Saw: Game of Survival. Saw - information on the World History Encyclopedia portal

The prototype of the modern saw was created by man more than 4 thousand years ago. These objects were stones with jagged edges on one edge. Such saws were used for processing wood, bone, and soft stones. They sharpened stone saws on the corners of rocks or picked up ready-made pieces. Ancient sculptors used similar tools to create statues of gods.

The ancient Romans and Egyptians made their saws using copper. They even sawed stone with such a tool, adding abrasive materials to the cut site. Iron saws first appeared among the Scandinavians. They cast their tools in stone molds. However, the quality of these saws was poor and they could not compete with axes. And only many centuries later, the ancient Greeks figured out how to make saws using the forging method, which made it possible to achieve high metal hardness and, as a result, improve the quality of products. The teeth of these saws were sharper and, due to more correct sharpening, sawed the material better.

Mechanical saws first appeared in Germany in 1322. They were installed in a sawmill and were driven by water. This invention changed the way the Germans thought about wood extraction methods. Subsequently, similar sawmills appeared in Scotland, England and other countries. But there was also a downside to the mechanization of the deforestation process. Lumberjacks could not compete with mechanized sawmills and went bankrupt. As a result, having lost their jobs, they began to take revenge on the culprits, destroying their mechanical competitors. Thus, in the USA, it was for the above reasons that the first steam sawmill, the prototype of future chainsaws, was liquidated.

The next stage in the history of saw creation was the invention of tape saws. They were closed steel bands with teeth located on one edge. Such a tape was stretched on two vertical pulleys. In 1808, such a saw design was first patented in England. It is interesting that 26 years later a patent for the same saw was received in France by a man named Etieno, and after another 2 years - by B. Baker in the USA. But band saws became widespread only towards the end of the 19th century. This delay was caused by the fact that manufacturers could not achieve an accurate connection of the ends of the band saw. The best tools This class in those days was manufactured in France, which has retained its leadership in the production of this product to this day.

The chain saw was invented in the first third of the 20th century. However, a hundred years earlier, the German doctor Bernard Hein used a chain saw to saw through bones. But his invention was not widespread due to heavy weight product and questionable ease of use. This type of saw gained recognition only in the 20th century.

A breakthrough in the history of the creation of saws was the patented inventions of Andreas Stihl - an electric chain saw (1926) and chainsaws of the Shtihl brand (1929). Professionals associate the name “Shtihl” with the quality and reliability of the tool. Currently, the Shtihl company has a large number of patents in the field of mechanical engineering, its products occupy a significant niche in the tool market and are extremely popular due to their excellent accuracy and exceptional reliability.

After the war, in the mid-20th century, the efficiency of the chain saw was significantly increased by improving the tool chain and optimizing its operation. This was done by lumberjack Joseph Buford Cox. One day, while resting, he watched a bark beetle larva, which with extraordinary ease was gnawing its way through a solid tree, while the direction of its movement and speed did not depend in any way on the direction of the fibers of the tree. Having examined the jaws of this beetle more closely, Cox repeated their shape in the steel cutter teeth of a chain saw. The effect was not long in coming. The form turned out to be so successful that his instruments began to be actively purchased. Subsequently, Cox and his wife created the Oregon company, specializing in the production of tires and chains, which are used in most tools to this day.

SAW - a manual or machine-made multi-blade tool for cutting (cutting) various materials -ria-lov.

The cutting part of the saw is usually in the form of wedge-shaped incisors (teeth), one-on-one vu-yut saws (for example, for cutting stone, glass) with a cutting part from ab-ra-ziv-no-go ma-te-ria-la (for example, al- lubricating disk) or presenting a steel rope (rope saw).

According to the char-rak-te-ru of the ra-bo-che-movements, saws are used: knife-knives, or knife-knives, - a long knot- some steel-plate-but-top-has-return-but-step-up movements; round (disc, circular) - in the form of a disc with an outer cutting edge, rotating on the axis -lu; flax-precise - in the form of an endless (closed) flexible tape, on-the-well between two rotating-schi- mi-xya shki-va-mi; chain - whose working part is a chain (made of wire with a special cut instead of teeth or from a ball-nir- but-with-united-re-ru-ring links), locking into a ring and moving along the guide-shield Not. Circular saws would be solid, made from carbon-le-ro-di-stay in-st-ru-mental steel, and with inserts -we have teeth, you are full of steel or hard alloys. Knife and flax saws usually have teeth that are not exactly right.

According to the tension of the saws, the saws are not the same and the ones that are the same. For example, different types of saws (except for metal saws), dis-co -new and conventional two-handed saws (not-about-ho-di-may-stiffness or stability-of-the-lot-on-when-working-to-ti- due to its thickness or the use of two handles); to the na-cha-nu-tym - ray-to-wie (thin steel-plate-lot-but-to-cha-well-between two der-zha-te-la-mi ) and flax saws. They drank a lot more, but thinner, that's why they drank more narrowly.

In za-vi-si-mo-sti from na-zna-che-niya you-de-la-have two main classes of saws - according to de-re-vu and metal. The saw teeth for metal have the appearance of a rectangular triangular (with an acute angle at the top) with a front she cuts the edge. De-re-vu saws also have triangular-shaped teeth, but their configuration and cutting edges depend from the right-hand direction of the pi-le-niya: across the river or along the wall of the tree-ve-si-ny. In saws for metal, the size of the teeth usually does not exceed 1-1.5 mm in height with a width (based on -va-nuyu) 1.2-2 mm; for saws according to de-re-vu, the height of the teeth is 1-18 mm, the width at the base is 1.5-12 mm. The efficiency of sawing is essentially dependent on the size of the saw teeth and the condition of their cutting edges. ki (za-dot-ki) and once-water-ki.

See also “Stone-not-carved machine.”

Historical reference. Pi-le-nie stone-nya on-lu-chi-lo shi-ro-ras-pro-strana-not already in neo-oli-those. For or-ganic materials, small stone saws were used, having teeth, but foreign gda (what is before-ka-za-but tra-so-lo-gich. ana-li-za-mi) and without them. The appearance of bronze saws is connected with the wide-spread country. For Egypt, from the Ancient Tsar-st-va, for-fi-si-ro-va-ny ty-go-vye (with teeth, ob-ra-shchen- we to the handle) saws up to 40 cm long, with a curved wooden handle on a handle, located along the axis of the lot on the.

