Materials of scientific and practical conferences on the Russian language. Presenter: Natasha Stotskaya

TEACHER'S OPENING WORD:

Today we are holding a conference dedicated to the native language “RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IS OUR WEALTH, TAKE CARE OF IT”

At the conference we will try to identify problems related to people's attitudes towards the Russian language.

Russian is the language of international communication. It is studied and spoken in many countries.

SPEECH BY STOTSKAYA NATALYA “Russian Language”

VITYA: Our speech is the most amazing and beautiful thing created by man.

NATASHA: Without it, a full life is impossible. Thanks to her majesty of speech, science and technology, literature and art developed.

MASHA: The importance of language cannot be overestimated, because it is the word that helps us understand and love each other

STAS: It has long been proven that the Russian language is one of the richest languages ​​in the world.

VITYA: But that's why it's not easy to master.

NATASHA: In order for our speech to become correct and beautiful, we need to know, understand and feel a lot

MASHA: You're right, but how do you make sense of all this? After all, we, schoolchildren, do not like “brakes and rules”

STAS: But you cannot live in the world without brakes and rules. Any motorist, pilot, doctor, lawyer, builder is a witness to this. Rules and law are what help to build a bridge and a computer, what rules the world! How can you do without rules?

VITYA: Today we will talk about some rules of our speech

NATASHA:“Russian language” is one of the richest languages ​​in the world.

Many poets and thinkers, scientists and artists noted the brightness, richness, expressiveness and flexibility of the Russian language

STATEMENTS ABOUT THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE (poems, proverbs, sayings)

MASHA: A person’s speech is his calling card.

People who do not know the lexical norms of a language are common. They even write humorous poems about them.

My uncle spent about forty years finding out

And yet I could not find out

How to put it more correctly: cottage cheese,

Or maybe cottage cheese would be more correct?

And somehow he’s in a dairy shop

I saw it on the counter.

The face blossomed like a rose.

He decided to buy half a kilo.

But immediately, looking at the counter,

My uncle thought again:

“After all, it’s probably not expensive,

It will go into cheesecake and pie...

How to ask: “How much is cottage cheese?

Or maybe cottage cheese would be more correct?

I was able to solve this problem

My uncle, just reaching the cash register,

Having said: “I ask you to receive

For half a kilo of curd mass!”

The cashier didn't know much

In pronouns, in case

And so she said: “There are none left!”

It's already sold out!
STAS: Children often make the most ridiculous mistakes in their notebooks.

Excerpts from children's written work:

“The frying pan was frying and splattering.”

“Pigs eat feed, potatoes and human remains.”

“The old woman was proud and unapproachable, like a tanker”

“The boy’s apron was dirty because he had nothing to eat.”
VITYA: Yes, we need to watch our speech, otherwise we will just look funny and will not achieve anything good in life. Such as, famous character I. Ilf “Twelve Chairs” Ellochka, nicknamed the Ogre.
Reader: Shakespeare's dictionary, according to researchers, is twelve thousand words, but Ellochka the Ogress (Shchukina) got by with thirty.

Scene.

Ellochka: The gloomy husband has come

Husband: Hello Elena, where are these chairs from?

Ellochka: Ho-ho!

Husband: No, really?

Ellochka: Beauty!

Husband: Yes, the chairs are good!

Ellochka: Famous!

Husband: Did anyone give it to me?

Ellochka: Wow?

Husband: How? Did you really buy it? With what funds? Is it really for economic purposes? After all, I told you a thousand times!

Ellochka: You're being rude, boy!

Husband: What will we live on? After all, we won’t have anything to eat!

Ellochka: Ha-ha!

Husband: It's outrageous! You're living beyond your means

Ellochka: Don't teach me how to live!

Husband: No, let's talk seriously. I get two hundred rubles...

Ellochka: Darkness!

Husband: I don't take bribes...

Ellochka: Horrible!

Husband: That's it, you can't live like that!

Ellochka: Ho-ho!

