Lesson on the topic "rules of linear and aerial perspective." Image of volume on a plane

Lesson fine art art in 6th grade

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RULES

Today in class you will learn -

What is linear perspective

and what are the rules of construction

frontal and angular perspectives.

What is aerial perspective

and how the color changes

influenced by aerial perspective .

But first answer these questions:

How did artists of different eras in different countries depict space?

What is PERSPECTIVE?
What types of perspective

do you know?

Linear perspective – an exact science that teaches how to depict objects of surrounding reality on a plane so that the impression is created as in nature.

Every drawing has a level from which the object is drawn. The drawing level will be line of his eyes , so-called horizon .

The higher the horizon line, the more space opens up to our view.

All lines parallel to each other extending into the depths of space are perceived by the eyes as converging at a point called vanishing point .

TYPES OF LINEAR PERSPECTIVE

Frontal perspective

Objects are located parallel to the plane - frontal position

one vanishing point located on the horizon line.

TYPES OF LINEAR PERSPECTIVE

Angular perspective

Objects are located at an angle to the plane - angular position

All parallel lines will converge at

two vanishing points located on the horizon line

right and left.

Aerial perspective conveys perspective changes in some characteristics of objects under the influence of air and space, changes in color, outline and degree of illumination of objects that appear as the nature moves away from the eyes of the observer.

In the image, the removal of objects is conveyed by softening the outlines,

loss of clarity, weakening of image detail, decrease in color brightness.

When depicting objects reflected in water, their length is usually

equal to reflection and the shape is preserved. But the image is upside down.

Space transfer schemes You can create the illusion of space on a plane not only in tone, but also in linear drawing

A. The usual linear perspective of the earth's space is conveyed by weakening the pressure and thinning the outline of the lines.

B. Horizontal lines of varying pressure convey color and air space.

B. The space of the field is created using vertical strokes and lines that lose their thickness as they move away.

Perspective

- this is a reduction in size

the object as it moves away, i.e., figuratively speaking, this is a look into the distance.

Correct identification of objects in space helps when depicting landscapes, where it is necessary to pay attention to

long and close plans .

Basic Rules building perspective

Lines below the horizon rise toward it, lines above the horizon descend toward it, and lines on the horizon become horizontal.
All lines parallel to each other, going deep into space, are perceived by the eyes as converging at a point called vanishing point . In frontal perspective there is one vanishing point, in angular perspective there are two.
Lines running parallel to the horizon remain parallel (frontal perspective).
Vertical lines stay vertical.
The closer an object is to us, the larger it appears in size.
Objects of the same color in the distance appear less bright in color than objects close to the person drawing.

Perspective (from the Latin perspicere to see clearly, to comprehend) in the visual arts, a system of ways of depicting space on a plane. Perspective in drawing is a way of depicting three-dimensional figures that conveys their own spatial structure and location in space. In the visual arts, perspective is used as one of the artistic means to enhance the expressiveness of images.

Perspective can be linear, aerial or reverse. Linear perspective is a way of depicting the surrounding reality on a plane with the transfer of volume and depth. Linear perspective is the most traditional, because corresponds to the natural perception of the surrounding world.

Reverse perspective is a method of depiction in which the vanishing lines are directed not deep into the picture, but towards the viewer. This type of perspective was used by ancient Russian painters in icon painting and frescoes. With this projection, the center of the world was placed inside the artist and the viewer, and parallel lines converged not outside, but inside the observer. Of two identical objects, when depicting space on a plane in this system, the one turned out to be larger. which is located further from the viewer.

We see all objects below this plane, below the horizon, from above; All objects located above the horizon are visible from below. Every horizontal plane below the horizon has an upper surface; at the plane located above the horizon, we see the lower surface. All horizontal lines located below the perspective horizon, that is, visible from above, when moving away, seem to rise and approach it, but never cross it. All lines located above the horizon, moving away, seem to descend and approach it. They don't cross it.

Bulgarian secondary school No. 1

with in-depth study of individual subjects.

District Teachers Seminar

artistic and aesthetic cycle on the topic

Art lesson in 6th "A" class

on this topic:

"Perspective"

Art teacher

IIqualification category

Bolgar 2009

Perspective.

Target: Teach how to convey space on the image plane.

Develop perspective drawing skills.

Cultivate interest and observation in the world around you.

Equipment and materials:

1.Paintings by artists,

2. Schemes for constructing perspective in a drawing (slides)

3.For students: album, pencil, eraser.

During the classes

Org. Moment.

Landscape (slide 1.)

Guys, tell me what is shown in this picture? (scenery)

What does the artist want to show in the landscape? (nature, space)

Yes. Today we understand that landscape is, first of all, an image of space. But the understanding of ways to depict space was different in different eras.

