The most unusual subcultures. Types of subculture and their characteristics What types of subcultures are divided into

Today in the world society there are many different subcultures. Representatives of a particular subculture are called informals- they are distinguished by originality, unusualness, brightness. An informal person tries to demonstrate his individuality. We present a list of the main subcultures, and then we will talk about some of them in more detail.

• Alternatives
• anime people
• Bikers
• vanilla
• Glamor
• Gopnik
• grungers
• graffitiers
• Cyber ​​Goth
• Metalworkers
• New Age (New Age)
• Punks
• Pedovki
• Rastafans
• Ravers
• rockers
• rappers
• Skinheads
• dudes
• straight age
• Tolkienists
• Trash Models
• Freaks
• Football fans
• hackers
• Hippie
• hipsters

Alternatives

In the early 90s, an alternative subculture was formed, which included rappers, metalheads and punks. Representatives of this subculture are distinguished by friendliness towards representatives of other directions. It is believed that the subculture was formed thanks to the group Rage Against The Machine.

The appearance of alternatives is catchy, they are quite easy to distinguish from representatives of other subcultures. As a rule, they walk around in piercings and wear wide clothes. Representatives of this subculture do not have any special ideology.

Bikers

The biker subculture originated around the 60s and 70s. Representatives of the current - bearded long-haired men - cannot imagine their life without a motorcycle, beer and rock music. These attributes are the hallmarks of bikers.

As a rule, they ride in groups and each of the bikers is a member of the club. By the stripes on the clothes, they determine which club he is a member of. This is a distinctive sign, thanks to which bikers differ from each other.

The biker subculture adheres to its own value system, which is strikingly different from the generally accepted norms of a “civilized society”.

Gopnik

The gopnik subculture began to exist in the last years before the collapse of the USSR. The ideology and behavior of representatives of this trend are similar to the behavior of hooligans. A distinctive feature of gopniks is a tendency to violence, a low level of intelligence and prison slang, which in terms of complexity of understanding can sometimes be compared with the complex languages ​​of the world.

Gopniks, as a rule, like to listen to music in the style of prison chanson. They are often aggressive towards other subcultures. In particular, such movements as emo, goths, rappers, gopniks do not recognize and conflict with their representatives.

Gopniks cut their hair short and wear tracksuits. These are the main distinguishing features of the adherents of this subculture.

Goths

The formation of the ready subculture originates from music. Distinctive features of the Goths is the predominance of black clothing, girls go with dark makeup. Representatives of the subculture wear accessories symbolizing death - teeth, crosses, pentagrams, etc. The Goths do not have their own ideology.

The mood of the adherents of this trend is dominated by decadence and a gloomy look. The Gothic movement spawned a separate subculture - Satanists.

Metalworkers

The subculture of metalheads originated in the 1960s and has spread almost all over the world. The impetus for the emergence of the subculture was music in the style of Heavy Metal. Metalheads, as a rule, are called fans of heavy rock music and all varieties of metal.

In the image of a representative of the subculture there are leather clothes, images of skulls, a lot of metal jewelry on the body (chains, spikes, bracelets, etc.), heavy boots, ear piercings, bandanas. Ideology and philosophy, as such, they do not, all beliefs and views are focused entirely on music.

Punks

The punk subculture began to take shape as early as 1930 in England. The first punks were people from the poorer areas of Wales. They were engaged in robberies, fights, brawls. The ideology and worldview of punks is reduced to anarchy.

Distinctive features of punks are the Mohawk - a symbol of the punk movement, as well as leather jackets worn on the naked body, torn T-shirts, a large number of piercings on the face.

dudes

The subculture of dudes was formed in the second half of the 40s - 50s. At this time, young people dressed in defiant clothes appeared on the streets of cities. Representatives of the movement were distinguished by cynicism in their judgments and indifference to Soviet norms of behavior.

The dudes of those times protested against the standard stereotypes of behavior, uniformity in clothing. The subculture undoubtedly left a bright imprint on the Soviet era.

Stylish men wore tight trousers (“pipes”), long double-breasted jackets, bright shirts combined with colorful ties, pointed boots and dark glasses.

The girls decorated their clothes with sewn bows and lots of jewelry. Stilyagi, as a rule, were the children of high-ranking officials or professors.

Freaks

The subculture of freaks was formed in the 20th century in North America. Representatives of the current adhere to the main idea - to stand out among the crowd of people around them. For these purposes, not only clothes are used, but also behavior and philosophy. The term "freak" comes from the English word Freak, which means - a strange man. Each follower of the subculture seeks to create his own unique image.

Freaks are ardent adherents of piercing - they massively pierce all sorts of places for themselves, and also cover their bodies with tattoos with images, inscriptions and patterns.

Hippie

The hippie subculture originated in America in the 1960s. In a short period of time, it quickly spread throughout the world, but as a separate movement, it ceased to exist closer to the 1980s. Representatives of the subculture were distinguished by their peacekeeping position (pacifists), they opposed nuclear weapons and any violence.

Hippies were involved in the distribution of drugs among young people, ostensibly to expand their consciousness.

Representatives of the hippies wore loose clothes, a large number of baubles on their hands and long hair.

From a pedagogical point of view, there are several grounds for classifying modern subcultures.

First of all, it is the relation of this or that youth subculture to accepted social values. We can talk about three social and value orientations of youth subcultures:

procultural (prosocial) subcultures: most musical directions and role play)

asocial: hippies, punks, metalheads, emo;

· countercultural (antisocial): youth groups close to the adult criminal subculture, skinheads in their radical form.

Another basis for classification is the measure of inclusion in the lifestyle, activities of a young person. According to this criterion, it is possible to divide youth subcultures into behavioral and activity ones.

Behavioral subcultures include those in which the main features (the core of the subculture) include styles of clothing, appearance, behavior, and communication characteristic of representatives of these groups. For these communities of adolescents, youth, constant engagement in any activity is not an important group feature (for example, goths, emo, hipsters).

Activity subcultures include youth communities in which the main feature is the passion for specific youth activities that require individual activity to some extent (for example, role players, parkour players, graffiti artists).

The modern youth activities themselves, which are to some extent subcultural in nature, can be conditionally divided into sports, art activities and games.

Sports activities:

parkour - cross with natural obstacles in the conditions of the settlement;

Mountback - jumping and "acrobatic" exercises on special ("mountain") bikes;

Frisbee - throwing a plastic disc;

Sox (footbag) - games with small balls stuffed with sand;

skateboarding - exercises on the board with rollers;

snowboarding - exercises on the board on a snowy slope.

Art activities:

street dance - dance styles that develop the traditions of breakdance;

fire show - juggling with luminous objects, including fire;

graffiti - drawing on buildings, fences, etc. in a specific visual technique.

Games:

role-playing games - role-playing by a group of people of situations based on the content of a book (or film) in the form of spontaneous actions of player-characters corresponding to the original plot;

historical reconstruction - role-playing games in which historical events are played out on the ground;

urban orienteering (encounties, photocross, patrols, etc.) - games in the form of a competition of orienteering teams in a real rural or urban environment with tasks to be completed along the route;

computer online games.

But let us repeat: participation in these types of activities does not necessarily mean that a young man or girl belongs to one or another subculture, often an activity remains only an activity.

Why are subcultures so captivating for young people?

On a personal level, youth subculture is a way to compensate for negative attitudes towards oneself, lack of self-respect, rejection of one's own body image and behavior. The fact of joining a subcultural group allows you to exaggerate your dissimilarity, to give yourself an aura of exclusivity, particularity.

We can talk about three groups of likely consequences, trends in the influence of youth subculture on the socialization of a young person:

· a positive trend is manifested in the development of social roles in the group, social and cultural self-determination, creative self-realization (in specific subcultural forms), social trials and social experimentation;

· a socially negative trend is found in joining criminal or extremist subcultures, alcohol and drugs;

· an individually negative tendency is manifested in the avoidance of social and cultural self-determination, self-justification of infantilism, flight from social reality.

It is very difficult to determine which trends prevail in a particular subculture, and even more so in the life of a particular young person.

Musical:

The main goal of such youth organizations is listening, learning and spreading your favorite music.

Among the "musical" informals, the most famous is such an organization of young people as metalworkers. These are groups united by a common interest in listening to rock music (also called "Heavy Metal"). The most common groups playing rock music are Kiss, Iron Maiden, Metallica, Scorpions, and domestic ones - Aria, Kino, etc. In heavy metal rock there are: hard rhythm percussion instruments, the colossal power of the amplifiers and the solo improvisations of the performers that stand out against this background.

Another well-known youth organization is trying to combine music with dance. This direction is called breakers (from the English break - dance - a special type of dance, including a variety of sports and acrobatic elements that constantly replace each other, interrupting the movement that had begun). There is another interpretation - in one of the meanings, break means “a broken dance” or “a dance on the pavement”. The informals of this trend are united by a selfless passion for dancing, the desire to promote and demonstrate it in literally any situation.