Husband: I'm leaving you!

Ellochka: You're being rude, boy!

Husband: Where did you get this idiotic jargon from?

Ellochka: Don't teach me how to live!
MARINA: Yes, nowadays it is very easy to become a savage. You just need to stop working on your speech.

1 student: (TIMOFEEVA KRESTINA)

Somehow a citizen sees

That the barn is on fire,

He calls on "01"

Urgently reports:

"I don't know how to start...

But, as they say,

I'm calling you, so to speak,

In general, it means

Here's the thing..."

You can hang up

Everything has already burned down

2nd student: (BELKANOV SEREZHA)

The cat impudently climbed onto the table,

Reaches for the cutlet.

Then the owner came up

And he remarked to the cat:

“You, Vasily, are not that.

You know, come on!

Not for you alone -

They will. So, guests.

In general, I wanted to say

What I won’t tolerate!”

The cat ate the cutlet a long time ago,

I took up the sour cream...
MARINA: It's time to talk about the purity of our speech.

Konstantin Paustovsky said “I didn’t think to what cold indifference to one’s country, to one’s people, to what ignorance and disregard for the history of Russia, its present and future one could reach in order to replace the living and bright Russian language with linguistic garbage.”

VITYA: Yes, now many young people cannot utter a phrase without using a rude, obscene word, thinking that this embellishes his speech.

NATASHA: Foul language is a disease that people catch from one another; if one person begins to be rude, then others begin to be rude to him in response.

MASHA: A well-mannered person will always choose words to defend his point of view without using obscene words.

Conference resolution

The Russian language is the language of a mature, distinctive people, which has gone through a long and difficult path in its development and has become an international language. Let's take care of our native Russian language! We will fight against manifestations of dirty, unworthy expressions that insult our human dignity! Remember that caring for the purity of the language will definitely lead our country to prosperity!
1 HOST – VITYA IVANOV

2 HOST – NATASHA STOTSKAYA

3 HOST – MASHA FEDEROVA

4 HOST – STAS KALININ

READER – MARINA BUTOLINA

ELLOCHKA – OLYA MEDVEDEVA

HUSBAND – ARTEM KONYUKHOV

Zueva Agnia

This work represents theoretical information about the origin of Russian surnames, the meaning of the family suffix; practical material(about the origin of the surnames of class students and your own).

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Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Secondary school No. 92"

Secrets of Russian surnames...

Completed by: Zueva Agnia,

5b grade student

Scientific adviser:

Prituzhalova Natalya Mikhailovna,

Teacher of Russian language

Novokuznetsk, 2015

1. Introduction

Who was your great-grandfather in Rus',
Ask for your last name!
S. Mikhalkov

Today it is impossible to imagine our life without a surname. This is ours family name. However, not everyone thinks about the fact that even before mid-19th centuries, the surname was rather an exception to the rule. Today this sounds like nonsense. Meanwhile, the mass “production” and “appropriation” of surnames began after the fall of serfdom in 1861. Then the peasants ceased to belong to anyone, became independent, and nicknames like “Mikola, Great Lapti” ceased to be quoted. It was then that the need arose to give them surnames.

Each of us from the very early childhood often asks questions: “What does my last name mean? Where did it come from?” It turns out that the science of anthroponymy, which studies personal names, patronymics and surnames, helps us answer this question.
A surname (from the Latin family) is the hereditary name of a family, a family name, but not many people know where it came from. The surname often hides the mysteries of the family tree. This living history, which brings to us many forgotten, unwritten words and many forms lost in living speech.

Having become acquainted with the material on the origin of Russian surnames, I decided to conduct my own research, the subject of which would be the surnames of my classmates, students in grade 5b of our school.

The relevance of research

Surnames occupy a significant place in the vocabulary of any language. A person has a first name, last name, may have a nickname, pseudonym, which play important role in revealing the linguistic picture of the world. In addition, many people have now become interested in their ancestors and are creating a family (genealogical) tree. After all, it is so important for everyone to feel not like an individual whose life is short, but part of a whole family, a link in a chain of generations.

