Environmental problems of industrial production development. Environmental problems of processing and extractive industries and ways to solve them

1. Introduction............................................... ................................................... 2

2. Industrial production and quality environment........ 3

2.1. General trends production development......................................... 3

2.2. Energy and environmental protection.................................... 6

2.3. Saving fuel and energy resources is the most important area of ​​rational environmental management.................................... 8

3. Greening the economy and business.................................................... ....... eleven

3.1. Impact of economic reforms on the environment...... 11

3.2. Environmental funds are a tool for additional financing of environmental activities.................................... 17

3.3. Investments in environmental energy .................................................... 19

3.4. Application problems economic methods in natural resource management and environmental protection (using the example of the energy industry) 23

4. Conclusion................................................... ........................................... 27

5. List of references......................................................... ........................... 29

At all stages of his development, man was closely connected with the world around him. But since the emergence of a highly industrialized society, dangerous human intervention in nature has sharply increased, the scope of this intervention has expanded, it has become more diverse and now threatens to become a global danger to humanity. The consumption of non-renewable raw materials is increasing, more and more arable land is leaving the economy as cities and factories are built on it. Man has to increasingly intervene in the economy of the biosphere - that part of our planet in which life exists. The Earth's biosphere is currently subject to increasing anthropogenic impact. At the same time, several of the most significant processes can be identified, any of which does not improve the environmental situation on the planet. The most widespread and significant is chemical pollution of the environment with substances of a chemical nature that are unusual for it. Among them are gaseous and aerosol pollutants of industrial and domestic origin. The accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is also progressing. Further development This process will strengthen the undesirable trend towards an increase in the average annual temperature on the planet. Environmentalists are also concerned about the ongoing pollution of the World Ocean with oil and petroleum products, which has already reached almost half of its total surface. Oil pollution of this size can cause significant disruptions in gas and water exchange between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. There is no doubt about the significance chemical pollution soil with pesticides and its increased acidity, leading to the collapse of the ecosystem. In general, all the factors considered that can be attributed to a polluting effect have noticeable influence on processes occurring in the biosphere. As humanity develops, it begins to use more and more new types of resources (nuclear and geothermal energy, solar, tidal hydropower, wind and other non-traditional sources). However main role Today, fuel resources play a role in providing energy to all sectors of the economy. This is clearly reflected in the structure of the fuel and energy balance.

Structure of the world's energy demand for 1993

Table 1.1

The fuel and energy complex is closely connected with the entire industry of the country. More than 20% is spent on its development Money. The fuel and energy complex accounts for 30% of fixed assets.

The 20th century brought humanity many benefits associated with rapid development scientific and technological progress, and at the same time brought life on Earth to the brink of environmental disaster. Population growth, intensification of production and emissions that pollute the Earth lead to fundamental changes in nature and affect the very existence of man. Some of these changes are extremely strong and so widespread that global environmental problems arise. There are serious problems of pollution (atmosphere, water, soil), acid rain, radiation damage to the territory, as well as loss individual species plants and living organisms, depletion of biological resources, deforestation and desertification of territories.

Problems arise as a result of such interaction between nature and man, in which the anthropogenic load on the territory (it is determined through the technogenic load and population density) exceeds the ecological capabilities of this territory, due mainly to its natural resource potential and the general stability of natural landscapes (complexes, geosystems) to anthropogenic impacts.

Main sources of pollution atmospheric air territory of our country - machines and installations using sulfur-containing coals, oil, and gas.

Significantly pollute the atmosphere is motor transport, thermal power plants, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, oil and gas refining, chemical and forestry industries. A large number of harmful substances enters the atmosphere with vehicle exhaust gases, and their share in air pollution is constantly growing; According to some estimates, in Russia - more than 30%, and in the USA - more than 60% of the total emission of pollutants into the atmosphere.

With growth industrial production, its industrialization, environmental protection measures based on MPC standards and their derivatives become insufficient to reduce already formed pollution. Therefore, it is natural to turn to the search for enlarged characteristics, which, reflecting actual condition environments, would help the choice environmentally and economically optimal option, and in contaminated (disturbed) conditions, they determined the order of restoration and health measures.