These guys are practically not interested in politics, their reasoning about social problems is superficial. They try to maintain a good athletic shape, adhere to very strict rules: do not drink alcohol, drugs, have a negative attitude towards smoking.

The same section includes beatlemans - a movement in whose ranks many of the parents and teachers of today's teenagers once flocked. They are united by their love for the Beatles, its songs and its most famous members - Paul McCartney and John Lennon.

emo- short for "emotional" - a term that refers to a special kind of hardcore music based on crushing strong emotions in the vocalist's voice and a melodic, but sometimes chaotic musical component. Screeching, crying, moaning, whispering, breaking into a scream are the distinctive features of this style.

Today this style of music is divided into: emocore, emo-rock, cyber-emo, punk-emo, emo-violence, screamo, french-emocorehardcore-san diego and others. Fans of emo music, allocated to a special subculture, are called emokids. The concept of emo is very common among today's youth. In addition to the bright outfit, hair and makeup, these guys have other ways to express themselves. Through music and heightened emotions about everything that happens in their lives.

Roleplayers. Role-playing games are a noticeable phenomenon in modern youth subculture. Lacking special opportunities to influence the rapidly changing real world, many young people want to construct a fictional world - and believe in it.

Roleplayers are an informal community of people who play various role-playing games, primarily live-action role-playing games. Akin to role-playing are the movements of historical reenactors, Tolkienists, as well as hardball and airsoft players. The role-playing movement is distinguished as a subculture, which is characterized by its own jargon, its own music, its own literature and other characteristic elements of a single culture.

The role-playing movement in Russia and the USSR arose in the 80s. based on the Clubs of Fans of Science Fiction. In addition to role-playing games, role-players gather for Role-playing Conventions - short-term meetings dedicated to informing players about the games of the next season, discussing past games, and informal communication. The conventions host historical fencing tournaments, photo and art exhibitions, concerts by songwriters, theatrical performances, and video screenings.

Role-playing games are especially closely associated with Tolkienists. . IN youth culture 90s the Tolkienist movement and the Tolkienist subculture associated with it, generated by it, appeared. The famous English philologist and writer John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (in Tolkienist slang - Professor) is the author of The Lord of the Rings, The Silmarillion and other works related to the fantasy genre - fairy tale fiction.

Role play close to impromptu theater production. Props are being prepared (safe weapons, clothes corresponding to Tolkien's conditional Middle Ages). Masters - directors of the game - assign roles, players pass something like an exam in knowledge of a fantasy world.

In the early 80s. Tolkienists appear in the USSR, primarily in Moscow and Leningrad. They hold "voles", conventions, role-playing games dedicated to the Tolkien universe. Since the 1990s All-Russian games and several regional games are held - the annual Hobbit Games are very popular.

The most famous role-playing convention in Russia is Zilantkon (from the Tatar Zilant - a mythical dragon depicted on the coat of arms of the city of Kazan), held annually in November in Kazan.

Russian Tolkinists have a rich and diverse folklore, which is regularly updated through the efforts of members of the subculture. This includes theme songs, anecdotes, and fan fiction that have become popular enough to be retold orally. In addition to inventing jokes and writing songs and fanfiction, many Tolkienists devote attention and time to drawing fanart or creating objects of “Middle-earth everyday culture”. In some groups, over time, the canons of the "culture of Middle-earth" are established, supplementing those described by Tolkien.

Usually Tolkienists stand out from the crowd with exotic outfits. Many walk in cloaks, some in medieval outfits. Hairatniks (ribbons around the head, grabbing hair) are very popular. The range is from simple to woven from threads with beads. An almost obligatory attribute - a sword - wooden or textolite - is not an empty decoration.

Tolkienists often meet at concerts. Concerts are organized by Tolkienist minstrels. As a rule, they perform their own songs, accompanying themselves on guitars. Sometimes there are studio recordings. The themes of the songs, as well as the interests of the performers, are diverse. Some of them are related to literary works, others to historical events, and others touch on pressing topics.

Sports:

The leading representatives of this trend are famous football fans. Showing itself as a mass organized movement, for example - Spartak fans. The youth included in them, as a rule, are well versed in sports, in the history of football, in many of its subtleties. Their leaders strongly condemn illegal behavior, oppose drunkenness, drugs and other negative phenomena, although such things occur among fans. There are also cases of group hooliganism on the part of fans, and hidden vandalism. These informals are armed rather belligerently: wooden sticks, metal rods, rubber clubs, metal chains, etc.

Sports fans have hats in the colors of their favorite teams, jeans or tracksuits, T-shirts with the emblems of “their” clubs, sneakers, long scarves, badges, home-made posters with the wishes of success to those they support. They are easily distinguished from each other by these accessories, gathering in front of the stadium, where they exchange information, news about sports, determine the signals by which they will chant slogans in support of their team, and develop plans for other actions.

Bikers. The first bikers were called "Harley" famous brand motorcycle "Harley-Davidson". These motorcycles received true recognition in the 30s. 20th century in USA. In the 40s. the ranks of bikers were replenished by veterans of the Second World War.

The domestic subculture of bikers, like hippies, has experienced at least two upsurges: one in the late 70s - early 80s, the other already in the 90s. Russian bikers, as far as one can judge, are law-abiding and not conflicted in more than the American Hells Angels. The biker's favorite drink is beer. They dress, as befits rock fans, in jeans, black T-shirts, a leather vest or jacket. Often bikers are completely covered with tattoos. Bikers can be found in large numbers at the annual bike show, and on the streets only at night when there is "freedom of movement". Hence the name of the parties - "Angels of the Night", "Night Wolves".

Close to sports informals in a number of ways are those who call themselves "night riders". They are called rockers. Rockers are united by a love of technology and antisocial behavior. Their obligatory attributes are a motorcycle without a silencer and specific equipment: painted helmets, leather jackets, glasses, metal rivets, zippers. Rockers often became the cause of traffic accidents, during which there were victims. The attitude of public opinion towards them is almost unambiguously negative.

parkour is an extreme sport based on performing dangerous stunts without any insurance. This includes climbing buildings and jumping from great heights. But the tracers themselves consider their occupation not so much a sport as a lifestyle and philosophy. The name parkour comes from equestrian sports and is translated from French as "obstacle course." And the word "tracing" comes from the French traceur - a person who paves new paths. The slogan of parkour is: "There are no boundaries, there are only obstacles." The founder of parkour is David Belle.

philosophical

Interest in philosophy is one of the most common questions in the informal environment. This is probably natural: it is the desire to understand, comprehend oneself and one's place in the world around him that takes him beyond the framework of established ideas, and pushes him to something different, sometimes alternative to the dominant philosophical scheme.

Stand out among them hippie. Outwardly, they are recognized by sloppy clothes, long uncombed hair, certain paraphernalia: obligatory blue jeans, embroidered shirts, T-shirts with inscriptions and symbols, amulets, bracelets, chains, sometimes crosses. The Beatles, and especially their song Strawberry Fields Forever, became the hippie symbol for many years. Hippie views are that a person should be free, first of all, internally, even in situations of external restriction and enslavement. Be liberated in the soul - here quintessence their views. They believe that a person should strive for peace and free love. Hippies consider themselves romantics, living a natural life and despising the conventions of the "respectable life of the burghers." Striving for complete freedom, they are prone to a kind of escape from life, avoiding many social duties. Hippies use meditation, mysticism, drugs as a means to achieve "discovery of oneself."

The new generation of those who share the philosophical quest of hippies often refer to themselves as "the system" (system guys, people, people). A “system” is an informal organization with no clear structure, which includes people who share the goals of “updating human relations through kindness, tolerance, love of neighbor.

Hippies are divided into "old wave" and "pioneers". If the old hippies (they are also called old hippies) mainly preached the ideas of social passivity and non-interference in public affairs, then the new generation is inclined to fairly active social activity. Outwardly, they try to have a “Christian” appearance, to resemble Christ: they walk the streets barefoot, wear very long hair, are not at home for a long time, and spend the night in the open.

The main principles of the hippie ideology became the freedom of man. Freedom can be achieved only by changing the inner structure of the soul. Beauty and freedom are identical, their realization is a purely spiritual problem; all who share what has been said form a spiritual community; a spiritual community is an ideal form of community life. In addition to Christian ideas. Among the "philosophizing" non-formals, Buddhist, Taoist and other ancient Eastern religious and philosophical teachings are also common.

Close in many respects to hippies - rastamans. Rastafari (Rasta) is the religion of the universal Lord Jah (distorted "Jehovah"). Rastafans- Convinced pacifists, especially protest against racism. Two features have confirmed the worldwide character of the Rasta movement - marijuana and reggae. Rastaman life also provides for a healthy lifestyle, a ban on tobacco and alcohol, vegetarianism, and art. Their symbols are a red-yellow-green cap "Pacific", stretched over braids-dreadlocks ("dreadlocks"). Rastamans can often be found in the company of hippies. Speaking of Russia, it should be noted that the majority of young rastamans are simply fans of reggae music (this direction of music originated in the 60s of the 20th century in Jamaica).

