M. Tereneva-Kataeva

Kataev Valentin Petrovich is a talented writer, playwright, prose writer, poet, screenwriter, military journalist, whose popularity was at its peak in the Soviet years.

Kataev Valentin Petrovich was born in Odessa in 1897 in ordinary family. The grandfather of the future master of the pen was the son of a priest. Father Peter Vasilyevich Kataev was also associated with the Orthodox Church, as he taught at the Odessa diocesan school. It is worth emphasizing the special education of Father Valentin, who, in addition to the theological seminary, also graduated from the Novorossiysk University, Faculty of History and Philology.

Evgenia Ivanovna Bachey, the mother of the future famous playwright-screenwriter, was a general’s daughter. The boy grew up in a cultured family, in an atmosphere of love and mutual understanding. The future genius of the pen treated his parents with special trepidation. Later, when he began his career as a screenwriter, his love and reverent attitude towards his parents was manifested in the fact that he gave the main character of the story “The Lonely Sail Whitens” the name of his father and the surname of his mother.

The mother's fate was tragic - she could not live to see her children come of age, as she fell ill with pneumonia in her youth, from which she died. The two boys were raised by their mother's sister, who was able to replace their own mother for the boys.

The father in every possible way fueled the boys' interest in literature. That is why their family had a huge library, which contained books of different genres and a wide variety of content.

Valentin's parents, grandmother and uncle are buried in the Second Christian Cemetery of Odessa, which during his lifetime the talented screenwriter often visited to reunite his soul with his loved ones and mentally ask for advice in difficult life situations.

I visited Valentin and younger brother Evgeniy, whom nature also rewarded with the talent of a writer. Valentin's brother took the pseudonym Petrov. Fame did not bypass Evgeniy either. It was he who co-authored the works “The Golden Calf” and “12 Chairs”, well known to a wide audience.

First works

From his early years, Valentin Kataev was in love with classic literature, without which he could not live a day.

Kataev himself, already a great man, said that with early years dreamed of becoming an outstanding writer and believed that his wish would come true.

Readers became acquainted with his first touching poem in 1910. It was called "Autumn". This work was published by the Odessa Bulletin, which was popular among Odessa residents. Seeing the interest of readers in his first literary masterpiece, Valentin became even more excited. So in two years the world saw another 25 of his amazing poems.

In 1912, Valentin tried to change the genre. As a result, they began to appear humorous stories. In parallel, two serious voluminous works “Awakening” and “Dark Personality” appeared. The first story described great love young man to the girl he heroically left for revolutionary movement. The second work had a satirical overtone, ridiculing A. Kuprin, A. Averchenko and M. Kornfeld.

Personalities who influenced the development of creativity

Before the events of the First World War, the aspiring writer Kataev was lucky enough to meet I.A. Bunin, as well as A. M. Federov, who later became Kataev’s faithful literary mentors. A few years later, Kataev’s circle of friends began to expand - his associates included E. Bagritsky and Y. Olesha.

Kataev’s creative development was interrupted by the difficult events of 1915, due to which Kataev went into the army. Moreover, he himself expressed a desire to serve for the good of the Fatherland.

Kataev’s biographical data suggests that in those difficult years he worked as a warrant officer, then suffered a serious injury and was even once gassed.

Kataev received the wound mentioned above in the difficult year of 1917, when he fought on the Romanian front. The resulting injury was very serious, so Valentin was immediately sent to the hospital, which was located in Odessa. For his heroism he was awarded the Cross of St. George more than once. He was also awarded the Order of St. Anne IV, valuable at that time, as well as the title of nobleman, which could not be inherited.

Continuation of the creative path

Kataev’s love for literary art was so strong and all-consuming that even during the tragic years of the war he managed to write fascinating stories and stunning essays illustrating the hardships of everyday life at the front. In 1915, Kataev’s story “Nemchik” appeared in the most popular magazine “The Whole World”, which was read by everyone, including the capital’s elite. Later, the writer told everyone who praised Kataev’s talent that he created masterpieces thanks to the invaluable parting words of I. Bunin.

Return to the front

Having recovered from his wounds, Kataev returned to service in 1918. This time, fate brought him into the ranks of the army of the famous Hetman P. Skoropadsky. But after the hetman committed treason and fled to the German capital, Kataev joined the volunteer army with the rank of second lieutenant. Later, Kataev served on the Novorossiya armored train. There is also information in Kataev’s biography that the genius of the pen fought against the Petliurites.

The year 1920 left a heavy mark on the writer, when Kataev contracted typhus and almost died from this terrible illness. Then he was again sent to the Odessa hospital. After lying for a short time within the walls of this medical institution, his relatives took him home. There, thanks to good care and constant care from his family, he quickly recovered. When his strength returned again, Kataev decides to become an underground member of the officers’ conspiracy against P.N. Wrangel. For this he and his brother were arrested. The two writer brothers stayed in prison until the fall of 1920. Soon the brothers were released, and the rest of the conspirators were brutally shot that same stormy autumn.

Approval in the capital

The year 1921 was significant for Kataev, when he, working in the Kharkov official publishing house together with Yu. Olesha, rented living space. It was during that period that Kataev decided that the time had come to conquer the capital. He went there a year later. In the capital city, Valentin begins to work fruitfully for the newspaper Gudok. His articles of a satirical and humorous nature systematically appear there. He signed them in different ways. His works were often given the pseudonyms Mitrofan Gorchitsa, Ol. Twist, as well as Sabbakin Old Man.

The events of 1938 left a heavy mark on Kataev. He witnessed how the talented poet O. Mandelstam was arrested by the Soviet authorities, calling all his literary works obscene and slanderous. Watching with pain in his heart the arrest of his colleague, Kataev decided to systematically help Mandelstam’s family with money.

Activities during the war

During the war years of our country against the fascist invaders, Kataev worked as a war correspondent. But even during that tense period, when one trip followed another, Kataev did not stop writing essays, fascinating stories and exciting journalistic articles. It was during those tense years that the talented Valentin gave the world the delightful work “Our Father.”

Immediately before the Victory, the genius of the pen gave readers the story “Son of the Regiment,” which over time gained enormous popularity, for which it was awarded the State Prize.

After the war events, Kataev began to suffer from alcoholism. The passion for alcoholic beverages shackled him so much that the genius of the pen almost lost his beloved wife, who made a firm decision to divorce. But, realizing the catastrophic nature of his situation, Kataev came to his senses and never touched a glass again.

Books of the great genius of the pen

From 1955 to 1961, Kataev headed the Yunost magazine, serving as editor-in-chief. During these years, his publishing house was helped to maintain a high rating by little-known young poets, who were then classified as the “sixties”.

During this period, the story “The Embezzlers” appeared, which shocked literature lovers with its life-like plot and beautiful language of presentation. Then in 1928 the story “Squaring the Circle” appeared. After this, many more works followed that demonstrated the versatility of Valentin Kataev’s talent.

In parallel with books, Kataev expanded his filmography. The first film, “The Embezzlers,” was directed by Kataev in 1931. Then came the film “Circus”, after which came the work “The Motherland Calling”. It is worth emphasizing that Kataev created films based on many of his works. Valentin put all of himself into every stage work. Therefore, his films were beautiful, interesting and professionally produced. Spectators always watched them with special ecstasy.

Kataev’s comprehensive development was demonstrated once again when the genius of the pen gave children and young people the excellent fairy tales “Dove” and “Tsvetik-Semitsvetik”. In 1945, more fairy tales “The Stump” and “The Pearl” appeared, which delighted the children’s audience. But not only children admired these works, but also their parents, who saw the ability of the genius of the pen to subtly and accurately reveal pressing moral issues in his works.

Very carefully and carefully, Valentin Kataev instructed children in his works, unobtrusively pointing out the special importance of kindness, responsiveness and respect for parents.

Over the many years of his creative activity, Kataev presented connoisseurs of literature with more than a hundred wonderful works that illustrate the realities of life and are instructive and edifying for people of any era.

Personal life

Kataev was married twice. The first happy marriage ended due to the death of his wife from pneumonia. The second wife of the talented poet, writer and screenwriter was Esther Davydovna Brenner. In this marriage, in 1936, the couple had a daughter, Evgenia, and two years later, a boy, Pavel.

Death

The heart of Valentin Petrovich Kataev stopped beating on April 12, 1986. Doctors explained the death of the genius of the pen by exhaustion of the body, which manifested itself against the backdrop of a long struggle with a cancerous tumor and its removal.

The great writer, poet and screenwriter was buried in Moscow. The body of the genius of the pen rests in the Novodevichy cemetery.

The relevance and reliability of information is important to us. If you find an error or inaccuracy, please let us know. Highlight the error and press the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+Enter .

The scientific activity of M. Yu. Kataev is mainly related to the study of the gas composition of the atmosphere using various optical instruments, such as ground-based, airborne or space-based. This work is necessary for the purposes of monitoring the environmental situation, studying the physics of the atmosphere, monitoring technological production, and studying the problems of climate warming. Some tasks in this area involve processing various types of one-dimensional or multidimensional signals. For the two-dimensional case (images) in last years A scientific direction has arisen related to the assessment of human motor activity (how the head, eyes, hands, and body as a whole move).