Goal of the work : to identify the essence of the origin and formation of Russian surnames.
I set myself the following tasks :
1) study the literature on this issue;
2) describe the history of the issue of the origin of Russian surnames;
3) identify the peculiarities of the origin of Russian surnames;
4) determine the methods of origin of Russian surnames;
5) analyze the features of the origin and meaning of the surnames of students in our class.

Object of study: anthroponymy.

Subject of study:Russian surnames (including students of grade 5b of MBOU "Secondary School No. 92"), their origin and meaning.

Hypothesis: The history of surnames is closely connected with the history of the people and their language; most Russian surnames are formed from proper names, nicknames, places of residence, and professions.

II. Main part

Chapter 1. History of the issue (the problem of the origin of Russian surnames) . According to Dahl's explanatory dictionary, a surname means family, clan, generation and offspring. But that's not all! Each surname is the whole world, contained in one word. Economic activity and the spiritual life of our ancestors, their environment, geographical names, names of professions, tools, relationships between people - everything was reflected in the foundations of Russian surnames. Many words that have already left the language continue their “life” in our family names.

So the surname is the hereditary name of the family, and not rarely its living history. The history of surnames goes back centuries, studying it, you become closer to your origins, you think about the distant ancestors who walked this land. Once upon a time, your surname came from their baptismal name or nickname, and now your parents and numerous relatives bear it.

At first in Rus' there were only names such as Agap, Zakhar, Nenasha. The function of “surnames” was performed by nicknames and patronymics. Mandatory surnames were introduced by law only in the 16th century, first for princes and boyars, then for nobles and eminent merchants. Naturally, surnames first appeared among the nobility who owned lands. They were “nicknamed” by the name of their destiny. It is interesting that the emergence of the surname began to be associated with the moment when the prince, having lost his inheritance, still retained his name as a nickname for himself and his descendants (Tverskoy, Vyazemsky). Some of the surnames came from nicknames: Zubatye, Lykov. Subsequently we met and double surnames, which were based on both the name of the principality and the nickname, for example, Lobanov-Rostovsky.

Among the merchants, only the richest and most influential were awarded surnames. In the 15th-16th centuries there were few of these, mostly of Northern Russian origin. For example, the famous Stroganovs. Among the merchant surnames there were many that reflected the “professional specialization” of their bearers. For example, the surname Rybnikov, derived from the word rybnik, that is, “fish merchant.”

Among the peasantry, real surnames first began to be used in the 16th-18th centuries, but were finally established only after the abolition of serfdom in the 19th century.

And, nevertheless, this does not mean that before the abolition of serfdom in Russia there were no surnames at all. If you delve into the depths of history, it becomes clear that there were surnames before. For example, peasants northern Russia, former Novgorod possessions could have real surnames even during the times of serfdom, since it did not apply to those areas. For example, there was a Russian who came from suchgenius who has reached unprecedented heights - Mikhailo Lomonosov. By the way, Novgorod was a progressive city in many respects. It is a fact that the citizens of Veliky Novgorod and its vast possessions were the first to acquire surnames in the Russian lands.

Chapter 2. Peculiarities of the origin of Russian surnames .
A study of the history of surnames suggests that some of the first surnames were with clearly non-Russian roots. At the end of the 15th century, the first surnames of foreign origin appeared among Russian nobles: Filosov (they were worn by Greek and Lithuanian-Polish immigrants), Yusupov, Akhmatov (migrated into the Russian language thanks to the descendants of the Tatars). By the way, the well-known Karamzin had such a surname (derived from Kara-Murza). Subsequently, surnames were added to the Russian family fund Western origin(Fonvizins, Lermontovs).
Surnames were also “born” from names settlements, in which former serfs lived. However, in most cases, surnames were formed from street nicknames of peasants (Vereshchagins, from Vereshchagi, this could be called a peasant for his passion for chatter - “screaming”) or from patronymics (Grigoriev, Mikhailov), they were also given by occupation (Kuznetsov). The history of work and life left its mark on surnames, the lexical bases of which meant social relations(Patrakov), items of clothing (Laptev), food (Sbitnev), customs and rituals (Mummers). Many surnames are associated with names-amulets designed to deceive " evil spirits", not to scold, but to defend their owners: Nekrasov (from the non-church name Nekras), Scoundrels, Fools. The surnames completely took root only in the 30s of the 20th century.