Political.

IN this group informal youth organizations include associations of people who have an active political position and speak at various rallies, participate and campaign.

Among the politically active youth groups, pacifists, Nazis (or skinheads), punks and others stand out.

Pacifists approve the struggle for peace; against the threat of war require the creation of a special relationship between the authorities and the youth.

Punks- belong to a fairly extremist trend among non-formals who have a well-defined political coloring. By age, punks are predominantly older teenagers. The boys take the lead. The desire of a punk to attract the attention of people around him in any way, as a rule, leads him to outrageous, pretentious and scandalous behavior. They use shocking objects as decorations. It can be chains, pins, a razor blade.

Gothic originated in the late 1970s. The color of clothing and hair was black (with inserts of white and red) and silver jewelry. At first, goths were called fans of musical gothic groups. Gradually, the Goths acquired their own lifestyle, value hierarchy and mentality.

The modern image is quite complex and diverse, it includes clothes, shoes, jewelry, accessories, a hairstyle made by one's own hands. Occult symbolism is quite widely represented - pentagrams, eight-pointed stars (symbols of chaos), symbols of death.

The Goths have developed their own original style of make-up and manicure. With the help of makeup or powder, a deathly pale shade is given to the face, black eyeliner is made, lips and nails can also be tinted black. Black is dominant, but other colors are acceptable.

artistic

Graffiti. The word graffiti is Italian, and is translated into Russian as "scribbled". This definition fits almost anything, from rock paintings, but under this term it is customary to designate drawings on the walls of houses, in the subway - with the help of cans of paint, occasionally - markers, mostly in the same style. The so-called street artists are called writers, graffitters or graffers.

Graffiti first appeared in America in the late sixties as part of street culture. It all started with ordinary tags. Tag - literally translated as "mark". In the New York subway, they left these tags in order to indicate their presence here. Today, the same thing is happening in the Moscow Metro, but real graffiti artists condemn it in every possible way.

From America, this type of art began to spread everywhere. Thus culture came out of the ground into the streets. Now tags, song lines, political slogans, slogans and other inscriptions began to appear in large numbers on the streets of big cities...

Writers tried to develop their skills, united in various groups. Just like any art, graffers have their own personal styles of "writing". Writers also draw different characters - both their own, as well as from cartoons and comics.

In the same way, different styles appeared and began to develop, a whole stratum of society appeared with its own unwritten rules, laws, combat units. We can say that this is how a subculture was formed.

Societies are characterized by their own special rules and have their own development trend. Teenagers are very different in their worldview, behavior and habits. In the process of self-knowledge, they try to find their place in life, determine their goals and understand themselves. Quite often, such searches lead to such rather serious problems as teenage alcoholism and early drug addiction. Therefore, the influence of subcultures on adolescents is one of the most pressing problems that worries all parents without exception.

Positive and negative aspects of the influence of subcultures

Held in Lately Sociological studies have shown that many teenagers identify themselves as a representative of one or another subculture. At the same time, some young people are strongly influenced by subcultures, which can be both positive and negative. In the first case, adolescents receive the necessary social society skills, and in the second they acquire qualities that society is trying to fight by all available means.

Teenage subcultures help young people realize their desires and adapt to adult and independent living. But there is also negative sides such as cruelty to certain groups of people. For example, skinheads are racist and can, according to their ideology, commit criminal acts against people of other nationalities. For them, there is nothing illegal in such behavior, and therefore they do not understand that they are responsible for their actions. In this case, the subcultures of adolescents negatively affect their worldview, setting the younger generation against others.

Varieties of subcultures

All teenage communities have not only their own laws of behavior, but also rules that require a certain appearance. Separate youth trends can shock the adult society with numerous piercings, unusual hair color, strange style in clothes and accessories. Quite often, disagreements between parents and adolescents arise precisely on this basis. Young people do not like it when they interfere in their personal lives, and parents want their child not to stand out from the crowd.

Subculture of working youth - teddy boys

The social youth group teddy boys was formed back in the early 50s due to the relative improvement of the working class. This youth subculture, which became widespread in the post-war period, consisted of working-class people with incomplete higher education and no highly paid profession. Their style was copied from the clothes and behavior of the members higher strata society. In the classic version, the "tedd" looked like this: pipe trousers, a loose jacket with a velvet collar, a drawstring tie and rubber platform boots. The image was typically masculine, despite its elegance.

Representatives of the teddy boys did their best to maintain the “high” status they had created, which became the cause of conflicts that arose with representatives of other sectors of society. For example, there were clashes with more affluent teenagers, attacks on elite youth clubs. There have also been attacks on immigrants.

Subculture of the skilled sections of the working class - fashion

Teenagers who, after graduating from school, mastered working specialties that require a high level of preparedness, considered themselves to be a group of mods. In reality, the mod, in the ideal sense, should have lived luxuriously, visited prestigious and expensive clubs, restaurants and shops, dress in extremely expensive things. But for many, such pleasures were not available, so it remained only to try to recreate perfect image. There are four types of mods:

1. Aggressive type in jeans and brogues.
2. Scooter owners, also in jeans and hooded jackets.
3. Mods in suits and polished shoes made up the majority of this subculture. The list is completed by fashion girls, exemplary in appearance and with a short haircut.
4. Art school students, students and so on.

Subculture - rockers

Rockers appeared in the mid-60s. This group consisted mainly of teenagers without education or from incomplete families. The main attributes of the people of this subculture were a leather jacket, worn jeans, large rough shoes, long hair combed back and tattoos. Of course, what is a rocker without such an important element as a motorcycle. A special place in the subculture of rockers is occupied by rock music.

Skinheads or skinheads

The members of this group, like the rockers, predominantly came from an environment of low-skilled workers. Among them, many were unemployed, poorly educated and with low cultural level. Skinheads wore tucked-up jeans, large brogues, and shaved their heads. Football hooligans are closely adjacent to the skinheads. These types of subcultures are largely similar in social composition. They are also united by aggressiveness in behavior, for example, associated with football matches.

Punk subculture

This group predominantly included young people from unskilled and low-paid segments of the population. The critical situation of youth has led to the emergence of this subculture. The list of associations consisting of poorly educated members of society was supplemented by punks. The stereotypes of this group were closely intertwined with aggressive self-affirmation, but, in addition, it was largely based on views that were opposed to traditional moral principles and values. Initially, the punk subculture used its appearance to provoke society: unusual hair coloring, strange hairstyles, outrageous demeanor and different styles of clothing, but over time, stronger methods of influence through themes of violence and death began to be used.

hippie movement

This subculture appeared in the United States in the 60s and very quickly spread throughout the world. At one time, hippies evolved from beatniks, representatives of the middle class, who for a long time influenced the people of their group. These American subcultures have one common distinctive feature - an ideology clearly expressed in words. The main elements of the hippie style or worldview were the following:

1. Peacefulness and non-violence. Pacifism was the main ideology of the hippies. That is why the representatives of this group were distinguished by ignoring the authorities, apolitical, since it is the rulers who kindle wars and force people to fight.
2. Self-development and individualism. These elements were a reaction to the dullness of mass society.
3. Conscious simplification, that is, the transition from a prosperous life to poverty, the rejection of material wealth.
4. Drugs, sexual experiments, travel, festivals, communes - all these are the most striking features of the subculture of the hippie society.
5. Cohabitation is a hallmark of hippies, as other subcultures have not adopted this form of behavior.

dudes

This youth subculture arose in the USSR in the late 40s of the 20th century. Thus, the Soviet youth protested the stereotypes of society. The main direction of dudes was blind copying of the style of the West and the USA. At that time, dandies outwardly looked more like a caricature: wide trousers in bright colors, baggy double-breasted jackets, boots with thick soles and, of course, brightly colored socks peeking out from under the trousers. The image was very original and bright, no one was worried about the combination of colors.

But over time, closer to the 50s, the dudes changed their image a little. They began to wear tight trousers and elegantly cut broad-shouldered jackets, a thin tie around their necks and, of course, a wet-lined cook. It is worth noting that only the guys had a certain image, the stylish girls wore lush bright dresses or skinny skirts, pointy shoes and did bright makeup. The society did not allow the development of this subculture in the USSR and in every possible way condemned and persecuted representatives of this bright group.

Social subcultures

The process of socialization of adolescents in the subcultures of society is much faster. Examples of subcultures such as "greens" or "animal advocates" teach the younger generation to help nature and take care of the environment. But theoretical information alone is not always enough to teach teenagers responsibility. You need to show your work in practice. positive subcultures". not only theorems and axioms are needed, but their consolidation by actions and results, otherwise it does not realize the need for good deeds.

Subcultures popular in modern society

The criminal subculture (rockers, punks, emo, skinheads, etc.) in Russia is already losing its positions. Negativity and aggression are gradually going out of fashion. In search of new directions, he comes up with his own modern image. For example, the footering subculture does not carry a negative manifestation, therefore it is quite well perceived by society. Members of this youth group do not wear shoes in all weather.