In the era of Ancient Egypt, images never created the illusion of breaking through the wall, but followed along its plane, arranged in rows, like lines of writing. The images seemed to move rhythmically, rhythmically repeating gestures. The image was transferred to the plane not in the form in which it appears to the eye, but in the form that most expresses its essence.

1.Wall painting. Ancient Egypt. (slide 2.)

The ancient Egyptians combined a top view, a front view, and a profile view in one image.

2.Garden and pond. Ancient Egypt. (slide 3.)

The art of the Middle Ages focused on the spiritual and emotional lives of people. The images carry a symbolic and narrative meaning.

3.The miracle of Archangel Michael about flora and laurel. Icon. Russia. 15th century (slide 4.)

The space of an icon has its own laws of construction. The icon seems to open towards the person standing in front of it. The lines in the icon, if they are continued, converge in front - on the praying person, as if they are closed by him.

During the Renaissance, interest in the study of the actually observed world and human personality prevailed in art. And then a “window” appeared through which the artist looked into the distance, and the concept was born - perspective, horizon line, vanishing point.

What is perspective?

Perspective is a means of displaying the depth of a drawing, conveying space on the image plane.

Example: imagine a railway. Everyone knows that the rails lie parallel, which means that they do not intersect anywhere. (slide 5.)

But if we stand on the tracks and look into the distance, it will seem that as we move away from us, the rails converge closer, closer, until they finally merge into one point. (slide 6.)

The same thing can be seen if you go out onto a straight section of an ordinary road. Only here, instead of rails, the edges of the road will converge. The point where the rails or edges of the road meet is called "vanishing point". This point always lies on horizon lines.(slide 7.)

Word "horizon" everyone is familiar with it, of course. This word is used to describe the line separating the visible sky from the visible earth.

The horizon line can be high or low; it is a means of expression. To convey earthly distances, a high point of view is needed, and when the horizon line is located at the lower edge of the picture, we see the expanses of heaven. (slides 8-9.)

What happens to objects as they are removed? (slide 10.)

They shrink, change color...

Let's name the basic rules of linear and aerial perspective:

1. Straight, parallel lines in the figure converge at one point.

2. Objects moving into the distance decrease in size.

4. As objects move away, the color loses its saturation and contrast and becomes lighter.

5. The close-up is warm and contrasting, the middle is softer tones, the distant is light, generalized, everything merges into a common airy haze.

Practical work:

Today we will draw a street according to all the rules of perspective, but first we will build it on a board.

(students work at the board, building a street, discussing each step)

1. Place the sheet horizontally.

2. Draw the horizon line (high)

3. Draw a road with a vanishing point on the horizon line.

4. Houses, starting from the foreground.

5. We work with a simple pencil.

Lesson summary:

Analysis of works - I show the best ones to the whole class.

Working with paints in the next lesson.

Homework:

Observation of linear and aerial perspective.

Bring paints, a jar, brushes.

Slide 1

Basic principles of the theory of linear perspective Completed by: Marina Zamorina 303 gr. Supervisor: Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor S.I. Gudilina Everything that is purple - hyperlinks

Slide 2

Perspective Objects in the reality around us are located in space, that is, some of them are located closer to us, others are further away. If, for example, you look at electric masts or telegraph poles moving away from the observer, you can see how they seem to decrease in height, although in reality they are the same size. larger picture

Slide 3

Slide 4

The apparent decrease in the size of objects located at different distances from the viewer can also be seen in the example of houses located along the street. Thus, the further away objects are from the viewer, the smaller they appear. If you look at the same object from different places or change its position in relation to the viewer, then each time it will be visually perceived differently. Examples: Circle Book

Slide 5

Circle BACK When the position of the circle changes in relation to the observer, you can see how its outlines change. In one case, the circle can be seen in the form of a regular circle (if it is located frontally), in another case - in the form of an ellipse, in the third - in the form of a straight line. It depends on what position the circle occupies in relation to the level of vision (horizon line) and to the plane of the picture. CONCLUSION

Slide 6

Book BACK The change in the outline of an object depending on its position in relation to the person drawing can be traced on the book. The book can be positioned in relation to the viewer so that in one case we will see two, and in another case, three of its planes. CONCLUSION

Slide 7

CONCLUSION REVERSE Based on this example, we can draw the following conclusion - the appearance of an object changes depending on its location relative to the observer.