The use of a saw requires a high level of processing of wood, bones and other materials (boards, thin to the cheeks and plates, figured from de-lia). The use of saws is also known as an instrument of sophisticated executions (2 Kings 12:31). On the territory of Russia, saws are known from the late Bronze Age. The spread of the same allows for more different types of saws, including large sizes (including two-handed ones).

Detailed spoiler for the horror film “Saw” (Saw)

On the face of Adam, who lies in a full bath of water, the reflection of a strange object is reflected, floating a little later to his feet. Suddenly Adam regains consciousness, opening his eyes. Realizing where he is, he twitches in fear, causing him to catch the chain with his foot and release the drain plug. The water level is rapidly dropping, dragging an incomprehensible object with it.

Adam slides out of the bath and onto the floor. It’s dark around, but he can feel by touch that his leg is being held by a chain. Grabbing the chain with his hand and trying to find the beginning, Adam runs into a pipe. In a panic, he begins to scream, trying to find help.

Adam already thought that he was dead, but suddenly a measured voice responded from the other end of the room. male voice, full of calm. After this, the person who responded to the cry - Dr. Lawrence Gordon - finds the switch, and the room is gradually illuminated with light.

Having looked at each other, the captives realize that they are in equal conditions - they are chained by the legs with heavy chains to the pipes. True, what first catches their eye is the corpse located in the middle of the room with a pool of blood surrounding its motionless body. One of his hands holds a revolver, while the other hand holds a voice recorder or cassette player.

The picture he sees causes Adam to vomit, but Lawrence, like a doctor, approaches the corpse at a maximum distance commensurate with the length of the chain, and carefully examines the dead man.

Adam comes to his senses and looks around, and then begins to study the chain. Gordon is still sizing up the object in the center of the room, while Adam, acting emotionally and impulsively, tries his best to free himself from the shackles.

Lawrence asks Adam if he recognizes the face of their poor cellmate, to which he does not hear a positive answer. After talking with him a little more, Dr. Gordon sees a new clock on the wall next to them. This surprises and worries him.

While the doctor tries to break down the door, Adam goes through his pockets. Suddenly he finds an unfamiliar envelope. Opening it, he sees an audio cassette with the inscription “LISTEN TO ME.” Lawrence follows his cellmate's example and finds a similar tape in his pocket. Besides her, he finds a cartridge and a small key. One by one, after checking the key on their shackles, the prisoners realize that the key unlocks something else.

Then the men decide to work on the tapes and turn their attention to the device in the corpse's hand. Several unsuccessful attempts to reach - and the player is in Adam’s hands.

After listening to both tapes, the prisoners find out that Adama, a photographer, is here because he is spying on other people. Adam is obliged to do something, and Lawrence is ordered to kill his cellmate, otherwise his entire family (wife Alison and daughter Diana) will be killed. In addition, the mysterious kidnapper explains that the man in the center of the room shot himself while suffering from severe blood poisoning. Also, the person on the tape assures that the room is full of various clues, and a treasure is marked with a cross. At the end, the man from the recording advises Gordon to follow his heart.

The prisoners begin to carefully search the room, as a result of which Adam finds two hacksaws wrapped in a bag in the toilet tank. But not everything is so easy - the blades of the saws are bad, which is why they do not take thick hardened chains at all. The doctor concludes that they were given the saws to get rid of the chains by sawing off their legs. Lawrence also seems to understand who is playing this cruel game with them, but when Adam demands to give a detailed answer, Gordon reassures him by saying that he knows the man on the film only by hearsay. The latest news about the kidnapper is that the police are still looking for him. Gordon explains that he only knows about him because he was personally suspected of crimes and begins to retell the story that happened to him about five months ago.

The story tells the story of a serial killer, whom journalists deservedly nicknamed “Constructor.” Deservedly because his main idea is to create situations in which people kill themselves.

Gordon was lucky enough to learn about the Designer when he left a flashlight that belonged to a doctor at the murder scene. Then, while examining a patient with a fatal disease (his name was John, according to one eccentric orderly, Zep; in his opinion, John was “very interesting person”, Lawrence was called in for questioning. Two detectives, David Tapp and Steven Sing, accused him of involvement in all the murders, because his prints were found on the flashlight. Gordon was saved only by a confirmed alibi. But despite everything, the detectives tried to make the most of the doctor, involving him in the investigation. Introducing him to the heart of the matter, detectives said that one of the victims of the Constructor was a mature man, Paul, who wanted to commit suicide. His dream came true thanks to the Constructor, who planted the latter in a labyrinth of barbed wire. Mark, the second victim, pretended to be sick. Here, the Designer also did a great job. Having injected Mark with a slow-acting poison and doused him with an incendiary mixture, he sent him with a candle in his hands to look for the combination to the safe among the huge array of numbers that filled the walls of the room. The only survivor (to everyone's surprise, a representative of the weaker sex and social class) is drug addict Amanda Young. She had to act extremely quickly. So, with a deadly device on her head, she needed to find the key to it in the stomach of a living cellmate who had been injected with a large dose of opium.

Adam and Gordon notice that they were being watched all the time through hidden video cameras in the ceiling. Adam reproachfully reminds the incredibly calm doctor of the situation he is in, that his family is in danger of trouble. Gordon assures that he never stops thinking about them for a second, after which he tosses Adam his wallet with a family photo inside (as he thought). Instead of the expected photo, without showing any signs of surprise, Adam discovers a photo with a different content. It shows Diana and Alison tied up. On the other side there is a hint, with the help of which Adam understands that the treasure marked with a cross can be found if the light is turned off.

Meanwhile, Detective Tapp is keeping an eye on the doctor's house, still suspecting him of committing the murders. Although by this day Tapp was no longer officially a detective (he had been fired for his overwhelming desire to catch a serial killer, leading to staff cuts, which only pushed him further), his obsession with the case still haunted him.

Adam convinces Lawrence to turn off the lights. Suddenly, in the darkness, the same cross that was mentioned in the recording appears on the wall. Having opened a hiding place in the wall, the doctor takes out a box, the contents of which are a lighter, a couple of cigarettes and mobile phone. The phone only has an incoming line. However, the device awakens memories in the doctor in which he is kidnapped. At first it seemed to him that this happened after work, but now he is forced to admit that he was caught when he left his secret mistress Carla.