This approach is used in various fields: medicine, sports, automotive industry. The developed mathematical approaches, in solving the above problems, have also found application in the economic problem associated with the use of a process-oriented approach (based on business processes) in enterprise management. This is a new and promising direction. All problems that are solved in the indicated areas of science and practice are related to the development of software, mathematical approaches, and algorithms of various levels.

List of works by Kataev M. Yu.:

1. Kataev M.Yu., Boychenko I.V. Software and methodological support for lidar atmospheric sensing tasks. – Tomsk: STT publishing house, 2009. – 236 p.
2. Kataev M.Yu., Rybalov B.A. Automated development, information support and registration software products. Computational experiment. – V-Spektr, Tomsk, 2007. – 130 p.
3. Kataev M.Yu. Object-Oriented Programming: Laboratory Workshop. - Tomsk, TMCDO, 2006. -68 p.
4. Kataev M.Yu. High-level methods of computer science and programming. Tutorial. - Tomsk, TMCDO, 2006. - 144 p.
5. Kataev M.Yu. High-level methods of computer science and programming. Educational Toolkit. - Tomsk, TMCDO, 2006. - 39 p.
6. Kataev M.Yu., Tkachenko D.V. Special course 1: Visual programming. Tutorial. - Tomsk, TMCDO, 2006. - 98 p.
7. Kataev M.Yu., Tkachenko D.V. Special course 1: Visual programming: laboratory workshop. - Tomsk, TMCDO, 2006. - 44 p.
8. Kataev M.Yu., Sukhanov A.Ya. Visual programming in Delphi. - Tomsk, TUSUR, 2006. - 176 p.
9. Kataev M.Yu. Guidelines on implementation coursework in the discipline High-level methods of computer science and programming. - Tomsk, TUSUR, 2006. - 37 p.
10. Kataev M.Yu., Ifutin Yu.B., Emelyanenko A.A., Emelyanenko V.A. Process-oriented approach to enterprise management. – News of TPU. – 2008, T.313, No. 6. – P.20-23.
11. Kataev M.Yu., Nikitin A.V., Boychenko I.V., Mikhailenko S.N., Sukhanov A.Ya. The influence of spectroscopic error on solving the problem of restoring methane concentration. - Optics of Atmosphere and Ocean, 2008, No. 1. - pp. 13-18.
12. Kataev M.Yu., Klimenko D.N. Software package for constructing three-dimensional models from photographs “D3M”. – Certificate of industry registration and development No. 11353 (85249965.00001-01), Industry Fund of Algorithms and Programs, 08/27/2008.
13. Kataev M.Yu., Lonchin A.V., Chugunov A.G., Penin S.T. Passive aircraft radiometer data processing software. – Devices and Automation, 2009, No. 3. – P.36-40.
14. Dolzhenko S.A., Kataev M.Yu. Expert system for analyzing aircraft failures and malfunctions. – Information systems: works of a permanent scientific and technical. seminar / Vol. state University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, Dept. problems of informatization Vol. scientific center SB RAS; under. ed. prof. A.M. Korikova. – Vol. 5. – Tomsk: Vol. state University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, 2008. – pp. 114–121.
15. Kataev M.Yu., A.I. Petrov Lidar sensing data storage in a distributed information system. - TUSUR reports.
16. Kataev M.Yu., Nikitin A.V., Boychenko I.V., Mikhailenko S.N., Sukhanov A.Ya. The influence of spectroscopic error on solving the problem of restoring methane concentration. - Optics of the Atmosphere and Ocean, 2008, No. 1. - pp. 13-18.

The educational process of Kataev M. Yu. is associated with all types of this activity: Full-time, correspondence, distance and optional. Delivers lectures, conducts seminars and laboratories. Lectures are given for all specialties at the department in software and mathematical disciplines:

1. Object-oriented programming,
2. High-level computer science and programming methods,
3. Visual programming,
4. Processing of experimental data on a computer,
5. Parallel programming,
6. Artificial neural networks,
7. Educational and research work.

Kataev M. Yu. is a corresponding member of the SAS VS.

Name: Valentin Kataev

Age: 89 years old

Activity: writer, screenwriter, war correspondent

Family status: was married

Valentin Kataev: biography

“Son of the Regiment”, “The Lonely Sail Whitens” - in the 70-80s, Soviet schoolchildren read these fascinating works, imbued with the spirit of adventure and childhood heroism. However, their author Valentin Petrovich Kataev entered the history of Russian literature not only as a children's writer. He has written numerous novels, short stories, stories - in literary heritage Kataev includes more than 130 works.

Childhood and youth

The biography of Vali Kataev begins with Odessa at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. In this bustling southern city at the turn of two centuries, on January 28, 1897, the future writer was born. Father Pyotr Vasilyevich Kataev, a teacher at a religious school, and mother, the general’s daughter Evgenia Ivanovna Bachey, instilled in their sons a love of books and reading from early childhood.

Carrying this passion throughout their lives, both brothers devoted themselves to literature: Kataev’s younger brother, Zhenya, became known under a pseudonym as an author famous novels“Twelve Chairs” and “Golden Calf” in tandem with (Fainsilberg).

The boys were left without their mother early: she died of pneumonia shortly after Zhenya’s birth. The father, having become a widow, never remarried; Evgenia Ivanovna’s sister began helping with raising the children. Aunt was very kind, but she could not replace little Valya’s mother. The trauma of the loss remained forever in the child’s soul.

The boy looked for an outlet in creativity. From the age of 9, already a high school student, he began to write poetry, which he read to everyone at home, seeking approval. As he grew older, the young man began to carry what he had written in the editorial office in search of professional evaluation. And his first success came to him in 1910, when the poem “Autumn” was first published in the publication “Odessa Bulletin”, and then other works, including stories and feuilletons.

Kataev did not have to enjoy creative success for long. The first one has begun World War(1914-1918), and in 1915, without graduating from high school, the young man volunteered for the front.

War

Kataev began his service as an ordinary artilleryman. He was wounded twice and was poisoned by poisonous gases, which is why his voice remained slightly hoarse until the end. The writer was demobilized with the rank of ensign in the fall of 1917 after being seriously wounded in the thigh. Kataev returned from the war with awards: two Crosses of St. George and the Order of St. Anne.

Before the salvos of the First World War had died down, the Civil War broke out in the country. This period of Valentin Kataev’s biography is described contradictoryly. Some sources say that since 1919 he fought in the ranks of the Red Army and commanded an artillery battery. But there is an alternative version, according to which Kataev joined the “Reds” later, and at the beginning he was a volunteer in the White Army of the general, for which he was subsequently arrested by the security officers.

One way or another, Kataev experienced the hardships of military life in full and described them in the story “Notes on the Civil War” (1920) and the story “Father” (1928).

Literature

Since 1922, Kataev’s life and work have been marked by new stage: the writer moves from Odessa to Moscow, works at the newspaper Gudok. His social circle includes many talents of that time: Ilya Ilf, Eduard Bagritsky. All of them, following Kataev, left Odessa to conquer the capital, and the successful pioneer helped them settle down.

Luck really smiled to a young writer. His talent is finally recognized in the capital. The publication of the story “The Embezzlers” (1926), in which the author in a satirical manner criticizes the social scourge of that time - the misappropriation of government money, was noted great success. He himself suggested that Kataev stage a play based on the story. And soon she walked on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater. And the second play, “Squaring the Circle,” was staged on New York Broadway.

Following his older brother, Kataev Jr. came to conquer Moscow, whom Valentin Petrovich began to involve in the writing community.

“Every intelligent, literate person can write something,” he said.

It is noteworthy that, admonishing his brother, Kataev initiates the writing of an adventurous novel about diamonds hidden during the revolution. He shares the idea with Evgeny and his friend Ilya Ilf, inviting them to write a draft of the novel, which he himself would then improve and promote for publication.

What came of this is already common knowledge. Ilf and Petrov (Evgeniy took a pseudonym after his father’s name) brilliantly coped with the task without mentoring. The written novel was widely quoted, and in gratitude for the idea it was published with a dedication to Valentin Kataev.

Valentin Petrovich was destined to go through three wars. During the Second World War he again put on military uniform and went to the front line. He worked as a front-line correspondent, wrote essays, articles, and took photographs. Famous work of that time, the story “Son of the Regiment” (1945) became: the image of the main character Vanya Solntsev personifies tragic fates many children during the war.

Kataev turned to the theme of children back in the pre-war years, when he wrote the story “The Lonely Sail Whitens,” in which the author immerses himself in the atmosphere of his native Odessa. In the characters Pete and Pavlik, who are involved in a cycle of adventure against the backdrop of a city destroyed by the 1905 revolution, one can discern the features of Kataev himself and his brother Zhenya.

The story “The Lonely Sail Whitens” (1936) opens the tetralogy “Waves of the Black Sea”, which later included the novels “Catacombs” (1951), “A Farm in the Steppe” (1956) and “Winter Wind” (1960-1961).

If “Sail” can only be partially called autobiographical, then critics openly called the novel “My Diamond Crown” a memoir. The writer himself did not agree with this interpretation and even abandoned the genre definition of a novel.

