Life of young people in the modern world. Youth in the modern world

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Youth is a special socio-age group, distinguished by age limits and their status in society: the transition from childhood and adolescence to social responsibility. Some scientists understand youth as a set of young people to whom society provides the opportunity for social development, providing them with benefits, but limiting the possibility of active participation in certain spheres of social life. The age limit for classifying people as youth varies from country to country. The lower age limit for youth is set between 14 and 16, the upper - between 25 and 30 or more years, 36 years inclusive according to the modern classification age periods Quinn.

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Youth in modern world According to the World Youth Report 2005, the number of young people (those aged 15 to 24 years) in the world increased from 1.02 billion (in 1995) to 1.15 billion (in 2005). ). Young people currently make up 18 percent of the world's population; 85 percent of the world's youth live in developing countries, with 209 million living on less than $1 a day and 515 million living on less than $2 a day. Currently, 10 million young people are living with HIV/AIDS. Although the current generation of youth is the most educated in previous human history, today 113 million children are out of school - a figure that is quite comparable to the 130 million illiterate youth group in the world today.

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Youth as a special social group

Young people, in large part, have a level of mobility, intellectual activity and health that distinguishes them favorably from other groups of the population. At the same time, any society faces the question of the need to minimize the costs and losses that the country incurs due to problems associated with the socialization of young people and their integration into a single economic, political and socio-cultural space. The German sociologist Karl Mannheim (1893-1947) determined that youth are a kind of reserve that comes to the fore when such revitalization becomes necessary to adapt to rapidly changing or qualitatively new circumstances. Dynamic societies must sooner or later activate and even organize them.

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Youth, according to Mannheim, performs the function of a revitalizing intermediary social life; This function has as its important element incomplete inclusion in the status of society. This parameter is universal and is not limited by either place or time. The decisive factor that determines the age of puberty is that at this age young people enter public life and in modern society for the first time encounter the chaos of antagonistic assessments. Young people, according to Mannheim, are neither progressive nor conservative by nature, they are potential, ready for any undertaking. Young people, as a special age and social group, have always perceived cultural values ​​in their own way, which gave rise to different times youth slang and shocking forms of subculture. Their representatives were hippies, beatniks, dudes in the USSR and the post-Soviet space - informals.

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Youth in the Russian Federation

Today, the youth of the Russian Federation are 39.6 million young citizens - 27% of the total population of the country. In accordance with the Strategy of State Youth Policy in the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 18, 2006 N 1760-r, the category of youth in Russia previously included citizens from 14 to 30 years old. However Lately In most regions of the Russian Federation there is a tendency to shift the age limit for young people under 35 years old.

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Youth and politics

The results of some studies show that young people are generally apolitical. Less than half of young Russians participate in federal elections; only 33 percent of young citizens under the age of 35 are interested in politics. At the same time, young people are interested in politics quite intensely, especially during election campaigns. As Russian experience has shown, the first active involvement of young people in the electoral process was tested in 1996 during the presidential elections. Then it was important to attract young people to the polling stations who were ready to support Boris Yeltsin’s reform course. As a result of the difficult situation with the elections in Russia, a kind of conflict has arisen between the ideas of young people about participating in elections and their actual political behavior. Thus, if 66 percent of young people consider it their civic duty to participate in elections, then only 28 percent of them took part in voting in the elections of deputies to the State Duma of the Russian Federation in 2003.

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In the periods between elections, the political activity of young people, as a rule, decreases. Only 2.7 percent of young people take part in the activities of public organizations. At the same time, for last years the number of youth political organizations has increased: Youth movement “Nashi”, “Young Guard” United Russia", which, along with the youth communist organizations and the youth wing of Yabloko and the Liberal Democratic Party, revived in the early 90s, make up a motley palette of bright and noisy political youth structures. Their activities often come down to actions aimed at attracting media attention. In the context of globalization and the forced influx of migrants, young people are called upon to act as a conductor of the ideology of tolerance, the development of Russian culture and the strengthening of intergenerational and interethnic relations. However, at the moment, 35 percent of young people aged 18-35 experience irritation or hostility towards representatives of other nationalities, 51 percent would approve of the decision to evict certain national groups from the region.

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Considering that in recent years the first post-Soviet generation has grown up, Russian researchers from the Carnegie Center note (2013) that especially young people from large cities demonstrate greater political and ideological independence; this happens not only in connection with the growing up of post-perestroika children, but also due to internal migration: young people are increasingly moving to cities, where they join a progressive environment.

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According to a study conducted in July 2004 by the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTsIOM), young people aged 18-24 consider pop and rock stars, representatives of the “golden” youth (52%), successful businessmen, oligarchs (42%), athletes (37%). President V.V. Putin is the idol of 14% of Russian youth. The vast majority of respondents who believe that a healthy lifestyle depends rather on the individual’s own efforts proceed from the fact that the transformation of Russia into a country of a healthy lifestyle will only take place sometime in the distant future (65.9%). It is symptomatic of modern Russia that the number of respondents who, in principle, do not believe that Russia will become a country of a healthy lifestyle (22.4%) is almost twice as large as the proportion of respondents who answered this question - “yes, and quite soon". Youth and politics

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The Russian Federation has a high unemployment rate among young people aged 15-24 (6.4 percent). Since the 90s of the last century, the number of young couples who lived without legal marriage increased to 3 million, which led to a real increase in illegitimate children and an increase in the number of single-parent families. One of the most pressing problems facing young people and society is housing. Problems caused by the aging housing stock and underdeveloped forms of rental housing provoke an increase in prices and rents for housing in the Russian Federation. Interest rates mortgage loans remain unaffordable for young people. In this regard, the implementation of priority national project“Housing”, which provides housing subsidies for young families. Youth and socio-economic situation

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Youth and society

The role of youth in social structure modern human society is increasing every year. Since the mid-twentieth century, the process of population aging has been rapidly developing on the planet, and for the older generation, caring for the health and proper upbringing of young people has become an increasingly important task.

German sociologist Karl Mannheim (1893-1947) calls youth the social reserve of any society, so it is clear that the worldview of young people and the level of development of their consciousness are very important for the state and society. By their nature, youth, according to Mannheim, is neither progressive nor reactionary, it is potential, ready for any undertaking. Depending on which teacher the young man follows, he can become both a hero of his homeland and a traitor to his own family (K. Marx).

According to the UN, in the first decade of the 21st century, the number of boys and girls on the planet grew to approximately 1.5 billion people, which is about 20% of the total world population. Moreover, 85% of these young people live in developing countries. As for Russia, in our country citizens under 30 years old are approximately 40 million people (27-30% of the population).

Youth is heterogeneous in its structure. It is clearly divided into several layers, differing from each other in their beliefs, their activities and their interests. Unified table for dividing youth into age groups does not currently exist in the world. Depending on the specific country or region, demographers classify people between the ages of 13 and 36 as youth. In modern Russia, citizens aged 14–30 years are considered young, although in domestic science there is already a tendency to increase the upper limit of this gradation to 35 years.

Teens

A significant group among total mass Youth in any state are teenagers aged 13–19 years. In the European community they are usually called teenagers (English Teenager - “teenager”). In Russia there is no special term to designate this group of citizens, although in reality it exists and unites mainly student youth.

