of that time. The life of ordinary men and officials who spend their lives only in pleasure are contrasted. High-ranking people are heartless because they are indifferent to problems ordinary people. And for an ordinary person, the solution of even the most insignificant issue by an official can be salvation.

V. Zheleznikov “Scarecrow”. Lena Bessoltseva voluntarily took responsibility for a very bad act to which she had nothing to do. Because of this, she was forced to endure humiliation and bullying from her classmates. One of the most difficult tests for the girl was loneliness, because being an outcast is difficult at any age, and even more so in childhood. The boy who actually committed this act did not have the courage to confess. Two classmates who learned the truth also decided not to interfere in the situation. The indifference and heartlessness of those around him made the man suffer.

Arguments for an essay on the Russian language.
Language.
The problem of language, borrowing, bureaucracy, language clogging, attitude towards language, quality of speech, sincere tact, eloquence, beauty artistic word.

Human attitude towards language

Language, even more than clothing, testifies to a person’s taste, his attitude towards the world around him, towards himself. There are various kinds of sloppiness in human language. If a person was born and lives away from the city and speaks his own dialect, there is no sloppiness in this. Dialects are often an inexhaustible source enrichment of Russian literary language. It’s a different matter if a person lives in a city for a long time, knows the norms of the literary language, and retains the forms and words of his village. This may be because he thinks they are beautiful and is proud of them. In this I see pride in my homeland. This is not bad, and it does not humiliate a person. If a person does this on purpose to show that he is “truly rural,” then this is both funny and cynical. Flaunting rudeness in language, as well as flaunting rudeness in manners, sloppiness in clothing, mainly indicates a person’s psychological insecurity, his weakness, and not at all his strength. The speaker tries to suppress in himself with a rude joke, harsh expression, irony, cynicism the feeling of fear, apprehension, sometimes just apprehension. By using rude nicknames from teachers, it is the weak-willed students who want to show that they are not afraid of them. This happens semi-consciously. This is a sign of bad manners, lack of intelligence, and sometimes cruelty. This is rude talking people as if they want to show that they are above those phenomena that they are actually afraid of. The basis of any slang, cynical expressions and swearing is weakness. People who “spit words” demonstrate their contempt for traumatic events in life because they bother them, torment them, worry them, because they feel weak and not protected against them. A truly strong and healthy, balanced person will not speak loudly unnecessarily, will not swear or use slang words. After all, he is sure that his word is already significant.

Can you judge a person by the way he speaks?
D.S. Likhachev. "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
A truly strong and healthy, balanced person will not speak loudly unnecessarily, will not swear or use slang words. After all, he is sure that his word is already significant.
Our language is the most important part of our general behavior in life. And by the way a person speaks, we can immediately and easily judge who we are dealing with: we can determine the degree of intelligence of a person, the degree of his psychological balance, the degree of his possible “complexity.”

Why is it important to speak correctly?
D.S. Likhachev. "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
You need to learn good, calm, intelligent speech for a long time and carefully - listening, remembering, noticing, reading and studying. Our speech is the most important part not only of our behavior, but also of our personality, our soul, mind, our ability not to succumb to the influences of the environment if it is “dragging”.

What should scientific language be?
D.S. Likhachev. "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
But in general, it should be remembered: inaccuracies in language arise primarily from inaccuracies in thought. Therefore, a scientist, engineer, economist - a person of any profession should take care when writing, first of all, about the accuracy of thought. Strict correspondence of thought to language gives ease of style. The language should be simple (I’m talking now about ordinary and scientific language - not about the language of fiction).
Beware of empty eloquence! Language scientific work should be light, unnoticeable, beauty is unacceptable in it, and its beauty lies in a sense of proportion.
You can’t just write “beautifully.” It is necessary to write accurately and meaningfully, justifiably resorting to images. Flowery expressions tend to pop up again and again in different articles and works of individual authors.
The main thing is to strive to ensure that the phrase is immediately understood correctly. For this great importance has the arrangement of words and the brevity of the phrase itself.
The reader's attention should be focused on the author's thoughts, and not on the solution to what the author wanted to say. Therefore, the simpler the better. You should not be afraid of repetitions of the same word, the same phrase. The stylistic requirement not to repeat the same word side by side is often incorrect. This requirement cannot be a rule in all cases.
Rhythmic and easy to read phrases! When people read, they mentally pronounce the text. It needs to be easy to pronounce. And in this case, the main thing is in the arrangement of words, in the construction of the phrase. You should not overuse subordinate clauses. A noun (even if repeated) is better than a pronoun. Avoid expressions “in the latter case”, “as stated above”, etc.

What is chancellery and why is it dangerous?