Most scientists agree that most Russian surnames by origin can be divided into the following groups:
1. Surnames formed from canonical and various folk forms baptismal Christian names.
2. Surnames that have retained worldly names at their core.

3. Surnames formed from the professional nicknames of their ancestors, telling which of them did what. Hence the Goncharovs and Ovsyannikovs.

Nicknames were given to people by their relatives, neighbors, class and social environment. Moreover, nicknames, as a rule, reflected some character traits, inherent in this particular person, and not in another. Having become entrenched in surnames, these traits and characteristics of our distant ancestors have survived to this day.
4. Surnames formed from the name of the area where one of the ancestors was from (the basis of such surnames was various geographical names - cities, villages, villages, rivers, lakes, etc.): Meshcheryakov, Novgorodtsev, Moskvitinov, etc.
5. Surnames that belonged to the Orthodox clergy: Apollonov, Gilyarovsky, Troitsky, Rozhdestvensky.

The clergy began to receive surnames en masse only in late XVIII- first half of the 19th century. We come across “church” surnames quite often, often without even suspecting it. Often surnames were given to priests based on the names of the churches in which they served: Deacon Ivan, who served in the Trinity Church, could receive the surname Troitsky. Some clergy acquired surnames upon graduation from the seminary: Athensky, Dobromyslov, Reformatsky. Most of the priests' surnames ended in -skiy, in imitation of Ukrainian and Belarusian surnames.
When in 1861 Russia fell serfdom, the government faces a serious challenge. It was necessary to give surnames to former serfs, who, as a rule, did not have them before. So the period of final “familization” of the country’s population can be considered the second half of XIX century. Some peasants were given the full or changed surname of their former owner, the landowner - this is how entire villages of the Polivanovs, Gagarins, Vorontsovs, and Lvovkins appeared. For others, a “street” surname was written down in the document, which another family might have had more than one. For others, the patronymic was turned into a surname. This whole process was very complicated, often people continued to do without surnames for a long time.

Chapter 3. Methods of forming Russian surnames , or Family suffix.

Most Russian surnames come from the father's temporary surname, that is, the grandfather's name, thus securing the hereditary name in the third generation. Therefore, Russian surnames often have the suffixes -ov/-ev, -in, from the answer to the question “whose?” It's easier came to mean families of the same root.

In general, the suffix plays a dominant role in the formation of surnames (in particular, Russian ones). Let's look at some of them.
-ov is a Russian family suffix denoting a patronymic or affiliation, added to names, nicknames, foreign surnames ending in -o, -oi or a hard consonant (Pop worker > Popov; Akopyan > Akopov; Smirny son > Smirnov).
-ev, -ev is a Russian family suffix denoting a patronymic or affiliation, added to names, nicknames, foreign surnames ending in -ь or a soft consonant, for example, -ch or -y (Korenya (Kornya) son > Korenev; Lunya son > Lunev; Kulich's son > Kulichev; Yuri's son > Yuriev).
-ovich, -evich - Belarusian, less often Russian family model from patronymics formed from given names, nicknames (Petra's son > Petrovich; Lebed's son > Lebedevich).
-ovets, -evets, -inets - Slavic family models formed from toponyms ( geographical names) ending in -ov, -ovo, -ev, -evo, -in, -ino (Ivanovo > Ivanovets; Pavlishino village > Pavlishinets).
-tsev - Russian family model, formed from place names (Lebedin > Lebedintsev, Lebedinets; Rostov > Rostovtsev); from nicknames formed from toponyms with the addition of the Russian family suffix -ev (resident of the village of Ramzai > Ramzaets > Ramzaitsev); from the names of landowners (Petin serf > Petintsev).
-shin, -kshin - Russian family models, formed from diminutive forms of names, nicknames ending in -sha (Lukshi, that is, Luki's son > Lukshin). Characteristic of the northwestern regions of Russia, Pskov and Novgorod dialects.