There was also a note in the box from the hiding place. In it, the Constructor describes for the doctor another way to kill a cellmate, for which you need to dip a cigarette in poisoned blood. The doctor does not want Adam to die, but at the same time, having soaked the cigarette in blood, he wants him to fake death. Even bad game Adama did not help complete the test, because a hidden observer sent a current through a circuit on the photographer's leg. He shook and jumped up from the invigorating discharge. Moreover, Adam miraculously remembers how he ended up here.

Around six in the evening, the cell phone rings, from which the voice of Zep can be heard, holding the Lawrence family hostage in their own home. Alison tells her husband not to believe Adam. The photographer, in turn, admits that he was hired by Detective Tapp to spy on Gordon. Just at the moment when he was developing photographs with the doctor, mysterious shadows grabbed him.

It struck exactly six. Meanwhile, Zep disables the security camera at the doctor's house and Alison manages to free herself from the rope while Zep is in another room. When Zep enters the room, forcing Alison to try talking to her husband again, a fight ensues.

Shots are heard, to which a detective located nearby hastily comes running. Zep manages to fight off the ex-cop and escape. His intention is to kill Lawrence. Tapp, having come to his senses a little, rushes after him.

Dr. Gordons hears only gunshots and shouts on the phone. At that very moment, the Designer turns on the current supplied to his leg, and the doctor throws the phone away from the shock. Soon the phone starts ringing again. Alison wants to warn her husband that there is no need to kill anyone, that she is safe. Unfortunately, the doctor now cannot reach the phone. As a result, the doctor begins to act. Losing his mind, with heart-rending screams, he saws off part of his leg, loads a revolver lying on the floor with his bullet, hesitates a little, and then shoots at Adam, who is trying to dodge.

Tepp catches up with Zep in the building where Lawrence and Adam are being held. However, in the heat of the fight, Zep shoots the ex-cop in the chest. Entering the bathroom, Zep discovers that the doctor has completed his task. After examining Adam’s body, Zep points a gun at Gordon with the words “You’re late!” When asked by the surgeon why, Zep replies: “Those are the rules.” That very minute, Adam, who actually turned out to be alive because the doctor shot specifically in the shoulder, rushes at Zep, knocks him down and mercilessly beats him with the lid from the toilet tank. Lawrence, promising Adam to bring help, crawls out of the room. The wounded Adam, still chained to the pipe, searches Zep's body, hoping to find the key to the shackles. Instead of a key, he takes out a cassette player from his pocket, which immediately makes him think that perhaps Zep is also a member of one great game, like him and Lawrence. This is confirmed after listening to the recording. It turns out that according to the conditions, he had to take Gordon's family hostage and, if the surgeon did not play his role, kill them in order to survive himself, receiving an antidote to the poison in his body.

At the end of the movie "Saw" the dead body, which has been lying there all the time, begins to move and then gradually gets up. Adam silently watches as the Designer leisurely rips the mask off his head and gets used to the light. The designer explains to him that the key drowned in the bathroom when Adam, waking up, caught the drain chain. Here it becomes clear that the famous Jigsaw is actually John, a terminally ill patient of surgeon Lawrence Gordon. Adam suddenly tries to shoot John with Zep's gun, but John again uses the remote control, causing him to drop the weapon to the floor. John moves towards the door, not letting on that he can hear Adam screaming wildly as he writhes on the floor. Then he turns off the light with the words: “Game over!”, slams the door, leaving the photographer in pitch darkness forever.

« Saw: Game of Survival"(eng. Saw) is a 2004 American horror film. The film premiered on January 19, 2004. The film was originally planned to be released only for sale on video, but its premiere at the Sundance Film Festival changed this decision. The thriller was very popular with the audience and was released in wide release on October 29. During its first weekend, the film grossed $18 million (with a budget of $1.2 million), and total box office receipts amounted to $103,096,345, of which the film grossed $55,185,045 in the United States and $47,911,300 in other countries. And the decision was immediately made to launch a sequel, which was followed by a whole series of films.

Slogans

• "Every part was a mystery..."
• “How much blood will you shed to stay alive?”
• "There will be a lot of blood."
• "I want to play a game with you."
• “Live or die. The choice is yours"
• “Most people in our world do not value life at all, but not you, and not now.”
• “More than anything in the world, I hate murder.”
• “Those who do not value life are not worthy of their life.”

Plot

Adam's face, lying in a bathtub completely filled with water, is illuminated by some object, which later floats to his feet. Suddenly Adam opens his eyes. Realizing that he is lying under water, he twitches and, hooking his foot on the chain, pulls the plug out of the bathtub. The water, which until recently completely filled the bathtub, quickly drains into the sewer. The object that illuminated Adam also goes there with her.

From the shock he experienced, Adam falls out of the bathroom onto the floor. The room in which he woke up is plunged into darkness. As Adam stands up, he feels like there is a chain on his leg. Holding it in his hand, Adam reaches the pipe to which he is chained. Confused and terrified, he begins to call for help.

After several attempts to shout to someone, Adam comes to the conclusion that he is dead. A calm male voice responds to this from the other end of the room, telling him that this is not so. After some time, the man - Dr. Lawrence Gordon - manages to turn on the light.

Having gotten used to the bright light and seeing each other, the prisoners understand that they are both placed in equal conditions - they are chained to the pipes by their legs. However, their attention is first drawn to the corpse of a man lying in the center of the room in a pool of blood. A player is clutched in one hand and a revolver in the other. While Adam vomits in disgust, Lawrence approaches the corpse as far as the chain allows him to, trying to get a better look at it. Having come to his senses, Adam looks around, after which he pays attention to the chain. While Gordon tries to get a better look at the corpse, Adam becomes hysterical, tugging at the chain and screaming heart-rendingly. Lawrence asks if he recognizes their dead cellmate, to which Adam responds in the negative. After talking with Adam and getting answers to his questions, Lawrence notices that there is a completely new clock hanging on the wall, which surprises him.

While the surgeon tries unsuccessfully to open the door, Adam searches himself and finds an envelope in one of his pockets. Opening it, he discovers a cassette for the player, on which is written "Listen." Lawrence searches himself and discovers the same envelope, but in it, in addition to the same cassette, there is also a cartridge and a small key. Both prisoners take turns trying to open the locks on their chains with this key, but nothing works.

Adam turns his attention to the player that their dead cellmate is holding in his hand. After several attempts, he manages to reach the player and take it. After listening to their tapes, the prisoners learn that the photographer Adam is here because he is spying on other people. To escape, Adam must do something, and Lawrence must kill Adam before six o'clock, otherwise his family - wife Allison and daughter Diana - will be killed. The kidnapper also says that the man lying in the center of the room shot himself because of large quantity poison in his blood. At the end, he adds that there are many clues in the room and that there is a treasure marked with a cross, after which he asks the doctor to follow his heart.