“What is he, a clerk? He has very exact signs, common for both translation and Russian literature. This is the displacement of a verb, that is, movement, action, by a participle, a gerund, a noun (especially verbal!), which means stagnation, immobility. And of all verb forms, there is a predilection for the infinitive. This is a jumble of nouns in indirect cases, most often there are long chains of nouns in the same case - the genitive, so that it is no longer possible to understand what refers to what and what is being discussed. This is an abundance of foreign words where they can easily be replaced with Russian words. This is the displacement of active revolutions by passive ones, which are almost always heavier and more cumbersome. This is a heavy, confused structure of phrases, incomprehensibility. Countless subordinate clauses, doubly ponderous and unnatural in colloquial speech. This is dullness, monotony, erasure, cliche. Poor, meager vocabulary: both the author and the characters speak the same dry, official language. Always, without any reason or need, they prefer a long word to a short one, an official or bookish one to a colloquial one, a complex one to a simple one, a stamp to a living image. In short, the office is a dead thing. It penetrates both fiction and everyday life, oral speech. Even in the nursery. From official materials, from newspapers, from radio and television, clerical language passes into everyday practice. For many years, lectures were given this way, textbooks and even primers were written this way. Fed on linguistic quinoa and chaff, teachers, in turn, feed new generations of innocent children with the same dry food of callous and dead words.”

The problem of borrowing in language
Nora Gal. “Beware of the office staff.”
Not every foreign word that even such giants as Pushkin, Herzen, and Tolstoy tried to introduce has taken root and taken root in the Russian language. Much that initially attracted attention because of its novelty or seemed sharp and ironic has become worn out over the years, discolored, or even completely died out. Moreover, all these solicitors, beadles and gigs have not taken root - they do not enrich the language, they do not add anything to carriages, carriages, gigs or, say, to solicitors, attorneys and judge's hooks, with the help of which translators are creative, not literalists and not formalists, perfectly convey everything that (and how) Dickens wanted to say. The moral, as they say, is clear: it is not a sin to introduce foreign words and sayings even into the most high poetry. But - with tact and intelligence, in time and place, observing the measure. After all, even today many, very many things can be expressed beautifully in Russian.
It is well known: once upon a time foreign words, especially those with Latin roots, came to our country along with new philosophical, scientific, technical concepts and phenomena for which the Russian language did not yet have its own words. Many have taken root and are no longer perceived as strangers. But even Peter I, who so zealously forced Domostroevskaya Rus' to catch up with Europe in all areas, from ships to assemblies, was forced to prohibit excessive enthusiasm for foreign words. The tsar wrote to one of his ambassadors: “In your communications you use a lot of Polish and other foreign words and terms, behind which it is impossible to understand the matter itself; For this reason, from now on you should write all your communications to us in Russian, without using foreign words and terms.” A century later, V.G. Belinsky comes to the defense of his native language: “Use a foreign language when there is an equivalent Russian word“means to insult both common sense and common taste.” Another century will pass, and on the same topic V. Mayakovsky will write “On fiascoes, apogees and other unknown things”: So that I don’t write in vain, I also draw a moral: what is suitable for foreign word Sorry, no good for the newspaper. The thoughtless, mechanical introduction of a foreign word into a Russian text often turns into outright nonsense. Not only the feeling, the image is distorted, but the thought also becomes indistinct. It is no longer so easy to cope with such a powerful flow. In the current decade, industry may pollute the river more than in the past thousand years. It's the same with language. Now the most clear waters You can stir it up and ruin it very quickly. And those who sound the alarm and call to stand up for the protection of nature and the defense of language are right. Well, of course, it’s funny to argue: language does not freeze, does not stand still, but lives and develops, some words die off, others arise. But a person is a person to learn to control every element, including language.

What makes a true writer?
Nora Gal. “Beware of the office staff.”
Figurative sayings familiar from the cradle, combinations of words cast into gold bars by the people from time immemorial, proverbs and sayings are the most precious asset of a writer. A true writer is only one who masters figurative speech, the inexhaustible wealth of Russian sayings, proverbs, idioms - everything that enlivens and colors every story and every printed page. For art, as is known, is thinking in images.

The problem of emotional tact in language.
Nora Gal. “Beware of the office staff.”
This is a great thing - spiritual tact, correct intonation. Soon after the war, one of our major writers, a recognized artist of words, scourging the bestial essence of Hitlerism in a newspaper article, dropped the following words: the fascists, they say, were glad to “revel in the blood of children.” With all due respect to the author, I cannot help but remember: what was said in such a context, on such an occasion, the word of the krovets was unbearable. For orphaned mothers - and not only them - it hurt the ears and souls.
It is also impossible and offensive in the novel by a Russian author: “Red Square was invitingly attracted to us, but we headed in the opposite direction.” Oh, how carefully one must handle words! It can heal, but it can also hurt. An inaccurate word is bad. But what is more dangerous is a tactless word. We have seen: it can trivialize the highest concepts, the most sincere feelings. A person ceases to feel the coloring of the word, does not remember its origin and says “conservators of nature” instead of guardians. The hero of one story returned to the city of his youth, looks, sighs: “It’s an insignificant city, but so much heartfelt strength has been given to it that no matter how much you leave it, no matter how much you live in other cities, you won’t be able to tear yourself away from it.” The town is small, the town is tiny, but the contemptuous “insignificant” is impossible here! And again, talking with respect and tenderness about the girl nurse, the good writer suddenly said: “We will see, feel, and love this “front-line sister” as an unusually beautiful, kind female.” And this word is much more appropriate, at least in an example from Ushakov’s dictionary: “Beluga is very big fish: some individuals reach 1200 kg.” In one story, the father explained to the boy, counting on his fingers, how much insurance they pay lumberjacks for injury. And we were talking about the fact that every day several of someone’s fingers are cut off with a saw or an ax. This juxtaposition was jarring, and the editor suggested the simplest solution to the translator: the father spent a long time, thoroughly interpreting and calculating how much they were paying for what. Well, what if it’s not a professional writer who writes? A prominent military man recalls the capture of Berlin. In an excerpt published by a youth newspaper, among other things, it says this: “Little Berliners approached ... camp kitchens, held out their cups and bowls with their thin hands and funny asked: “Eat.” “Eat” was the first Russian word they learned to pronounce.” Of course, the author of the memoirs did not find the request of the pitiful hungry children funny at all. Obviously, they reprimanded her funny, funny. It seemed funny how they mispronounced the Russian word. And, of course, a renowned military leader does not have to be a stylist. But one awkwardly placed word distorts the entire intonation, paints the narrator’s feelings in a false light, and you inevitably stumble over this not very tactful intonation. So did the editor really stumble and feel nothing? Why didn’t he suggest (tactfully!) a more appropriate word?
Even Flaubert, perhaps the strictest stylist in all world literature, said that there are no good and bad words. It all depends on whether the word is chosen correctly for this particular case. And the best word becomes bad if it is said inappropriately. This is where tact and the right instinct are needed.