“This is a free flight of my imagination, based on true incidents,” he said.

Kataev worked on the book in 1975-77, and the events described take the reader into the world of literary bohemia of the 20s.

The originality of the work lies in the fact that, given the real basis of the plot, the heroes, and this famous writers and poets - contemporaries of the author, are veiled by pseudonyms-masks. And the novelty is that Kataev wrote for the first time in a style, genre and direction that was unusual for himself.

Personal life

The first mention of the writer’s personal life is associated with the name of Irina Aleksinskaya. Tender feelings for a girl living next door became the young man’s first love. Nothing is known for certain about Kataev’s first marriage, but his second marriage turned out to be happy. They married Esther Brenner in 1931. The bride was only 18 years old, Kataev was 34.

Valentin Petrovich affectionately called his wife Est. In 1936, the couple had a daughter, Evgenia, and in 1938, a son, Pavlik. Valentin Petrovich adored his daughter. Little Zhenya became the prototype of the heroines of the fairy tales “The Flower of Seven Flowers” ​​and “The Pipe and the Jug.” Daughter Evgenia gave her parents their first and only granddaughter, Valentina.

Death

Already very old, Kataev suffered complex operation to remove a cancerous tumor. But the cause of death was not cancer. The writer died 12 years later from a stroke, at the age of 90, on April 12, 1986.

Esther Davydovna survived her husband by 23 years. They lived in happy marriage 55 years. The couple are buried in the same grave at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow.

Quotes

“Even then I suspected that the most precious quality of an artist is the complete, absolute, fearless independence of his judgments” (“The Grass of Oblivion”).

“Among people there are often brave men. But only conscious and passionate love for the homeland can make a hero out of a brave man” (“Son of the Regiment”).

“Summer is dying. Autumn is dying. Winter is death itself. And spring is constant. She lives endlessly in the depths of ever-changing matter, only changing her forms” (“My Diamond Crown”).

“A profitable marriage for love does not happen often” (“Cube”).

Bibliography

• 1920 - “In a besieged city”
• 1925 - “Ehrendorf Island”
• 1926 - “The Embezzlers”
• 1927 - “Squaring the Circle”
• 1928 - “Department Store”
• 1931 - “A Million Torments”
• 1931 - “Vanguard”
• 1932 - “Time, forward!”
• 1936 - “The Lonely Sail Whitens”
• 1940 - “Seven-flowered flower”
• 1940 - “The pipe and the jug”
• 1940 - “Day of Rest”
• 1943 - “Blue Handkerchief”
• 1944 - “Father’s House”
• 1945 - “Son of the Regiment”
• 1956 - “A Farm in the Steppe”
• 1956 - “The Case of a Genius”
• 1961 - “Winter Wind”
• 1961 - “Catacombs”
• 1978 - “My Diamond Crown”

More than 40 works of the prose writer, including fairy tales and scripts, were filmed. The most famous are “The Lonely Sail Whitens” (1937), “Waves of the Black Sea (1975), “Son of the Regiment” (1981).

Kataev A.M. The last years of renovationism in the context of state-church relations in 1943-1945. // Parish. Orthodox economic bulletin. - 2006. - No. 4.5.

1. From the history of the emergence of the renovationist schism in Russian Orthodox Church in the first half of the 20th century.

The Renovationist schism of the Russian Orthodox Church was organized by the Politburo and the GPU in 1922. The Renovationist movement was created as a “Soviet” alternative to the “Black Hundred”, “Tikhon” Church. The bodies of the GPU prepared the seizure of central church power by a group of renovationists, which occurred in mid-May 1922. A convenient moment for causing a split in the church environment was the confiscation of church valuables, which began in February - March 1922 under the pretext of collecting funds for the hungry. It was during this period that the GPU began preparing for the seizure of church power by specially selected representatives of the clergy. The Role of the Strategy Developer church schism was assigned to L.D. Trotsky, who in March 1922, in his letters to the Politburo, determined the direction of work to split the Church. During the same period, repressions began against Patriarch Tikhon and prominent representatives of the clergy. Formed on May 19, 1922, immediately after the house arrest of Patriarch Tikhon, the renovationist High Church Administration (VCU) was headed by the supernumerary Bishop Antonin (Granovsky). At this stage, the GPU relied on its agent priest V. Krasnitsky and the “Living Church” headed by him, with the help of which the security officers tried to disintegrate the Church from within, introducing clergy “with a tarnished reputation,” anti-canonical reforms, etc. After the formation of the VCU, intensive activity began to create renovation structures locally. From the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) telegrams were sent to all regional provincial committees of the RCP(b), which spoke of the need to support the created renovationist structures. The GPU actively put pressure on the ruling bishops in order to achieve their recognition of the VCU and the Living Church. Repressions were organized against the "Tikhonov" clergy.

However, in the central provinces of Russia, renovationist church governing bodies were not created everywhere. In the north and north-west of Russia, the organizational development of renovation centers proceeded at an average pace. In the west of the country: in the Smolensk, Minsk, Gomel dioceses, renovationism in the summer of 1922 gained insignificant spread. During this period, GPU officers were unable to achieve special success in organizing the renovationist schism in the Volga region. By August 1922, the renovation movement had spread weakly in the provinces. There were only isolated cases when the VCU was recognized by the ruling diocesan bishops. As a rule, renovationist dioceses were headed by former vicars with the support of the authorities. In August 1922, a congress of the Living Church was held. It was decided to allow the consecration of married presbyters as bishops, the second marriage of clergy, monks in holy orders to marry without removing their rank, clergy and bishops to marry widows, and some canonical restrictions on marriage were also abolished. Many who had previously recognized the VCU, after the Living Church members came to leadership in this body, dissociated themselves from it.

Immediately after the end of the congress, the head of the 6th department of the Secret Department of the GPU-OGPU E.A. Tuchkov began to form special renovationist groups: to the “Living Church” group that continued to exist, the “Union of Church Revival” (UCR) was added, led by Antonin (Granovsky), who had already accepted the title of “Metropolitan”, who dissociated himself from the “Living Church”, calling it “priestly a union that only wants wives, awards and money." He was supported by those who considered V. Krasnitsky too leftist and sought moderation, and by those who were against the destruction of the canonical system of the Church. However, being a supporter of radical liturgical reform and an implacable opponent of Patriarch Tikhon, Bishop Antonin was subsequently banned from the priesthood by the Patriarch. In a letter to Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky), Antonin called V. Krasnitsky and his “Living Church” “the seat of the destroyers,” and explained his temporary alliance with them by considerations of “state order, so as not to split the schism among the people and not open church civil strife.”

For the radical left, the “Union of Communities of the Ancient Apostolic Church” (SODATS) was created, which was actually headed by Archpriest Alexander Vvedensky. The SODAC program was openly anti-canonical in nature and included demands for a “renewal of religious morality,” the introduction of a married episcopate, the closure of “degenerate” monasteries, and the implementation of the ideas of “Christian socialism.” After the creation of these groups in Moscow, their intensive planting in the regions began.

Since October 1922, the Anti-Religious Commission under the Central Committee of the RCP(b) took over the general management of activities to support renovationism. On October 16, at a meeting of the VCU, its reorganization took place; Antonin (Granovsky) again became the chairman, who received two deputies - A. Vvedensky and V. Krasnitsky.

On April 29, 1923, the renovationist “Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church” opened in Moscow; among others, 22 bishops of the old installation took part in it. The main decision of the council from the point of view of power was to declare Patriarch Tikhon “deprived of his dignity and monasticism and returned to his primitive worldly position.” The Supreme Church Council (SCC) was also elected. The council received a sharply negative assessment from the majority of believers.

After the release of Patriarch Tikhon from prison on June 27, 1923, the authorities began to use new tactics to lead the renovationist schism. The task was set of subordinating all renovation groups to a single central body, which was supposed to acquire a more respectable appearance in order to resist “Tikhonovism.” In August 1923, a decision was made to form the “Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church” instead of the All-Union Central Council. Having given up many church reforms, the renovationists positioned themselves no longer as a renewed church, but as a “Soviet” church. It was Patriarch Tikhon’s “counter-revolutionism” that they used as the main argument in their polemics with the Patriarchal Church.

On April 2/15, 1924, Patriach Tikhon banned the leaders of the Renovationist schism from serving in the clergy, and forbade prayerful communication with the Renovationists. Subsequently, it was this date that served as the criterion for determining the rank in which repentant renovationists were accepted into the bosom of the Mother Church. If the ordination or consecration of Renovationists was carried out before this date, then it was recognized provided that it was performed by bishops, although Renovationists, who received canonical consecration before leaving for the schism.

2. The rise of renovationism

A new period began in the government’s policy towards the Patriarchal Church and the tactics of supporting renovationism.

The Renovation Synod was headed by Metropolitan Evdokim of Meshchersky. In 1928 he was replaced in this post by Bishop Veniamin Muratovsky, and in 1930 the renovationist leadership was formally headed by Metropolitan Vitaly Vvedensky. A certain rise in renovationism in 1925 was associated with the holding of an extended plenum of the renovationist synod at the end of January of this year.