Due to the wide spread of the Internet, the subculture of gamers is gaining momentum. Today's youth are increasingly hiding from reality in virtual world. Many young children already confidently manage tablets, readers and mobile phones. But this is basically a false substitute for real hobbies, which parents impose on them to save their own time and energy. After all, when a child is busy with computer games, he does not require so much attention and care. In fact, the problem of this subculture is very deep, and parents need to take certain measures if their child has a gambling or computer addiction.

Distinctive features of modern youth trends

Youth subcultures modern world characterized by an increase in the number of active associations. In addition, today's youth are increasingly immersed in the Internet. They search the network for their like-minded people, organize meetings, hold promotions. There are three social and value orientations of modern subcultures:

1. Pro-social trends: rapper subculture and the role-playing game movement.
2. Asocial trends: punks, metalheads, emo and hippies.
3. Anti-social groups similar to the adult criminal subculture: skinheads in their radical form.

It is possible to qualify the subcultures of youth and as the activities of the group are included in the lifestyle of a young person. There are behavioral groups and active ones. In the first case, adolescents adhere to the style of dress, behavior and communication characteristic of the selected group. Such areas are not characterized by engaging in any activity. This includes emo, hipsters and goths. In other words, the younger generation will only be changed external image and style of behavior.

Active types of subcultures are those communities that are based on a passion for specific activities that require one or another activity. This group can include parkour, graffists, role players.

What attracts young people in subcultures

Youth subcultures on a personal level are a way to achieve self-respect and compensate for the negative attitudes of others towards themselves. Dissatisfaction with one's own style of behavior, body, inconsistency with the standards of femininity or masculinity. Subcultures, the list of which is huge and varied, allow teenagers to give themselves a halo of features, a bright personality.

Socio-psychological reasons are considered to be the attractiveness of an informal lifestyle that does not require responsibility, purposefulness and purposefulness, in contrast to the requirements generally accepted in society. There are three possible options for the consequences of the influence of subculture on the socialization of young people:

1. A positive orientation, which manifests itself in social and cultural self-determination, creative self-realization and experimentation with images, behavioral style, and so on.
2. Socially negative orientation, which is found in joining subcultures of a criminal, extremist nature, drugs and alcohol.
3. The individual-negative tendency is manifested in escaping from reality, in justifying one's infantile behavior, avoiding cultural and social self-determination.

It is rather difficult to determine which directions prevail in a particular subculture. It is even more difficult to notice how it affects a person's lifestyle. Modern trends attract young people with their diversity and defiant appearance and behavior. But it is worth noting that belonging to a particular social group is usually a short-term phenomenon. Basically, the passion for subcultures begins at the age of 13 and disappears by the age of 19. By this age, a person changes his hobbies or rethinks. But there are exceptions within the age range, for example, the rocker subculture has no time limits. Among the representatives of this community, one can also meet mature people, and sometimes even the elderly. They have remained true to their teenage passions and still listen to rock or play musical groups. As a rule, the rocker subculture includes those people who, even in adulthood, are not ready for a responsible and independent life.

The peculiarities of subcultures of adolescents include their inconstancy in behavior. Many teenagers are characterized by an unstable psyche, which largely depends on how their relationship with their parents develops. If there is distance in relationships with loved ones, then the chances that the child will fall under the influence from outside increase. After all, a teenager needs communication, advice and understanding. If he does not receive all this in the family, then he will seek support in a circle of people who are close in spirit and moral state. Very often, the diviant behavior of a child in adolescence is associated with a bad example from the outside. It can be television, the bad deeds of comrades in the company, and so on. In order to prevent a negative impact on the child, parents need to establish contact with him or involve older youth for this purpose.

Sources of the emergence of subcultures in Russia

In the Russian youth environment, the emergence of subcultures is due to a number of reasons. In the last 15-20 years, the daily life of adult society and children has undergone dramatic changes. The openness of Western and Eastern cultures has greatly influenced the worldview of people, dissolved many traditions, stable relationships, and values ​​of Russian citizens. The new scientific and technological revolution, which, first of all, is associated with the emergence of phenomena such as computers, mobile phones, and the Internet, has no less strongly affected people's lives.

Basically, youth subcultures spread spontaneously. Although quite often such distribution is facilitated by parties, trendsetters, and so on. There is another way - commercial and youth organizations take as a basis the forms of youth leisure that exist spontaneously and create organized directions. An example is street dance. But this process also requires a special approach. Experts believe that interaction with potentially positive informals should be carried out according to three rules: it is necessary to coordinate their actions with leaders, provide them with everything necessary for holding events, and coordinate restrictions on behavior and activities in the process of ongoing actions.

Strategies for youth activities

If we consider youth activities from the standpoint of social education, we can distinguish three main pedagogical strategies. Ignore, do not exclude spontaneous penetration into social life, and only after that work or analyze the potential of youth subcultures in terms of additional educational methods and use them in the interests of personal development teenagers and children.

The potential of youth subcultures in terms of education lies in the fact that the types and forms of activities of adolescents and young people that arose independently of the pedagogical sphere, in the environment of free communication of young people, are socially positive. But at the same time it is necessary to apply the appropriate pedagogical instrumentation.

In fact, modern educational methods practically do not come into contact with such youth and adolescent communities. In addition, this contact is predominantly observed in summer camps, in children's public associations and extremely rare in general education schools.

As a rule, the lifestyle, behavior and external signs of subcultures of adolescents and youth are covered in a negative way, which contributed to the active imitation of the representatives of these communities by a certain unreached part of the youth. This, in turn, served as an impetus for the spread of these subcultures beyond the borders of one country. Nevertheless, the variability and other characteristics of subcultures big influence rendered ethnic and social conditions. For example, Soviet hippies were not much like representatives of this subculture of Western countries. And the skinheads of modern Russia are very different from the first skinheads of Great Britain.

Stormy youth protests in Western countries in the 60s-70s and in the Soviet and post-Soviet space in the second half of the 90s caused not only a decrease in social activity among young people, but served to develop certain tendencies towards escapism. A distinctive feature of the modern world is the increase in the number of protest youth subcultures, as well as the variety of forms. Thus, we can say that there are more and more new subcultures, the list of which is growing.

Subculture- this is a special sphere of the dominant culture, which is distinguished by its internal organization, customs, norms.

youth subculture is a culture younger generation which is distinguished by a special language, lifestyle, behavioral traits, group norms, values, means of self-expression .

Youth subculture is a phenomenon characteristic of the industrial and post-industrial stages of development of any type of culture. It performs the functions of socialization of young people, solves the problems of generational conflict and obeys the unified laws of development. Being a subculture woven into the structural fabric of a particular type of culture, it has the properties and characteristics of the latter.

The youth subculture for any society at all stages of development is characterized by the so-called contradiction of "fathers" and "children". It can be safely attributed to eternal problems: “Today's youth is accustomed to luxury, it has bad manners, despises authorities, does not respect elders. Children argue with their parents, greedily swallow food and harass teachers,” Socrates complained back in 470 BC. e.

However, unfolding in time, culture not only renews itself, but also preserves itself through the action of succession mechanisms that pass on to each new generation the cultural heritage of previous eras (family, traditions, general education system, media, cultural institutions).

According to the stages of the life cycle, official (traditional) and innovative-avant-garde youth cultures are distinguished. An example of official youth subcultures in the Soviet Union was the pioneer organization and the Komsomol, in modern Russia - the movement "Walking Together".

By areas of interest, youth subcultures are also divided into musical, intellectual, religious and philosophical, sports, computer, countercultural, etc.

The emergence of youth subcultures is caused by several reasons..

Firstly, it is a rapid and constant acceleration modern life industrial societies. The phenomenon of youth culture is a sign of predominantly dynamic societies (technogenic civilization). If earlier culture was not divided into “adult” and “youth”, now “fathers” and “children” have serious differences in value orientations, in fashion, in communication methods, and even in lifestyle in general.

IN contemporary culture there are innovations that constantly hack and rebuild the cultural tradition, sometimes hindering the processes of socialization and adaptation of a person to the constantly changing conditions and requirements of life. Fragility and novelty form a "dangerous mixture", since a person striving for self-identification, establishing social ties, searches in a changing environment, that is, all objects with which he comes into contact and which he could join are in constant accelerating motion.

Secondly , lengthens the period of socialization of the younger generation. This is due to the need to increase the time for education and vocational training that meets the requirements of the modern era. Today, a young man (or girl) ceases to be a child early (according to his psychophysiological development), but according to his social status, he (she) does not belong to the world of adults for a long time. Adolescence is a time when economic activity and independence have not yet been fully achieved. "Youth" as a phenomenon and a sociological category born industrial society, is characterized by psychological maturity in the absence of significant participation in adult institutions.