How should you approach the Russian language?
Nora Gal. “Beware of the office staff.”
We have to repeat: we do not always protect our wealth, our pride - native language, how we do not always know how to protect our native nature, lakes, forests and rivers. But for both, we are responsible to the future, to our children and grandchildren. We pass on to them the cherished heritage of our grandfathers and great-grandfathers. They have to live on this land, among these forests and rivers, they have to speak the language of Pushkin and Tolstoy, they have to read, love, recite by heart, comprehend with their mind and heart all the best that has been created over many centuries in home country and all over the world. So do we really dare to deprive and deprive them? Kind people! Let's be careful, careful and careful! Let us beware of “introducing into the language” something that spoils it and for which we then have to blush! We have received an invaluable inheritance, something that the people have created over the centuries, that Pushkin and Turgenev and many more of the best talents of our land created, polished and honed for us. We are all responsible for this priceless gift. And isn’t it a shame, when we have such a wonderful, such a rich, expressive, multi-colored language, to speak and write in clerical writing?!

How to learn to perceive the beauty of artistic words?
An argument from L. Ulitskaya's novel "The Green Tent"
You can learn to perceive the beauty of a literary word only through a sensual and deep reading literary works, including poetic ones. Thus, one of the heroes of L. Ulitskaya’s novel, literature teacher Viktor Yulievich Shengeli, in order to interest schoolchildren in literature, began each lesson by reciting his favorite poems by heart. He never indicated the author of the poem, and many schoolchildren perceived this feature condescendingly. “Poetry seemed to them to be a woman’s business, rather weak for a front-line soldier.” However, the teacher never ceased to repeat that literature is the best that humanity has, and poetry is the “heart of literature.” Viktor Yulievich did not limit himself school curriculum, he read Pasternak, Sappho, and Annensky. Gradually, more and more schoolchildren interested in literature appeared in the class; they, together with the teacher, visited historical places, learned the biographies of Russian poets and writers. Viktor Yulievich helped the children get into reading, they even formed literary circle lovers of Russian literature and began to call themselves “lyurs”. The love of literature determined the future life of the main characters of the novel. The guys read books at night, passed rare copies from hand to hand, and took photographs of especially valuable books. Mikha, who from the very first lessons hung on every word of his beloved teacher, entered the Faculty of Philology and became a teacher, and Ilya for many years was engaged in the publication and distribution of prohibited literature. Thus, the thirst for books and the ability to perceive the beauty of the literary word determined not only their reading range, but also their life path.

The problem of spirituality, a spiritual person is one of the eternal problems of Russian and world literature

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin(1870 -- 1953) - Russian writer and poet, first winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature

In the story "Mr. from San Francisco" Bunin criticizes bourgeois reality. This story is symbolic already by its title. This symbolism is embodied in the image of the main character, who represents collective image an American bourgeois, a man without a name, called by the author simply a gentleman from San Francisco. The hero’s lack of a name is a symbol of his inner lack of spirituality and emptiness. The thought arises that the hero does not live in the full sense of the word, but only exists physiologically. He understands only the material side of life. This idea is emphasized by the symbolic composition of this story, its symmetry. While “he was quite generous on the way and therefore fully believed in the care of all those who fed and watered him, served him from morning to evening, preventing his slightest desire, guarding his purity and peace...”.

And after sudden “death,” the body of the dead old man from San Francisco returned home, to his grave, to the shores of the New World. Having experienced a lot of humiliation, a lot of human inattention, having wandered from one port shed to another for a week, it finally ended up again on the same famous ship on which so recently, with such honor, it was transported to the Old World.” The ship "Atlantis" sails to reverse direction, only carrying the rich man already in a soda box, “but now hiding him from the living - they lowered him deep into the black hold.” And on the ship there is still the same luxury, prosperity, balls, music, a fake couple playing at love.

It turns out that everything he has accumulated has no meaning in front of that eternal law to which everyone, without exception, is subject. It is obvious that the meaning of life is not in acquiring wealth, but in something that cannot be valued monetaryly, -worldly wisdom, kindness, spirituality.

Spirituality is not equal to education and intelligence and does not depend on it.