As of January 1, 1925, the renovationists owned 13,650 churches. By April, according to the lists presented to the head of the 6th branch of the Secret Department of the OGPU, E.A. Tuchkov by the Renovation Synod, to which 139 bishops were directly subordinate. In addition, the Far Eastern regional church administration included 8 bishops, under the authority of the Siberian regional church council there were 21 bishops. In total, there were 172 renovationist bishops in the USSR. Of these, 36 were ordained bishops before May 1922, and 48 bishops were married. In his message, signed on July 28, 1925, the Locum Tenens of the Patriarchal Throne, Metropolitan Peter (Polyansky), wrote about the non-canonical nature of the Renovationist Church and their separation from the Church.

The “III Local Council of the Orthodox Church* on the Territory of the USSR” was held in Moscow from October 1 to October 10, 1925. It was attended by 334 delegates with a casting vote - bishops, clergy, and laity. Some of the delegates hoped for reconciliation with the Patriarchal Church. However, instead of reconciliation, the split deepened. In June 1926 E.A. Tuchkov wrote: “Supporters of the renovationist church are constantly fighting the reactionary church, exposing its counter-revolutionary essence, and the Council of 1925 officially opposed the modern Black Hundred policy of the reactionary church.”

3. The beginning of the "end"

After the Council of 1925, renovationism began to catastrophically lose its supporters. If on October 1, 1925, the renovationists owned 9,093 parishes throughout the country (about 30% of the total), on January 1, 1926 - 6,135 (21.7%), then on January 1, 1927 - 3,341 (16 .6%).

At the end of 1925, a line was outlined to limit the public activities of the renovationists, and at the end of the 1920s. The rapid decline of renovationism began. In 1929, public debates by A. Vvedensky ceased. In 1931, renovationist theological schools ceased to exist, and the “Bulletin of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church” ceased to be published. Since the end of 1935, mass arrests of the episcopate, clergy, and active laity of the Renovationist Church began, but some of them were released when it turned out that they had been collaborating with the OGPU-NKVD for a long time. If at the beginning of 1938 there were still 49 ruling renovationist bishops and 31 retired, then a year later, as a result of repression, only a third of them remained, and then even fewer. In 1939, First Hierarch Vitaly Vvedensky generally banned diocesan bishops from visiting their parish churches, as well as any ordination of priests. Since 1939, Metropolitan Vitaly, despite repeated requests, did not appoint anyone to empty departments. This was due to the consequences mass repression, which affected a significant part of the renovationist clergy.

4. Renovationism during the war years

On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, the authorities were especially interested in the absolute loyalty of the ministers of the Church. The authorities had no doubts about the loyalty of the Renovationists, many of whom were informants or secret employees of the NKVD. Some strengthening of renovationism is associated with this: in April 1941, the Higher Church Administration, headed by Metropolitans Vitaly Vvedensky and Alexander Vvedensky, was restored. The latter begins to actively travel around the country, inspecting churches. On May 24, 1941, he came to Leningrad, where since 1938 there had been no ruling renovationist bishop, and the diocese was temporarily ruled by Protopresbyter Alexy Abakumov. Such a strengthening of renovationism could not take place without the sanction and approval of the NKGB of the USSR. On the very first day of the war, the leaders of the Renovationist Church, Metropolitans Vitaly and Alexander, issued a patriotic appeal.

There is a widespread assertion in historiography that since the beginning of the war the authorities stopped supporting the Renovationists, which resulted in the transfer of some of them to the Patriarchal Church. “The Renovationists, supported by the official authorities before the start of the Great Patriotic War, lost their influence on believers with the loss of this support. The most far-sighted of them began to move to Tikhon’s church. Thus, already in 1941 he repented and was received by Metropolitan Sergius in the rank of archbishop "former Renovationist Metropolitan Vasily (Ratmirov). He was a member of the Renovationist Synod, but before the war he renounced his rank and became a simple clerk of the same Synod as a layman. Archbishop Vasily hid this fact from Metropolitan Sergius, otherwise he could only be reunited as a layman."

However, the acceptance of Vasily Ratmirov into the Patriarchal Church in 1941 was not due to his repentance, but to other reasons. Who ordained him and when has not yet been documented. The available indications that Patriarch Tikhon did this in 1921 look dubious; it is more likely that the renovationists did it. From 1927 to 1932, Vasily Ratmirov served his sentence in prison; in 1932, he was listed as a renovationist bishop of Armavir, then became Metropolitan of Kursk. According to the recollections of the Kursk clergy, he came to the service at the cathedral “shaven, in a civilian suit, with a cigarette in his mouth, arm in arm with his wife.” Then he was the manager of the affairs of Metropolitan Vitaly Vvedensky. On August 30, 1939, he retired, then renounced his rank and went to work in a civilian institution. Similar renunciations in 1938-1939. were quite widespread and, as a rule, they were carried out by clergy associated with cooperation with the NKVD on the orders of the latter. Thus, in January 1938, the renovationist “Metropolitan of Leningrad” Nikolai Platonov removed his rank and renounced God through a newspaper.

In July 1941, Vasily Ratmirov was received into communion by Metropolitan Sergius with the present rank of bishop. On August 27, he was appointed Bishop of Kalinin. This was part of a plan by the Soviet intelligence services to use Ratmirov in an intelligence operation against the Germans. In 1942, the head of the 2nd department of the NKVD (intelligence, terror and sabotage behind enemy lines) P.A. Sudoplatov used it as follows. “Operation Novices was carried out under the cover of an anti-Soviet religious underground that supposedly existed in Kuibyshev, supported by the Russian Orthodox Church in Moscow. According to legend, this underground was led by Bishop Ratmirov. He worked under the supervision of Zoya Rybkina in Kalinin when the city was in German hands. With the assistance of Bishop Ratmirov and Metropolitan Sergius, we managed to introduce two young NKVD officers into the circle of churchmen who collaborated with the Germans in the occupied territory. After the liberation of the city, the bishop moved to Kuibyshev. On his behalf, we sent them from Kuibyshev under the guise of novices to the Pskov monastery with information to the abbot, who collaborated with the German occupiers... two of our “novice” officers launched vigorous activity in the monastery. Among the church ministers there were many NKVD agents, which made their work easier.”

On March 22, 1943, Ratmirov was also appointed manager of the Smolensk See with the title “Archbishop of Kalinin and Smolensk.” According to the testimony of priests who knew Bishop Vasily during these years, “the latter was a morally corrupt person, but with his high-ranking connections he greatly helped both the existence of parishes and the salvation of priests from the hands of the NKVD.”

After the war, by order of I.V. Stalin, Archbishop Vasily Ratmirov was awarded a gold watch and a medal. However, he understood that after he ceased to be needed by special agencies, he would not be able to stay in his place, since his true appearance was well known to the church leadership. He engaged in financial fraud, embezzling church money. When this was revealed in 1946, in order to avoid investigation, he submitted a request for retirement “due to illness.” At the meeting of the Synod on May 13, 1947, where he was summoned to report on the missing money, he did not appear and was banned from serving. According to a certificate from the Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church, “the former Archbishop of Minsk and Belarus Vasily embezzled more than 10 million [ion] rubles of church money. He was dismissed and deprived of his rank.” Thus, the “repentance” of Vasily Ratmirov was an action of the authorities to introduce into the Patriarchal Church a person necessary to carry out the operation of the special services.

The patriotic activity of the Patriarchal Church, the close cooperation of the hierarchy with the authorities in the fight against the occupiers made it possible to change the attitude of the authorities towards the Russian Orthodox Church. P. A. Sudoplatov points to the consolidating role of the Russian Orthodox Church “in the growing anti-fascist movement Slavic peoples in the Balkans,” as well as Roosevelt’s requests to improve the position of the Church as the reasons that prompted Stalin to make the decisions of September 1943.

It should also be noted the patriotic activity of the renovationist clergy, which the authorities also could not help but notice. The only head of the renovationists since October 1941, Alexander Vvedensky, actively sent out his patriotic appeals.

However, the patriotic activity of the Patriarchal Church was more significant due to the fact that it enjoyed the support of a much larger number of believers.

In 1942 - the first half of 1943, government agencies began to gradually reject the renovationists. This was due to a change in policy towards the Patriarchal Church.

After the meeting I.V. Stalin with the hierarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church on September 5, 1943, the fate of the Renovationist Church was sealed. The change in the attitude of the authorities towards the Church deprived the existence of the Renovationist Church of any meaning, since Renovationism was supported by the authorities with the aim of weakening the “reactionary”, “counter-revolutionary” Patriarchal Church. However, this government could not allow the discrediting of renovationism as a phenomenon that arose on the basis of the idea of ​​absolute loyalty to the Soviet government.

After the election of Metropolitan Sergius as Patriarch on September 8, 1943, some renovationist bishops turned to the Patriarchate with a request to accept them into the fold of the Russian Orthodox Church. In his note I.V. Stalin dated October 12, 1943, Chairman of the Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR G.G. Karpov mentioned that by this time Archbishop of Tula Peter Turbin, supernumerary Archbishop Mikhail Postnikov and the head of the Moscow diocese, Archbishop Andrei Rastorguev, had announced their desire to join the Russian Orthodox Church. In the memorandum of GG. Karpov wrote: “The Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church, based on the fact that the renovationist movement played its positive role at a certain stage and in recent years no longer has the same significance and basis, and taking into account the patriotic positions of the Sergius Church, considers it advisable not to interfere the collapse of the Renovationist Church and the transition of the Renovationist clergy and parishes to the Patriarchal Sergius Church." On this paragraph I. Stalin wrote: “Comrade Karpov. I agree with you.”