Slide 8

Linear perspective The development of the theory of linear perspective as a method of depicting spatial forms on a plane was carried out by such prominent artists of the Renaissance as Pietro della Francesca, Paolo Uccello, Leon Battista Alberti, Leonardo da Vinci, Albrecht Durer and many others. Engraving by Albrecht Durer

Slide 9

One of Durer's engravings gives an idea of the principle of obtaining a perspective image, which forms the basis of the modern theory of linear perspective. Here we have the following basic elements: the object of the image, a single fixed point of view (the artist looks at the object with one eye through the pipe), a transparent plane located between the object and the eye of the observer on which the drawing is made. Show picture

Slide 10

Slide 11

The possibility of obtaining an image on a transparent plane of an object is explained by the laws of radiation, propagation and absorption of light. Reflected rays of light coming into the eye from an object, meeting a transparent plane on their way, leave traces on it in the form of many points. If we connect these imaginary points, then we will get the outline of a visible object on this plane. Its value will be less than the actual size of the observed object. View picture

Slide 12

BACK Such images should be considered as a perspective image of objects obtained by the central projection method, since all projecting rays pass through one point - the optical center of the eye (pupil). The height of this point in practice is determined by a horizontal plane passing at the level of the drawer’s eyes, which is depicted as a horizontal straight line and is called the horizon line. And the rectangular projection of the point of view onto the plane is called the main or central point.

Slide 13

Observation of nature through a transparent plane formed the basis of the term Perspective. In the theory of perspective, the transparent vertical plane through which the artist observes objects is usually called the plane of the picture or painting. Observing objects through the transparent plane of the picture, we seem to see their image on it and can even get a real drawing if we trace the contours of the object visible through this plane, as already noted above. Moreover, this drawing will meet all the rules of linear perspective.

Slide 14

Perspective BACK (from the Latin Perspectus - seen through something, clearly seen) is one of the ways of depicting volumetric bodies on a plane or on some other surface in accordance with the apparent changes in their size, shape and clarity caused by their location in space and degree of distance from the observer.

Slide 15

Picture plane BACK This plane is, as it were, an intermediary between the drawer and the observed object, on the one hand, between nature and the plane of the sheet of paper on which the image is built, on the other.

Slide 16

In practice, things are completely different. They draw not on transparent planes, but on ordinary thick paper, and do not place a transparent plane in front of nature. A conversation about a transparent plane when drawing from life can be about the opportunity to see objects through it, taking into account the phenomena of perspective, or about an imaginary plane of a picture with a sheet of paper lying in front of the drawer as if seen on it. Questions Literature

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Slide captions:

Vanishing Points Basics of Linear Perspective

Introduction. Frontal perspective. Angular perspective. Three-point perspective. Conclusion. Plan

In fine art, an object whose shape is based on a rectangular parallelepiped has 1, 2 or 3 vanishing points, depending on its location relative to the view of the observer and the plane of the picture

One (main) vanishing point is used in frontal perspective, when the planes forming the frame of the object are located either parallel to the plane of the plane, or perpendicular to it, that is, the object is located “directly” in relation to the view of the observer. Frontal perspective

In this situation, lines parallel to the picture plane remain parallel, and lines perpendicular to it converge at one point on the horizon line. This point is called the main vanishing point. Main vanishing point

P Frontal perspective of a cube

Frontal perspective of the room

Street perspective

The object's position relative to the horizon may vary.

Oblique (angular) perspective Angular perspective of an object occurs when the object is located on a horizontal plane, but rotated relative to the plane of the picture.

Oblique (angular) perspective In oblique perspective, only the vertical lines remain parallel, while the rest converge towards the horizon. The result is two bundles of lines converging at the corresponding two vanishing points.

Here, a different position of the object relative to the horizon line is also possible.

Vanishing points are located on the horizon line. The distance between them depends on the distance from the observer to the plane of the picture. The further away the observer is, the further away the vanishing points are.

The perception of objects depends on the distance between vanishing points

1. If you place distant vanishing points close enough to each other, you get the feeling that objects are threatening you - the impression is rather dramatic. 2. A more "normal" appearance is created if one of the vanishing points (or both) extends beyond the boundaries of the drawing. 3. The further the vanishing points diverge to the sides, the less visible distortion the viewer will see in the finished drawing. Explanation for the previous slide

Angular perspective of the interior

Street corner perspective

In real drawing, there are usually mixed options: some objects are located frontally, others at different angles

In such situations, various auxiliary vanishing points are used for a specific object

Three vanishing points This perspective is used when the object is not only at an angle to the observer, but also on an inclined surface relative to the direction of the observer's gaze (or the observer's gaze is at an angle to the surface of the earth).

Often a third vanishing point is needed to depict high-rise buildings from below or from a “bird’s eye view.”

This perspective is called three-point perspective. In English, when the third vanishing point is at the top, the term Worm's Eye perspective is used. Worm's Eye (literally) is the look of a worm. Compare: in Russian there is a term “frog perspective”, meaning an image with a very low horizon line, when objects “rise” above the observer.

In fine art, an object whose shape is based on a rectangular parallelepiped has 1, 2 or 3 vanishing points, depending on its location relative to the viewer's view and the plane of the picture. In frontal and angular perspective, the vanishing points lie on the horizon line; in three-point perspective, one of the points is at the top or bottom of the picture (usually outside it). When depicting various objects, mixed options are usually encountered: some objects are located frontally, others at different angles. In such situations, various auxiliary vanishing points are used for a specific object. Let's sum it up

Thank you for your attention!

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