Lawrence begins to look around the room to find the heart and suddenly he finds it on the toilet cistern. Adam finds a pair of hacksaws in it, but fails to cut through the chains with them. The surgeon understands that he left the saws not for chains, but for legs. Finally, Lawrence realizes who did it. Adam immediately jumps to his feet, demanding an answer from Lawrence, but the doctor calms him down, saying that he only knows about him, but does not know him personally. The last he heard about their kidnapper, the police still hadn't caught him. Gordon says that he knows about him because he was a suspect himself and begins to tell Adam the story that happened to him five months ago, from the very beginning.

The surgeon tells Adam about a serial killer, whom journalists gave the nickname "Saw". However, as Lawrence notes, he does not kill anyone - he only creates situations in which the victims kill themselves.

Gordon found out about Jigsaw after the latter left a flashlight that belonged to the doctor at the crime scene. While examining a terminally ill patient named John with the students (which the orderly Sepp told everyone, adding that John is a very interesting person, hinting that the orderly knows much more about the patients than their attending physician), Gordon is called in for questioning. Detectives David Tapp and Steven Sing suspect that the surgeon is involved in all these murders, as his prints were found on the flashlight. However, Gordon has an alibi, which was confirmed. However, detectives believe that the doctor can help the investigation. They tell the story of a maniac. One of his victims was Paul, a 46-year-old man who attempted suicide. He found himself in a maze of barbed wire. The other one, Mark, pretended to be sick. The creator of death traps injected him with a dose of slow-acting poison, doused him with a flammable substance and forced him with a candle to look for the combination to the safe where the antidote was located, from the numbers written on the wall. Both failed to "win" deadly game.

However, one person still managed to survive - drug addict Amanda Young. The designer put a device on her that, a minute after activation, would rip her jaws apart. The device could only be opened with a key located in the stomach of her cellmate, who had been injected with a large dose of opium.

After the story, Adam begins to suspect the doctor that he is that maniac, the latter replies that he is in the same situation as him, but the photographer does not believe him. Adam then picks up a piece of the mirror, intending to throw it at Lawrence, and notices that it is glass and not a mirror. After which the photographer breaks it. Adam and Lawrence see that there is a video camera installed behind the glass, through which they are being watched. Adam, amazed at the doctor's calmness, reminds him of the family, which, apparently, this moment located at Pyla. Gordon snaps, saying he can't stop thinking about it, and then gives Adam his wallet so he can see his family, telling him to look at his favorite photo of the three of them. But instead, Adam discovers a completely different photograph, which shows Alison and Diana tied up. There is a clue on the back of the photo that leads Adam to realize that the cross Jigsaw mentioned can be seen if the lights are turned off. Meanwhile, Tapp is keeping an eye on Gordon's house, believing that he is Jigsaw. Now Tapp is no longer a detective - he was fired from the police force because his desire to catch the killer led to the death of his partner Sing, which finally broke Tapp. Now he is obsessed with the desire to find the killer at all costs.

Adam tells Gordon to turn off the lights. In the darkness, they discover the cross mentioned by the killer on one of the walls. Having broken a piece of the wall, the surgeon discovers a box containing several cigarettes, a lighter and a mobile phone that can only receive calls. The mobile phone jogs Lawrence's memory and he remembers how he was kidnapped. Lawrence initially says it happened after work, but is later forced to admit that he was kidnapped while leaving his mistress Carla.

Also in the box found by the doctor is a note in which Jigsaw offers Gordon to kill Adam by dipping cigarettes in poisoned blood, but the surgeon, not wanting to kill the photographer, comes up with a different plan: the photographer, taking a drag from a cigarette, must fake death. But the killer disrupts his victims' plans - when Adam falls to the floor, Jigsaw sends a current to him through a circuit to check whether the doctor really did what he asked of him. The electric shock forces the photographer to give himself away, and thereby thwarts the prisoners' attempt to deceive the Designer, but at the same time it affects Adam like a mobile phone affects Lawrence - he remembers how he ended up here.

Around six o'clock the cell phone rings and Allison, who is being held hostage by Zapp in their home with her daughter, tells Gordon not to trust Adam. The photographer admits that Detective Tapp hired him to spy on Gordon. When Adam was developing the last pictures with the doctor in his apartment, he was attacked and kidnapped.

At exactly six o'clock, Zapp turns off the security camera at Gordon's house. At the same time, Allison frees herself from the rope. Zapp enters the room and forces Allison to call her husband again, at which point she gets into a fight with Zapp. Shots are heard, to which Tapp, who was watching the doctor’s house, comes running. After fighting off Tapp, Zapp leaves the house with the intention of killing the doctor. Tapp, having come to his senses, rushes after Zapp.

Lawrence hears only screams and gunshots. At this moment, Jigsaw sends a current to him, and the doctor throws the phone aside in a fit. When he comes to his senses, the phone starts ringing again - Allison, saved thanks to Tapp's intervention, tries to warn her husband about this. But the doctor can't reach the phone. Believing that his wife and daughter are still in danger, Gordon loses his mind and saws off his own leg, after which he takes the revolver from the hand of the dead body, loads it with the cartridge found in the envelope and shoots Adam.

Tapp catches up with Zapp in the building where Adam and Gordon are, but in the struggle, an orderly shoots the former detective in the chest. Afterwards, Sepp enters the bathroom and sees that the surgeon has shot the photographer. After checking on Adam, Zapp points his gun at Lawrence, saying the surgeon is late. When Gordon asks why, Zapp replies, “Those are the rules.” At this moment, Adam, who survived because Gordon deliberately shot him in the shoulder, pounces on Zapp, knocks him down and beats the orderly to death with a toilet tank lid. Lawrence says he needs to call for help, promises to get people, and crawls out of the room.

Adam is left alone in the room, still chained to the pipe. He searches Zapp's body in hopes of finding the key to his chain. But, to his horror, he finds a player instead of a key. The photographer understands that the orderly all this time was just like themselves, a victim in Jigsaw's deadly game. According to the rules, he had to take Gordon's wife and daughter hostage and, if the doctor did not fulfill the conditions of the "game", kill them, otherwise he would die from the poison in his blood.