The Patriarchate was faced with the question of the procedure for receiving renovationists. GG. Karpov in the mentioned note reported that Metropolitan Sergius, in a conversation with him, put forward the following conditions for the acceptance of the Renovationists:

• a) married metropolitans and bishops, without defrocking, should be removed from church activities, leaving them on staff;

• b) accept monastic (or widowed) metropolitans and bishops into the patriarchal church, transferring metropolitans to archbishops or bishops, and bishops to priests, allowing their subsequent restoration to their former rank."

After approval by I.V. Stalin of this memo to GG. Karpov, a mass transition of renovationists to the Patriarchal Church began. On October 16, the Council sent out an information letter to the localities, which noted, “that in those cases when the renovationist clergy, at their own request, transfers from the renovationist orientation to the Patriarchal Sergius Church, one should not interfere. Also, one should not interfere with the transition of groups of believers or parishes in general "the desire of believers from the Renovationist to the Sergius Church. The conditions for the reception of metropolitans, bishops and priests of the Renovationist orientation are established by Patriarch Sergius and his episcopate in place."

In historiography, the opinion has been established that the first of the renovationist bishops was accepted in 1943 by Juvenaly (Mashkovsky). This conclusion was drawn from the resolution of Patriarch Sergius at the address of the Renovationist Archbishop Mikhail Postnikov dated October 31, 1943. In it, the Patriarch wrote about the rank: “For example, the Renovationist Metropolitan Juvenaly Mashkovsky, entering into communication with the Church, himself declared that it is now inconvenient for him to retain "the metropolitanate was behind him, and from then on he called himself simply a bishop. Let the example of Bishop Juvenal be an object of imitation for the petitioner."

However, the repentance of Juvenal, who was the Metropolitan of Odessa in the Renovation schism, occurred back in 1935. He was received as a bishop of the old order in the rank of bishop, but he was given penance, which he underwent in Vladimir. On March 6, 1936, Metropolitan Sergius appointed him Bishop of Bryansk, but did not take over the administration of the diocese; on April 24, 1936, he was arrested in Vladimir, and on September 21, he was sentenced to five years in a camp and died in custody.

On October 31, 1943, Patriarch Sergius wrote the aforementioned resolution at the address of Archbishop Mikhail Postnikov. From the latter’s memorandum it followed that he did not repent of his stay with the Renovationists, and his departure from there was caused by the fact that “many of them turned out to be faulty in behavior.” The Patriarch’s resolution stated: “The main sin of renovationism is not that not all of its representatives turned out to be impeccable in life, but that renovationism, as a corporation or, in the language of the canons, as an unauthorized gathering, broke away from the Holy Church” and another altar hoisted" (St. App. Laws. 31). And she not only erected an altar for herself, but also fought in every possible way against St. Churches, trying to tear away the church sheep behind them. This is a sin that cannot be washed away, according to the teachings of the holy fathers, even by the blood of martyrdom.”

At the session on October 20, 22, 26 and 28, 1943, the Synod considered appeals, in addition to Mikhail Postnikov, Yaroslavl Renovationist Metropolitan Korniliy Popov and Tula Archbishop Peter Turbin and decided that Renovationist bishops ordained before the decree of Patriarch Tikhon of April 15, 1924 , are accepted into the existing rank according to a simplified scheme, and those ordained after this date and unmarried should receive the episcopal rank in the Russian Orthodox Church.

On November 5, 1943, Mikhail Postnikov, ordained on October 13, 1922 by the renovationist bishops of the old order, was received as a bishop. In his word of repentance, he fulfilled the requirements of Patriarch Sergius of October 31, 1943: he repented of deviating into schism, did not pretend to retain renovationist ranks and awards. Patriarch Sergius, placing an omophorion on him, read a prayer of permission over him and placed the bishop's panagia on him.

In mid-October 1943, the head of the Renovationist Church, Alexander Vvedensky, returned to Moscow and took over the management of the Moscow diocese, which consisted of 9 parishes. The authorities did their best to prevent his return, since he raised the issue of transferring the Renovationist Church to the jurisdiction of the Council for Religious Affairs, which would actually legitimize its existence as an organization independent from the Russian Orthodox Church. But his request was denied without any explanation.

The return of renovationist Metropolitan Alexander Vvedensky to Moscow in mid-October 1943 and the reluctance of the Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church to accept all renovationist hierarchs in their current rank slowed down the process of eliminating renovationism. This topic was the subject of a conversation between Patriarch Sergius and Chairman of the Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church G.G. Karpov, which took place on November 25, 1943. Karpov was interested in the possibility of accepting married bishops into their current rank. The Patriarch explained that the monastic episcopate was established by the VI Ecumenical Council (early 7th century), and since then the Russian Orthodox and other Orthodox churches have not accepted married episcopates. Karpov expressed the opinion that, in the interests of accelerating the transition of the Renovationist clergy, it was desirable not to make strict demands upon their admission, with which the Patriarch agreed, noting, however, that he would accept everyone without hindrance, but would not be able to bypass the basic canonical requirements, such as: he cannot have a married episcopate and cannot have priests who are in a second marriage, especially since he wants and must take into account the opinion of the believing masses.

For the Council and its chairman, the entry into the Russian Orthodox Church of the head of renovationism, Alexander Vvedensky, was desirable. This would clearly mean that we're talking about not about the return of the “repentant” Renovationists, but about the merger of two churches into one. However, Vvedensky himself hoped to the last that the authorities would allow the existence of the Renovationist Church at least to a minimum extent.

The question about Vvedensky was also asked to Patriarch Karpov at this meeting. Patriarch Sergius responded that there were no appeals from Vvedensky and he did not allow the possibility of such appeals. At the same time, the Patriarch pointed out that Alexander Vvedensky cannot be accepted not only by a bishop, but also by a simple priest, since he is married three times, although he has no personal antipathies towards him.

The conditions for the reception of Renovationists were once again discussed at the meeting of Patriarch Sergius with Karpov on December 7, 1943. The Holy Synod, at meetings on December 8 and 9, 1943, decided: “Renovation bishops, presbyters and deacons asking to be accepted into communion with the Holy Church , bring repentance before the confessor indicated by the church authorities, and renounce all communication with the Renovationist movement, as proof of the sincerity of their conversion, renouncing all awards received for service in Renovationism, and make an oath promise to remain faithful servants of the Holy Church until the end of their lives. before the confessor may, at the discretion of the church authorities, be replaced by public repentance in church, if the circumstances this case demand such a replacement,” and further: “... let the Patriarchal prohibition of April 2, 1924, which weighs heavily on all renovationists, not serve as an obstacle to the acceptance into sacred ranks of those renovationist proteges who are seen to be promoting and promoting the reunification of others, and, moreover, are appointed bishops , not raising canonical doubts. However, such exceptional leniency can only be enjoyed by those who hasten to repent before Holy Easter of the upcoming 1944 (April 3/16).”

The Synod approved the rules for the reception of the Renovationist clergy at the regular session on December 10. This was the result of a compromise between Karpov, who sought the most painless procedure for admission into the Russian Orthodox Church for the Renovationists, and Patriarch Sergius, who sought to ensure that the reception of the Renovationists did not look like a simple unification.

The Synod referred to the decree of Patriarch Tikhon of April 2 (15), 1924, in which the Patriarch prohibited all Renovationist clergy from serving in the priesthood, as well as his decree of March 4 (17), 1924, in which he recognized only those ordinations of Renovationists, “in which at least one bishop of the old, pre-renovation ordination took part.”

On December 4, 1943, Korniliy Popov, in the Renovationism Metropolitan of Yaroslavl and Kostroma, was received into the Russian Orthodox Church as a bishop. His consecration as Bishop of Rybinsk, vicar of the Yaroslavl diocese, took place on July 5, 1915. He deviated from the Renovationist schism in 1923.

On December 9, 1943, at a meeting of the Synod, petitions of the Renovationist bishops were reviewed: Tashkent Bishop Sergius Larin and Alma-Ata Archbishop Anatoly Sinitsyn for their admission to the Russian Orthodox Church. The issue of their reception was previously discussed by Patriarch Sergius with Karpov. The Synod adopted a resolution on their acceptance by the laity: “In view of the fact that all the ordinations of Anatoly Sinitsyn were received by him from the renovationist bishops after the prohibition was imposed on them by the late Patriarch Tikhon, he can be accepted according to church rules only with the rank of layman, which does not exclude the possibility of him receiving Orthodox ordination ".