Teenagers, as a special age and social group of society, always perceive life and cultural values ​​in their own way, which gives rise to the emergence of special forms of youth subculture.

Until the mid-twentieth century, youth communities were not so active as to attract increased interest from journalists, scientists and politicians, so science first began studying this social phenomenon only in the 1950s. Until now, world culture has been relatively unified: regardless of age, all people sang the same songs, watched the same films, read the same books, visited the same museums and exhibitions. Since the mid-twentieth century, the picture has changed. In the cultural preferences of “fathers” and “children” increasingly deeper differences begin to form, which concern not only everyday life, but also culture, education and worldview.

American sociologist T. Rozzak proposed the term “counterculture” to designate the youth movement of the twentieth century. In the conditions of the post-war (1945-1950) aggravation of social and economic relations, the counterculture was an attempt by young people to adapt to the problematic conditions of existence and express to the whole world their attitude towards the activities of the older generation.

Subculture

The formation of a youth counterculture was preceded by the concept of subculture, which first appeared in the mid-twentieth century in the works of sociologists, anthropologists and cultural scientists. The term “subculture” (Latin sub – sub+culture) was used by researchers to designate a separate group of people who differ in their behavior from the prevailing majority.

A subculture is usually characterized by its own value system, special slang, behavior, and clothing. Examples of subcultures can be national, geographic, professional, dialect, age associations of people in any large territorial regions of the country or the world.

In the 1950s, American and British sociologists (D. Riesman, D. Hebdige) in their research developed the concept of subculture as a deliberately chosen association with similar interests, tastes and goals. In their opinion, subcultures are formed by people who are not satisfied with generally accepted standards and values.

At the same time, the term “urban tribes” appeared in the works of European psychologists to designate youth associations of Western civilization. In the USSR, the term “informal youth associations” (or simply “informals”) was used for this purpose. Sometimes in Soviet society another designation for youth subcultures was used - “tusovka”.

Subcultures could be based on a variety of interests - from musical styles and art movements to political or sexual preferences. Such associations, as a rule, were closed in nature and sought complete isolation from the rest of society. On this basis, some subcultures came into conflict with national values ​​and took on an aggressive and even extremist character. But, basically, escapism was typical for youth subcultures - an escape from reality and the creation of their own inner world, where adults were not allowed.

Those youth subcultures, which preached open protest against generally accepted norms of morality and law, with the light hand of the American sociologist T. Rozzak, began to be called counterculture. Gradually, this term began to be used to refer to all areas of the youth subculture of the twentieth century.

YOUTH SUB-CULTURE OF THE XX CENTURY

Counterculture (“against” + “culture”) is an international youth subculture of the 20th – early 21st centuries, uniting groups of teenagers with heterogeneous ideological and political views who seek to resist the culture of the older generation, which, in the opinion of teenagers, is not capable of organizing a just society on the planet and maintain peace and social prosperity. The “anti-consumer” lifestyle of followers of the counterculture is often combined with cultural nihilism, anarchism, technophobia and religious quest. Protest against the policies of the older generation can be either passive or extremist.

Very quickly, the initially united counterculture, depending on interests and goals, was divided into many independent directions. In the process of development, each such direction developed a common worldview for all its followers, a single style of clothing (image), its own special language (jargon, slang), and its own attributes (symbols, signs). All this became a kind of marker that distinguished “ours” from the rest of the world.

But with time individual elements of some particular counterculture became so popular that they merged into general culture society. For example, high Dr. Martens boots, characteristic of skinheads, have long been generally accepted by many informals and even ordinary members of European and Russian society. And the clothing styles “Gothic Lolita” and “Gothic Aristocrat” are no longer only an element of the image of the goth subculture, but also the style of Japanese urban fashion.

“Classic” youth counter-movement Western world covered the period from the late 1940s to the early 1980s and included three main areas:

beatniks - “broken generation” (1940s - 1950s);

hippies – “independent generation” (1960s - early 1970s);

new left - “rebellious generation” (late 1960s - 1970s).

Since the late 1970s, the youth subculture has gone beyond the boundaries of the Anglo-American world and acquired a worldwide character. In the Soviet Union it was represented by a few groups of hippie teenagers and the so-called dudes.

Beatniks

The emergence of the beatnik subculture was preceded by the period of existence of the so-called “ lost generation" - young people who went through the trenches of the First World War (1914 - 1918). Called to the front at the age of 18, they began to kill early, not understanding why they brought death to others and died themselves. After the war, these people with crippled psyches often could not adapt to peaceful life: many of them became drunkards, others went crazy, and some committed suicide.

The theme of the “lost generation” became the leitmotif of the works of such writers as Ernest Hemingway, Erich Maria Remarque, Henri Barbusse, Richard Aldington, Ezra Pound, Francis Scott Fitzgerald. In their books they described life former soldiers who returned in 1918 from the fronts of the First World War spiritually crippled, having lost faith in justice, mercy and love. In the novel “Three Comrades” by E.M. Remarque predicted a sad fate for the “lost generation”.

Since the mid-1940s, the “lost” ones have been replaced by the beatniks, who are quite close in spirit (English: The Beat Gtntration), whose name translates as “broken generation.” Many of the beatniks, like their predecessors, were engaged in literary creativity. The bourgeois state machine did not touch them, since they did not meddle in politics, from the very beginning proclaiming with their slogan the “backpack revolution” (as opposed to Senate debates and street armed conflicts with the police, the beatniks advocated leaving the “adult” world for nature, where they are loved and understood).

The term “beatnik” appeared in 1948 in the articles of J. Kerouac, who with this word tried to characterize the youth movement of New York, formed in the early 1940s based on the ideals of the outgoing “lost generation”. The alma mater of the beatniks became Columbia University, where many of them studied at that time and where the first circles of the “broken” formed.

Among the main representatives of the beat movement were writers William S. Burroughs, Jack Kerouac, poets Allen Ginsberg, Gregory Corso and others. Since 1958, they began publishing in the American press and, against the backdrop of growing popularity, they organized their own magazine, “Btatitudy,” where they promoted their ideals: an antisocial lifestyle, contempt for “ American dream" - new houses, cars, prestigious jobs. Modern researchers believe that beatism is at the origins of the revolution that shook the puritanical morals of America. The beatniks influenced not only the literary work of their contemporaries, but also their appearance, behavior and morals.

Representatives of the “broken generation” sold black sweaters, dark glasses and berets, glorified an easy, apolitical lifestyle, and soon urban youth began organizing “beatnik style” parties. New York record companies quickly picked up their ideas to boost sales. vinyl records. The film Funny Face, directed by Stanley Donen, also contributed to the popularization of beatnikism.

One of the attributes of a beatnik was considered a black sweater with a high neck and a beret, as well as white T-shirts without any patterns. Carrying two bongo drums was encouraged. The beatniks did not have any specific hairstyles, but girls and boys had long, straight hair. The clothes were dominated by black light. Black glasses were considered mandatory. Striped outfits and cassocks with hoods were also used. The goatee was in fashion among men. The most common shoes were ordinary leather boots. The girls wore black tights and dark makeup, long black tights or skirts, and capri pants. It is interesting that the clothing style developed by the beatniks would later have a great influence on the formation of the wardrobe of the Goths.