Shchin, -shchev is a Russian family model, formed from diminutive forms of old, and now increasing forms of names, nicknames, which, as a rule, were preferred by clergy (Pop Semenishche > Semenishchev).
-itin - Russian family model, characteristic of the Moscow state of the 15th-16th centuries, formed from the names of cities and some other toponyms (Kostroma > Kostromitin); less commonly, a frozen nickname formed from toponyms with an emphasis on the last syllable (living in Moscow, near it > Moskvitin).
-Itinov is a family model formed from nicknames ending in -Itin, characteristic of the Moscow state of the 15th-16th centuries. (Moskvitin > Moskvitinov).
-akov, -ukov, -yakov - Russian family model, formed from nicknames in -ak, -yak (Belyak's son > Belyakov).

Enkov, -yonkov, -kov - Russian family models formed from Ukrainian surnames to -enko, -ko by adding the Russian family suffix -ov (Vlasenko > Vlasenkov; Krasko > Kraskov).
-chev, -chov are Russian family patterns, formed from patronymics and mean patronymic of the second degree (Ilya's grandson > Ilyich's son > Ilyichev).
-vsky, -sky - artificial family models that belonged to the Russian clergy, and were represented by the basis of the surname in the form of the official Church Slavonic, and not the common Russian language. Seminary surnames are formed from the church male and female names of saints or from the locations of seminaries, monasteries, their type, and so on (Belotserkovsky); from the names of Christian holidays (Transfiguration of the Lord > Transfiguration).
-sky, -skoy, -tsky, -tskoy - Slavic family models formed from toponyms (geographical names), names of places (village Dostoevo > Dostoevsky; possessions beyond the swamps > Zabolotsky).
-ikh, -ikh - Russian family models, corresponding to the genitive plural, denoting membership in a clan or clan; from home, from the family of such and such (Whose will you be? - Black). Such surnames are common in central Russia, Northern Trans-Volga region, Siberia.
-katov is a Russian family model, formed from Ukrainian surnames starting with -at, corresponding to the genitive plural (Gritsko > Gritskat > Gritskatov); from names, nicknames ending in -at (Skurat > Skuratov).
-manov is a Russian family model, formed from diminutive derivatives of names, nicknames, foreign surnames by adding the Russian family suffix –ov (Furmanov).
-rov, -rev, -rev are Russian family models formed from names, nicknames, derived from the names of professions (Bochkar > Bochkarev).
-sh- - the presence of this letter in surnames is probably a sign of the origin of the surname from colloquial formations (Nikshin > Niksha from Nikita; Kalachnikov > Kalashnikov), with the exception of surnames formed from toponyms (Shuisky).

Chapter 4. History of Russian surnames (based on the surnames of 5th grade students) .
There are 21 people in our class. The survey showed that 18 of them (almost 86%) would like to know the history of their surname. And only 3 people (14%) said they were not interested. One student, Nastya Nikolshina, independently searched for “her roots.” I tried to understand the origins of our various surnames and convey the information received to the guys.

Aisina:

Last name from Tatar name with the meaning “moon-like, good-natured.”

Belousov:

The surname Belousov, according to one hypothesis, goes back to the name of a perennial grass of the grass family - “Belous”, which is a plant with a short rhizome. The whiteberry got its name from the white color of the faded stems. According to another version, the surname Belousov belongs to the type of two-basic surnames and is formed from a nickname consisting of a phrase (“white mustache”).