Shocked, Adam turns off the player. And at this moment the dead body, which had been lying in the middle of the room all this time, begins to slowly rise to its feet. Adam watches in horror as Jigsaw slowly rips the mask off his head and adapts to the bright light. Saw notices that the object that went down the drain with the water after Adam awakened was the key to the chain. A series of flashbacks explain that Jigsaw was John, Dr. Gordon's terminally ill patient, all along. Adam tries to kill John with Zapp's weapon, but he again passes a current through Adam, causing him to drop the gun. John slowly walks to the door, not paying attention to Adam screaming wildly after him, turns off the light and with the words: “Game over”, closes the door and leaves the photographer in the dark room forever.

History of creation

Before filming starts

In the sequel of the film, it turns out that Adam died after the events of the first part, and in the threequel it is shown exactly how he died. Until the release of the seventh part, the fate of Dr. Gordon remained unknown, although his presence was felt in each part. For example: limping on right leg the man who "hides" the key behind Michael's eye (Saw 2). The Designer himself is an engineer, mechanic, but not a surgeon. Art’s sewn-up mouth and Trevor’s eyes, the trap of Morgan and her husband (“Saw 4”) with rods pierced through the arteries, as well as the key in William’s body (“Saw 6”) could only be left by a surgeon.

After the release of the film “Saw 3D”, it turned out that Gordon survived, and Jigsaw made him his assistant (thus confirming the theories mentioned above) after saving him from death. After the death of Kramer himself, Gordon was tasked with keeping an eye on Mark Hoffman (Jigsaw's first assistant), and he completed his mission.

Dr. Gordon is also mentioned in Saw: The Video Game. In his message, the Designer says that he asked a surgeon he knew “ replace the bullet with a key in your body».

We are surrounded by many things that are familiar and seem to have always been in human use. Of course, this does not apply to telephones, radios, televisions, computers and other electronics, which appeared in human life in a historical sense just yesterday and we all know the names of their inventors.

But the tools of labor accompany humanity much more large quantity time and many of them have been used by humanity for many millennia. No wonder human history divided according to the principle of use of tools. The first people first used wooden and stone and then metal (copper, iron and bronze) tools.

Any man drank something familiar and familiar. But it turns out that the saw is in Russia, although its history goes back thousands of years; it appeared not so long ago and became widely used only in the 18th century.

This sounds strange, since in a country where the largest areas in the world are occupied by forests, and until the 9th century almost all buildings were made of wood, and in subsequent centuries wood played a major role in construction, the saw became widespread only about 300 years ago.

The first saws in humans appeared back in the Bronze Age, when people had just mastered metal processing technologies. The first objects that can be considered the ancestors of modern saws were produced more than four thousand years ago. These were jagged stones used to create images on bone or other relatively soft material (certain types of stone, wood). Such saws were made by sharpening the edge of a stone, or were found ready-made. At first, saws were one-handed (hacksaws), and at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e. In Phenicia, a two-handed saw was invented for sawing logs into beams, which allowed ancient sailors to build light and maneuverable frame ships covered with planks. But in Ancient Greece invented a bow (or frame) saw, the design of which has not changed since then. The ancient Romans and Egyptians made their saws using copper. They even sawed stone with such a tool, adding abrasive materials to the cut site. Iron saws first appeared among the Scandinavians. They cast their tools in stone molds. However, the quality of these saws was low, and they could not compete with axes. And only many centuries later, the ancient Greeks figured out how to make saws using the forging method, which made it possible to achieve high metal hardness and, as a result, improve the quality of products. The teeth of these saws were sharper and, due to more correct sharpening, sawed the material better.

The most famous carpenter of all times was Jesus, the son of the carpenter Joseph. And in the Bible it is not by chance that Christ’s earthly profession is indicated. Today we believe that carpenters in Ancient Judea belonged to the lower strata of society. But in fact, in those days the attitude towards this profession was completely different - on the contrary, the craft of a carpenter was considered an occupation of the elite and initiated into secret sciences. This is understandable, because without knowledge of the basics of geometry it is difficult to put together even an ordinary stool, not to mention much more complex things - boats, ships or a frame for the roof of a house. Many kings and high priests did not shy away from carpentry work, considering it an occupation worthy of rank. So, for example, during excavations ancient city Ur archaeologists discovered a whole set of tools in the tombs of the kings: an adze hatchet, two gold chisels, a bronze saw and a hammer. In the sarcophagus of King Meshkalamdug and Queen Shubad, who ruled Mesopotamia at the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. BC, bronze saws, a chisel and a drill were also found.

Mechanical saws first appeared in Germany in 1322. They were installed in a sawmill and were driven by water. This invention changed the way the Germans thought about wood extraction methods. Subsequently, similar sawmills appeared in Scotland, England and other countries.
In Rus', carpentry was considered the occupation of every man. The writer Vasily Belov, who grew up in a small village near Vologda, recalled that all grown men had to do carpentry: “Whether you feel the wood or not, whether the ax obeys you or not, you will still do carpentry. Because it's a shame not to be a carpenter. Already in the first season of artel work, each teenager acquired his own instrument.”

Ancient Rus', which had at its disposal huge spaces forests, I didn’t think about their economical use. On the contrary, we had to wage a constant and intense struggle with the forest. With great difficulty they conquered small plots of land for arable land and hayfields, and as soon as the plot was left uncultivated for a few years, it turned into a wasteland overgrown with forest.
The mansions of noble and rich people and the huts of ordinary “men” in cities and villages, churches and fortifications in the vast majority of cases were built directly from solid logs, cut down in the forest with an ax. By the way, in the construction itself, as well as in the preparation of logs, a saw was not used. Even in ancient times, it was noticed that sawn wood is more susceptible to moisture and rotting. Logs treated with an ax seem to become clogged under its blows and become less hygroscopic. Therefore, they preferred not to saw even logs, but to carefully split them into boards.

