The problem of human memory, arguments from the Unified State Examination. The problem of memory: arguments from literature and reflections on its value

Unified State Examination in Russian. Task C1.

The problem of responsibility, national and human, was one of the central issues in literature in the mid-20th century. For example, A.T. Tvardovsky in his poem “By Right of Memory” calls for a rethinking of the sad experience of totalitarianism. The same theme is revealed in A.A. Akhmatova’s poem “Requiem”. The verdict on the state system, based on injustice and lies, is pronounced by A.I. Solzhenitsyn in the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”

The problem of caring for cultural heritage has always remained at the center of general attention. In the difficult post-revolutionary period, when a change in the political system was accompanied by the overthrow of previous values, Russian intellectuals did everything possible to save cultural relics. For example, academician D.S. Likhachev prevented Nevsky Prospect from being built up with standard high-rise buildings. The Kuskovo and Abramtsevo estates were restored using funds from Russian cinematographers. Caring for ancient monuments also distinguishes Tula residents: the appearance of the historical city center, churches, and the Kremlin is preserved.

The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of historical memory.

“Disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality” (A.S. Pushkin). A man who does not remember his kinship, who has lost his memory, Chingiz Aitmatov called mankurt ( "Stormy Station"). Mankurt is a man forcibly deprived of memory. This is a slave who has no past. He does not know who he is, where he comes from, does not know his name, does not remember his childhood, father and mother - in a word, he does not recognize himself as a human being. Such a subhuman is dangerous to society, the writer warns.

Quite recently, on the eve of the great Victory Day, young people were asked on the streets of our city whether they knew about the beginning and end of the Great Patriotic War, about who we fought with, who G. Zhukov was... The answers were depressing: the younger generation does not know the dates of the start of the war, the names of the commanders, many have not heard about the Battle of Stalingrad, the Kursk Bulge...

The problem of forgetting the past is very serious. A person who does not respect history and does not honor his ancestors is the same mankurt. I just want to remind these young people of the piercing cry from the legend of Ch. Aitmatov: “Remember, whose are you? What is your name?"

“A person needs not three arshins of land, not an estate, but the entire globe. All of nature, where in the open space he could demonstrate all the properties of a free spirit,” wrote A.P. Chekhov. Life without a goal is a meaningless existence. But the goals are different, such as, for example, in the story "Gooseberry". Its hero, Nikolai Ivanovich Chimsha-Himalayan, dreams of purchasing his own estate and planting gooseberries there. This goal consumes him entirely. In the end, he reaches her, but at the same time almost loses his human appearance (“he has become plump, flabby... - just behold, he will grunt into the blanket”). A false goal, an obsession with the material, narrow, and limited, disfigures a person. He needs constant movement, development, excitement, improvement for life...

I. Bunin in the story “The Gentleman from San Francisco” showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed the man by: he died without ever knowing what life was.

The image of Oblomov (I.A. Goncharov) is the image of a man who wanted to achieve a lot in life. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children... But he did not have the strength to make these desires come true, so his dreams remained dreams.

M. Gorky in the play “At the Lower Depths” showed the drama of “former people” who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, understand that they need to live better, but do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the play begins in a rooming house and ends there.

N. Gogol, an exposer of human vices, persistently searches for a living human soul. Depicting Plyushkin, who has become “a hole in the body of humanity,” he passionately calls on the reader entering adulthood to take with him all “human movements” and not to lose them on the road of life.

Life is a movement along an endless road. Some travel along it “for official reasons,” asking questions: why did I live, for what purpose was I born? ("Hero of our time"). Others are frightened by this road, running to their wide sofa, because “life touches you everywhere, it gets you” (“Oblomov”). But there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth, finding their spiritual self. One of them - Pierre Bezukhov - the hero of the epic novel L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".

At the beginning of his journey, Pierre is far from the truth: he admires Napoleon, is involved in the company of the “golden youth”, participates in hooligan antics along with Dolokhov and Kuragin, and too easily succumbs to rude flattery, the reason for which is his enormous fortune. One stupidity is followed by another: marriage to Helen, a duel with Dolokhov... And as a result - a complete loss of the meaning of life. “What's wrong? What well? What should you love and what should you hate? Why live and what am I?” - these questions scroll through your head countless times until a sober understanding of life sets in. On the way to him, there is the experience of Freemasonry, and observation of ordinary soldiers in the Battle of Borodino, and a meeting in captivity with the folk philosopher Platon Karataev. Only love moves the world and man lives - Pierre Bezukhov comes to this thought, finding his spiritual self.

In one of the books dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, a former siege survivor recalls that his life, as a dying teenager, was saved during a terrible famine by a neighbor who brought him a can of stew sent by his son from the front. “I’m already old, and you’re young, you still have to live and live,” said this man. He soon died, and the boy he saved retained a grateful memory of him for the rest of his life.