With the transition to the path of intensive economic development important role assigned to a system of economic indicators endowed with the most important functions economic activity: planned, accounting, evaluation, control and incentive. Like any systemic formation, which is not an arbitrary set, but interconnected elements in a certain integrity, economic indicators are designed to express the final result, taking into account all phases of the reproduction process.

One of the important reasons for the increase in the environmental intensity of the economy was the wear and tear of equipment exceeding all acceptable standards. In basic industries and transport, wear and tear on equipment, including wastewater treatment equipment, reaches 70-80%. With the continued operation of such equipment, the likelihood of environmental disasters increases sharply.

Typical in this regard was the oil pipeline accident in the Arctic region of Komi near Usinsk. As a result, up to 100 thousand tons of oil spilled onto the fragile ecosystems of the North, according to various estimates. This environmental disaster became one of the largest in the world in the 90s, and it was caused by the extreme deterioration of the pipeline. The accident received worldwide publicity, although according to some Russian experts, it is one of many - others were simply hidden. For example, in the same Komi region in 1992, according to the interdepartmental commission on environmental safety, 890 accidents occurred.

The economic damage of environmental disasters is colossal. With the funds saved as a result of preventing accidents, it would be possible to reconstruct the fuel and energy complex over the course of several years and significantly reduce the energy intensity of the entire economy.

Damage caused to nature during the production and consumption of products is the result of irrational environmental management. An objective need has arisen to establish relationships between the results of economic activity and the environmental friendliness of manufactured products and the technology of their production. In accordance with the law, this requires additional costs from work collectives, which must be taken into account when planning. At an enterprise, it is advisable to distinguish between environmental protection costs associated with the production of products and with bringing the product to a certain level of environmental quality, or with replacing it with another, more environmentally friendly one.

There is a connection between product quality and environmental quality: the higher the product quality (taking into account the environmental assessment of the use of waste and the results of environmental protection activities in the production process), the higher the environmental quality.

How can society's needs for adequate environmental quality be met? Overcoming negative impacts using a well-founded system of norms and standards, linking calculation methods of maximum permissible limits, maximum permissible limits and environmental protection measures; reasonable (comprehensive, economical) use natural resources, answering environmental features a certain territory; environmental orientation of economic activity, planning and justification management decisions, expressed in progressive directions of interaction between nature and society, environmental certification of workplaces, and technology of manufactured products.

Reasons for environmental impact

In terms of intensity of impact on the environment, industrial production has one of the most strong influences. The main reason is outdated production technologies and excessive concentration of production in one territory or within one enterprise. Most large enterprises do not have an environmental protection system or it is quite simple.

Note 1

Most industrial waste is returned to the environment as waste. IN finished products Basically, 1-2% of raw materials are used, the rest is thrown into the biosphere, polluting its components.

Main sources of pollution

Depending on the nature of the impact of industry on the environment, industrial production complexes are divided into:

• fuel and energy,
• metallurgical,
• chemical forest
• building

The main air pollution comes from sulfur dioxide gas. [Comment]

Sulfur dioxide gas is a combination of sulfur and oxygen.

This type of pollution is destructive. During the release, sulfuric acid accumulates in the atmosphere, which subsequently results in the occurrence of acid rain. The main sources of pollution are products of the automotive industry that use sulfur-containing coals, oil and gas in their operation.

In addition, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy and the chemical industry have a huge impact on the environment. As a result of exhaust gases, the concentration of harmful substances increases every year.

According to statistical data, the share of harmful substances in the United States is 60% of the total volume of all harmful substances.

The growth in production is quite serious. Every year, industrialization presents humanity with new technologies that accelerate industrial capacity. Unfortunately, protective measures are no longer sufficient to reduce the resulting level of pollution.

Measures to prevent environmental disasters

Most environmental disasters occur either as a result of human negligence or wear and tear of equipment. The funds that could have been saved from accidents prevented in due time could have been used to reconstruct the fuel and energy complex. This, in turn, would significantly reduce the level of energy intensity of the economy.

As a result of irrational environmental management, irreparable damage is caused to nature. In order to analyze the key measures to prevent pollution, it is necessary, first of all, to interrelate the results of economic activity and the environmental friendliness of manufactured products and their production technology.

This event requires significant costs from production, which must be included in the planned production. An enterprise needs to separate costs into three components:

• production costs,
• environmental costs,
• costs of producing a product to environmental quality or replacing a product with a more environmentally friendly one.