One cannot ignore the version of the origin of the surname from the toponym: in Russia there are many villages and villages with the name Belousovo (in Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Kaluga, Rostov, Moscow, Smolensk, Tomsk, Chelyabinsk regions).

Bikulov:

Version No. 1

The surname Bikulov is derived from the Turkic male name Bikul, which, in turn, has a complex structure and consists of two parts. The first of them - Bi - is an ancient Turkic-Tatar meaning “prince, ruler, chief, leader, head, master, lord.” The second component of the name - Kul - is also an ancient Turkic-Tatar name, which is translated as “slave of Allah, comrade, companion, cultivator, warrior, worker, assistant, representative”
Thus, it is likely that the parents, naming their child the name Bikul, wanted him to grow up to be a strong and brave warrior, a worthy defender of his family and his people.

Version No. 2

On behalf of Bikkul - 1. Servant of the bek (prince). 2. A strong, healthy servant of God.

Generals:

Most likely, the Generals' surname comes from the nickname General, and not from a military rank. Probably “General” was a peasant serf who belonged to the general. There is a hypothesis according to which, given surname received by the son of a man nicknamed the General for such qualities of character or behavior as authority, desire to command.

Grishin:

Conclusion: 15 surnames of students in our class have Russian roots:

7 surnames are derived from church names;

5 – from the appearance of a distant ancestor;

3 – depending on the type of activity;

1 – expresses a character trait;

1 – derived from the name of the fish.

7 surnames have foreign roots.

Some surnames are included in two columns of the table, as they have different versions of their origin. As for me, it seems that I fully justify the first version of my surname: I have “a restless character and a cheerful disposition.”

1. Conclusion

Our surname is like a secret code, carrying from time immemorial information about our ancestors, their names, nicknames, professions and habits.

It is necessary to study the history of your family, because it is this that fosters pride in belonging to one’s family, one’s surname, and the desire to become the same as one’s grandfathers. A person who learns about the past of his loved ones feels like a part of a large and reliable whole, he plunges into a kind and grateful atmosphere necessary for his normal development. As the great A.S. Pushkin rightly noted in his time, “disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of savagery and immorality.”

Russian surnames are an encyclopedia of Russian life and history. They keep and will always keep in their foundations the memory of events, objects, phenomena characteristic of the eras when they were created.A personal name and surname, an integral part of the world culture of mankind, can reveal much in the history of a people and in the history of its language.

The hypothesis put forward at the very beginning of the work that the history of surnames is closely connected with the history of the people and their language, that most Russian surnames are formed from proper names, nicknames, place of residence, and type of activity of the ancestor, has been confirmed.

Let today's work on the origin of surnames be the beginning new job, my family project - compiling a genealogy.

Bibliography:

1) Veselovsky S. B. Onomasticon. M.: 1974
2) Gorbanevsky M.V. In the world of names and titles. M.: 1983
3) Dal V.I. Dictionary living Russian language vol. 1-4 M.: 1978
4) Nikonov V. A. Dictionary of Russian surnames. M.: 1993
5) Nikonov V. A. Name and society. M.: 1974
6) Superanskaya A.V., Suslova A.V. About Russian surnames. M.: 2008

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Slide captions:

BPOU HE "Borisoglebskmedcollege" Formation and development of the Russian national language (Student scientific and practical conference) 2015-2016 academic year

Goal: to study the history of the Russian national language, highlight the main stages of its development and characterize them. Objectives: to consider the reasons for the emergence and collapse of the Old Russian language; analyze the process of formation of the Russian national language; highlight the characteristic features of the development of the Russian language in the 18th-20th centuries.

Origin of the Russian language. Development of the Russian language in the 18th century. Speaker: Dina Kuleva, student of group 221f

D.S. Likhachev, Soviet and Russian philologist, culturologist, art critic, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences. “The greatest value of a people is their language, in which they write, speak, and think. He thinks! This must be understood thoroughly, in all the polysemy and significance of this fact. After all, this means that a person’s entire conscious life passes through his native language. Emotions and sensations only color what we think or push the thought in some way, but our thoughts are all shaped by language.”