Third, in the individual psychological aspect, young people are characterized by a not always conscious desire to free themselves from external control, increased emotionality, excitability, idealization of certain life ideas, maximalism, as well as instability of moral positions, often based on the perception of negative phenomena of society.

Socialization occurs under the influence of various conditions and circumstances, including uncontrollable factors, such as the informal environment of communication with peers, the views and moods that exist in society.

There are some specific features that distinguish the youth subculture from the dominant culture in society. In other words, youth subcultures are a kind of socio-cultural formations.

youth subculture does not have a clearly defined social status A. The norms and symbols adopted in it are different from those prescribed by society. However, there are remnants of former myths, legends, sprouts of new phenomena. Information penetrating from foreign cultures that does not fit into the main culture settles in youth subcultures.

Internal the values ​​of youth subcultures are opposed to the so-called "generally accepted" values. Youth cultures are characterized by a rebellious spirit, non-acceptance or even complete rejection of the official ideology, apoliticality. Members of various youth subcultures insist on their independence from society. Independence is one of the main features of self-consciousness.

The youth environment often forms countercultural value orientation, the highest principle of which is the principle of pleasure, enjoyment, which acts as an incentive motive and purpose of behavior. Hence, the morality of permissiveness can become an integral and organic element of the counterculture.

Most youth subcultures have its symbolism. For example, hippies, punks have shaggy hair, shabby clothes, handmade bags. There are graphic symbols on clothes and bags: embroidered flowers, anti-war slogans. Skinheads are characterized by the absence of hair on their heads, leather clothing, heavy, rough shoes, etc. These symbols are the first to catch the eye, so the presence of special symbols is a sign of the existence of a communication field in which you are recognized as “one of your own”.

Every youth subculture tries to stand out in your own language(slang) that makes it difficult to communicate with "strangers". The language is already subconsciously recognized as "one's own". Here is a special folklore, sayings, anecdotes, ditties, legends and traditions.

The current situation in Russia can be defined as a stage between the old system of values, which is giving significant failures, and the new one, which is just being born.

For a long time in our country the only youth organization was the Komsomol, officially authorized and supported. However, already in the 70s. informal youth groups began to take shape, which, due to the general socio-political situation in the country, were in the "underground", producing in some cases their own counterculture. Glasnost and perestroika allowed these groups to legalize their activities, to declare themselves loudly, thereby significantly increasing their numbers.

A certain place among them was occupied by groups that formed around different musical tastes and styles (metalheads, rollers, breakers, Beatles, etc.).

Informal youth organizations also arose, the value orientations of which had some political and ideological connotation (nostalgists, anarchists, pacifists, deviants, greens).

Groups of an apolitical, es-capist character (hippies, punks, people of the system) stood out.

Among the intellectual youth, the aesthetic group "Mitki" was popular, distinguished by self-irony and grotesquely emphasized style "a la Rus".

Groups were formed that professed the "cult of muscles" and the physical strength of "rolling". Criminogenic groups also appeared, uniting on the basis of aggressiveness, rigid organization and illegal activities (dudes, gopniks, lyubers, etc.). Some of them were inspired by the slogans of restoring socialist justice or fighting the "bad" in the face of hippies, punks and others.

The non-conformism of this youth environment was manifested in everything: in manners, in clothes, in hobbies, in jargon, sometimes reaching openly extremist forms. The currents of Western youth subculture on our soil often transformed into rather absurd forms, acquiring only an external character: they were “copied” from Western peers by inept “artists”, so not copies were obtained, but caricatures.

After the defeat of the August "putsch" in 1991, a wave of democratic euphoria sharply increased the socio-political activity, including that of the youth. Having reached a maximum, this activity began to subside, which was accompanied by the disappearance of many informal youth groups, a significant decrease in the number of those who remained.

Currently, there are several negative trends in the development of youth subculture.

Subculture entertainment and recreational orientation. Along with the communicative (communication with friends), youth leisure mainly performs a recreational function, most often in the form of passive recreation (“doing nothing”). Young people are forming attitudes not towards creative self-realization, but towards passive consumption of education, culture, and labor. This trend is even more present in the cultural self-realization of young students, which is indirectly due to the very flow of the prevailing values ​​of mass culture, which contributes to the background perception and superficial consolidation of it in the mind.

"Westernization" (Americanization) of cultural needs and interests displaces the values ​​of national culture, both classical and folk, with samples of mass culture focused on the introduction of values, the "American way of life" in its primitive and lightweight version. Favorite heroes and, to a certain extent, role models are the idols of show business or sports, for girls - the heroine of "soap operas" and tabloid love stories, and for boys - invincible superheroes of thrillers.

Pragmatism, cruelty, immoderate desire for material well-being. So, in the student environment, mutual payment for educational services becomes a “normal” phenomenon - writing essays, term papers, assistance in preparing for exams, etc. Many young people recognize the “equivalence of mutual retribution” as the most important value for evil).

These trends are also present in the cultural self-realization of young people: there is a reckless contempt for such "obsolete" values ​​as politeness, meekness and respect for others for the sake of fashion. Young people differ significantly from the older generations in that they are practically devoid of illusions that someone can solve their own problems for them.

Weak individualization and selectivity of culture. The choice of certain values ​​is most often associated with group stereotypes (“the principle of a herring in a barrel”) of a rather rigid nature - those who disagree are at great risk of joining the ranks of “suckers” - “outcast”, “not interesting”, “non-prestigious” people from the point of view of the “crowd” ”, usually equal to a certain ideal - “cool” (sometimes in the person of the leader of this group).

Group stereotypes and a prestigious hierarchy of values ​​are determined by gender, level of education, and, to a certain extent, place of residence and nationality of the recipient. The extreme direction of this trend of the youth subculture is the so-called "teams" with strict regulation of the roles and statuses of their members.

Cultural self-realization outside cultural institutions. Leisure self-realization of young people is carried out, as a rule, outside cultural institutions and is relatively noticeably conditioned by the influence of mainly screen art (film and television) - the most influential institutional source of not only aesthetic, but also socializing impact in general.

In these types of art (as, indeed, in the content of art in general), there is a tendency towards dehumanization and demoralization, which manifests itself, first of all, in the humiliation, deformation and destruction of the image of a person. In particular, this is recorded in the escalation of scenes and episodes of violence and sex, in the intensification of their cruelty, naturalism, which contradicts the laws of human morality and has negative impact to a youth audience.

Lack of ethnocultural self-identification. In modern Russia, there is a severe identity crisis in many groups of society, especially in terms of self-identification with cultural, political and social values. Some groups of young people accept new values ​​and norms to a greater or lesser extent, while others try to preserve and strengthen traditional values.

Attempts to introduce ethno-cultural content into the process of socialization are in most cases limited to the propaganda of ancient Russian customs and Orthodoxy. And ethno-cultural self-identification consists, first of all, in the formation of positive feelings for the history, traditions of one's people, that is, what is commonly called "love for the Fatherland."

Belonging to youth culture, being a phase of development, a transitional stage in the formation of a personality that loses its significance as a young man (girl) adapts to the world of adults, Youth does not produce any culture by itself, without having previously learned traditional culture. In the course of this assimilation, she can reproduce ready-made forms offered to her, which, in turn, will be replenished in accordance with her consumer abilities.

Chkalovskaya secondary school No. 1

North Kazakhstan region

Yaroshinskaya Svetlana Edmundovna

History and social studies teacher

"The influence of subcultures on the spiritual and moral development of youth"

Content:

2.Features of youth subcultures, conflict of youth subcultures.

3. The influence of subcultures on the spiritual and moral development of youth.

6. Interview with representatives of youth subcultures, youth affairs specialist.

List of usedliterature.

1. What is a youth subculture? Main features.

The increased role of youth subcultures in modern society can be explained by understanding what role the subculture plays.

youth subculture - this is the culture of a certain young generation that has a common style of life, behavior, group norms, values ​​and stereotypes. Youth subcultures can be defined as a system of meanings, means of expression, lifestyles. Created by youth groups, subcultures reflect attempts to resolve conflicts associated with a broader social context. Subcultures are not some kind of foreign formation, on the contrary, they are deeply accelerated, in a general socio-cultural context. Entering adolescence, the individual moves away from the family, looking for a new company that allows him to undergo socialization. Official youth organizations group adolescents of the same age, but often claim only "social (public) life", without affecting their personal lives. That is why young people prefer not the official structure, but the youth subculture, where they have the opportunity to realize themselves at the level of social communications in their social environment. Participation in a subculture is“playing into adulthood”, where young people construct some kind of life situations and learn how to behave in them.

Subculture - a system of values, behavior patterns, lifestyle of a social group, which is an independent holistic formation within the framework of the dominant culture.

Subcultures change so quickly and are so diverse in one single period of time within one large space that sometimes it is not even possible to name them.

In fact, the main thing in the concept of subculture is the prefix sub-, denoting a bare structural opposition directed against the phenomena of a large culture.

Representatives of a subculture have their own culture, their own so much that, having a common colloquial language with a large culture, they put other sensations, other concepts into the same words, behind all this there is a fundamentally different symbolism.