Alexander Isaevich (Isaakievich) Solzhenitsyn(1918-- 2008) - Soviet and Russian writer, playwright, publicist, poet, public and political figure, who lived and worked in the USSR, Switzerland, USA and Russia. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1970). A dissident who for several decades (1960s - 1980s) actively opposed communist ideas, the political system of the USSR and the policies of its authorities.

A. Solzhenitsyn showed this well in the story "Matryonin's Dvor". Everyone mercilessly took advantage of Matryona’s kindness and simplicity - and unanimously condemned her for it. Matryona, apart from her kindness and conscience, did not accumulate any other wealth. She is used to living according to the laws of humanity, respect and honesty. And only death revealed to people the majestic and tragic image Matryona. The narrator bows his head before a man of great selfless soul, but absolutely unrequited and defenseless. With the departure of Matryona, something valuable and important leaves life...

Of course, the germs of spirituality are inherent in every person. And its development depends on upbringing, and on the circumstances in which a person lives, on his environment. However, self-education, our work on ourselves, plays a decisive role. Our ability to look into ourselves, question our conscience and not be disingenuous in front of ourselves.

Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov(1891--- 1940) - Russian writer, playwright, theater director and actor. Written in 1925, first published in 1968. The story was first published in the USSR in 1987

The problem of lack of spirituality in the story M. A. Bulgakova “Heart of a Dog”

Mikhail Afanasyevich shows in the story that humanity turns out to be powerless in the fight against the lack of spirituality that arises in people. In the center of it - incredible incident transformation of a dog into a human. The fantastic plot is based on the depiction of the experiment of the brilliant medical scientist Preobrazhensky. Having transplanted the seminal glands and pituitary gland of the brain of the thief and drunkard Klim Chugunkin into the dog, Preobrazhensky, to everyone’s amazement, gets a man out of the dog.

Homeless Sharik turns into Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov. However, he still has the dog habits and bad habits of Klim Chugunkin. The professor, together with Dr. Bormenthal, is trying to educate him, but all efforts are in vain. Therefore, the professor returns the dog to its original state. The fantastic incident ends idyllically: Preobrazhensky goes about his direct business, and the subdued dog lies on the carpet and indulges in sweet thoughts.

Bulgakov expands the biography of Sharikov to the level of social generalization. The writer gives a picture of modern reality, revealing its imperfect structure. This is the story not only of Sharikov’s transformations, but, above all, the story of a society developing according to absurd, irrational laws. If the fantastic plan of the story is completed in plot, then the moral and philosophical one remains open: the Sharikovs continue to breed, multiply and establish themselves in life, which means that the “monstrous history” of society continues. It is precisely such people who know neither pity, nor sorrow, nor sympathy. They are uncultured and stupid. They have dog hearts from birth, although not all dogs have the same hearts.
Outwardly, the Sharikovs are no different from people, but they are always among us. Their inhuman nature is just waiting to emerge. And then the judge, in the interests of his career and the implementation of the plan to solve crimes, condemns the innocent, the doctor turns away from the patient, the mother abandons her child, various officials, for whom bribes have become the order of the day, drop their mask and show their true essence. Everything that is lofty and sacred turns into its opposite, because the inhuman has awakened in these people. When they come to power, they try to dehumanize everyone around them, because non-humans are easier to control, they have everything human feelings replaces the instinct of self-preservation.
In our country, after the revolution, all conditions were created for the emergence huge amount ball with dog hearts. The totalitarian system greatly contributes to this. Probably due to the fact that these monsters have penetrated into all areas of life, Russia is still going through difficult times

Boris Vasiliev's story "Don't shoot white swans"

Boris Vasiliev tells us about the lack of spirituality, indifference and cruelty of people in the story “Don’t Shoot White Swans.” Tourists burned a huge anthill so as not to feel inconvenience from it, “they watched the giant structure, the patient work of millions of tiny creatures, melt before their eyes.” They looked at the fireworks with admiration and exclaimed: “Victory salute! Man is the king of nature."

Winter evening. Highway. Comfortable car. It is warm and cozy, with music playing, occasionally interrupted by the announcer's voice. Two happy, intelligent couples are going to the theater - a meeting with the beautiful lies ahead. Don't let this wonderful moment of life get away! And suddenly the headlights pick out in the darkness, right on the road, the figure of a woman “with a child wrapped in a blanket.” "Crazy!" - the driver screams. And that's it - darkness! There is no former feeling of happiness from the fact that your loved one is sitting next to you, that very soon you will find yourself in a soft chair in the stalls and will be spellbound to watch the performance.

It would seem a trivial situation: they refused to give a ride to a woman with a child. Where? For what? And there is no space in the car. However, the evening is hopelessly ruined. A “déjà vu” situation, as if it had already happened, the heroine of A. Mass’s story flashes through her mind. Of course, it happened - and more than once. Indifference to the misfortune of others, detachment, isolation from everyone and everything - phenomena are not so rare in our society. It is this problem that writer Anna Mass raises in one of her stories in the “Vakhtangov Children” series. In this situation, she is an eyewitness to what happened on the road. After all, that woman needed help, otherwise she would not have thrown herself under the wheels of the car. Most likely, she had a sick child; he had to be taken to the nearest hospital. But their own interests turned out to be higher than the manifestation of mercy. And how disgusting it is to feel powerless in such a situation, you can only imagine yourself in the place of this woman, when “people happy with themselves in comfortable cars rush past.” I think the pangs of conscience will torment the soul of the heroine of this story for a long time: “I was silent and hated myself for this silence.”