The beatniks were characterized by individualism, sexual liberalism (many of them were open homosexuals) and drug propaganda, protection of the rights of black youth, surprisingly combined with political conformism, and anarchy in matters of state and law. It is not surprising that at the time of its origin, the term “beatnik” did not carry a positive connotation and was considered a derogatory word: this was the name given to bearded guys and rather dissolute girls, parasites and jazz lovers who hung around New York bars and demonstrated their pompous rebellion against the main values ​​of American culture. nation.

But over the years, the term underwent significant changes and, by the end of the 1950s, began to designate a large group of American youth who left a certain and not very clean mark on the history of the West. The liberal lifestyle, which members of the Beat Generation promoted with their poetry and music, appealed to many young Americans who began to actively popularize it. With the growth of the social authority of the beatniks and the strengthening of their position in the literary and bohemian environment of San Francisco, film directors, record companies and even ordinary people joined this process.

In music and poetry, the beatniks actively experimented, an example of which is the “ creative method cuts." When composing the lyrics of songs and poems, they wrote their lines on separate strips of paper, put these scraps in a hat and, taking them out in random order, assembled the future “work.”

Such “poetry” implied quick and reading out loud out loud to the accompaniment of a jazz orchestra or bongos. Loud recitation with constant repetitions of individual words, according to contemporaries, had a strong impact on the youth audience.

The themes of the poems were characterized by the preaching of voluntary poverty, erotic freedom, vagrancy and refusal to participate in the political movements of the century. Beat poetry was called "typewriter jazz": the texts looked abrupt and uneven, and entire syllables were often dropped in the middle of words.

A. Ginsberg. At the Rocky Mountain Dharma Center.

A magpie is chattering with its tail towards the crimson sunset on a juniper bush.

I was angry during the orioca in the altar hall - the artichoke was blooming in the afternoon.

I put on a shirt and took it off when I went to lunch.

A dandelion seed flies over wet grass along with mosquitoes.

At four in the morning, two middle-aged men are sleeping together, holding hands.

In the half-light of early dawn, a flock of birds chirps beneath the Pleiades.

The sky is red behind the spruce trees, the larks are singing, the sparrows are chirping, chirping, chirping.

I got caught stealing, ran out of the store and woke up.

In their poems and songs, the beatniks were looking for new means of expression with which they could convey the mood of detachment, rejection of reality, and longing for bygone times:

Where are your shoes on semolina porridge,

And where did you put your double-breasted jacket?

You wouldn’t have given even a nickel for them before.

You were once a beatnik

You were once a beatnik...

You were ready to give your soul for rock and roll,

Extracted from a photo of someone else's aperture.

And now TV, newspaper, football;

And your old mother is pleased with you.

You were once a beatnik...

You were once a beatnik...

Rock 'n' roll time is gone forever

The gray hairs of your youth have cooled the ardor.

But I believe, and it’s nice for me to believe in it,

That in your soul you remain the same as you were.

You were once a beatnik...

You were once a beatnik...

By the end of the 1960s, beatism gradually disappeared, and in its place a new youth subculture began to form in Western society - the hippie movement.

Hippie

The term “hippie” was first recorded in one of the New York television programs in 1965, where this word was used to describe groups of young long-haired people who noisily protested against the Vietnam War. The origin of the term is usually associated with in English words hip or hep, meaning “understanding, knowledgeable.”

The hippie subculture appeared in the USA (San Francisco) and was closely related to the beatnik movement that preceded it. In the 1940s and 1950s, there were a small group of hipsters among the beatniks - jazz musicians and their fans. Perhaps here we need to look for the origins of the hip movement, which was formed in parallel with the development of rock and roll from jazz. One of the first and most famous hippie communities in the United States was the Merry Pranksters group, in which the main features of this subculture developed.

The main message of the hippies was the promotion of non-violence (ahimsa). They firmly believed in the human right to freedom, which can only be achieved by changing better side your inner world. “Spirituality is what a person lacks,” the hippies sang in their songs. They called for the creation of spiritual communities where one could hide from the “black” civilization.

In everyday life, hippies wore long hair, were fond of Eastern religions (Zen Buddhism, Taoism, Hinduism), listened to rock and roll, and hitchhiked around the world. Many of them were vegetarians. The largest hippie colonies in America were located near San Francisco. Later, the hip movement spread throughout Europe, and here the Free City of Christiania in Denmark was considered the largest hippie colony.

Ignoring the laws of the bourgeois state, hippies did not attend educational institutions and did not work. They earned their livelihood through begging, which in English was associated with the word “ask” (to ask); This is where the term “askers” come from - street beggars. The name has survived to this day, although its meaning has changed somewhat: now street musicians who play in front of passers-by for the purpose of earning money are called askers.

The hippie subculture created its own symbols, and one of the most popular symbols was an old Volkswagen minibus decorated with inscriptions. The “long hairs” traveled around America in such minibuses, shocking American farmers with their slogans: “Make love, not war!”; “Turn off the pig!” (“Pig” was the hippie name for the American machine gun); “Give peace a chance!”; “There’s no way in hell we’ll leave!”; "All you need is love!".

The symbolism of hippies also included the so-called “baubles” - bracelets that complemented the clothes of teenagers, decorated with ethnic elements - beads, weaving of beads and threads, etc. “Baubles” had a rather complex symbolism. Thus, a black and yellow striped “bauble” meant a wish for good hitchhiking, and a red and yellow one meant a declaration of love.

A well-known symbol of hippies was the “hairatnik” - a plain headband or armband that determined the status and affiliation of a hippie to a particular community. Headers were used by teenagers in role playing games. A white bandage, for example, denoted a "dead" or invisible character in the game.

Jeans very quickly became the signature clothing of the “long-haired”, and for more complete self-expression, hippies used tattoos. The most common were text tattoos, the content of which boiled down to the slogans: “No to war!”, “Peace to peace!” and the like. There were also hand-drawn tattoos with symbols of the hip movement. Since the “long-haired” often wove flowers into their hair, handed them out to passers-by and inserted field daisies into the gun muzzles of policemen and soldiers, all hippies began to be called “flower children.”

In addition to external attributes, hippie culture also includes folklore tradition"trouble." These are mainly songs, poems and “carts” - funny stories from the life of a hippie.

A hairy, dirty, unshaven people sits by the fountain.

A veteran sits next to him:

Son, why are you so dirty?

There is nowhere to wash.

What's so torn?

So there's nothing to wear.

Why skinny?

There is nothing to eat.

Have you tried to work?

Right now! I'll drop everything and run to do all sorts of nonsense!

All hippies were initially apolitical. Following the beatniks, they proclaimed a departure from society into nature, where they created colonies remote from civilization - the so-called “free cities”. Colonies usually arose on the outskirts of large cities, in abandoned houses and barns. Here hippies organized colorful festivals, entered into “free marriages” among themselves and raised their children here.

Hippie calls for a “return to nature” were sometimes accompanied by marches of naked teenagers (the spread of nudist culture is associated with the hippie movement). In this regard, we can mention the “March of Love”, organized during these years by a few Soviet hippies, teenage Muscovites who went naked onto the Moscow streets, were detained by the police and taken to psychiatric clinic. Their main slogan was the rejection of politics, although some of the Russian hippies were already demanding the abolition of the “communist regime.”