Bishop Sergius Larin, who had only renovationist consecrations, in 1936, while an archpriest, was convicted under Art. 118 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR for three years and served his sentence in the Kolyma camp. On November 10, 1941, he was consecrated Bishop of Zvenigorod, vicar of the Moscow diocese, and ruled the Moscow diocese during the evacuation of A. Vvedensky. At the time of his renovationist episcopal consecration, Larin had already been involved in cooperation with state security agencies for several years, who instructed Vvedensky to elevate him to bishop. In 1944, at the insistence of Karpov, Sergius Larin was included in the list of clergy compiled by Metropolitan Nikolai (Yarushevich) to be awarded the medal “For the Defense of Moscow.”

The very next day after the meeting of the Synod, December 10, 1943, Larin left Tashkent for Moscow, entrusting Archbishop Anatoly Sinitsyn with temporary management of the diocese. On December 27, 1943, Larin was received into the Russian Orthodox Church with the rank of monk and was immediately ordained hieromonk. They planned to send him to Stavropol. However, leaving far from Moscow, and even under the leadership of Archbishop Anthony (Romanovsky), who was strict towards the Renovationists, did not suit either Larin himself or the authorities. On January 11, 1944, during a regular conversation with Karpov, Patriarch Sergius asked what should be further fate Larin, to which the chairman of the Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church replied that he would not object to his elevation to the rank of bishop*. Before his consecration to the episcopate on August 15, 1944, Larin served as a priest in Zagorsk.

Archbishop Anatoly Sinitsyn, as administrator of the Central Asian diocese, adopted on January 11, 1944 a resolution “On the transition of the diocese to the administration of Patriarch Sergius.” They sent a telegram to Moscow, which said: “Expressing the unanimous desire of the entire diocese for church unity, supported by our authority, we ask Your Holiness to accept us as a diocese “status qvo”, canonical communion and administrative subordination while maintaining our leadership of the diocese. The diocese has been ordered to elevate the name of Your Holiness through services. Type your answer. A delay in response threatens the collapse of the church business.” In response, the Patriarchate sent an extract from the decision of the Synod of December 9, 1943, stating that Bishop Anatoly Sinitsyn can be accepted into canonical communion only in the rank of layman, which does not exclude the possibility of him receiving Orthodox ordination.

Archbishop Andrei Rastorguev, being married, was received in the rank that he had before moving to the Renovationists - priestly. Together with him, on December 21, 1943, the archpriest and deacon of the Church of the Resurrection of Christ in Sokolniki in Moscow brought repentance, the rector of which Rastorguev continued to remain until his death in 1970. Rastorguev managed to obtain a position as a teacher of the Old Testament and the Hebrew language at the Theological Institute. He was released from teaching Hebrew immediately after the first quarter of 1944 “due to lack of preparation.” In August 1945, for the same reason, he was relieved of his duties as a teacher of the Holy Scriptures of the Old Testament at the Theological Institute and Biblical history in pastoral courses.

On January 5, 1944, the former renovationist Metropolitan Tikhon Popov was received into communion with the Russian Orthodox Church as an archpriest. According to data from his investigative file, back in 1920 he became a secret informant for the Cheka. On August 28, 1944, he was approved as rector of the Theological Institute that opened in Moscow, and in August 1946 he already headed the Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary. However, in October 1946, due to health reasons, he was forced to leave his rectorship. His appointment was also connected with the Council’s policy of strengthening the positions of former renovationists, with the help of which the authorities could control the most important areas of church activity, first of all spiritual education and external church relations.

A petition for admission into the Russian Orthodox Church on December 20, 1943 was sent from Kostroma by the supernumerary bishop Sergius Ivantsov. He had been a secret employee of the state security agencies since 1924. Alexander Vvedensky offered him the position of Metropolitan of Krutitsky, managing the affairs of the first hierarch. He was accepted into the Russian Orthodox Church only on September 25, 1945.

Renovationist Archbishop of Tula and Belevsky Peter Turbin was received as a priest.

In their autobiographies, former renovationists considered the time in schism to be a time of service to the Church. There are many examples of this kind. This contributed to the strengthening of the church underground, whose members called on believers not to go to churches, “where former renovationists, who used to photograph girls and serve as accountants, are simply fooling around.” Soviet power".

In the mid-1940s. A new religious subculture began to form - opposition to the official Church. This happened not least because of state policy aimed at merging the Patriarchal Church and renovationism.

Bishops who tried to actually eliminate renovationism were actively persecuted by the authorities. Thus, Archbishop Luka (Voino-Yasenetsky), who headed the Tambov diocese in February 1944, was under constant pressure from the local commissioner, who, through the secretary of the diocese, Archpriest John Leoferov, became aware of all the statements and actions of the bishop. Archbishop Luke was dissatisfied with the way the Patriarch received the former Renovationists, and was going to send him his “rite of reception.” The Tambov Commissioner sent several memos to the Council about Luke’s “reactionary” views: “The staff is recruited from reactionary-minded clergy. The first question is whether he is a renovationist or not, and the second... was he under arrest. When he receives the answer that the clergyman is from the Old Church and was under arrest, he willingly accepts a questionnaire from such people.”

The question of the anti-renovation activities of Archbishop Luke was raised by Karpov on March 25, 1944, during a reception in the Council of Metropolitan Alexy, who wrote down the following about this conversation: “They talked about Archbishop Luke, who acts very tactlessly - preaching... and other complete misunderstanding of the situation.” *. Chairman of the Council Karpov raised this issue at a meeting with Patriarch Sergius on May 5, 1944. He stated that Luke “made slanderous attacks against the renovationist clergy”*. Patriarch Sergius was denied a request to transfer Archbishop Luke closer to Moscow - to the Tula See, where in the same year, at the insistence of Karpov, the former Renovationist Metropolitan Vitaly (Vvedensky) was appointed.

Archbishop Luke was very concerned that many former renovationist bishops had appeared in the Russian Orthodox Church and were changing the face of the Orthodox Church. On November 21-23, 1944, a Council of Bishops was held in Moscow, which was supposed to prepare the upcoming Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church. According to the report of the Tambov commissioner to Karpov, Archbishop Luke spoke about this in a conversation with the clergy of the diocese: “Forty-four bishops came to Moscow for the pre-conciliar meeting, of which more than 50% were renovationists, and when I knew about this, I was outraged and determined in advance, that there will be no sense in this, so it turned out, as, for example: the preparation for the election of the Patriarch is perverted, it has already been announced that one Patriarch will be elected, and not three candidates, of whom one of the three should be chosen by lot, and besides, voting will be open and for one Patriarch Alexy, this is the order, against which I alone spoke out, and no one supported me in this, after a conversation some bishops sympathized with me in this.”

The situation seemed so serious to the authorities that they took extreme measures. As Tambov researcher S.A. showed. Chebotarev, on the day of his supposed departure for the Local Council, Archbishop Luka was poisoned and almost died. On April 5, 1946, Patriarch Alexy signed a decree on the transfer of Archbishop Luke to Simferopol.

All Renovationist bishops who could be directly manipulated moved to the Russian Orthodox Church in December 1943 - January 1944. Renovationist First Hierarch Alexander Vvedensky made desperate attempts to retain at least some bishops, and he partially succeeded temporarily. On February 29, 1944, on his own initiative, he attended a reception with Karpov. In an effort to prevent the final collapse of the renovationist organization, he asked to assign the title of metropolitan to Krasnodar Archbishop Vladimir Ivanov. Karpov objected, saying that Ivanov remained in occupied territory and could have collaborated with the Germans. Vvedensky also reported that he received a telegram from Bishop Gabriel Olkhovik, who lived in Kyrgyzstan, who remained faithful to renovationism and asked what measures to take against the transfer of parishes to the Russian Orthodox Church. This bishop has been absent from the staff since 1934 “due to obvious inability and illiteracy”, being the rector of the temple. In the absence of other candidates, after Bishop Sergius (Larin) joined the Russian Orthodox Church and Archbishop Anatoly (Sinitsyn) declared submission to Patriarch Sergius, Vvedensky proposed appointing Bishop Gabriel Olkhovik as Archbishop of Central Asia with a residence in Tashkent. Vvedensky tried to retain about 90 Central Asian parishes under his jurisdiction, subordinating them to his bishop.

Convinced of Karpov’s inflexibility, Vvedensky, who was not used to arguing with the authorities, asked to appoint Gabriel Olkhovik as vicar to Metropolitan Philaret Yatsenko in Sverdlovsk. Thus, Vvedensky abandoned his claims to preserve renovationism in Central Asia. Karpov also refused a request to send Filaret Yatsenko to Ukraine, stating that there are no Renovation churches in Ukraine, although, according to the Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church, by October 1, 1944, there were 102 Renovation churches there, where 47 priests and 7 deacons served and 23 psalmists.

Not without hidden irony, Karpov reported in his report on a conversation with Alexander Vvedensky about the latter’s confidence in the fidelity of Metropolitan Vitaly Vvedensky, who, according to the head of renovationism, “would rather die than go over to the Patriarchal Church.” At the time of the conversation, the Chairman of the Council already knew that Metropolitan Vitaly had agreed to join the Russian Orthodox Church. A day later, on March 2, 1944, the oldest Renovationist bishop by consecration, Vitaly Vvedensky, brought repentance in Chisty Lane and was received as a bishop with a brief leave of absence. In May of the same year, he received the rank of archbishop, and in July he was appointed to the Tula and Belev Sees.