“People satisfied with themselves”, accustomed to comfort, people with petty proprietary interests are the same Chekhov's heroes, "people in cases." This is Doctor Startsev in “Ionych”, and teacher Belikov in “The Man in a Case”. Let us remember how plump, red Dmitry Ionych Startsev rides “in a troika with bells”, and his coachman Panteleimon, “also plump and red,” shouts: "Keep it up!" “Keep the law” - this is, after all, detachment from human troubles and problems. There should be no obstacles on their prosperous path of life. And in Belikov’s “no matter what happens,” we hear the sharp exclamation of Lyudmila Mikhailovna, a character in the same story by A. Mass: “What if this child is contagious? We also have children, by the way!” The spiritual impoverishment of these heroes is obvious. And they are not intellectuals, but simply philistines, ordinary people who imagine themselves to be “masters of life.”

In the essay-reasoning of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language (task 25), the examinee must express his opinion on the problem raised by the author in the source text, agreeing or disagreeing with author's position, (K4). Let us present several topics and arguments of the Unified State Examination on them.

What is the meaning of human life?

B. Ekimov “Boy on a Bicycle”
The hero understands that happiness is not in money, not in the world of material interests, but in life itself in his native land:
“I stayed at home for fifteen days. And this is equal to fifteen years of life... Long days, wise, happy. Go to Vikhlyaevskaya Mountain and sit, look, think. How grasses grow. How the clouds float. How does the lake live? This is human life. Work in the garden, weave fence in the yard. And live. Listen to the swallows, the wind. The sun rises for you, the dew falls, the rain - everything is good and sweet. Earn your bread with something and live. To live long and wisely, so that later, at the very edge, you don’t curse yourself, don’t grind your teeth.”

The problem of education. The problem of learning. The role of a teacher in a person's life

“War and Peace” L.N. Tolstoy
The Bolkonskys are accustomed to living according to a routine; the prince puts upbringing and education in the first place, not wanting Princess Marya to be stupid like the high society young ladies.
L.E. Ulitskaya “Pearl soup”
Let's turn to the prose of L. Ulitskaya. It is largely autobiographical. The writer herself admitted her deep love to her mother, who passed away early, she admitted that she gave her daughter many great lessons, some of which were included in her works. A clear confirmation of this is the story “Pearl Soup.” Indeed, we perceive the image of the main character Marina Borisovna through the eyes of her daughter, already adult woman. Her memories are imbued with the light of goodness, love for the one who once taught her to respect old age, distinguish lies from truth, and respond to the pain and grief of others. In a word, she raised in her daughter the ability to appreciate life.
"Oblomov" I.A. Goncharov
In the chapter “Oblomov’s Dream,” the problems of education are revealed; we see how an atmosphere of laziness and unwillingness to work disfigures the child’s soul.
« Captain's daughter» A.S. Pushkin (father's order to Pyotr Grinev)
“Horse with a pink mane” by V.P. Astafiev (formation of the hero’s personality under the influence of the kindness of his grandparents)

The narrator remembers with gratitude his first teacher, who raised her students to be true citizens of the Fatherland
“I touched the oak tree before the teacher told me to. By God, I remember to this day its rough warmth: the warmth of the palms, sweat and blood of my ancestors, the ever-living warmth of History. Then I touched the past for the first time, felt this past for the first time, was imbued with its greatness and became immensely rich. And now I think with horror what I would have become if I had not met my first teacher, who saw her duty not in stuffing children with knowledge and turning them into future robot specialists, but in raising Citizens of the Fatherland his..."
M.V. Lomonosov. His life is an example of how to learn and what can be achieved with deep knowledge.

The importance of work in human life.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin's Dvor".
Matryona, main character story, does not perceive forced labor as punishment, punishment. Work for her is her whole life.
A.P. Platonov "In a beautiful and furious world"
The main character of the work is the machinist Alexander Vasilyevich Maltsev. He is a genius in his field because he knew how to “feel” both the car and the road at the same time.
Only this driver was entrusted with the most difficult and important trips, only he could help out and make up for the time lost by the other driver, only he could drive along the most dangerous section of the route. For him, work is his whole life.
I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
Ilya Oblomov and Andrei Stolts were friends since childhood and maintained a warm relationship throughout their lives. But their upbringing was very different. If the lord's son Ilyusha was protected from any business from childhood, he was not even allowed to dress on his own, then in the Stolz family the father instilled in his son with early years work habit. As a result, Stolz became a strong, independent person who managed to achieve everything in life through his work. And Ilya Ilyich turned out to be incapable of doing anything.