In an effort to completely isolate themselves from the ideology and culture of the older generation, hippies created their own musical ensembles that performed their own rock and roll songs, which the press dubbed “psychedelic music.” “Psychedelia” was then understood as a “change” or “expansion” of consciousness, which was achieved with the help of holotropic breathing, special meditations, and also by taking drugs.

A wave of craze swept across America at this time. psychotropic substances, and the hippies did not ignore this phenomenon. They actively used the psychedelic LSD, intended for the treatment of severe mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia. Taking LSD caused abnormal deviations in a person’s mental state: he ceased to be aware of current events, felt invulnerable and omnipotent. In this state, a teenager could step onto the highway in front of moving traffic or jump out of the window of a multi-story building, believing that he could fly. In addition, uncontrolled use of LSD often caused the active manifestation of previously hidden mental illnesses in a person - epilepsy, schizophrenia, etc.

The so-called “rock operas” very quickly became a characteristic genre of hip music, among which the most famous was the musical “Jesus Christ Superstar” (1970). It was a rock opera written by Andrew Webber and Tim Rice and filmed in 1973 by American director Norman Jewison. The film was shot in Israel, in places where famous events once took place. historical events featuring Jesus Christ, and received mixed criticism.

Western European media accepted the picture with delight, while the church anathematized it. Condemning the authors of the opera, the Vatican said: “They cannot be saved because they remain deaf to the voice of God. The Christian should stay away from this anti-Christian work.” In the Soviet Union, the performance of the rock opera “Jesus Christ Superstar” was not welcomed.

The plot of the musical is based on the biblical narrative and describes the final stage of the arrest and execution of the Savior. Main acting characters opera are Jesus and Judas, who are arguing about the need to make sacrifices in the name of saving humanity. The text of the opera is permeated with atheistic ideas and belittles the image of Christ, while justifying the betrayal of Judas. Even then, in the middle of the twentieth century, Western morality entered a period of severe moral and spiritual crisis, which today ended with the moral decline of the Catholic clergy, the acceptance and justification of same-sex marriage and other “charms” of modern European culture.

Soon after the production of the film, it was translated into different languages ​​and accepted for production in opera houses. One of the first Russian translations was made by Alexander Butuzov. In Russia, the performance of this rock opera has been permitted since 1990 and was carried out in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Yaroslavl, Irkutsk and other cities.

The peak of popularity of the hip movement came in 1967 (the so-called “summer of love”), when music discs were released with unofficial anthems of the “longhairs” performed by singer Scott McKenzie. By this time, the hippie subculture had spread not only in America and Europe, but also in Asia.

Thus, in Japan, under the influence of the international hip movement, many youth groups began to appear, the most popular among which was considered the “new movement - Bosozoku”. Literally, this name can be translated as “aggressive gang riding motorcycles.” Motorcycles painted with all the colors of the rainbow with Japanese symbols and long exhaust pipes rushed along the city streets of Japanese megacities. Their owners, Japanese teenagers, terrorized motorists and pedestrians and disturbed the peace of sleeping citizens. However, very quickly these failed “bikers” switched to cars decorated even more extravagantly than motorcycles. The hoods of the Bosozoku cars protruded forward by 15-20 centimeters, and on the trunks there were spoilers of the most unusual shape. The exhaust pipes of the cars extended upward and often stuck out above the roof, and the cars themselves were so low that they almost touched the asphalt.

As for Russia, the first hippies appeared in our country during the days of “Gorbachev’s perestroika” (1985-1990) and still exist. In the Soviet Union, these “long-haired” people were called either “hippies”, or “hippans”, or even “hippanuts”. They lived, as a rule, in large cities, where they created their own “get-togethers” (“Psychodrome No. 2” in Moscow on Znamenka; “Saigon” in Leningrad on Nevsky Prospekt; “Andreevsky Descent” in Kyiv). Out-of-town “people” who came to these parties always received help and support from local “hipsters”.

Soviet hippies quickly created their own slang, incomprehensible to outsiders. Some words from this slang have survived time and remain in use to this day: “gerla”, “people”, “session”, “track”, “civil”, etc.

Currently, there are several creative hippie associations in Russia: the art group of Moscow artists “Friesia”; creative workshop "Antilir"; Association of Musicians “Time H”; Moscow “Commune on Prazhskaya” (aka fnb group “Magik Hat”). There are also small hip communes in Chelyabinsk, Vladivostok, and St. Petersburg. All of them have long been “diluted” by members of other youth subcultures - goths, emo, bikers, etc. In recent years, Internet hippie communities have become increasingly popular, and therefore the term “cyberhippie” has appeared on the Internet.

The symbols and culture of hippies are now actively used by representatives of many other domestic youth subcultures. So, the slang of ready-made rappers, with some distortions, is borrowed from hippies. Role players wear baubles and call themselves people and high-rusts. Obviously, the hippie ideology did not disappear with the end of their active work; it continues to exist among young people, although its external attributes and slang have undergone noticeable changes.

In memory of the long-haired generation, their admirers erected a memorial Peace Sign in Arcola (Illinois, USA) with the inscription: “Dedicated to hippies and hippies at heart. Peace and love".

New left

In the mid-twentieth century, English critical Marxists P. Anderson, S. Hall and E. Thompson began publishing the socio-political magazine New Left Review in London. American sociologist Charles Mills used part of the magazine's name in his “Letter to the New Left,” which contributed to the spread of this phrase among young people.

The New Left movement developed in the 1960s in parallel with the hippie subculture, and the place where it spread became Western Europe, Japan and USA. The New Left was strongly influenced by anarchists and neo-Marxists, as well as the American philosopher Herbert Marcuse. In his famous book “One-Dimensional Man,” Marcuse described the Western society of people zombified by mass culture, whose only means of protest is total rejection of the System.

Following Marcuse, the new leftists protested against the “consumer society”, the lack of spirituality of bourgeois culture and the unification human personality. They advocated “direct democracy,” in which the state is led directly by its citizens, as well as freedom of expression and nonconformity—the ability to defend one’s views regardless of public opinion.

Unlike the communists, who considered the industrial proletariat their social base, the new left sought support among the workers of the new post-industrial society. They participated in all the mass youth movements for university freedoms, in demonstrations for the civil rights of blacks and other minorities in the West. Their anti-militarist movement became especially widespread during the Vietnam War.

In the 1960s, the new left carried out nonviolent methods of struggle, but by the end of the decade, some of them switched to extremist activities. From October 1968 to May 1969 alone, student unrest affected about 200 US universities. More than 750 thousand people then participated in the “new left” movement, and three million Americans sympathized with them.

The subcultures of hippies, sexual minorities, and feminists were closely associated with the new left. Their ideology was quickly adopted by Maoists, Trotskyists and anarchists who participated in the anti-war movement. By the beginning of the 1970s, the movement of the new left entered a period of ideological crisis, and with the end of the Vietnam War it finally came to naught, having, however, managed to exert a strong influence on international radical left groups - the “Red Army Faction” in Germany, the “Red Brigades” in Italy, the “Symbiont Liberation Army” and “Weathermen” in the USA, the “Red Army of Japan”. The New Left also had a significant influence on the formation of the international Green movement.

Under the influence of the new left in the United States in 1967, the Yippie movement took shape (from the English abbreviation VIP - “International Youth Party”). The Yippies were an explosive mixture of hippies and new leftists. They collaborated with the Black Panthers and organized thousands of marches and demonstrations. The nomination of Pigasus (Svintus) caused a stormy public outcry.