In 1586, the French traveler and merchant Jean de Sauvage from the city of Dieppe arrived on his ship to the newly built city of Arkhangelsk. The surprise of the overseas guest knew no bounds. “The construction of the city is excellent,” he wrote in his diary. “There are no nails or hooks in the houses, but everything is so well finished that there is nothing to blame, even though the Russian builders use only axes for all their tools, but no architect can do better.” as they do." What they knew how to do well in Russia were axes, hammers and sledgehammers, that is, the most simple tools where there are no complex joints or precise fitting of parts

The saw, as a special weapon, was known to the Slavs. In all likelihood, they learned it from the Germans, along with its name, back in the common Slavic period of life. Not only the lumberjack and woodcutter (the etymology of these terms is indicative), but also the builder-carpenter wielded an ax. It is characteristic that to denote operations performed with the help of an ax, in the Russian language for a long time there have been independent verbs - “chop”, “cut”, “hew”, while the action of a saw is expressed by a word derived from the name of the tool itself - “cut” ", and this verb is to a certain extent a new development in the language, and it came into use, apparently, only when the saw began to be used more widely. At least in all the examples given by the zealous collector of linguistic facts I. Sreznevsky from monuments of the 11th - 16th centuries, the name of this weapon is never combined with the verb “to saw”, but always “to rub” - a verb that has its broader and originally meaning completely unrelated to wood processing. The words “saw” and “saw” were not yet in common use even in the time of Peter the Great. In the same way, those who work with an ax are called “woodcutters”, “lumberjacks”, “carpenters”, and specialists who operate with a saw were and are called “pilniks”, “sawyers” in Russian, “tertichniki” (from “rub”) - in Ukrainian or “tertinshchiki” - as they were called in the time of Peter the Great and within the Moscow state.

With an ax in his hands, the carpenter (or often the householder himself) built a simple four-walled hut, a barn and outbuildings. The same ax was used to build intricate towers and churches of Moscow Rus' that were so diverse and often complex in plan and ceilings, and even then, with the ax technique, very diverse methods of fastening logs in the corners and at the joints were in use. The exclusive role of the ax in construction technology is also expressed in language. And to this day, the basis of any wooden building - its walls - is called a “log house”.

Where logs and poles were not suitable, “heights” and boards were used. The first of these terms, which still lives in the form “tes” and has a special meaning of one of the types of lumber, has retained in its sound side a clear indication of old manufacturing techniques. “Tacks” and boards at that time and long later were literally hewn out with axes either directly from a solid log or from a log split with wedges. At the same time, one was obtained from a log, in best case scenario two boards, and how many more logs were scrapped if split incorrectly. Yu. Krizhanich. Russian state in the second half of the 17th century, section. III, p. 51]. Naturally, therefore, the boards were a relatively expensive material, sold at almost the same price as logs of equal length or even more expensive than the latter.

Given the significant wealth of timber, the majority of small consumers from peasants and townspeople could gradually harvest crampons on their own. Privileged tops used for harvesting building materials the labor of their slaves and especially serfs. On the farm of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the procurement of crampons, bast, dranits, etc. was also carried out by the forces of peasants assigned to the Secret Order; even archers were involved in this work. Materials for the construction of secular churches were usually prepared by the world.M. Theological. Zemstvo self-government in the Russian north in the 17th century, pp. 11, 23-25, 1912. All materials necessary for the construction and repair of “cities”, forts and other defensive structures were usually supplied in kind. Details can be found in. work of A. Yakovlev. Notch line of the Moscow State in the 17th century, M., 1916. It is very characteristic that the foot “businessmen” assembled for work were to appear only “with axes and spades and shovels.” No saws were mentioned in these instructions not a word.

The only sawyer registered in Moscow in 1638 for 2 thousand people employed production labor, is the best witness to the randomness of such a profession, even for the capital. In the same way, the “saw-maker” looks like a random singleton in the list of various specialists who served the Pokrovsky nunnery in Suzdal at the end of the 1620s, while in the Suzdal Euthymius Monastery there were no saw-workers at all. Even in such a large shopping center with noticeable shipbuilding as Nizhny Novgorod, neither the scribe book of 1621-1622, nor the census book of 1678 noted a single sawyer. It is no less significant that in the household of a very large merchant and industrialist M. Stroganov, a representative of a family that was not at all averse to technical innovations, but, on the contrary, willingly adopted them, in 1627 there were not only no sawing specialists, but even no drinkers quite a rich selection of “all sorts of iron junk.M. Dovnar-Zapolsky. Trade and industry of Moscow in the XVI-XVII centuries. (collection “Moscow in its past and present”, issue VI, pp. 59-60); about Suzdal, see the article by V. Georgievsky. Suzd.-; Robe position female monastery (“Proceedings of Vladimir. uch. arch. com.”, II, appendix 9-10, 1900); about Nizhny - RIB, XVII; about Stroganov - A. Vvedensky. Trading house XVI-XVII centuries, pp. 30-51, etc., L., 1924; see, his. Servants and working people of the Stroganovs in the 16th-17th centuries. (“Labor in Russia”, I, L., 1924)].

In the very late XVII V. The sawyer has not yet become a figure common in the everyday life of Muscovite Rus'..

In the 1630s, south of Moscow on the Tulitsa River, a tributary of the Upa, 15 versts north of Tula, the first blast-furnace and hammer “water-powered” plant in Rus' was built at Gorodishche. Then there appeared the Kashira hammer plant on Skniga, a tributary of the Oka, not far from Kashira, and the Vepreysky blast furnace plant on Vepreyka, also a tributary of the Oka, between Tarusa and Aleksin. Blast-furnace and hammer factories required for the construction and repair of workshops and various storage facilities, for the construction of dams, chests, “plank pipes”, chutes to wheels and rather complex mechanisms that transmit driving force water for bellows, hammers, drilling machines, a large number of building materials, then entirely forest. Moreover, their consumption was significant not only during the construction period, but also during operation - for routine, random and periodic (for dams in the spring) repairs. It is clear that the reduction in price of beams, boards of different types, etc. was of great economic importance here. The builders and operators of these factories were Dutch foreigners A. Vinius and P. Marcelis. And Holland was then one of the advanced countries, if not the most advanced, in the development of technology and, in particular, sawmilling. For the plant managers, who still brought parts of equipment from abroad and invited craftsmen for blast furnaces and hammers, the easiest way was to simultaneously import tools and call instructors for the new sawmill production in Moscow Rus'.

Another area where sawmill production - already in sawmills - became more firmly established was export.

Back in the 16th century. The British, who appeared in the Muscovite state through the White Sea, and soon after them their competitors - the Dutch - began exporting timber from Russia, mainly for the construction of ships. They bought it in the form of logs, and sawed it at home. It was easy to figure out, on the one hand, the exporters themselves, and on the other, Russian traders or foreigners trading in Rus', to set up sawing in the log harvesting areas. Then the first would not have to transport parts of wood over long distances, which would then go into waste when sawing. The latter could make a profit not only from the preparation of logs, but also from the sawing itself. Therefore, it is not surprising that we early come across at least projects for organizing the production of boards for export.