The problem of the influence of personality on the course of history. The problem of human responsibility to society

.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”.
Alexander the First, Napoleon, Kutuzov - this is an incomplete list historical figures shown in the novel. Which of them can claim to be the creator of history, a great man? According to Tolstoy, a great man carries within himself moral principles people and feels his moral obligation to people. Alexander the First cannot always understand what is this moment most important for the people, the country. Napoleon's ambitious claims reveal him as a person who does not understand the significance of the events that are taking place. “There is no greatness where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth,” - this is the verdict L.N. makes on Napoleon. Tolstoy. He calls Kutuzov a great man, since he set the interests of the entire people as the goal of his activities. It expresses the people's soul and patriotism.
F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
The real reason for Raskolnikov's crime was the desire to test his theory. Its essence was that Raskolnikov divided all people into those “who have the right” and “trembling creatures.” The first live in obedience, the second - break the law, destroyers. Lycurgus, Mohammed, Napoleon - all these great people were criminals who shed a lot of blood. It is precisely such people, according to Raskolnikov’s theory, who “move the world and lead it to its goal.” Dostoevsky debunked the inconsistency of the theory of the main character of the novel with the entire course of the action, by the fact that, testing his theory in practice, Raskolnikov subjected himself to terrible moral torment.
A striking example of such a personality is Peter the Great - a man who changed the course of history, one of the most outstanding statesmen, which determined the direction of development of Russia in the 18th century. A.S. wrote about him. Pushkin: “We are destined by nature here // to cut a window to Europe.”

The problem of love - tenderness

M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”
Andrei Sokolov, losing his wife and children, finds the strength to live on and gives his unspent care, love and tenderness to his adopted orphan son Vanyushka. These warm feelings warmed my soul little boy, left without relatives during the difficult years of the war, and gave hope that in further life will get better.
Indeed, the demonstrated feeling of tenderness elevates a person who, having invested his soul, instilled in those around him the belief that they are not alone and can always count on outside support.
This is exactly the feeling that Pierre Bezukhov feels towards Natasha Rostova in the novel L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". For him, she is beautiful, sweet, loved in any form, in any mood. Just having met, he immediately distinguishes Natasha from the Rostov family, showing reverent feelings for her. Then this attention will develop into great mutual love on both sides. And it all began with deep tenderness
We also see the “gentle face of love” in the feelings of Tatyana Larina, the heroine of the novel A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin", every line of her letter is filled with tenderness. Tatyana is ready to give her lover all of herself, without reserve, without demanding anything in return. For her, seeing Evgeniy is already a great happiness.
Let us recall the epic novel by L. N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”. Marya Bolkonskaya, the heroine of the work, patiently endures “outbursts of causeless hatred” and her father’s rudeness. She treats the old prince with affection, despite his rudeness. The princess does not even think about the fact that her father may be unfair to her.

The problem of choosing a profession and dedication to your work

B. Vasiliev “My horses are flying...”
Dr. Jansen chose once and for all the profession of a doctor and served people until his last breath.
“The medical and human authority of Dr. Jansen was higher than can be imagined in our time. Having already lived my life, I dare to say that such authorities arise spontaneously, crystallizing by themselves in a saturated solution of human gratitude. They go to people who have the rare gift of living not for themselves, thinking not about themselves, caring not about themselves, never deceiving anyone and always telling the truth, no matter how bitter it may be. Such people cease to be only specialists: people's grateful rumor ascribes to them wisdom bordering on holiness. And Dr. Jansen did not escape this: they asked him whether to marry his daughter, whether to buy a house, whether to sell firewood, whether to slaughter a goat, whether to reconcile with his wife... Lord, what did they ask him about!
But about the necessity of labor, about its beauty, miraculous power and magical properties was never said. Idlers talk about work: normal people they do it. Diligently, clearly, accurately and modestly. After all, working without shouting about your own labor zeal is as natural as eating without slurping.”
Yuri Gagarin had a passion for the profession of pilot; he was a tireless worker, an extremely collected and serious person. This allowed him to reach heights in his chosen profession.

The problem of cruelty and humanism towards animals.

“He killed my dog” Yu. Yakovlev
The hero of the story picked up a dog abandoned by its owners. He is full of concern for a defenseless creature and does not understand his father when he demands that the dog be kicked out. The boy is shocked by the cruelty of his father, who called him to him trusting dog and shot him in the ear. He hated his father and lost faith in goodness and justice.
V.V. Mayakovsky " Good attitude to the horses."
A feeling of pain and melancholy arises when you first read V. Mayakovsky’s poem “A Good Treatment for Horses.” It seems you can hear the noise of the street with its roar and evil laughter. This street is soulless, “shod with ice.” The sensation of pain intensifies as the horse falls. How often misfortune attracts some kind of painful attention from strangers. Onlookers from the Kuznetsky Bridge do not feel sympathy for the fallen horse, they laugh. And only the poet turns to the animal with kind words and takes pity on her
This poem is not only about loneliness in a crowd, about the impossibility of sympathy, but a call for kindness towards all living things.
“Bite” L. Andreev
By taming a dog and leaving it in a holiday village for the winter, people showed their selfishness and showed how cruel they could be.
V. Degtev. The story "Intelligent beings"
The work tells the story of the unfortunate fate of the baby dolphin Butterfly and the life of the oligarchs who decide to transport the poor animal along with its mother to their mansion. As a result, the Butterfly’s mother dies... Ruthless, drunken rich people mock the baby, put out cigars on his tender body, and then decide to “let” the baby dolphin have a barbecue... It’s good that in addition to such monsters, there exist in the world good people! The family of a woman working as a cook for the oligarchs saves Butterfly, proving to us, the readers: a compassionate, reasonable attitude towards animals is necessary!
I. Kuramshina “The Equivalent of Happiness”
The author describes with admiration the action of the family of Dimka, who had long dreamed of a dog, people who decided to shelter a sick homeless puppy. Each of us should treat animals with such care!