To be continued.

“The role of youth education in the modern world”

Plato

Today's youth are the future of the country and the education of the younger generation is one of the most important issues facing the state, and the future of our country depends on the level at which the education of youth is carried out. We must use all available resources to ensure that people come first in society true values. So that young people know and appreciate our centuries-old traditions, respect and love their family and friends.

Over the past fifteen years, we have observed the influence of many different factors that are obviously harmful to the mental and mental health of our fellow citizens, especially children. Young people today are different compared to past generations. They already have different values, morals, interests, hobbies, everything else. But she should never forget about the eternal universal spiritual and moral values, without which the formation of a full-fledged personality is impossible. There are a lot of factors that influence a person’s consciousness and the development of his personality, starting from what kind of parents he has and in what environment he lives and develops.

Youth issues are one of the most discursive and strategically significant for successful development modern society.

The current situation in Russian society is characterized by a state of a certain ideological and ideological vacuum, when some social ideals and values ​​have already become a thing of the past, while others have not yet been formed.

The lack of ideals and goals in life negatively affects the development of young people, who are always critical of various kinds of ideals, even in a stable social situation, and on the other hand, they must have certain ideals and goals in order to carry out their personal development, especially in the area of ​​professional development and citizenship.

Relevance of the study value orientations youth is determined, first of all, by the problems of the formation and development of society, the need to preserve traditions and reproduce normative rules of behavior.

The practice-tested idea that the components of a person’s civic development are labor, patriotic and moral education began to fall into oblivion. But very soon it became clear that these areas in working with youth cannot be ignored. What is happening to our youth at the beginning of the 21st century? Which life values, social attitudes do young people prefer, what models do they focus on?

Research has shown that the main life values ​​of young people are family, friends and health, followed by interesting work, money and justice (the importance of the latter value is currently increasing). Religious faith closes the top seven main values ​​in life.

It should be noted that the value orientations of young people have undergone noticeable changes in the last 30-40 years; This is especially true when it comes to the importance of work.

In means mass media The image of an honest worker, a leader in production, and, in general, every working person, has disappeared. It has become unprestigious to be a worker, technician, or engineer. There was a replacement of “heroes of labor” with “idols of consumption” (pop stars, comedians, parodists, astrologers, fashion journalists, sexologists, etc.).

An unfavorable factor in the modern value structure of young people is the lack of a clear connection between work and money. If in Soviet time This connection was weakened due to the manifestation of “equalization”; now it is completely absent. Because some get “mad” money through adventures and manipulations, while others, literally working hard (sometimes in several jobs), have an inadequately small salary. Teenagers and young people capture this perfectly.

A person’s value system is the “foundation” of his relationship to the world. Values ​​are a relatively stable, socially conditioned selective attitude of a person towards the totality of material and spiritual public goods.

Academician D.S. Likhachev, in an interview given by him shortly before his death, spoke about the bitterness of people and the decline of culture throughout the world and that he sees a way out of the situation in which our country finds itself “in education with an educational bias. We must do everything to save the younger generation from lack of spirituality and moral decline.” It's about on the creation of a unified educational and pedagogical sociocultural space. It is clear that such activities cannot be done without a significant number of specialists working with youth.

From the above, we can conclude that in line with youth policy and the education of the younger generation, a lot of spiritual and moral work remains to be done on the upbringing and socialization of the younger generation, the consolidation and unity of youth, all its groups, the entire society on the basis of patriotism and citizenship, the establishment of the principles of social justice and morality.

Many value orientations are formed precisely in adolescence, since young people are most susceptible to social and cultural changes in society. The value orientations of young people have changed largely in recent years due to the aggravation of the problem of their socialization.

Young people are the so-called middle ground between people. Youth plays a very important role in the modern world. After all, this is a new generation on which the future of all humanity depends. Youth needs to be taught a lot, and if you educate youth correctly (and this is manifested in patriotic education, in studies and in holding public events, etc.), then they will become a reliable future. Today, in many countries, youth education is the main task.

One thing is certain, that it is the youth today that occupy the leading position among other groups, since they are the most educated. And it is precisely this that in the near future will constitute the intellectual resource of our country.

Research on this issue is important for Russian society, as it shows the social and cultural changes that are taking place among young people, and, consequently, in the country.

Bibliography:

1. Nikandrov N.D. “Spiritual values ​​and education in modern Russia.” - Pedagogy.-2008.

4. Vvedensky, V.N. Continuous professional education / V.N. Vvedensky // Social and humanitarian knowledge.

3. Vildanova, F.Z. Educational space as a source of self-development of students’ personality / F.Z. Vildanova // Applied psychology. – 2002.

4. Semenov, V.E. Value orientations of modern youth / V.E. Semenov // Sociological studies. – 2007.

5. Sorokina N.D. Changes in education and the dynamics of students’ life strategies / N.D. Sorokina // Socis. – 2003.

6. Tyukulmina, O.I. Problems social work with youth: Textbook / O.I. Tyukulmina. – Tomsk: TPU, 2006.

7. Shcheglova, S.N. Features of adaptation school teachers to the values ​​of informatization / S.N. Shcheglova // Socis. - 2006.

8. Vashilin, E.P. Creative youth of modern Russia: features of socialization / E.P. Vashilin // Social and humanitarian knowledge. – 2003.

Application

Case study

I conducted a survey small group classmates. The questionnaire asked 6 questions. The content of the question and the answers are given below in the form of diagrams. The purpose of the questions is the modern attitude of young people to issues of education, as well as to identify their value orientations.

1. Who has more influence on the upbringing of youth: family, society, both?

2. Does modern society need to educate young people: yes, no?

3. Are today’s youth well-educated: yes, no?

4. Does the successful future of our country depend on the education of youth: yes, no?

5. What methods can be used to improve the education of youth: the creation of youth organizations, the involvement of the state in the education, the involvement educational institutions?

6. In what order would you place the following life values: family, friends, health, work, money, justice?

A generation of young people has formed in Russia that is very different from their predecessors. The image of a young careerist, clearly depicted in Megafon advertising - “The future depends on you” - remained in the 90s. The 2000s generation is indifferent to a career, rejects mass culture and rampant consumerism. For some of today’s youth, the slogan “The future does not depend on you” is more relevant.

The word “youth” should be written with two letters “w”. The Internet “Live Journal” (LJ) has become a habitat for thousands of young people. There they argue about the structure of the world and complain about yesterday's hangover. Revolutions are being prepared there and marriages are being destroyed... Virtual diaries are a real treasure for sociologists. Where else can you find such an array of texts created by a “common man”?!

I decided to use this unique material. I present to your attention the conclusions I have drawn. In some ways they can be considered controversial. But at the very least, this study makes us think about what the “LJ generation” represents. And certainly this method of study is much more productive than endless surveys on the topic “What is more important to you - high earnings or spiritual harmony?”

I myself defined the subject of my research as follows: “I set the task of studying the most advanced part of young people. But not “golden” and not “bohemian”. Such groups were, are and will be, regardless of the blogosphere. They can be called trendsetters, that is, people who broadcast cultural innovations to the wider masses. I proceeded from the fact that the blogosphere has become the main channel for the dissemination of trends. In Moscow, St. Petersburg and cities with a population of over a million, trendsetters are in one way or another connected with the blogosphere.”