Back in 1624, three Amsterdammers, through Isaac Massa, well known to the Moscow government, submitted a request to be allowed for 20 or 30 years on the Northern Dvina “with saws that grind with water mills, and with hand saws to grind wood into boards and for other purposes” to send for sea. They were seduced by the fact that they would pay duties, that in addition to their Dutch people, “about ten people,” they would “hire Russian business people for this business,” of course, teaching them new technology, and that then the Russians themselves, following in their footsteps, would establish profitable production . This proposal, apparently, was not accepted by the government, which was very timid about innovation. In any case, we know nothing about the implementation of this undertaking. Later, under Alexei Mikhailovich, in contrast to his father, who was very keen on all sorts of economic (and other) novelties, there was talk of setting up, apparently, a royal sawmill. In the files of the Secret Order, a short entry dated June 25, 1666, was preserved about the sending of Colonel G. von-Kanpen (Kampen) to Arkhangelsk to search for ores, mica, salt solutions and, by the way, “rivers on which to build mills for grinding wood at forest places.”. V. Kordt. An outline of relations between the Muscovite state and the Republic of the United Netherlands up to 1631 (“Sb. Russian Historical General”, CXVI, p. CCCIV); about 1666 - in RIB, XXI, p. 1218.
Another 25 years passed, during which nothing was heard about sawmills. The oldest document - a letter of 1691 on a petition - introduces us to three saw mills that had already been built, but, apparently, recently, in the Arkhangelsk region. In 1691, saw mills were a novelty for the Moscow state. Therefore, it was natural for their organizers to appeal to the government with a petition to grant them the opportunity to build. The fact that sawmills were new in the 1690s is evidently evidenced by the special attention paid to the Bazhenins’ enterprise by young Peter, who specially stopped at their mill “for the sake of inspection” on the way back from Arkhangelsk in the fall of 1693, “Chronicle of Dvinsk”, ed. A. Titov, p. 71]. And soon the government began widespread sawing in connection with the needs of shipbuilding.

The construction of ships was, of course, not news in the last years of the 17th century. From time immemorial, Russian people have used ships and boats on rivers and seas. In the 17th century It would be possible to indicate a number of points where ships were built regularly, year after year, and in more or less noticeable quantities. But never and nowhere before had shipbuilding developed as widely as in the 1690s in the Voronezh region.

Two circumstances pushed for the introduction of sawing here. Firstly, it was necessary to hurry with the construction of ships for the Azov campaign. And sawing, even by hand, was more productive than hewing boards with axes. It was also very significant that valuable building material - ship oak - could not be found in unlimited quantities in the Voronezh forests. But Peter, after all, planned not only a campaign near Azov, but also the structure of a fleet, if the enterprise was successful, for the Azov and even the Black Seas. The savings in wood and the speed of cutting were obvious.

However, new production was established slowly. At the very beginning, the lack of the necessary tool- drank - and a small number of knowledgeable workers. So, at the beginning of Voronezh shipbuilding, the instructions to the “kuppanstvo”, giving the order to “preserve the green forests and carefully chop into boards and other materials” and therefore “rub that forest lengthwise and crosswise with saws,” had to make a very significant reservation: since “in “In the near future there will be nowhere to find such a multitude of saws,” then at first they built ships from clumsy (that is, hewn or chopped with an ax) timber. If anyone next year “makes a ship from hewn wood, not from sawn timber, they will not accept such vessels, and on top of that, a penalty will be imposed.” Therefore, it was prescribed that “in the coming year, of course,” saws should be “made everywhere.” But since the “companies” could not solve this problem due to the lack of saws in the country on their own, the government invited them to contribute money to the Admiralty, which was supposed to order and purchase saws abroad.

For example, “Kyiv resident tradesman Mikhail Nikolaev” was given an order to buy “for a ship building in Shlensk and in other German cities... saw different hands(of different varieties), with what saws they grind the trees: 28 tap-saws, which are standing up, 28 tren-saws, which are sitting, 100 saws of 2.25 arshins, 100 saws of 2 arshins, a total of 256 saws.”

I also had to take care of learning the art of sawing. Although carpenters from different regions of the Moscow state were gathered to build the fleet in Voronezh, there were apparently few experienced sawyers among them and it was necessary to invite them from outside. The same materials about the construction of the Voronezh fleet show us teachers of the “sawing” art, for example, the “Cherkasy-Tertin workers” Stenka Fedorov and his comrades, “who from the training of Russian working people 6 people, that they teach them the tertin business,” were given money per fathom [ 1 S. Elagin. History of the Russian fleet, Azov period. App. I, pp. 204, 249, 268, 371, etc. The text of the study itself provides a detailed history of shipbuilding in the Voronezh region up to 1711.

Given the enormous need for boards, beams and other materials that was felt in the shipbuilding area, hand sawing, of course, was not enough. However, the saw mill did not appear in Voronezh immediately. As far as can be judged, a sawmill was originally equipped on the Yauza near the village of Preobrazhenskoye, mentioned as operating at the beginning of 1696. It is interesting that lumber was also sent to Voronezh, although it is unlikely that its task was to ensure the local shipbuilding industry. In the same 1696, the question of building a water sawmill in the Voronezh region was raised; Due to various failures, it came into operation only in 1698.
The construction of saw mills required the provision of specialists. Even before Peter’s trip abroad, masters were invited from Holland to build and operate saw mills, but care was also taken to train their own personnel. Specialists from abroad were also supposed to teach the Russians, and already in 1697, when asked whether to keep a “foreigner terrier” who worked at the Yauza mill, which had deteriorated at that time, Peter answered: “They can do it without them, - let go." On the other hand, among those trained in various skills in Holland in 1697, they indicate “Yakima-molar and deacon”, who studied “all sorts of water mills and weaning”; in all likelihood, among these “all sorts” there were saws that were so important at that time. Thus, at the end of the 17th century. We now have our own sawmill specialists, trained by foreigners in Rus' or abroad. S. Elagin. Decree. op., app. I, p. 43; Description of documents and papers Moscow. arch. min. Justice, XIV, pp. 94-95; Letters and papers from imp. Petra V., I, pp. 549, 33, 59, 141, 643, 705, 706, 187].

Russia, having turned to Holland for “technical assistance,” immediately adopted advanced technology in the field of sawmilling.