Preparation for the Unified State Exam in Russian. Examples of arguments for an essay

1.Theme of the historical past
The theme of the historical past of his homeland constantly worried Pushkin both as a poet and as a prose writer. He created such works as “Song of the Prophetic Oleg”, “Borodin Anniversary”, “Poltava”. " Bronze Horseman". "Boris Godunov". "The History of the Pugachev Rebellion" and, of course, "The Captain's Daughter". All these works describe different historical events, different historical eras
The theme of the triumph of Russian weapons, the heroism of the Russian people, the winner and liberator, resounds dazzlingly and powerfully in works dedicated to the Patriotic War of 1812. In the seventh chapter of "Eugene Onegin", the feat of Moscow is glorified.

2.The theme of honor and dishonor
After reading the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter", you understand that one of the themes of this work is the theme of honor and dishonor. The story contrasts two heroes: Grinev and Shvabrin - and their ideas about honor. Two officers of the Russian army behave completely differently: the first follows the laws of officer honor and remains faithful to the military oath, the second easily becomes a traitor. Grinev and Shvabrin are bearers of two fundamentally different worldviews.

The problem of honor and dishonor is raised in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace.” Honor and dignity are the main qualities human character, and the one who has lost them is alien to any high aspirations and searches. The problem of moral self-improvement of the individual has always been one of the most important in creativity
L.N. Tolstoy.

3. Love for the Motherland
We feel ardent love for the Motherland and pride in its beauty in the works of the classics.
Subject heroic feat in the fight against the enemies of the Motherland also sounds in M. Yu. Lermontov’s poem “Borodino”, dedicated to one of the glorious pages of the historical past of our country.
The theme of the Motherland is raised in the works of S. Yesenin. Whatever Yesenin wrote about: about experiences, about historical turning points, about the fate of Russia in the “harsh, formidable years” - every Yesenin image and line is warmed by a feeling of boundless love for the homeland: But most of all. Love for the native land

4. Moral qualities of a person
Russian literature has always been closely connected with moral quests our people. One of the writers who sincerely cares about the morality of our society is Valentin Rasputin. The story “Fire” occupies a special place in his work. These are reflections on civil courage and the moral positions of man. When a fire broke out in Sosnovka, there were few who risked their lives to defend the people's good. Many came to “warm their hands.” A fire is the result of general ill-being. People are corrupted by the discomfort of everyday life, the poverty of spiritual life, and a soulless attitude towards nature.
Many problems of our time, including moral ones, are raised by Anatoly Pristavkin in the story “The Golden Cloud Spent the Night.” He poses the question sharply national relations, talks about the connection between generations, raises the topic of good and evil, talks about many other issues, the solution of which depends not only on politics and economics, but also on the level of general culture.

5 A person’s responsibility for the lives of others
Thus, in Tolstoy’s work “War and Peace” the question of moral responsibility man before history.

The feeling of guilt and responsibility for others rises in works about the Second World War. For example, in A. Tvardovsky’s poem “I know, it’s not my fault...” the lyrical hero asks a rhetorical question: could he save those who did not come from the war? Of course not, but the feeling of guilt does not leave the hero and the author.

6 Fathers and sons
The problem of fathers and sons includes a number of important moral problems. This is the problem of education, the problem of choosing moral rules, the problem of gratitude, the problem of misunderstanding. They are raised in various works, and each author tries to look at them in his own way. A. S. Griboyedov, having described in the comedy “Woe from Wit” the struggle between the “present century” and the “past century”, did not ignore complex problem fathers and children. The very idea of ​​the work is the struggle between the old and the new.

And Pyotr Grinev in A. Pushkin’s Tale “The Captain’s Daughter,” following his father’s instructions, remained an honest and noble man in all the situations in which he had to find himself; honor and conscience remained above all else for him throughout his life.

One of the most important facets of the problem of “fathers and children” is gratitude. Are children grateful to their parents who love them, raised them and raised them? The topic of gratitude is raised in the story by A. S. Pushkin " Stationmaster" The tragedy of a father who dearly loved his only daughter appears before us in this story. Of course, Dunya has not forgotten her father, she loves him and feels guilty before him, but still, the fact that she left, leaving her father alone, turned out to be a big blow for him, so strong that he could not withstand it.

7. The role of example. Human education
Works that teach courage
Great Theme Patriotic War takes important place in literature. The writer often turns to this period of history. The story “Sotnikov”, written by Vasil Bykov, is one of best works about war. After going through difficult trials, the main characters fall into the clutches of the Germans. Sotnikov is a modest, inconspicuous person, a simple teacher. But, being sick and weak, he went on an important task. Exhausted by torture, he remains unbroken.
The source of Sotnikov’s courage and heroism was the conviction in the justice of the struggle waged by the people.
This work teaches us courage and courage, helps our moral development.