Trend 1

From careerism to indifference

The 90s generation worked extremely hard. Plans for building a career were hatched at a very young age - they thought about it already in the tenth grade, and even more so in the first year of college. Any job was assessed, first of all, from the point of view of its prospects for a future career, and the transition from one job to another - from the point of view of what a new line on a resume would look like.

Of course, there were many exceptions, but that was the general attitude. Many young people were willing to work 20 hours a day. Positions of top managers in leading corporations or the coveted business of their own loomed ahead.

Today's youth are indifferent to a career. She does not accept work that is motivated solely by making money and does not provide opportunities for self-expression, does not want to work in an office, on a strict schedule, and is generally not ready to devote most of her time to work.

“The people who are concerned about money are mostly older generations who have experienced poverty. I like people who earn money themselves within the limits of what is affordable. If you have money - good, if you have no money - bad, we will try to earn money. I'm one of them"

Young people of the 90s dreamed of becoming bankers, lawyers, commercial and financial directors. The professional ideal of youth of the 2000s is a journalist, designer, programmer, PR manager. Freelancing has become a bright sign of the times.

Creating your own business is perhaps the only thing that today's young people want as much as their peers did 10 years ago. However, if the youth of the 90s tried in every possible way to develop their own business in order to eventually turn it into a large enterprise and enter the business elite, then today’s young people do not want to waste time and energy on this. They are quite satisfied small business, which gives them financial independence and the opportunity to do what they love on a free schedule.

Young people of the 90s took on any business - from selling diapers to private delivery. Modern young people are not ready to dramatically change their lifestyle and social circle, even if this promises considerable profit. As a rule, they create their own small businesses in areas that are familiar to them and where they do not need to spend time establishing relevant connections.

“I devote my free time to the same things I devote my working time to, only these are no longer custom projects, but for the soul, so to speak. That is, when it appears, that is, time, I either take a photograph, or process what has already been photographed, or draw, since the easel is always at hand, or go to paint plaster casts in the studio, or read, or glue something...; It’s extremely difficult for me to sit still for a long time...”

The main reason that the “career” option began to lose its attractiveness for young people was the awareness of the “limits to growth.” In the 90s the skies seemed open. Ten years later, most young people understand perfectly well that there is a very definite “ceiling” above which it is almost impossible to rise. “Social elevator”, providing quick vertical movement in the 90s, in the 2000s it stopped.

Economic stabilization also contributed to the decline in the attractiveness of the “career” option. Modern young people are not afraid of being left without a livelihood. They understand that they can always find some kind of work. The generation of the 90s faced an alternative: work or vegetation and poverty. The generation of the 2000s is characterized by another alternative: exhausting and energy-consuming work to build a career or calm, “relaxed” creative work for pleasure.

The devaluation of the value of a career in the minds of young people is indirectly related to the growth of the value of freedom. For the youth of the 90s, freedom also had a certain value, but it was interpreted very narrowly - as the opportunity not to depend on anyone financially, to buy various goods and services, etc.

Young people of the 2000s understand freedom as independence from any circumstances and as spontaneity - the opportunity to change work, place of residence, lifestyle. For modern young people, freedom is one of the key values, and free style life is the direct opposite of “corporate slavery”.

Trend 2

Escape from popular culture

On the one hand, modern young people are children of mass culture, and they are well aware of this. On the other hand, they do their best to distance themselves from this culture.

Modern young people are clearly aware of their cultural “advancement”; this is a source of pride for them. From their point of view, all other “average” inhabitants are distinguished by a low level of education and culture, a lack of interests and hobbies, with the exception of primitive consumerism. The attitude towards them is quite arrogant.

For the youth of the 90s, the object of constant irony was the so-called scoop, that is, a very limited, conservative, unenterprising person. For young people of the 2000s, the objects of ridicule are “gopniks”, “glamorous pussies” (girls whose meaning of life is entertainment and consumption) and “office plankton” (managers of all stripes who spend most of their lives in the office, doing routine and uninteresting work) .

The negative attitude towards these three socio-cultural groups is caused not only by rejection of their way of life and values, but also by their absolute stereotypedness and lack of any individuality.

Television (especially humorous programs, series and reality shows). The vast majority of modern young people watch TV quite rarely, and even then solely for the purpose of laughing at the “stars” of the airwaves.

"Modern culture. Well, firstly, the culture of conformism and absorption of the individual by the masses. Availability of music, art, etc. makes it not the property of a few, but the lot of many. This is where the devastation of art comes from.”

The genre of parody of television programs and their characters is extremely popular among young people. For example, one of the largest blogging communities is the foto_zaba community, whose members use the graphic editor Photoshop to remake pictures from popular TV shows and movies. Evgeny Petrosyan, Ksenia Sobchak and Vladimir Putin enjoy special “love” from the “gills”.

Another topic for mockery is advertising. Logos, commercials, and slogans are being redesigned. An example of such a transformation was the new corporate identity of MTS. The number of adaptations, parodies and jokes on the theme of “red eggs” exceeded a thousand.

Parodies of popular culture are sometimes extremely cynical, but this is a reaction to the falsity of popular culture itself. A certain vague feeling is being formed among young people, which can be called a longing for romanticism and true values.

Being often ostentatiously cynical, young people try with all their might to avoid insincerity in relationships with loved ones and friends. Hence the extremely negative attitude towards the “secular” style of communication a la “Dom-2”, as well as towards advertising, which uses lofty words to cover up the banal desire to sell a product or service.

“Now in our world, unfortunately, there is a lot of insincerity, and very often people hide some selfish goals and interests behind the concept of “friendship”. Plus, it seems to me that people are so preoccupied with their own problems, of which we all have a great many, that sometimes there is no time left to just ask a friend how he is doing.”

Another evidence of the “longing for romance” is the mythological image of the Soviet past that has formed among today’s young people. The USSR appears in an idealized form, as a society where there were no national conflicts, terrorism and drug addiction, where feelings were sincere, and people were naive and selfless.

“If you were a child in the 60s, 70s or 80s, looking back, it's hard to believe we managed to survive until today... Our cribs were painted bright colors with high lead content. There were no secret lids on the medicine bottles, the doors were often not locked, and the cabinets were never locked. We drank water from the water pump on the corner, not from plastic bottles. No one could think of riding a bike wearing a helmet. Horror"

The theme of the pre-perestroika period is also closely related to the search for one’s own identity, since the answer to the question “who am I?” worries modern bloggers quite a lot.

Trend 3

Politics without politics

The attitude towards politics also reflects the desire to distance oneself from the “mass”. Young people simply ignore any form of political activity. They do not participate in elections because, in their opinion, the outcome of the elections in no way depends on their participation.

“I am only concerned with those world problems that are directly related to me, and in general, the expression “even a flood after us” is quite practical.”

Any form of political activity - both right and left - becomes the object of satire no less acute than in the case of television and pop music. For example, the pro-government youth association “Nashi” is ridiculed for its adherence to pretentious slogans.