Under subculture should be understood the main characteristics of social values, norms and preferences of adolescents, which are reflected in the social position and in other forms of self-realization of the individual. Thus, any subculture is a way of expressing the individuality of young people.

According to the modern point of view subculture is a special sphere of culture . Let's just say it's education within culture which is distinguished by its own values ​​and customs. This is the culture of a certain young generation, which has a common style of life, behavior, group norms. If a young person has an unusual style of clothing, behavior, statements - all these may be signs of involvement in a particular subculture. Of course, each subculture keeps its own "secret", hidden, intended exclusively for the initiates. In many of its features, the youth subculture simply repeats the television subculture, which molds a convenient viewer for itself.

2.Features of youth subcultures, the conflict between them.

There are features that characterize the youth subculture as a whole. One of these features is characterized by scientists as alienation from the older generation, its cultural values ​​and ideals. It did not arise today and looks like a lack of meaning in life. Against this background, the youth subculture is turning into a counterculture with its own ideals, fashion, language and art.

Leisure more and more become the main sphere of life of young people. True life for her begins outside the school threshold. Young people go into leisure as into a protective shell, where they are truly free. The main elements of leisure are: rest, active physical activity, entertainment, self-education, creativity, reflection, holiday. The communicative, aesthetic, emotional, cognitive, entertaining functions of culture and leisure are most fully realized.

One of specific traits youth subculture is " Westernization (Americanization) of cultural needs and interests. The values ​​of national culture are being replaced by samples of Western mass culture. Accordingly, the value palette of adolescent consciousness is changing, where pragmatism, cruelty, and an immoderate desire for material success play the main roles. Accordingly, highly revered values ​​are squeezed out of the value set of young people, such as politeness, respect for others. In choosing cultural idols, today's youth often follow the requirements of the group environment (hanging out) and fashion trends, rather than their own choice or the advice of their parents. Those who disagree with the group run the risk of joining the ranks of "outcast", "not interesting", "not prestigious" people.
Thus, youth subculture- this is the culture of a certain young generation that has a common style of life, behavior, group norms, values ​​and stereotypes.

The subculture, to which young people belong mainly, is a certain choice of what clothes to wear, what music to listen to, what values ​​to believe in, and, first of all, which group to belong to. IN big city young people can choose from any of a variety of such groups. They arise even within national communities.
The huge variety of youth associations entails certain conflicts, which are mainly of a personal nature and result in a confrontation between young people who consider themselves to be members of different subcultural associations.
Any youth subculture has certain rules, sometimes "unwritten" traditions, values, even views on the same situations or incidents in several subcultures can radically differ, and each subculture considers its opinion to be the most correct, accurate and relevant. The main difference between the conflicts of youth subcultures and the conflicts occurring among adults is that older generation knows how to be more tolerant and correct about outside opinion, or, at least, only respond verbally to the identification of any obvious contradictions or differences in views (to argue and seek a compromise). Young people, on the other hand, react more temperamentally to such manifestations of someone’s “dissimilarity” directly to their social group and try with all their might to change this, but, encountering opposition and unwillingness of the opposite side to submit, they try, again thanks to youthful egocentrism, to solve a similar problem. physical force. It is from such situations that youth conflicts, intergroup clarification of relations, the definition of right, wrong, guilty and injured follow.
The conflict within culture always has a subordinate place, as it destroys the traditional mechanisms of its self-preservation and sustainable development. There is also a possible conflict between the cultural and civilizational foundations of society, represented by different social groups. In particular, between different subcultures.
3. The influence of subcultures on the spiritual and moral development of youth.

Adolescence, especially from the age of 13-15, is the age of the formation of moral convictions, the principles that a teenager begins to be guided in his behavior. At this age, there is an interest in worldview issues, such as the emergence of life on Earth, the origin of man, the meaning of life. The formation of a teenager's correct attitude to reality, stable beliefs must be given paramount importance, because. it is at this age that the foundations of conscious, principled behavior in society are laid, which will make themselves felt in the future.

The moral beliefs of a teenager are formed under the influence of the surrounding reality. They can be erroneous, incorrect, distorted. This takes place in those cases when they are formed under the influence of random circumstances, the bad influence of the street, unseemly deeds.

In close connection with the formation of the moral convictions of young people, their moral ideals are formed. In this they differ significantly from younger students. Studies have shown that ideals in adolescents manifest themselves in two main forms. Teenager younger age the ideal is the image of a particular person, in which he sees the embodiment of qualities highly valued by him. With age, a young person has a noticeable “movement” from images of close people to images of people with whom he does not directly communicate. Older teenagers begin to make higher demands on their ideal. In this regard, they begin to realize that those around them, even those they love and respect very much, are mostly ordinary people, good and worthy of respect, but they are not the ideal embodiment of the human personality.

In the development of youth cognition of the surrounding reality, there comes a moment when the object of cognition becomes a person, his inner world. It is in adolescence that there is a focus on the knowledge and assessment of the moral and psychological qualities of others.

Along with the growth of such interest in other people, adolescents begin to form and develop self-awareness, the need for awareness and evaluation of their personal qualities.

Analyzing, we can summarize and identify the following age-related features characteristic of adolescence:

The need for energy discharge;

The need for self-education; active search for the ideal;

Lack of emotional adaptation;

Susceptibility to emotional contagion;

criticality;

Uncompromising;

The need for autonomy;

Aversion to guardianship;

The importance of independence as such;

Sharp fluctuations in the nature and level of self-esteem;

Interest in personality traits;

Need to be;

The need to mean something;

Need for popularity.

Adolescents have a desire to study their "I", to understand what they are capable of. During this period, they strive to assert themselves, especially in the eyes of their peers, to get away from everything childish. Less and less focused on the family and turn to her. Adolescents who have lost their bearings, who do not have support among adults, are trying to find an ideal or a role model. Thus, teenagers adjoin one or another informal organization. A feature of informal associations is the voluntariness of joining them and a steady interest in a specific goal, idea. The second feature of these groups is rivalry, which is based on the need for self-affirmation. A young man strives to do something better than others, to get ahead of even the people closest to him in some way. This leads to the fact that within the youth groups are heterogeneous, consisting of a large number of micro-groups, uniting on the basis of likes and dislikes. It is in the space of informal communication that the primary, independent choice by a teenager of his social environment and partner is possible. It is generally accepted that the main thing for teenagers in informal groups is the opportunity to relax and spend their free time. From a sociological point of view, this is wrong: "nonsense" is one of the last places in the list of what attracts young people to informal associations - only a little more than 7% say this. About 5% find an opportunity to communicate with like-minded people in an informal environment. For 11%, the most important thing is the conditions for the development of their abilities that arise in informal groupings.

4. Acquaintance with the types of subcultures.

The study of youth subcultures has long been an important direction in the sociology of youth. Youth movements can be divided into the following groups:
- Associated with music, music fans, followers of the culture of musical styles: rockers, metalheads, punks, goths, rappers, trance culture.
- Differing in a certain worldview and way of life: goths, hippies, Indianists, punks, rastamans.
- Sports related: sports fans, rollerbladers, skaters, street bikers, bikers.
- Associated with games, going to another reality: role-players, Tolkienists, gamers.
- Related to computer technology: hackers, users, the same gamers.
- Hostile or asocial groups: punks, skinheads, RNU, gopniks, lubers, Nazis, periodically: football fans and metalheads.
- Religious associations: Satanists, sects, Hare Krishnas, Indianists.
- Contemporary art groups: graphitters, break dancers, pro-modern artists, sculptors, musical groups.
- Elite: Majors, Ravers.
- Antique subcultures: beatniks, rockabilly.
- Subculture of the masses or counterculture: gopniks, rednecks.
- Socially active: societies for the protection of history and the environment, pacifists.