Many tools, except axes, hammers, sledgehammers and chisels, which were used in Russia during the 18th-19th centuries, were of imported origin. In those years, there was an extensive distribution network in Russia, thanks to which the required tools from leading Western companies could be delivered to any city in the country in the shortest possible time. For example, the French company Peugeot, which today is known as a car manufacturer, was actively working in Russia. But at the beginning of the last century in Russia, the most popular products from Peugeot were chisels, planes, drills and bracelets. Also in demand in Russia were American planers from the company Stanley, hacksaws from the German company R. Boker & Sons, and German cutters from the company Krupp. Well, the most luxurious instruments were produced by the Italians from the Milanese furniture company C. Nossotti Carver&Gilder, which was the supplier royal court Great Britain.

Of course, imported instruments cost a lot of money. For example, a simple plane from Peugeot cost 1 ruble 97 kopecks in 1901, which was comparable to the cost of a cow. It is clear that expensive tools were beyond the means of most Russian carpenters, and then enterprising businessmen set up handicraft production of their own tools. For example, planes were produced in Kovrov at the plant of the First Russian joint stock company rifle and machine gun factories. The then famous Pavlovsk artel from Gorbatovsky district also specialized in the production of saws and other cutting tools. Nizhny Novgorod province. The products of steel mills in the Urals were also in demand.

As we see, saws became widespread only during the era of Peter the Great in connection with the beginning of mass military shipbuilding. This was precisely the reason for the massive purchases of instruments abroad, and then the establishment own production.

The rich resources of Russia played a role here too. Before the Peter the Great era, the need for boards was completely satisfied with an ax and no one thought about saving wood or the time spent on production. Peter needed to build a fleet quickly and the amount of wood for the Voronezh shipyards, where the fleet was built, was limited. New approaches to production were needed and therefore saws appeared, which made it possible to produce boards much faster than with an ax and save wood.

This example shows that the appearance of something in mass use is associated with a mass need for it. When, for example, by order of Peter the Great, the first sawmills appeared in Russia in 1690, the merchant Osip Bazhenin installed the first in Russia “saw mill with German sample“, but the rest of the masters were more than skeptical about this idea.

When in modern Russia The word democracy and democrats has become, for some reason, a dirty word, and you can’t help but wonder why. After all, few people really know what real democracy is, with all its advantages and disadvantages. There was no real democracy in Russia, and two attempts to establish it in February 1917 and 1991 were quickly liquidated.

Everyone knows Winston Churchill's aphorism: “Democracy is the worst form of government, except for all the others.” But few people know that they were made in his speech on November 11, 1947 in the House of Commons, when Churchill was “merely” the leader of the opposition after an unexpected but crushing defeat by Labour’s Clement Attlee in the July 1945 elections.
- How does a noble gentleman perceive democracy? Let me, Mr. Chairman, explain this to him, or at least the most basic points. Democracy is not something when you receive a mandate based on promises alone and then do whatever you want with it. We believe that there must be a strong relationship between the leadership and the people. “A government of the people, by the people, for the people” is the sovereign definition of democracy. (...) I hardly have to explain to the minister that democracy does not mean: “We got a majority, no matter how, and a term of five years. What should we do with him? This is not democracy, but party chatter that does not concern the bulk of the inhabitants of our country.

It is not parliament that should rule, but the people through parliament.

Many forms of government have been and will be tried in this world of sin and suffering. No one claims that democracy is perfect or omniscient. In fact, it can be said that it is the worst form of government, apart from all the others that have been tried over time. However, there is an opinion, and it is widespread in our country, that the people should be sovereign, and in a continuous manner, and that public opinion, expressed by all constitutional means, must shape, direct and control the actions of ministers, who are servants and not masters.

The group of people controlling the apparatus and the parliamentary majority undoubtedly have the authority to propose whatever they want without regard to the attitude of the people or mention of it in the election program.

Should the other party be allowed to pass laws that affect the essence of our country in the final years of this Parliament without recourse to the people's right to vote? No, sir, democracy says: “No, a thousand times no. You do not have the right to conduct last stage mandate laws that do not seem acceptable and desirable to the popular majority.”

Churchill was absolutely right. History has shown that in modern world A high standard of living is observed precisely in those countries where society lives according to the laws of democracy. The emirates and kingdoms in the Persian Gulf are exceptions to the rule, thanks to petrodollars and the small size of their states and populations.

An excellent example is Switzerland, one of the oldest democracies in Europe, which, not possessing natural resources, managed to maintain its democratic system of government for many hundreds of years and even during the Second World War, being surrounded on all sides, was able to resist Nazi Germany and Nazi Italy.

Excellent comparative examples of the GDR and the Federal Republic of Germany, Northern and South Korea. The same people, but completely different levels life.

No one is perfect social systems, just as there are no ideal people. The fact that democracy and liberalism in Russia began to be perceived negatively has nothing to do with democracy itself, since the current system was created by people who have no life experience democracy and understanding of its laws. They only used the word democracy to achieve their own, not always noble, goals.

The reader may ask why, from the story about the saw, did the author move to democracy? The answer is very simple. There is a time for everything and each community or person must grow to understand this or that concept.

Reviews

It seems to me that we need to grow to the concept of the laws of dialectics, which say that societies and states in the world develop unevenly, and the forms of government that exist in the world, ranging from dictatorship to democracy, are established in accordance with the needs of society. The author cites South Korea as an example of the development of democracy and a high standard of living, forgetting that they were achieved only thanks to the pre-existing military dictatorship. The examples of the dictators Franco, Salazar and Pinochet, and the regime of the “black colonels” in Greece also speak to this. Therefore, when necessary, dictators and dictatorship appear, which, when necessary, are replaced by democracy, and vice versa. And it is necessary when the contradictions are maximally aggravated and a change in the form of government is required. Therefore, it is wrong to say that democracy is always better than dictatorship. When, how and where. Well, for example, in the army, in battle there is no time to make decisions by voting when circumstances change all the time.
Sincerely, growth in South Korea began under the military dictatorship.
Sincerely
Mayan

Yes, the growth of the South Korean economy began even under the dictatorship. But the growth and percentages that show it depend on the basic numbers from which they began. After the War and the division of the Koreas, South Korea was even poorer than North Korea, since the main industry remained in the Northern part. That is, the growth that we observed until the 80s due to American investments and assistance only brought the country out of poverty. But the Korea that we know now, which successfully competes with any other countries in the field of high technology, automotive industry, shipbuilding and its brands among the best in the world have appeared on the horizon since the 80s.

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