Left-wing political activists of the National Bolshevik persuasion evoke a little more sympathy. The readiness for self-sacrifice, the real, and not ostentatious, suffering of the National Bolsheviks for the idea evokes respect among young people. As a rule, “leftists” are not mocked, but their convictions are not shared. After all, left-wing activists are also captives of mass culture. Nationalist movements are quite sharply rejected. The vast majority of members of the blogging community are internationalists. Their ideal is “citizens of the world,” children of different national cultures who move freely around the world and communicate with each other. Nationalists, and especially their aggressive wing, are associated with savagery and barbarism.

Some bloggers attend various political events, but they go there mainly to “have fun”, in other words, to have fun, and not at all to defend their point of view.

Young people prefer to watch political life, make caustic criticisms, but do not interfere in anything. Unlike the traditional Russian and Soviet intelligentsia, who observed political life with a sense of tragedy, modern youth joke and have fun. Absurdist flash mobs became an expression of this easy attitude.

A flash mob is a collective action, which, as a rule, is of a ridiculous nature, from the point of view of most citizens. For example, several dozen or hundreds of young people may gather and begin to squat or repeat the same word at the same time.

Once in Novosibirsk on May 1, representatives of various political parties gathered in the main square of the city to hold rallies. About a hundred flash mobbers came there. Young people began to lead a huge round dance around the protesters, holding posters like “No to the colonization of Mars”, “No to the exploitation of the theme of Siberian savagery in modern art”, etc. Some of the posters were written in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs.

Neither the protesters nor the police knew what to do. The organizers of the May Day demonstration could not understand what it was? If a movement, what are its goals? If the protest is against whom and what?

In fact, the flash mobers did not have any specific goals. In general, this is characteristic of the entire young generation of the 2000s - the absence of long-term goals and a “research” approach to one’s own destiny (“life itself will tell you what goals to strive for”). Nevertheless, in addition to simply the desire to shock the public, there is a certain, albeit not always conscious, protest in flash mobs. This is a protest against stereotypes, “correctness,” and the pollution of political and social life. But the protest is precisely in that inactive, ironic form, which is extremely characteristic of “fugitives” from the society of mass culture.

Trend 4

Traveler, but not a tourist

Entertainment and leisure also demonstrate the ardent desire of young people to stand out, “not to be like everyone else.” For example, special types of travel are becoming increasingly popular among young people.

These are long trips, often with stops for several months in the place you like. Travelers of this type strive to live the same way as the local population lives: eat the same food, dress in the same clothes, speak the same language and generally not look like tourists in the eyes of locals. They find some kind of job (or remotely, via the Internet, continue to do the same thing they did in Russia, for example, computer design), rent an apartment or room, and make local friends.

In recent years, a “movement to the south” has begun - to India, Thailand, Vietnam. Since life in these countries is extremely cheap, it is not difficult for young people from Moscow or St. Petersburg to save up an amount with which they then live in the tropics for a year, enjoying the warm climate and a carefree existence. Such Russian travelers appeared in America, Africa and even Australia and New Zealand.

“We belong to the last generation of travelers. The world is rapidly becoming the same; asphalt, democracy and dollars are quickly spreading across the entire surface of the planet"

The hobbies of modern young people are varied. The very fact that a person has some kind of hobby is important. If in the 90s it was considered normal for young people to have no time for anything other than sleep, then for today’s youth such a lifestyle is completely unacceptable. It is believed that people who do not have hobbies outside of work live unfulfilling lives. Representatives of the “office plankton”, who after a hard and stressful day barely have the strength to crawl to the sofa and, while drinking beer, look blankly at the TV, evoke sharply negative feelings among the modern younger generation.

"I want to interesting events. Now I really want to, for example, stalk somewhere, climb vertically, go on a boat trip.”

Modern young people go in for sports (usually extreme sports), look for abandoned places in the “urban jungle”, climb onto the roofs of high-rise buildings in search of beautiful views (roofers), jump from one roof to another (parkour), go down into underground communications ( diggers), participate in the historical reconstruction of various eras and cultures (role-players) - the list of hobbies is endless.

The main criteria when choosing a hobby are its non-banality and “unpromotedness.” The beginning of “commercial exploitation” of a particular hobby (the appearance of advertising, PR campaigns) reduces its attractiveness in the eyes of young people. This happened, for example, with snowboarding and rock climbing. From “advanced” sports, they quickly turned into mass ones and, in youth parlance, “got populated.”

Trend 5

Refusal of prestigious consumption

Modern young people are not characterized by prestigious consumption. The youth of the 90s were obsessed with status. There was a clear imperative - if you were successful, you had to dress in Gucci or Armani, drive a Mercedes or BMW, drink Hennessey cognac and smoke Davidoff or Parliament cigarettes.

For young people in the 2000s, the value of status is no longer absolute. At least, modern young people are not ready to buy goods just because in the eyes of others they are prestigious and indicate material wealth. It cannot be said that modern youth are completely oblivious to public opinion. However, if ten years ago young people sought to demonstrate their financial success, now they want to emphasize their individuality. A suit for a representative of the 2000s generation can include both expensive brands and very cheap ones, and even non-branded items - the main thing is that the resulting combination is typical for you.

The advent of “individual” consumption to replace “status” consumption has thoroughly mixed the cards for marketers. Ten years ago, young consumers could be more or less clearly structured according to income. Today we can very often meet young people who buy clothes of the same inexpensive brand, smoke the same elite cigarettes, and at the same time their income differs significantly.

Increased interest in shopping is considered a sign of limitations among young people. There are, however, exceptions. For example, attention is paid to the purchase of a computer and computer equipment. Carefully select hobby-related items, such as sports equipment or cameras.

Trend 6

Generation of Skeptics

The generation of 2000s can rightly be called the generation of skeptics. Young people do not believe advertising, do not trust the media, and are extremely skeptical of various PR campaigns. They understand perfectly well that behind all advertising campaigns there is a purely pragmatic desire to sell a product.

“The “battle for consumer consciousness” is perceived as a kind of game: companies strive to gain our favor and bombard us with advertising and PR campaigns - OK, we will watch these attempts with interest”

Some respect is given to elegant advertising campaigns that achieve maximum results with a minimum of funds. Massive campaigns with million-dollar budgets are perceived more skeptically. And advertising that tries to openly and primitively deceive the consumer (for example, “bank loans at 0%”) causes sharp rejection. Moreover, an “expert” attitude towards advertising is characteristic not only of professionals, but also of those young people who have nothing to do with advertising and PR.

And yet, despite the ardent desire to distance themselves from mass culture, modern young people in many ways remain “children of the consumer society.” They physically cannot do without a dozen or two personal hygiene items, without quality products, without sushi, disposable tableware and a host of other delights of civilization.

What will happen to our generation next? Probably, after 30 years, the vast majority of bloggers integrate into various professional communities, get married, and have children. A high level of education and the presence of various social connections will provide them with a fairly high position in society. However, most inhabitants of the LiveJournal space prefer not to think about the future. It's too boring.

Conclusion

“I try not to think about the future, i.e. about such a global future... It’s somehow more pleasant to live today. For me, the future is today Wednesday, tomorrow Thursday, and this is already the future. I live for today, hour, minute. Therefore, almost everything that is a little further is the future for me, I don’t chase after it, that is, I have no desire to “rewind” time forward. Old age is in the future, and I am young, healthy, energetic (as they say, pretty good-looking), I’m afraid of getting old.”

Performer: 5th year student

correspondence F.T.Zh. 03-21z

Head: Alexandrova N.A.