The tragedy occurred in the Krasnodar region. A fire started in a nursing home where sick old people lived. Among the 62 who were burned alive was 53-year-old nurse Lidiya Pachintseva, who was on duty that night. When the fire broke out, she took the old people by the arms, brought them to the windows and helped them escape. But I didn’t save myself - I didn’t have time.

M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story “The Fate of a Man.” It tells the story of the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.

“People satisfied with themselves”, accustomed to comfort, people with petty proprietary interests are the same heroes Chekhov, “people in cases.” This is Dr. Startsev in "Ionyche", and teacher Belikov in "Man in a Case". Let us remember how plump, red Dmitry Ionych Startsev rides “in a troika with bells,” and his coachman Panteleimon, “also plump and red,” shouts: “Keep it right!” “Keep the law” - this is, after all, detachment from human troubles and problems. There should be no obstacles on their prosperous path of life. And in Belikov’s “no matter what happens” we see only an indifferent attitude towards the problems of other people. The spiritual impoverishment of these heroes is obvious. And they are not intellectuals, but simply philistines, ordinary people who imagine themselves to be “masters of life.”

Front-line service is an almost legendary expression; There is no doubt that there is no stronger and more devoted friendship between people. There are many literary examples of this. In Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba” one of the heroes exclaims: “There are no brighter bonds than comradeship!” But most often this topic was discussed in the literature about the Great Patriotic War. In B. Vasilyev’s story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet...” both the anti-aircraft gunner girls and Captain Vaskov live according to the laws of mutual assistance and responsibility for each other. In K. Simonov’s novel “The Living and the Dead,” Captain Sintsov carries a wounded comrade from the battlefield.

The problem of scientific progress.

In M. Bulgakov's story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a “dog’s heart” is not yet a person, because there is no soul in it, no love, honor, nobility.

The press reported that the elixir of immortality would appear very soon. Death will be completely defeated. But for many people this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. How will this immortality turn out for a person?

village life.

In Russian literature, the theme of the village and the theme of the homeland were often combined. Rural life has always been perceived as the most serene and natural. One of the first to express this idea was Pushkin, who called the village his office. ON THE. In his poems and poems, Nekrasov drew the reader’s attention not only to the poverty of peasant huts, but also to how friendly peasant families are and how hospitable Russian women are. Much is said about the originality of the farm way of life in Sholokhov’s epic novel “Quiet Don”. In Rasputin’s story “Farewell to Matera,” the ancient village is endowed with historical memory, the loss of which is tantamount to death for the inhabitants.

The theme of labor has been developed many times in Russian classical and modern literature. As an example, it is enough to recall I.A. Goncharov’s novel “Oblomov”. The hero of this work, Andrei Stolts, sees the meaning of life not as a result of work, but in the process itself. We see a similar example in Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor.” His heroine does not perceive forced labor as punishment, punishment - she treats work as an integral part of existence.

Chekhov's essay “My “she”” lists all the terrible consequences of the influence of laziness on people.

The problem of the future of Russia.

The topic of the future of Russia has been touched upon by many poets and writers. For example, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, in a lyrical digression of the poem “Dead Souls,” compares Russia with a “brisk, irresistible troika.” “Rus', where are you going?” he asks. But the author does not have an answer to the question. The poet Eduard Asadov in his poem “Russia did not begin with a sword” writes: “The dawn is rising, bright and hot. And it will be so forever and indestructibly. Russia did not begin with a sword, and therefore it is invincible!” He is confident that a great future awaits Russia, and nothing can stop it.

Scientists and psychologists have long argued that music can have various effects on the nervous system and human tone. It is generally accepted that Bach's works enhance and develop the intellect. Beethoven's music awakens compassion and cleanses a person's thoughts and feelings of negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child.

Dmitri Shostakovich's seventh symphony is subtitled "Leningrad". But the name “Legendary” suits her better. The fact is that when the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the residents of the city were greatly influenced by Dmitry Shostakovich’s 7th Symphony, which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy.

The problem of anticulture.

This problem is still relevant today. Nowadays there is a dominance of “soap operas” on television, which significantly reduce the level of our culture. As another example, we can recall literature. The theme of “disculturation” is well explored in the novel “The Master and Margarita”. MASSOLIT employees write bad works and at the same time dine in restaurants and have dachas. They are admired and their literature is revered.

A gang operated in Moscow for a long time, which was particularly cruel. When the criminals were captured, they admitted that their behavior and their attitude to the world was greatly influenced by the American film “Natural Born Killers,” which they watched almost every day. They tried to copy the habits of the characters in this picture in real life.