The year 863 is considered the year of birth of the Slavic alphabet. The creators of the Slavic alphabet were the brothers Cyril and Methodius.

Origin of the Russian language Common Slavic language South Slavic languages ​​East Slavic language West Slavic language Ukrainian language Russian language Belarusian language

“Russian Grammar” by M.V. Lomonosov

N.N. Popovsky A.A.Barsov

“Charles the Fifth, the Roman Emperor, used to say that it is decent to speak Spanish with God, French with friends, German with enemies, Italian with the female sex. But if he were skilled in the Russian language, then, of course, he would have added that it is decent for them to speak with all of them, for he would have found in him the splendor of Spanish, the liveliness of French, the strength of German, the tenderness of Italian, in addition to the richness and strength in the images brevity of Greek and Latin language" M.V. Lomonosov

Merits of M.V. Lomonosov in the field of the Russian language: he created the “Russian Grammar” in Russian; developed a theory about three styles (high, medium, low); participated in the development of Russian terminology.

Peter's language reform Abolished the Church Slavonic alphabet and replaced it with a new, so-called civil one. The reform consisted in the fact that a number of Church Slavonic letters and icons were removed altogether, and the rest were given the appearance of Western European letters.

Magazine "Interlocutor of lovers of the Russian word"

Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich “Suvorov knew French perfectly, and always spoke Russian. He was a Russian commander." F.N. Glinka, publicist, participant Patriotic War 1812.

Russian language of the 19th century. Speaker: Krmajyan Areknaz, student of group 221f

Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin to free the Russian language from the consequences of the influence of the Church Slavonic language; make the Russian language easier, make it simple and understandable to a wide circle readers; expand the semantics of old words to denote those introduced into everyday use, mainly secular society, concepts.

Alexander Semenovich Shishkov Old Church Slavonic language should become the basis of Russian literary speech; There are only stylistic differences between Church Slavonic and Russian languages.

A.S. Pushkin is the creator of modern Russian literary language“Pushkin’s services to Russia are great and worthy of people’s gratitude. He gave the final treatment to our language, which is now recognized even by foreign philologists as almost the first after ancient Greek in its richness, strength, logic and beauty of form.” I.S. Turgenev

19th century silver Age Russian literature and Russian language

Vladimir Ivanovich Dal (Russian scientist, writer and lexicographer, compiler of the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language”)

“There are books that are destined not just for a long life, they are not just monuments of science, they are eternal books. They are eternal because their content is not subject to time; neither social, nor political, nor even historical changes of any scale have power over them. Such books, without a doubt, should include “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl.” P.P. Chervinsky.

Russian language of the 20th century. Speakers: Victoria Khnykina, student of group 221f; Timoshilova Alina, student of group 221f

Development of the Russian language from October 1917 to April 1985, many words become passive; new words appear; “flood” of government cuts; interference (interaction) of the opposed; replacing old names.

Interference of the opposed in the media according to parameters: in ours (ideologically close, moral, party, ideological); they have (ideologically alien, immoral, anti-party, unprincipled).

Interference of the opposed in the linguistic dictionaries of Bohemia - in the bourgeoisie. society, the intelligentsia who do not have stable material security and permanent residence (mainly actors, musicians, etc.)

The constant use of Soviet definitions brought into it lexical meaning evaluation - “best”: soviet man, Soviet teacher, Soviet youth.

Formation of new names in order to form not only mass consciousness, but also society itself

History of naming people who distinguished themselves in their work: Drummer - “Advanced worker of socialist production, exceeding standards, actively mastering technology and showing examples of production discipline.” “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” edited by D.N. Ushakov

Leading worker - “A person who takes initiative in something before others, who sets an example for others in his work.” The following phrases arise: leader of production, leader of socialist competition, advanced workers.