Sources

1. Pearson T. System of modern societies. M., 1997.

2. Fokht - Babushkin Yu.U. Art in people's lives. SP. 2001.

3. Yadov V.A. Sociological research: methodology, program, methods. M., 1995.

4. Yadov V.A. Strategy of sociological research. Description, explanation, understanding of social reality. M., 1999

The youth- this is a special socio-age group, distinguished by age limits and their status in society: the transition from childhood and adolescence to social responsibility. Some scientists understand youth as a set of young people to whom society provides the opportunity for social development, providing them with benefits, but limiting the possibility of active participation in certain spheres of social life. Young people, in large part, have a level of mobility, intellectual activity and health that distinguishes them favorably from other groups of the population. During this period, a person goes through an important stage of family and non-family socialization.

Today, scientists define youth as a socio-demographic group of society, identified on the basis of a set of characteristics, characteristics of social status and determined by certain socio-psychological properties that are determined by the level of socio-economic, cultural development, features of socialization in Russian society.

The boundaries of youth are fluid. They depend on the socio-economic development of society, the achieved level of well-being and culture, and people’s living conditions. The impact of these factors is really manifested in the life expectancy of people, the expansion of the boundaries of youth age from 14 to 30 years.

Differentiation of young people according to the age allows us to distinguish three main groups:

• · 14-19 years old(boys and girls) - a group of young people who are financially dependent on their parental families and are faced with choosing a profession;
• · 20-24 years(youth in the narrow sense of the word) - youth group integrating into the socio-professional structure of society, acquiring material and social independence;
• · 25-29 years old(young adults) - a socio-demographic group that has completed acquiring a full set of social statuses and roles, and has become the subject of social reproduction.

Thus, we can conclude that the lower age limit is determined by the fact that from the age of 14 physical maturity begins and a person can engage in labor activity (the period of choice to study or work). The upper limit is determined by the achievement of economic independence, professional and personal stability.

As structural elements can also be highlighted the following groups youth:

• · demographic(gender, age, marital status);
• · national-ethnic;
• · targeted and contact(for example, all young people seeking to enter higher education; all young people working in a given organization);
• · by level of education;
• · at the place of residence(urban and rural youth);
• · by degree of socio-political activity;
• · by type of amateur activity(athletes, musicians, etc.);
• · by professional affiliation.

The use of these and other typological criteria allows us to build a multidimensional personal space for young people.

Thus, it would be more correct to talk not about youth in general, but about studying, student or working youth; youth of large central cities, provincial cities or youth from rural areas, etc. It follows that when determining the social positions of young people and their various groups, it is necessary to study the qualitative social characteristics of young people: social composition and origin, financial situation of parents, worldview and religious affiliation, education, professional activity, political views, etc.

IN developmental psychology youth is characterized as a period of formation sustainable system values, the formation of self-awareness and the formation of the social status of the individual. Consciousness young man has a special sensitivity, the ability to process and assimilate a huge flow of information. During this period, critical thinking develops, the desire to give one’s own assessment of various phenomena, the search for argumentation and original thinking. At the same time, at this age some attitudes and stereotypes characteristic of the previous generation still remain. This is due to the fact that the period of active activity in a young person encounters a limited nature of practical, creative activity, and incomplete inclusion of the young person in the system of social relations. Hence, in the behavior of young people there is an amazing combination of contradictory qualities and traits: the desire for identification and isolation, conformism and negativism, imitation and denial of generally accepted norms, the desire for communication and withdrawal, detachment from outside world. The instability and inconsistency of youth consciousness influence many forms of behavior and activity of the individual. The formation of social maturity of young people occurs under the influence of many relatively independent factors: family, educational institutions, labor collectives, the media, youth organizations and spontaneous groups. This multiplicity of institutions and mechanisms of socialization does not represent a rigid hierarchical system; each of them performs its own specific functions in the development of the individual.

Value orientations are the most important elements of the internal structure of the personality, fixed by the life experience of the individual. The totality of established, established experiences that separate the significant, the essential from the insignificant, forms a kind of axis of consciousness that ensures the stability of the individual, the continuity of a certain type of behavior, and activity, expressed in the direction of needs and interests. Because of this, value orientations are the most important factor ensuring the cohesion of social groups and regulating individual behavior. Through orientation, a person selects the most significant objects for him. Thus, orientations reflect the selectivity of people. This circumstance gives them the status of an independent phenomenon.

Youth, as a social group whose position is completely determined by its socio-economic condition, primarily reacts to changes occurring in society. Youth is of interest as the generation that in the near future will take the place of the main productive force, and therefore its values ​​will largely determine the values ​​of the entire society. The situation in the country as a whole largely depends on what principles, norms and values ​​this social group adheres to.

The system of value orientations of the individual, although formed under the influence of the values ​​dominant in society and the immediate social environment surrounding the individual, is not strictly predetermined by them. A person is not passive in the process of forming his or her orientations. The values ​​offered by society are acquired selectively by the individual. The formation of value orientations is influenced not only by social factors, but also by some characteristics of the individual himself, his personal characteristics. The system of value orientations is not given once and for all: with changes in living conditions and the personality itself, new values ​​appear, and sometimes they are completely or partially revalued. Once again, it should be emphasized that the value orientations of young people, as the most dynamic part of Russian society, are the first to undergo changes caused by various processes occurring in the life of the country.

In the value orientations of modern Russian youth, two groups of values ​​can traditionally be distinguished: terminal - the belief that some ultimate goal of individual existence is worth striving for; instrumental - beliefs that some course of action or personality trait is preferable in any situation. This division corresponds to the traditional division into values-goals and values-means.

Currently, the analysis of the values ​​of different generations, and above all youth and its specific part - students, which as a social group is characterized by age, belonging to a higher school and involvement in the process of forming a layer of intellectuals, is of particular relevance. Modern Russian students are forced to focus on a mixed system of values. Traditional values ​​have not been completely replaced by Western ones and, most likely, a complete change in values ​​will not occur. However, changes in the sociocultural situation with an attempt to create a market economy in Russia, democratic changes, led to the emergence and increasing importance of some values ​​that were absent or were on the periphery of the traditional value system.

Values ​​effectively determine people's behavior if they are not introduced by force, but are based on the authority of society. Studying the value orientations of students makes it possible to identify the degree of their adaptation to new social conditions and their innovative potential. The future state of society largely depends on what value foundation is formed.

Characteristics of modern youth

The intellectual and educational values ​​of modern youth should be considered in the light of their mental and creative potential, which, unfortunately, has decreased significantly in recent years. This is due to the deterioration of the physical and mental condition of the younger generation. New conditions have given rise to new problems that have become inherent in the sociocultural values ​​of modern youth.

Having no idea what the basic values, guidelines, views and interests of a young man are today, it is extremely difficult to count on a positive result in the process of developing his best qualities as a citizen. Under the conditions of the generally unfavorable influences of the macroenvironment, the prestige of morality has decreased, and greedy orientations and interests of a purely personal, pragmatic nature have increased among young people. A significant part of young people have destroyed and lost such traditional moral and psychological traits as romanticism, selflessness, readiness for heroic deeds, honesty, conscientiousness, faith in goodness and justice, the desire for truth and the search for an ideal, for the positive realization of not only personal, but also social significant interests and goals and others.