1
.Emo.Recently, the direction of emo has become very popular among young people. But not everyone knows what it is! If we talk about emo as a concept, then we can say that emo is not just a direction, but a special way of life and thinking of people. The word emo comes from the word emotion. Emo people live only by emotions, whether they are positive or negative. For people of this category, the expression of feelings through emotions is not a manifestation of weakness, but a completely natural state. Emo kids in the crowd are as easy to distinguish as ready. To fully express their emotions and feelings, emo kids write poems and songs, are fond of photography and drawing. Who is this emo kid? If you literally translate each word, it turns out that emo is emotions, and kid is a child. Together it turns out emotional child. But in em's direction it's
It says that each of us remains a child at heart. Emo kids, how children perceive the world. They find joy in some small things, and even the smallest loss or failure can upset them very much. But there is another kind of emo-kids. E then those who do not hide their emotions and perceive the world in a special way just because they just want to join the company of emo people. Such a peculiar shell is just an image, or just an empty picture, behind which there is nothing. Basically, the emo craze for emo kids passes very quickly. They are not afraid of the opinions of others and easily demonstrate their feelings. Often, emo kids rush from one emotional extreme to another: from grief to happiness, from sadness to joy, etc. It is these features that distinguish emo from other subcultures. There is a stereotype of emo as whiny boys and girls. First of all, for representatives of this subculture, the main values ​​are: mind, feelings, emotions. The ability to combine these 3 components is the essence of emo. Emo kid is a vulnerable depressive person who actually dreams of pure and happy love. Representatives of this trend, as a rule, wear black or pink hair, oblique bangs that cover half of the face (a symbol that the emo kid is only half open to the world), and behind short hair sticking out in different directions. Girls can have children's, funny hairstyles - two small ponytails, bright hair clips on the sides, bows and hearts. Black and pink clothes mean a mixture of feelings (i.e. black means depression, and pink means joy and other positive emotions.) Also, emo kids thickly line their eyes with black pencil and paint their nails with black varnish, regardless of gender. Another distinctive feature of the emo representative is piercing, which means the absence of fear of pain. It is mainly done on the face. Also, the presence of bright badges and multi-colored bracelets and beads. Shoes typical for emo are sneakers. Emo - music appeared in the 80s of the twentieth century in the USA - as one of the offshoots of hard rock. Love and death is the favorite scenario of emo musicians, who are also characterized by romanticism, sophistication uvstvo and pure, children's perception of the world.

2. Goths.

Still, there is such a direction as the Goths. They replaced the punks in 1979 in the UK. This subculture has outlived many of its peers, and continues to evolve. Her figurative system and cultural preferences clearly demonstrate the connection with the ideals of literature. gothic style dating from the nineteenth century.

G It is common for fathers to wear black clothes, as well as hair color and makeup. Clothing style can range from punk to medieval. In addition, here you can find outfits from the Victorian era. Girls wear corsets, leather skirts or long dresses, while Goth men prefer black cloaks, or camisoles with a black collar turned up. The general trend is sad, sometimes even mournful, mystical motives and appearance. Goths have a strange attraction to everything dark and mysterious. Their style is distinguished by dark colors, mourning, sometimes combined with eroticism. In the image of a typical goth, there are black hair, black nails, bright eyeliner with a black pencil. Hairstyle plays a huge role. Basically it is long straight hair, or a large bun lifted up with a gel. Goths prefer jewelry made of silver, in the form of various symbols of death. Decorations with skulls, coffins, crosses, etc. There is also a love of cemeteries, tombstones and crypts among the Goths. Purely Gothic symbols include bats, vampires, and similar images.

3. Rockers.

E one more representatives of black color - rockers. The word rockers was originally used to define the British youth in Britain in the sixties of the last century. They allowed themselves to cut through the roads on motorcycles rather disrespectfully. Their course appeared in the fifties, in the era of rock and roll. However, the first rockers are united by only one principle - the manner of riding a motorcycle, and only then such a thing as style appeared. These guys could drive at a speed of 160 kilometers per hour on the ring roads of London.

The rocker style gave rise to necessity and practicality. The rockers wear motorcycle leather jackets, adorned with buttons, patches, patches, and pins in abundance. The rocker hairstyle can, in principle, depend on personal preference, but it is often referred to as the flattened or, conversely, enhanced pompadour hairstyle that characterizes representatives of rock and roll in the fifties.

Music became the main segment of the rocker subculture in the USSR. But besides the positive attitude towards music, rock culture has another side. This is the abuse of drugs, alcohol, cigarettes. Unlike other subcultures, it is this one that tends to promote health-damaging things. Ideally, a rocker is well-read person who understands the social situation, knows how to think independently and draw conclusions, which he sets out in the appropriate texts set to music. We associate Viktor Tsoi, Vyacheslav Butusov, Andrey Makarevich and others with such legends of rock. Russian rock is a separate concept that has no analogues, but is very respected in the rest of the world.

4. Skinheads.

Also, I would like to tell you about the skinhead subculture, which has spread throughout Europe in the last decade, North America and other continents. Skinheads got their name from their appearance: namely, spherical and shaved heads. These are representatives of the working class, whose subculture was founded in the UK in the sixties of the last century.

chief outward sign skinheads is their hairstyle. The hair is cut very short, or some parts of the head are shaved. Skinheads are dressed in thick leather jackets in black or green. On his feet are heavy shoes resembling army ones, often with titanium plates. Representatives of this trend have tattoos at a premium. Like all subcultures, skinheads have their own music, such as ska, reggae.

5. Gopniks. Gopnik is a representative of a subculture that was formed as a result of the infiltration of criminal aesthetics into the work environment. Get close to the thugs. Gopnikov is distinguished by the use of thieves' jargon, a very low level of intellectual and spiritual development, a tendency to violence, a disdainful attitude towards the rule of law in general, as well as towards the police, and law-abiding citizens. Unlike most informals and youth associations, the gopniks did not assign any names to the rest of the population and did not distinguish themselves into a separate group relative to the entire population. Thus, gopniks do not realize themselves as a subculture. The gopniks themselves do not call themselves gopniks, they call each other "boys". They spend most of their time on the street, among their favorite places - parks, squares, bus stops, garages and courtyards at kindergartens. Gopniks, as a rule, are children from dysfunctional families. Also, our state contributes to the cultivation of gopniks, a means mass media and popular culture in general. For example, watching TV series about gangsters, films with violence and cruelty, and much, much more. They are usually dressed in tracksuits, a cap or baseball cap, and cheap running shoes.

The following main features of subcultures are distinguished

1) Informal groups do not have official status.

2) Weakly expressed internal structure.

3) Most associations have weakly expressed interests.

4) Weak internal communications.

5) It is very difficult to single out a leader.

6) They do not have an activity program.

7) Act on the initiative small group from the side.

8) Represent an alternative to state structures.

9) It is very difficult to classify in an orderly manner.

As the reasons for “leaving for the underground”, young people name:

1) Challenge to society, protest.

2) Challenge to the family, misunderstanding in the family.

3) Unwillingness to be like everyone else.

4) The desire will be established in the new environment.

5) Draw attention to yourself.

6) Undeveloped sphere of organizing leisure activities for young people in the country.

7) Copying Western structures, trends, culture.

8) Religious ideological convictions.

9) Tribute to fashion.

10) Lack of purpose in life.

11) Influence of criminal structures, hooliganism.

12) Age hobbies.

In the course of working on the project, we found material that gives the necessary conditions for the success of social and pedagogical assistance to older students - representatives of unofficial youth subcultures. The nature of the interaction between a teacher and a high school student; a constructive dialogue involves:

- the existence of a contract as a cultural mechanism that regulates relations between a teacher and a high school student,

- communication is built on the basis of the unconditional acceptance of the pupil, no matter what ideas he shares and promotes,

- advising the pupil on the possibilities of the social environment, institutions in resolving the problems of socialization;

- emotional support for both the act itself and the principle of freedom of choice.

- equipping pupils with the missing means of self-understanding.

An important condition The effectiveness of social and pedagogical assistance to high school students - representatives of youthful subcultures is the creation of a club community based on youthful subcultural practices, which contributes to:

- emancipation, acceptance by the pupil of himself,

- mastering by the student of various options for self-presentation in socially acceptable forms,

- mastering by the pupil ways of solving communicative problems (including a constructive dialogue with adults, with representatives of other subcultures).

The organization of experimentation and self-expression in the field of youth subculture is carried out by constructing a kind of "carnival" sites, where in the course of various kinds of fun, games, contests, processions, participants can experiment with their appearance, try on the attributes of representatives of a particular subculture. At the carnival venues important role plays the socio-psychological atmosphere of looseness, which is provided by the protection of schoolchildren from sanctions from the subjects of social education and agents of subcultures. For full-fledged experimentation, self-expression of pupils in the field of youth subculture, the educator must accept the style of the subculture as a model for self-realization of students.

The method of providing social and pedagogical assistance to high school students - representatives of youthful subcultures requires a combination of group and individual forms of work.

The appearance of the teacher should correspond to the main fashion trends in order to attract and win over students, however, the elements of clothing should not express a preferred attitude towards any of the subcultures. The ability to adjust a person to himself with words and actions is an important component of the image.

The activities of a teacher in providing social and pedagogical assistance in group work can be disclosed through a list of pedagogical tasks aimed at:

- creating a positive emotional climate in the group;

- obtaining by a teenager the experience of constructive interaction with others;

- expanding knowledge about the ways and options for expressing, presenting oneself to others;

- gaining experience of self-expression in this group;

- mastering the ways of discussing, comprehending and understanding the meanings of symbols and meanings inherent in various subcultures, awareness of their individual characteristics.

Creating a positive emotional climate in the group is important for students to feel comfortable, tolerant of each other, not afraid to talk about themselves, not shy about experimenting.

To a young man you need to determine the boundaries of your real capabilities, find out what he is capable of, establish himself in society. This is confirmed by the following quote from Erickson: “A young man, like an acrobat on a trapeze, must, with one powerful movement, lower the crossbar of childhood, jump over and grab onto the next crossbar of maturity. He must do this in a very short period of time, relying on the reliability of those whom he must let go and those who will receive him on the opposite side.