In Russia, the main industry is the production of oil and gas. Despite the fact that production volumes are modern stage tend to decrease, the fuel and energy complex is the largest source of industrial pollution. Environmental problems begin already at the stage of raw material extraction and transportation.

Every year there are more than 20 thousand accidents associated with oil spills, which enter water bodies and are accompanied by the death of flora and fauna. In addition, accidents cause significant economic losses.

In order to prevent the spread of environmental disaster as much as possible, the most environmentally friendly way to transport oil is through pipelines.

This type of transportation includes not only a pipe system, but also pumping stations, compressors and much more.

Note 2

Despite the environmental friendliness and reliability of this system, the process does not proceed without accidents. Since about 40% of the pipeline transport system is worn out and its service life has long expired. Over the years, defects appear on the pipes and metal corrosion occurs.

So one of the most serious accidents in history Lately is an oil pipeline breakthrough. As a result of this accident, about 1000 tons of oil ended up in the Belaya River. According to statistics, every year the Russian environment suffers damage from 700 incidents related to oil spills. These accidents lead to irreversible processes in the environment.

Oil production and drilling equipment operate in rather difficult conditions. Overloads, static and dynamic stress, high pressure lead to equipment wear.

Particular attention should be paid to outdated pumping machines. When using multiphase pumps, environmental safety and economic efficiency increase. In addition, it becomes possible to utilize the resulting gas in a more economical and environmentally friendly way. Today, gas from the well is burned, although this gas is a fairly valuable raw material for the chemical industry.

According to scientists, over several years the load on the environment has increased 2-3 times. Consumption is growing clean water, which is mercilessly spent in industrial production and agriculture.

The problem of clean water has become so acute at the present stage human development that often the level of water supply sets the level of industry and urban growth.

Despite disappointing forecasts, states and developing countries began to devote great attention cleaning and environmental safety control. New production does not receive permission without installing and commissioning treatment facilities.

In environmental matters, a serious issue of government regulation is needed.

Industry is the leading sector material production. It employs 370 million people, and its share in world GDP is 34%. This chart shows the leaders of global industrial production. If all the industrial goods of the world (TVs, cars, furniture, shoes, dishes, etc.) are placed in one giant supermarket, then out of 100 goods, 19 will be from the USA, 15 from China, 5 from India, and only 2 are from Russia.

Industry is divided into: EXTRACTIVE PROCESSING Extractive industry Extractive industry includes the extraction of mineral raw materials and fuel. Manufacturing Manufacturing includes heavy (mechanical engineering, metallurgy, etc.), light (textile, shoe, etc.) and food industry. Sectoral structure of industry in developed (EDC) and developing countries(RS) ERS industry industry 8 % (mining) 56 % (mining) 92 % (processing) 44 % (processing) 26 % light 66 % heavy 8 % food 35 % light 40 % heavy 25 % food food

Based on the time of their emergence, all industries are divided into three groups: OLD INDUSTRIES - coal - iron ore - metallurgy - textile, etc. These industries are growing at a slow pace. NEW INDUSTRIES - Automotive - Aluminum smelting - Plastics These industries are growing at a faster pace. THE NEWEST INDUSTRIES - microelectronics - robotics - aerospace manufacturing - microbiology, etc. These industries are growing at the fastest pace. Old industries arose during industrial revolutions. New industries determined scientific and technological progress in the first half of the twentieth century. The newest industries were generated by the scientific and technological revolution (STR) of the second half of the twentieth century. The listed groups of industries have different growth rates. The main shifts in the industry structure are associated with a decrease in the share of old and an increase in the share of new industries.

In the process of developing oil fields, the most active impact on the natural environment is carried out within the territories of the fields themselves, the routes of linear structures (primarily main pipelines), and in the nearest populated areas. In this case, the vegetation, soil and snow cover, surface runoff and microrelief of the territory are disrupted. Uneven subsidence of the earth's surface often leads to the destruction of water pipelines, cables, railways and highways, power lines, bridges and other structures. Subsidence can cause landslides and flooding of low-lying areas. In some cases, if there are voids in the depths, sudden deep subsidence may occur, which in terms of the nature of the course and the effect caused can be comparable to earthquakes. Petroleum hydrocarbon emissions and oil spills pose a great danger to the environment.