8. Self-sacrifice in the name of love for one's neighbor
1) F. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”. “Sonechka, Sonechka Marmeladova, eternal Sonechka, as long as the world stands!” - a symbol of self-sacrifice in the name of one’s neighbor and endlessly “inexorable” suffering.
2) Kuprin in the story “The Garnet Bracelet” understands love as a miracle, as a wonderful gift. The death of the official brought back to life a woman who did not believe in love, which means that love still conquers death.
3) M. Gorky legend of “Danko”. Danko sacrificed himself to save people. Danko's feat is similar to the feat of Prometheus, who stole fire for people, but suffered a terrible punishment for this. This feat of Danko should serve as a reminder to new generations of what a real person should be.
4) In one of the books dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, a former siege survivor recalls that during a terrible famine, as a dying teenager, his life was saved by a neighbor who brought a can of stew sent by his son from the front. “I’m already old, and you’re young, you still have to live and live,” said this man. He soon died, and the boy he saved retained a grateful memory of him for the rest of his life.
4) The tragedy occurred in Krasnodar region. A fire started in a nursing home where sick old people lived who could not even walk. Nurse Lidia Pashentseva rushed to help the disabled. The woman pulled several sick people out of the fire, but could not get out herself.

9. Compassion and mercy. Sensitivity
1) M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story “The Fate of a Man.” It tells the story of the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.

10. Callous and soulless attitude towards people
1) A. Platonov “Yushka”
2) In January 2006, a terrible fire occurred in Vladivostok. The premises of a savings bank, which was located on the eighth floor of a high-rise building, caught fire. The boss demanded that the employees first hide all documents in a safe and then evacuate. While the documents were being removed, a fire engulfed the corridor, and many girls died.
2) During the recent war in the Caucasus, an incident occurred that caused justifiable indignation in society. A wounded soldier was brought to the hospital, but the doctors refused to admit him, citing the fact that their institution belonged to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the soldier belonged to the Ministry of Defense. While they were looking for the necessary medical unit, the wounded man died.

11. MAN AND POWER
Pushkin in the tragedy “Boris Godunov” very accurately defined and showed folk character. Eternally dissatisfied with the existing government, people are ready to rise up to destroy it and rebel, instilling terror in the rulers - and that’s all. And as a result, they themselves remain offended, since the fruits of their victory are enjoyed by the boyars and high-born nobles standing at the throne of the sovereign.
The people have only one thing left to do - “to remain silent.”

12. Culture of speech and language
In the work of I. Ilf and E. Petrov “The Twelve Chairs”. The vocabulary of the heroine of this novel, Ellochka Shchukina, was only thirty words. And although she did not feel the need to use any other words, her speech pattern undoubtedly suffered greatly.
Another example is the ancient Greek orator Demosthenes. He long years worked on his speech portrait, facial expressions, gestures, because his weak voice and short breathing did not allow him to fulfill his dream of becoming a speaker. Demosthenes trained to speak with the sound of waves, with pebbles in his mouth, and eventually was able to eliminate the shortcomings of his speech and become a true professional in his field, who left a bright mark on history. This happened precisely because of his attentive attitude to his speech portrait.

13.The problem of heredity and self-formation.
In Russian literature and in life, we so reverence the image of Lefty in Leskov’s work. Without learning the craft anywhere, he managed to shoe a flea without a microscope. There is no doubt that he developed his talent himself. Nobody told Lefty that his genotype contained or, on the contrary, did not contain such talent.
I would also like to remember the Paralympic Games. Disabled people, seemingly limited by nature in mobility, find the strength to play sports and set records. This is the clearest proof that everyone is capable of self-formation and self-development, that not everyone is human life determined by heredity.

14. Man and art. The impact of art on humans
1) For example, the song “Holy War” to the words of V. Lebedev-Kumach, music by A. Alexandrov raised soldiers to attack, defending their homeland. It became the musical emblem of the Great Patriotic War. With this song, with its harsh pathos, which absorbed bitterness, pain, and anger, the Russian people, gripped by “noble rage,” went to “mortal combat” and stood shoulder to shoulder in defense of the Motherland.
2) In E. Nosov’s story “Chopin, Sonata Number Two,” music becomes a means of unifying people; mutual understanding comes between Uncle Sasha, a participant in the war, and the guys in the orchestra. The heavy, beating sounds of suffering, groans, blows - everything that can be heard in the requiem - make the orchestra children realize the meaning and price of victory in the war, because this sonata is in tune with the sorrow of the entire Russian people.

15 Memory retention problem
1) The memory of the past is preserved not only by household items and jewelry, but also, for example, letters, photographs, and documents. In the story " Last bow"V.P. Astafiev has a chapter called “Photography in which I am not.” The hero talks about how rural school a photographer came, but due to illness he was unable to take pictures. The teacher brought Vitka a photograph. Many years passed, but the hero saved this photo, despite the fact that he was not in it. He looks at her and remembers his classmates, thinks about their destinies. As the hero says, “village photography is a unique chronicle of our people, its wall history.”
2) Let us remember the hero A.I. Kuprin Zheltkov from the work “Garnet Bracelet”. He gives Princess Vera Nikolaevna, his beloved, a family jewel, Garnet bracelet, inherited from his mother. Zheltkov sacredly protects him and decides to part with him only before his death

16. The problem of human spirituality
Alyoshka, the hero of A. Solzhenitsyn’s story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich,” is precisely an example of a spiritual person. He went to prison because of his faith, but did not abandon it; on the contrary, this young man defended his truth and tried to convey it to other prisoners. Not a single day passed without reading the Gospel, copied into an ordinary notebook.