Such obedient bishops as Vitaly and other former renovationists were ideal option for local authorities. With their help, the authorities sought to completely control church life, preventing the activities of illegal clergy. In March 1944, Renovationist Metropolitan Mikhail Orlov was received into the rank of archpriest. He became a monk with the name Jonah and was consecrated Bishop of Voronezh.

World War I

Apprenticeship with Bunin

White movement

Peredelkino

The Second World War

Magazine "Youth"

Worldview

Education

Creation

Dramaturgy

Film adaptations

Essays

Stories

Scenarios

Poems

Non-genre works

Drama Theater

Opera theatre

Filmography

Awards and prizes

Public reputation

Interesting Facts

(January 16, 1897, Odessa, Russian Empire - April 12, 1986, Moscow, USSR) - Russian Soviet writer, playwright, poet.

Family

Valentin Kataev's father - teacher, teacher of the diocesan school in Odessa Pyotr Vasilyevich Kataev - came from the clergy. Mother Evgenia Ivanovna Bachey is the daughter of General Ivan Eliseevich Bachey, from a Poltava small noble family. Subsequently, Kataev gave the name of his father and the surname of his mother to the main, largely autobiographical hero of the story “The Lonely Sail Whitens” Pete Bacheiu.

Valentin Kataev’s mother, father, grandmother and uncle are buried at the 2nd Christian Cemetery in Odessa.

The younger brother of Valentin Kataev is the writer Yevgeny Petrov (1903-1942; named after his mother; took his pseudonym after his father’s name).

Kataev’s daughter recalled:

Kataev’s second marriage was to Esther Davydovna Kataeva (1913-2009). “It was an amazing marriage,” Daria Dontsova, a close friend of the Kataev family, said about him. There were two children in this marriage - Evgenia Valentinovna Kataeva (named after her grandmother, mother of Valentin Kataev, b. 1936) and children's writer and memoirist Pavel Valentinovich Kataev (b. 1938).

Kataev's son-in-law (second husband of Evgenia Kataeva) is a Jewish Soviet poet, editor and public figure Aron Vergelis (1918-1999).

Kataev's nephews (sons of Evgeny Petrov) are cinematographer Pyotr Kataev (1930-1986) and composer Ilya Kataev (1939-2009).

Kataeva's granddaughter (daughter of Evgenia Kataeva from her first marriage) is Valentina Eduardovna Roy, journalist (pseudonym - Tina Kataeva).

Biography

Odessa

Having lived 64 years of his life in Moscow and Peredelkino, in manners and speech Kataev remained an Odessa citizen until the end of his life. The everyday language in the family of the writer’s parents was Ukrainian. He learned Russian and Ukrainian literature from the voices of his parents during home readings; on the street I heard Yiddish and urban bourgeois slang, in which Greek, Romanian and Gypsy words were mixed.

Vera Bunina noticed his “short speech with a slight southern accent” back in 1918. An Odessa journalist who interviewed him in 1982 (at the end of his life) spoke even more definitively: “...He had an ineradicable Odessa accent.”

The language of Odessa has largely become literary language Kataev, and Odessa itself became not just a backdrop for many of Valentin Kataev’s works, but their full-fledged hero.

World War I

Without graduating from high school, in 1915 Kataev joined the active army as a volunteer. He began his service near Smorgon as a junior rank in an artillery battery, then was promoted to warrant officer. He was wounded and gassed twice. In the summer of 1917, after being wounded in the Kerensky offensive on the Romanian front, he was admitted to a hospital in Odessa.

Pavel Kataev described his father’s wound this way:

Kataev was given the rank of second lieutenant, but he did not have time to receive shoulder straps and was demobilized as an ensign. Awarded two Crosses of St. George and the Order of St. Anne IV degree (better known in Russian army entitled "Anna for Bravery"). With military rank and awards he received personal nobility, which is not inherited.

Apprenticeship with Bunin

Kataev considered Ivan Bunin to be his only and main teacher among contemporary writers. “Dear teacher Ivan Alekseevich” is Kataev’s usual address to Bunin in letters.

Kataev was introduced to Bunin by the self-taught writer Alexander Mitrofanovich Fedorov, who lived in Odessa at that time.

In exile, Bunin did not publicly confirm his teaching in relation to the Soviet writer, but in the 2000s, Kataev’s widow Esther spoke about her meeting with her husband in the late 1950s with Bunin’s widow:

White movement

Little is known exactly about Valentin Kataev’s participation in the Civil War. According to the official Soviet version and his own memoirs (“Almost a Diary”), Kataev fought in the Red Army from the spring of 1919. However, there is another view on this period of the writer’s life, which is that he served on a voluntary basis in the White Army of General A.I. Denikin. This is evidenced by some hints in the works of the author himself, which seem autobiographical to many researchers, as well as the surviving memories of the Bunin family, who actively communicated with Kataev during the Odessa period of his life. According to alternative version, in 1918, after being cured in a hospital in Odessa, Kataev joined the armed forces of Hetman P. P. Skoropadsky. After the fall of the hetman in December 1918, when the Bolsheviks appeared north of Odessa, Kataev volunteered in March 1919 Volunteer Army A.I. Denikin, automatically receiving the rank of second lieutenant.

As an artilleryman he served on the light armored train "Novorossiya" Armed Forces South of Russia (VSYUR) as commander of the first tower (the most dangerous place on an armored train). The armored train was assigned to the volunteer detachment of A.N. Rosenschild von Paulin and opposed the Petliurites, who declared war on the All-Soviet Union of Socialist Republics on September 24, 1919. The fighting lasted throughout October and ended with the Whites occupying Vapnyarka.

The detachment advanced in the Kiev direction as part of the troops of the Novorossiysk region of the AFSR of General N. N. Shilling. The actions of the troops of the Novorossiysk region of the AFSR were part of Denikin’s campaign against Moscow.

Before the retreat of the AFSR in January 1920, the armored train "Novorossiya" as part of Rosenschild von Paulin's detachment fought on two fronts - against the Petliurists entrenched in Vinnitsa, and against the Reds stationed in Berdichev.

Due to the rapid growth in ranks in the All-Russian Socialist Republic (orders for the fratricidal war were not given by Denikin on principle), Kataev ended this campaign, most likely, with the rank of lieutenant or staff captain. But at the very beginning of 1920, even before the start of the retreat, Kataev fell ill with typhus in Zhmerinka and was evacuated to an Odessa hospital. Until February 7, 1920, the day the Reds entered Odessa (and the final - for more than 70 years - establishment of Soviet power in Odessa), his relatives took him, still sick with typhus, home.

Wrangel conspiracy at the lighthouse" and prison

By mid-February 1920, Kataev had recovered from typhus and immediately joined the officers’ underground conspiracy to meet a possible Wrangel landing from the Crimea. In a similar way - with a simultaneous attack by an airborne detachment and an uprising of underground officer organizations - Odessa was liberated from the Reds in August 1919. Capturing the lighthouse to support the landing was the main task of the underground group, so in the Odessa Cheka the conspiracy was called the “Wrangel conspiracy at the lighthouse.” The very idea of ​​the conspiracy could have been planted on the conspirators by a Cheka provocateur, since the Cheka knew about the conspiracy from the very beginning.

One of the conspirators, Viktor Fedorov, was associated with the lighthouse - a former AFSR officer who escaped persecution by the Reds and got a job as a junior officer in the searchlight team at the lighthouse. Viktor Fedorov was the son of the writer A. M. Fedorov from a family friendly to the Kataevs and Bunins. A Cheka provocateur offered Viktor Fedorov a large sum of money for disabling a searchlight during the landing. Fedorov agreed to do this for free. The Cheka led the group for several weeks and then arrested its members: Viktor Fedorov, his wife, his brother-in-law, the projectors, Valentin Kataev and others. Along with Valentin Kataev, his younger brother Evgeniy, who most likely had nothing to do with the conspiracy, was arrested.

Grigory Kotovsky stood up for Viktor Fedorov before the chairman of the Odessa Cheka, Max Deitch. Victor's father A. M. Fedorov influenced the abolition in 1916 death penalty by hanging against Kotovsky. It was Kotovsky who took Odessa in February 1920 and, thanks to this, had great influence on what was happening in the city at that time. Viktor Fedorov and his wife Nadezhda, at Kotovsky’s insistence, were released by Deitch.

Valentin Kataev was saved by an even more fantastic accident. From a higher Cheka (from Kharkov or Moscow) a security officer came to the Odessa Cheka with an inspection, whom Kataev called Yakov Belsky in conversations with his son. Belsky remembered Kataev well in the past, 1919, at the Bolshevik protests in Odessa - those for which Bunin blamed Kataev, not knowing that at that time Kataev was in the White Guard underground:

For Belsky, just like the Odessa security officers, who did not know about Kataev’s voluntary service in the All-Russian Socialist Republic, this was a sufficient reason to let Kataev go. In September 1920, after six months in prison, Valentin Kataev and his brother were released from it. The remaining conspirators were shot in the fall of 1920.

Kharkiv

In 1921 he worked in the Kharkov press together with Yuri Olesha.