COAL INDUSTRY Coal production per year is 5 billion tons, and known reserves amount to 1 trillion. 250 million tons. Coal is consumed in the countries in which it is mined, only 10% of the mined coal goes to the world market (for export), this is due to the fact that transportation of coal is quite expensive. Specialize in coal export: Australia.

The essence of the environmental problems of the coal industry is primarily characterized by negative impact mining operations in nature, especially during open-pit coal mining. More than half of Russia's coal mines are considered explosive (due to gas and coal dust), and there is also a risk of spontaneous combustion of coal. During underground mining there is a danger of subsidence of the earth's surface, which can be prevented. When excavating coal, the openings should be filled with waste rock or other materials. Many countries are already working on this technology, with laws and programs for land reclamation after mining.

GAS INDUSTRY Production per year is 2 trillion. m 3, and reserves are trillion. m% of gas production falls on the CIS countries (Russia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan) and the USA. - 20% of the produced gas goes to the world market.

There are typical environmental problems of the gas industry, inherent in almost any human production activity. This is the pollution of atmospheric air with waste exhaust gases and toxic substances in water, untreated wastewater and chemicals, soils, industrial waste and household waste. There are problems arising with environmental protection in the gas industry, as one of the types of mining industry. This is damage to the soil and ground by heavy tracked equipment, especially in regions where the fertile soil layer is thin and difficult to restore. Destruction of vegetation and wildlife associated with accidents at wells and during transportation. Deformation of the earth's layers after the pumping out of minerals, which sometimes even led to earthquakes.

1. Introduction2

2. Industrial production and environmental quality3

2.1. General trends in production development3

2.2. Energy and environmental protection6

2.3. Saving fuel and energy resources is the most important area of ​​rational environmental management8

3. Greening the economy and business11

3.1. Impact of economic reforms on the environment11

3.2. Environmental funds are an instrument for additional financing of environmental protection measures17

3.3. Investments in energy ecology19

3.4. Problems of applying economic methods in natural resource management and environmental protection (using the example of the energy industry)23

4. Conclusion27

5. References29

1. Introduction

At all stages of his development, man was closely connected with the world around him. But since the emergence of a highly industrialized society, dangerous human intervention in nature has sharply increased, the scope of this intervention has expanded, it has become more diverse and now threatens to become a global danger to humanity. The consumption of non-renewable raw materials is increasing, more and more arable land is leaving the economy as cities and factories are built on it. Man has to increasingly intervene in the economy of the biosphere of that part of our planet in which life exists. The Earth's biosphere is currently subject to increasing anthropogenic impact. At the same time, several of the most significant processes can be identified, any of which does not improve the environmental situation on the planet. The most widespread and significant is chemical pollution of the environment with substances of a chemical nature that are unusual for it. Among them are gaseous and aerosol pollutants of industrial and domestic origin. The accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is also progressing. The further development of this process will strengthen the undesirable trend towards an increase in the average annual temperature on the planet. Environmentalists are also concerned about the ongoing pollution of the World Ocean with oil and petroleum products, which has already reached almost half of its total surface. Oil pollution of this size can cause significant disruptions in gas and water exchange between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. There is no doubt about the importance of chemical contamination of the soil with pesticides and its increased acidity, leading to the collapse of the ecosystem. In general, all the factors considered that can be attributed to the polluting effect have a noticeable impact on the processes occurring in the biosphere. As humanity develops, it begins to use more and more new types of resources (nuclear and geothermal energy, solar, tidal hydropower, wind and other non-traditional sources). However, fuel resources today play a major role in providing energy to all sectors of the economy. This is clearly reflected in the structure of the fuel and energy balance.

Structure of the world's energy demand for 1993

Table 1.1

TotalOilCoalGasNPPOther100.0.9.0.8%6.8%2.5%

The fuel and energy complex is closely connected with the entire industry of the country. More than 20% of funds are spent on its development. The fuel and energy complex accounts for 30% of fixed assets.