Many modern athletes watched TV when they were children and wanted to be like the athletes of their time. Through television broadcasts they became acquainted with the sport and its heroes. Of course, there are also the opposite cases, when a person became addicted to TV and had to be treated in special clinics.

I believe that the use of foreign words in one's native language is only justified if there is no equivalent. Many of our writers fought against the contamination of the Russian language with borrowings. M. Gorky pointed out: “It makes it difficult for our reader to insert foreign words into a Russian phrase. There is no point in writing concentration when we have our own good word – condensation.”

Admiral A.S. Shishkov, who for some time held the post of Minister of Education, proposed replacing the word fountain with the clumsy synonym he invented - water cannon. While practicing word creation, he invented replacements for borrowed words: he suggested saying instead of alley - prosad, billiards - sharokat, replaced the cue with sarotyk, and called the library a bookmaker. To replace the word galoshes, which he did not like, he came up with another word - wet shoes. Such concern for the purity of language can cause nothing but laughter and irritation among contemporaries.

The novel “The Scaffold” produces a particularly strong feeling. Using the example of a wolf family, the author showed the death of wildlife due to human economic activity. And how scary it becomes when you see that, when compared with humans, predators look more humane and “humane” than the “crown of creation.” So for what good in the future does a person bring his children to the chopping block?

Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov. “Lake, cloud, tower...” The main character, Vasily Ivanovich, is a modest employee who has won a pleasure trip to nature.

The theme of war in literature.

In 1941-1942, the defense of Sevastopol will be repeated. But this will be another Great Patriotic War - 1941 - 1945. In this war against fascism, the Soviet people will accomplish an extraordinary feat, which we will always remember. M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, B. Vasiliev and many other writers dedicated their works to the events of the Great Patriotic War. This difficult time is also characterized by the fact that women fought in the ranks of the Red Army along with men. And even the fact that they are representatives of the weaker sex did not stop them. They fought the fear within themselves and performed such heroic deeds that, it seemed, were completely unusual for women. It is about such women that we learn from the pages of B. Vasiliev’s story “And the dawns here are quiet...”. Five girls and their combat commander F. Basque find themselves on the Sinyukhina Ridge with sixteen fascists who are heading to the railway, absolutely confident that no one knows about the progress of their operation. Our fighters found themselves in a difficult situation: they couldn’t retreat, but stay, because the Germans were eating them like seeds. But there is no way out! The Motherland is behind us! And these girls perform a fearless feat. At the cost of their lives, they stop the enemy and prevent him from carrying out his terrible plans. How carefree was the life of these girls before the war?! They studied, worked, enjoyed life. And suddenly! Planes, tanks, guns, shots, screams, moans... But they did not break and gave for victory the most precious thing they had - life. They gave their lives for their Motherland.

The theme of war in Russian literature has been and remains relevant. Writers try to convey to readers the whole truth, whatever it may be.

From the pages of their works we learn that war is not only the joy of victories and the bitterness of defeats, but war is harsh everyday life filled with blood, pain, and violence. The memory of these days will live in our memory forever. Maybe the day will come when the moans and cries of mothers, volleys and shots will cease on earth, when our land will meet a day without war!

The turning point in the Great Patriotic War occurred during the Battle of Stalingrad, when “the Russian soldier was ready to tear a bone from the skeleton and go with it to the fascist” (A. Platonov). The unity of the people in the “time of grief”, their resilience, courage, daily heroism - this is the true reason for the victory. In the novel Y. Bondareva “Hot Snow” the most tragic moments of the war are reflected, when Manstein’s brutal tanks rush towards the group encircled in Stalingrad. Young artillerymen, yesterday's boys, are holding back the onslaught of the Nazis with superhuman efforts. The sky was bloody smoked, the snow was melting from bullets, the earth was burning underfoot, but the Russian soldier survived - he did not allow the tanks to break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, disregarding all conventions, without award papers, presented orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What I can, what I can…” he says bitterly, approaching the next soldier. The general could, but what about the authorities? Why does the state remember the people only in tragic moments of history?

The bearer of people's morality in war is, for example, Valega, Lieutenant Kerzhentsev's orderly from the story. He is barely familiar with reading and writing, confuses the multiplication table, will not really explain what socialism is, but for his homeland, for his comrades, for a rickety shack in Altai, for Stalin, whom he has never seen, he will fight to the last bullet. And the cartridges will run out - with fists, teeth. Sitting in a trench, he will scold the foreman more than the Germans. And when it comes down to it, he will show these Germans where the crayfish spend the winter.

The expression “national character” most closely matches Valega. He volunteered for the war and quickly adapted to the hardships of war, because his peaceful peasant life was not all that pleasant. In between fights, he doesn’t sit idle for a minute. He knows how to cut hair, shave, mend boots, make a fire in the pouring rain, and darn socks. Can catch fish, pick berries and mushrooms. And he does everything silently, quietly. A simple peasant guy, only eighteen years old. Kerzhentsev is confident that a soldier like Valega will never betray, will not leave the wounded on the battlefield and will beat the enemy mercilessly.