Moscow

In 1922 he moved to Moscow, where from 1923 he worked for the newspaper Gudok and collaborated with many publications as a “topical” humorist. He signed his newspaper and magazine humoresques with the pseudonyms Old Sabbakin, Ol. Twist, Mitrofan Mustard.

In a statement by the Secretary of the USSR Writers' Union V. Stavsky in 1938 addressed to the People's Commissar of the NKVD N.I. Yezhov was asked to “resolve the issue of Mandelstam,” his poems were called “obscene and slanderous,” and the poet was soon arrested. Joseph Prut and Valentin Kataev are named in the letter as “speaking sharply” in defense of Osip Mandelstam.

Member of the CPSU since 1958.

Peredelkino

The Second World War

After the war, Kataev was prone to multi-day drinking bouts. In 1946, Valentina Serova told the Bunins that Kataev “sometimes drinks for 3 days. He doesn’t drink, he doesn’t drink, and then, having finished a story, an article, sometimes a chapter, he goes on a spree.” In 1948, this almost led Kataev to divorce his wife. Pavel Kataev describes this situation as follows:

Magazine "Youth"

Founder and in 1955-1961. Chief Editor magazine "Youth".

Cancer

Death

Worldview

Education

Kataev’s education, due to participation in the First World War, the Civil War, the need to hide his participation in the White movement and the need for physical survival, was limited to unfinished gymnasium.

Creation

He made his debut in print in 1910. In the 1920s he wrote stories about the Civil War and satirical stories. Since 1923 he collaborated with the newspaper Gudok, the magazine Krokodil and other periodicals.

His story “The Embezzlers” (1926; play of the same name, 1928) and the comedy “Squaring the Circle” (1928) are dedicated to the fight against philistinism. Author of the novel “Time, Forward!” (1932; filmed in 1965). The story “The Lonely Sail Whitens” (1936; film adaptation of the same name - 1937) brought wide popularity.

The short story “I, the son of the working people...” (1937) told about the tragic story that happened in one of the Ukrainian villages during the civil war. The story was published, filmed, and on its basis the play “A Soldier Walked from the Front” was written, which was staged at the Vakhtangov Theater and on other stages in the country.

After the war, he continued “The Lonely Sail Whitens” with the stories “For the Power of the Soviets” (1948; another name is “Catacombs”, 1951; the film of the same name is 1956), “A Farm in the Steppe” (1956; the film of the same name is 1970), “Winter Wind” ( 1960-1961), forming a tetralogy with the idea of ​​continuity of revolutionary traditions. Later, all four works (“A Lonely Sail Whitens,” “A Farm in the Steppe,” “Winter Wind” and “For the Power of the Soviets” (“Catacombs”) were published as a single epic, “Waves of the Black Sea.”

Author of the journalistic story “The Little Iron Door in the Wall” (1964). Starting with this work, I changed my writing style and themes. Mine a new style called "movism" (from French. mauvais“bad, bad”), implicitly contrasting it with the smooth writing of official Soviet literature. The lyrical and philosophical memoir stories “Holy Well” (1967), “The Grass of Oblivion” (1967), and the story “Cube” (1969) were written in this manner. The novel “My Diamond Crown” (1978) aroused wide resonance and abundant commentary. In the novel, Kataev recalls the literary life of the country in the 1920s, without naming almost any real names (the characters are covered with transparent “pseudonyms”).

Kataev's works have been repeatedly translated into foreign languages. Which ones specifically are unknown.

Poetry

Having started as a poet, Kataev remained a subtle connoisseur of poetry all his life. Some of his prose works are named after lines from poems by Russian poets: “The lonely sail turns white” (Lermontov), ​​“Time, forward!” (Mayakovsky), “Werther has already been written” (Pasternak). His widow Esther Kataeva recalled:

Recently, the meaning of Kataev the poet has been reconsidered. Thus, the poet and researcher of Kataev’s life and work, Alexander Nemirovsky, includes Valentin Kataev in the second ten most important Russian poets of the 20th century.

Dramaturgy

Film adaptations

Essays

Novels

• Time forward!
• Winter Wind (1960)
• Catacombs (1961)
• My Diamond Crown (1978)

Stories

• The Embezzlers (1926)
• The Lonely Sail Whitens (1936)
• I, son of the working people (1937)
• Son of the regiment
• Farm in the steppe (1956)
• Small iron door in the wall (1964)
• Holy Well (1965)
• The Grass of Oblivion (1967)
• Cube (1968)
• Broken Life, or Oberon's Magic Horn (1972)
• Cemetery in Skulany (1975)
• Already written by Werther (1979)
• Youth Romance (1982)
• Sleeper (1984)

Stories

• In a city under siege (1920, published 1922)
• Sir Henry and the Devil (1922)
• Father (1925)
• Sea (1928)
• Drum
• Surprise
• Our Father

Plays

• Squaring a circle
• Department Store (1928)
• A million torments
• Vanguard (1931)
• Day of Rest (1940)
• Little House (1940)
• Blue Handkerchief (1943)
• Father's House (1944)
• The Case of a Genius (1956)

Scenarios

• Circus (1936), together with Ilya Ilf and Evgeny Petrov
• The Motherland is Calling (1936)
• The Lonely Sail Whitens (1937)
• A soldier was walking from the front (1938)
• Pages of Life (1946), together with A. V. Macheret
• Son of the Regiment (1946)
• Flower-seven-flower (1948)
• Mad Day (1956)
• For Soviet Power (1956)
• Poet (1956)
• Time forward! (1965), together with M. A. Schweitzer
• Flower-seven-flower (1968)
• Farm in the steppe (1970)
• Violet (1976)
• Monday is a Hard Day (1983)

Poems

• Autumn (1910)

Non-genre works

• Sukhoi Liman (1986)

Kataev's works in theatre, cinema and television

Drama Theater

• 1927 - “Embezzlers” - Moscow Art Theater, staged by K. S. Stanislavsky.
• 1928 - “Squaring the Circle” - Moscow Art Theater, staged by N. M. Gorchakov under the direction of V. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko. The play is still staged in theaters in Russia, Europe and America.
• 1934 - “Road of Flowers” ​​- Moscow Modern Theater

1940 - “House” - Comedy Theater, staged by N. P. Akimov. The performance was banned; in 1972 (?) restored by director A. A. Belinsky.

• 1940 - “A soldier was walking from the front” - Vakhtangov Theater.
• 1942 - “The Blue Handkerchief” - theater (?).
• 1948 - “Crazy Day” (“Where are you, Monsieur Miussov?”) - Moscow academic theater Satires.
• 1954 (?) - “It happened in Konsk” (“House”) - Moscow Academic Theater of Satire.
• 1958 (?) - “Time for Love” - Mossovet Theater.

Opera theatre

• 1940, June 23 - “Semyon Kotko” (1939), opera by S. S. Prokofiev in 5 acts, 7 scenes based on the story “I, Son of the Working People...” by V. P. Kataev. Libretto by V. P. Kataev and S. S. Prokofiev. Moscow Academic Musical Theater named after K. S. Stanislavsky and Vl. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko under the direction of M. Zhukova.
• 1970s - “Semyon Kotko” (1939), an opera by S. S. Prokofiev in 5 acts, 7 scenes based on the story “I, Son of the Working People...” by V. P. Kataev. Libretto by V. P. Kataev and S. S. Prokofiev. Grand Theatre, director B. A. Pokrovsky, conductor F. Sh. Mansurov

Filmography

Awards and prizes

• Two St. George's crosses
• Order of St. Anne, 4th degree
• Stalin Prize, second degree (1946) - for the story “Son of the Regiment” (1945)
• Hero of Socialist Labor (1974)
• Three Orders of Lenin

Kataev, V.P. vs. Solzhenitsyn, Sakharov

• Kataev, V.P. signed the Group Letter Soviet writers to the editor of the newspaper “Pravda” on August 31, 1973 about Solzhenitsyn and Sakharov

Public reputation

• Ivan Bunin (1919):

• Vera Bunina (1919):

• Boris Efimov, who knew Kataev for more than half a century, titled the chapter of his book “Two Kataevs” (2004):

• Alexander Nemirovsky (2005):

• Sergey Shargunov (2006):

• Kataev never drove a car - it was usually driven by his wife and, during the writer’s work as editor-in-chief of the magazine “Youth” (1955-1961), a special driver. Later, the son acted as the driver.
• In the 2000s, when interest in Kataev returned, there was even competition for the right to write a biography of Valentin Kataev in the ZhZL series. On this occasion, Sergei Shargunov said in an interview:

I would like to write to Kataev’s ZhZL. It seems that to this day the lovely and ancient Esther, his widow, is still wandering the Peredelkino paths... But I was told that Dmitry Bykov’s wife is already writing his ZhZL.

• In Perm, not far from the puppet theater, there is a sculpture “Tsvetik-Semitsvetik”.

Memory

• On the facade of house No. 4 on Bazarnaya Street in Odessa, where Valentin Kataev was born, there is a memorial plaque.
• One of the alleys in Odessa is named after Valentin Kataev.
• In the Odessa Museum, a separate museum exhibition is dedicated to Kataev.