2. Industrial production and environmental quality

The 20th century brought humanity many benefits associated with the rapid development of scientific and technological progress, and at the same time brought life on Earth to the brink of an environmental disaster. Population growth, intensification of production and emissions that pollute the Earth lead to fundamental changes in nature and affect the very existence of man. Some of these changes are extremely strong and so widespread that global environmental problems arise. There are serious problems of pollution (atmosphere, water, soil), acid rain, radiation damage to the territory, as well as the loss of certain species of plants and living organisms, depletion of biological resources, deforestation and desertification of territories.

Problems arise as a result of such interaction between nature and man, in which the anthropogenic load on the territory (it is determined through the technogenic load and population density) exceeds the ecological capabilities of this territory, due mainly to its natural resource potential and the general stability of natural landscapes (complexes, geosystems) to anthropogenic impacts.

2.1. General trends in production development

The main sources of air pollution in our country are machines and installations using sulfur-containing coals, oil, and gas.

Significantly pollute the atmosphere automobile transport, thermal power plants, enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, oil and gas refining, chemical and forestry industries. A large amount of harmful substances enter the atmosphere with vehicle exhaust gases, and their share in air pollution is constantly growing; According to some estimates, in Russia more than 30%, and in the USA more than 60% of the total emission of pollutants into the atmosphere.

With the growth of industrial production and its industrialization, environmental protection measures based on MPC standards and their derivatives become insufficient to reduce already formed pollution. Therefore, it is natural to turn to the search for enlarged characteristics that, reflecting the real state of the environment, would help you

22. Ecological problems industry and ways to solve them.

Industrial activities are very diverse - from the extraction and processing of raw materials to the production of complex mechanisms and machines. The geoecological consequences of industrial production take the form of a kind of pyramid, which in general resembles an ecological pyramid. At the base of the pyramid rests the extraction and enrichment of raw materials, the basis of which is mineral raw materials. It is known that, depending on the content of the useful component, part of the mined ore goes to dumps in the form of waste rock, soil, non-standard wood, or ore with low concentrations of the useful mineral. This sometimes accounts for about 95% of the extracted raw materials. However, as is known, with the development of technology, some part of the waste rock again becomes an object of extraction and corresponding processing.

Part of the extracted raw materials goes through the enrichment stage, since industrial enterprises are able to accept only raw materials of a certain quality for processing. Less than 10% of raw materials reach the next stage - the processing stage. In the early stages of metallurgical production, intermediate products are obtained.

In mechanical engineering and light industry enterprises, a variety of mechanisms, machines and consumer goods are produced from processed raw materials. At this stage the share useful product from the original amount of raw materials is further reduced.

At the very top of the production and economic pyramid is the highest stage of industrial production - the high-precision nanotechnology industry. At this final stage of production, the volume of materials used is reduced to a minimum, but investments in highly qualified personnel, advanced (latest) technologies and expensive components increase. The high technology stage is the result of the modern scientific and technological revolution. Its development is impossible without the existence of the other stages listed above, which prepare raw materials for this stage: it is impossible without metal, and therefore, without the existence of mining and metallurgical enterprises.

The geoecological impacts of industry cover the entire technological chain, from the extraction of raw materials and their primary processing through production processes to the release of the final product, and at each stage it is necessary to organize the disposal and processing of waste.

Industry is a very important, if not the main, consumer of natural resources, which include metallic and non-metallic, as well as combustible minerals, agricultural products, and various types of energy. As a result of the work of industry, there is a need for planned and unexpected (volley) discharges of harmful gases, solid waste and a variety of liquid effluents. This can happen at any stage and during any type of production. It should be taken into account that some waste and even industrial products themselves are toxic and cause significant damage to human health and the environment.

To combat the adverse geo-ecological consequences of industrial production, there are two fundamental approaches: managing pollution at the final stage of production; systemic restructuring of the production cycle.

Processing contaminants at the final stage of production does not reduce the mass of contaminants. In this case, after processing, waste is shifted from one environment to another, more convenient for a given technological cycle, for example, from air to water or soil. This approach, although acceptable as a temporary measure, is undesirable in the long term, since it does not solve emerging geo-ecological problems.

The second principle approach is to develop a completely closed-loop production system as a long-term measure. In most cases, the use of closed cycles at the current level of technology development and capital investment cannot provide a 100% effect. There are three approaches to this: saving raw materials, materials and energy; increasing the degree of use of an industrial product; complete extraction of useful products from industrial waste.