6. Interview with representatives of youth subcultures, a specialist in youth policy.

Interviews with representatives of the youth subculture "emo".

Samigatova Galiya:
“My name is Samigatova Galiya. I'm in the 9th "A" class. When I became interested in the subculture "Emo" I was 14 years old.

In this subculture, I liked the brightness and style of clothing the most. They are very emotional, but secretive, somewhere alone. I just got tired of this monotony, I wanted to change something. And suddenly my friend became emo. This is what pushed me to become emo.

Of course, each subculture affects the moral values ​​of each person.

At first, I didn’t even look like an emo, then I began to drag on. In the summer, when I went to Astana, I went to gatherings and didn’t even differ in anything.

Then I became sadder, thoughts darker. I felt alone. I was constantly haunted by the feeling that life would soon end. I began to swear with foul language, I wanted to die. Even now in life there are such moments, but everything is still not so.

I am most attracted to the subculture "Anime" at the moment. I watch cartoons such as Vampik, Death Note and others.

Mordas Alina:

“My name is Alina Mordas. I study in the 9th "A" class of the Chkalov secondary school No. 1. I became emo at the age of 13.

I was attracted to this subculture: the style of clothing, isolation, pink and black colors.

In "Emo" I moved because of life circumstances. Problems surrounded me in every area of ​​my life. Constant quarrels with friends, with parents. Studying at that time did not please me either. I wanted to close myself off from everyone, to withdraw into myself, but not to restrain my emotions. I wanted to create my own little universe where no one would interfere with me. I just wanted to hide from everyone in my inner, spiritual corner and not leave it, as my crystal, pink dreams were shattered against the cast-iron forehead of reality.

The subculture "Emo" has long attracted my attention. I could not plunge into it with my head like: “Emo is not only bright clothes, tears and disheveled hair. Emo is a state of mind.

After I became a representative of this subculture, my friend followed me. This angered me. I still hold a grudge against her. It hurt me. It was as if, without my consent, she invaded my little world, which I invented only for myself.

"Emo" definitely influenced me. I became closed. I was haunted by strange thoughts that I don't want to remember. I messed up. Do I regret that I was - emo ... Maybe to some extent, "yes." But the subculture has not only a negative, but also a positive impact on a person. As the saying goes: "I learn from my mistakes!". I learned to appreciate everything that I have, everyone who is with me. I learned who my real friend is and learned to appreciate life.

Now I am a representative of the Ulzzang subculture. This Japanese subculture welcomes positive vibes, bows, and rosy cheeks.

Here's my little story about how I was Emo."

Interview with a Goth (did not want to give his name):

-When did you decide to become a goth? At what age and why?

It started for me in the 7th grade, now I'm in 11. I really love the black color, I love something extraordinary, and the movie "Daddy's Daughters"! In this film, Nastya Sivaeva, who played the role of Daria, became my idol. In it, I saw myself, we are a little similar in character. And I decided to become like her. I began to read a lot about the Goths, changed my wardrobe.

-What kind of music do you prefer to listen to?

- Gothic, gothic metal, classical. Specifically: “Lacrimosa”, “To Die For”, “Death Stars”, “The 69 Eyes”Andmuchother.

-What are your ideals of spiritual morality?

Many believe that the Goths are "non-humans." That we love death and so on. The essence of our ideology is the savoring of pain and suffering, so death must still be suffered. It is pleasant for a Goth to revel in his misfortune, real or imagined. I consider myself to be ordinary goths who look at life simply (we are all mortal), do not look into the past, love dark tones in clothes. I also love my family, I wish them happiness. I just want them to accept me for who I am.

- Do goths often get together?

IN ordinary life- no, more often in chats. In general, Goths are loners.

- Why would they even date in real life?

Goths are the same ordinary people, and they, like everyone else, need communication (at least occasionally). And they are looking for "their own kind."

Interview with a specialist in youth policy Satymgalieva Almagul Islambekovna:

The nature of our research determined the method of studying the problem, we interviewed a specialist in the youth policy department

- How do you assess the general cultural development of our youth?

- In my opinion, our level of cultural development is very low. I want to immediately give statistics: most adolescents are older school age all types are acceptable bad habits and combined with sports. In our time, it has become popular to take as an example the main characters of the series: "Brigade", "Boomer", set them as ideals for yourself and try to imitate them. Also, many young people are prone to this opinion: “Everything will be decided for us and they will manage without our opinion.” I would like to explain. This means that a modern teenager is passive and holds such an opinion, because he believes that his view of any problem or task is of no interest to anyone and is absolutely priceless. This is how everyone thinks, as a result, our young people practically do not participate in the life of the city at all.

-What are the main goals of youth policy in the village of Chkalovo?

First of all it is:

Improving the legal framework in the field of youth policy;

Creation of conditions for the effective involvement of young people in the socio-economic and socio-political development of the city, region and the country as a whole;

Education among young people of the ideals of citizenship and patriotism;

Prevention of socially negative phenomena and creation of conditions for successful social adaptation of young people.

Formation in the youth environment respectful attitude to traditional family values, support for a young family.

Thus, in this work, I examined the concept of youth subculture, the history of the term and concept itself, as well as the origins of youth subcultures, and the significance for the modern functioning of society. In general, at present, the phenomena of subcultures have become firmly established in everyday life. Due to the peculiarities of telecommunications, it is currently creating a stratification of our society according to interests.

The students of the village of Chkalovo, for the most part, consider today's youth as kind, sympathetic and positive people. These young people believe that mercy, spirituality, love for relatives and friends occupy a central place in their souls. Main reasons for joining groups- this is loneliness and misunderstanding of parents, as well as indirect ones: isolation, imitation, grouping, freedom, emotional saturation of communication, the desire to compensate for shortcomings in the family and school. Traits they like in gang teens is the ability to stand up for oneself, courage and independence.

Today we need to help people who are striving, albeit in an unusual way, to show their civil position, declare own opinion. In order to judge whether a group or an association is acting for the benefit or to the detriment of its members and society as a whole, it is necessary to study their activities, to make contact with them.

List of used literature

1. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya K.A. "Strategy of life". M., 1996.

2. Gatskova E. I. Youth and modernity. M. "Infra". 2001.

3. Levikova, S. I. Youth subculture: textbook. allowance / S. I. Levikova. - Moscow: Grand: Fair-press, 2004

4. Olshansky D.V. “Informals: a group portrait in the interior” - M: Pedagogy, 1990.

5. Rakovskaya O.A. Social orientations of youth: tendencies, problems, prospects / M.: "Nauka". - 1993.

6. Nikolsky D. Sociology of youth (Youth extremism and youth subculture) / http://www.romic.ru/referats/0703.htm
7. Yaroshevsky M.G. "Social education". M. 1997.

Electronic resource

Electronic resource

ANNEX 1.

Questionnaire for the survey of youth and students.

Topic: "Attitude of youth and students to youth subcultures, including informal ones"

Dear friends!

This sociological questionnaire is devoted to the study of the attitude and awareness of young people about various youth subcultures. Your answers will help identify possible risks when joining various youth organizations, determine the reasons that encourage young people to join the ranks of adherents of informal movements.

Floor:  M

 F

2. In your opinion, youth subculture is ( 1 answer option):

 form of leisure;

 temporary hobby;

 lifestyle of modern youth.

3. What do you think is an informal youth association? ( 1 answer option)

 a group of people who violate public order, living contrary to the rules of behavior and morality accepted in society;

 a group of young people united by common non-standard hobbies and interests;

 a group of young people protesting society with their unusual behavior, appearance and specific outlook on life;

4. Have you had any experience of communicating with representatives of informal subcultures?

 Yes

 No

5. How do you feel about different youth subcultures?

 negative;

 I don’t care, I never thought about it;

 is positive.

6. Do you agree that the existence of youth subcultures is a threat to the public?

 yes;

 I believe that NOT all youth subcultures pose a danger to society;

 no.

7. Are you interested in any areas of youth subcultures?

 No;

 I don't care;

 Yes;

 I don't know anything about them.

8. Are there any youth movements whose views, ideas and hobbies you like?

 No;

 Yes.

9. What do you think motivates young people to join various youth organizations? ( 1 answer option)

 the desire to stand out from the crowd and express their protest against the prevailing foundations and orders;

 common non-standard interests and views;

 desire for self-actualization.

10. Do you think that joining youth organizations is fraught with negative consequences?

 of course (drugs, physical injury, psychological problems);

 I do not think that all youth associations are so dangerous;

No, I'm sure it's completely harmless.

11. How would you react to the fact that one of your relatives (relatives, friends) will join the representatives of the youth subculture?

 sharply negative;

 I have nothing against youth associations, but I would not like my relatives to join them;

 I think it all depends on which youth movement they decide to join;

 I don't care, that's their business;

 is positive.

12. Should the state exercise control over youth organizations and movements in any way?

Appendix 3