Stakhanovite - “A worker of the socialist era who, in socialist competition, achieves the highest productivity of labor, the best use of technology and exceeding production plans by overcoming old technical standards and existing design capacities.” This word clearly demonstrates the desire of the dictionary compilers to emphasize a qualitative change in the attitude towards work on the part of the working masses.

Communist labor brigades. The new nomination emphasizes that we're talking about about the approach of the highest phase of the development of society, about the communist attitude towards work, and not individuals, but entire teams take part in it. Thus, the change in name created the appearance of vigorous activity, complete prosperity in the development of the socialist economy, and emphasized the constant growth of the labor enthusiasm of the Soviet people, their desire to bring a brighter future closer.

The process of replacing old names Instead of provinces, districts, and volosts, republics, regions, and districts appear. Instead of a soldier - a Red Army soldier; commanding officer; major - platoon commander; colonel - regiment commander; policeman - policeman. St. Petersburg - Petrograd - Leningrad; Tsaritsyn - Stalingrad - Volgograd; Samara -Kuibyshev; Nizhny Novgorod-Bitter.

Development of the Russian language from April 1985 to December 1991 M.S. Gorbachev

1. Replenishment of the vocabulary of the Russian language with new words: state structure, inauguration, planning, authoritarianism (politics, government structure, ideology); barter, business center, foreign currency, case method (economics); acupuncture, immunodeficiency, hospice, anti-AIDS (medicine); clone, file, floppy disk, internet, cartridge (science, technology); yogurt, kiwi, adidas, hamburger (everyday life).

2. The emergence of new meanings for old words The word empire had two meanings: a large monarchical state; 2) a major imperialist colonial power with its possessions. IN Lately empire is used in the sense of “a powerful state with a totalitarian regime, consisting of territories deprived of political and economic independence and controlled from the center.”

3. Words that characterize Soviet reality are becoming passive: regional committee, city committee, district committee, Komsomol, pioneer, activist, socialist competition, social obligation, right-flank, above-plan, tovarit, renegade, advanced worker and many others. etc.

4. There is a destruction of two lexical systems that emphasize the polarity of capitalist and socialist reality. Manager - “a hired manager of a modern industrial, commercial, etc. capitalist enterprise." “Dictionary of New Words and Meanings” (1984) In 1990, the word manager acquired the socially neutral meaning of “a specialist in organizing management (in production and other areas).”

5. Clogging speech with borrowings from lobby, charter, dealer, leasing, consensus, extension, summit and many others.

Features of the modern Russian language at the end of the 20th century: firstly, the composition of participants in mass communication has never been so numerous and diverse; secondly, official censorship has almost disappeared; thirdly, spontaneous, spontaneous, not prepared in advance speech begins to predominate; fourthly, the variety of communication situations leads to a change in the nature of communication. It frees itself from rigid formality and becomes more relaxed.

Elements that litter the Russian language: argonisms; p colloquial words; in Arvarisms; obscene words and expressions.

“Let other peoples understand and remember that they will only be able to see and comprehend Russia when they know and feel our speech. Until then, Russia will be incomprehensible and inaccessible to them, until then they will not find either a spiritual or political path to it. Let the world learn our language and through it touch our Motherland for the first time. For then, and only then, will he hear not about her, but Her.” I.A. Ilyin, Russian philosopher, publicist.

“Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language is a treasure, this is an asset passed on to us by our predecessors! Handle this powerful tool with respect; in skillful hands it is capable of performing miracles.” I.S. Turgenev

Conclusions: An indispensable component of national identity human-feeling pride for native language, which embodies the cultural and historical traditions of the people. The Russian language has come a long way historical development. The main stages in the formation of the Russian language are identified: 1. VI-XIV centuries; 2. XV-XVII centuries; 3. XVIII century - end of XX - beginning. XXI. The state of the language indicates the state of society itself, its culture, its mentality. Confusion and vacillation in society, decline in morality, loss of characteristic national traits– all this affects the language and leads to its decline.

Thank you for your attention!