The heroic everyday life of war is an oxymoronic metaphor that connects the incompatible. War ceases to seem like something out of the ordinary. You get used to death. Only sometimes it will amaze you with its suddenness. There is such an episode: a killed fighter lies on his back, arms outstretched, and a still smoking cigarette butt is stuck to his lip. A minute ago there was still life, thoughts, desires, now there was death. And it’s simply unbearable for the hero of the novel to see this...

But even in war, soldiers do not live by “one bullet”: in short hours of rest they sing, write letters and even read. As for the heroes of “In the Trenches of Stalingrad,” Karnaukhov is a fan of Jack London, the division commander also loves Martin Eden, some draw, some write poetry. The Volga foams from shells and bombs, but the people on the shore do not change their spiritual passions. Perhaps that is why the Nazis did not manage to crush them, throw them beyond the Volga, and dry up their souls and minds.

The theme of the Motherland in literature.

Lermontov in the poem “Motherland” says that he loves his native land, but cannot explain why and for what.

In the friendly message “To Chaadaev” there is a fiery appeal from the poet to the Fatherland to dedicate “the beautiful impulses of the soul.”

The modern writer V. Rasputin argued: “To talk about ecology today means to talk not about changing life, but about saving it.” Unfortunately, the state of our ecology is very catastrophic. This is manifested in the impoverishment of flora and fauna. Further, the author says that “a gradual adaptation to danger occurs,” that is, the person does not notice how serious the current situation is. Let us recall the problem associated with the Aral Sea. The bottom of the Aral Sea has become so exposed that the shores from the sea ports are tens of kilometers away. The climate changed very sharply, and animals became extinct. All these troubles greatly affected the lives of people living in the Aral Sea. Over the past two decades, the Aral Sea has lost half of its volume and more than a third of its area. The exposed bottom of a huge area turned into a desert, which became known as Aralkum. In addition, the Aral Sea contains millions of tons of toxic salts. This problem cannot but worry people. In the eighties, expeditions were organized to solve the problems and causes of the death of the Aral Sea. Doctors, scientists, writers reflected and studied the materials of these expeditions.

V. Rasputin in the article “In the fate of nature is our fate” reflects on the relationship between man and the environment. “Today there is no need to guess “whose groan is heard over the great Russian river.” It is the Volga itself that is groaning, dug up length and breadth, spanned by hydroelectric dams,” the author writes. Looking at the Volga, you especially understand the price of our civilization, that is, the benefits that man has created for himself. It seems that everything that was possible has been defeated, even the future of humanity.

The problem of the relationship between man and the environment is also raised by the modern writer Ch. Aitmatov in his work “The Scaffold”. He showed how man destroys the colorful world of nature with his own hands.

The novel begins with a description of the life of a wolf pack that lives quietly before the appearance of man. He literally demolishes and destroys everything in his path, without thinking about the surrounding nature. The reason for such cruelty was simply difficulties with the meat delivery plan. People mocked the saigas: “The fear reached such proportions that the she-wolf Akbara, deaf from the gunshots, thought that the whole world had gone deaf, and the sun itself was also rushing about and looking for salvation...” In this tragedy, Akbara’s children die, but this is her grief doesn't end. Further, the author writes that people started a fire in which five more Akbara wolf cubs died. People, for the sake of their own goals, could “gut the globe like a pumpkin,” not suspecting that nature would also take revenge on them sooner or later. A lone wolf is drawn to people, wants to transfer her maternal love to a human child. It turned into a tragedy, but this time for the people. A man, in a fit of fear and hatred for the incomprehensible behavior of the she-wolf, shoots at her, but ends up hitting his own son.

This example speaks of the barbaric attitude of people towards nature, towards everything that surrounds us. I wish there were more caring and kind people in our lives.

Academician D. Likhachev wrote: “Humanity spends billions not only to avoid suffocation and death, but also to preserve the nature around us.” Of course, everyone is well aware of the healing power of nature. I think that a person should become its master, its protector, and its intelligent transformer. A beloved leisurely river, a birch grove, a restless bird world... We will not harm them, but will try to protect them.

In this century, man is actively interfering with the natural processes of the Earth’s shells: extracting millions of tons of minerals, destroying thousands of hectares of forest, polluting the waters of seas and rivers, and releasing toxic substances into the atmosphere. One of the most important environmental problems of the century has been water pollution. A sharp deterioration in the quality of water in rivers and lakes cannot and will not affect human health, especially in areas with dense populations. The environmental consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants are sad. The echo of Chernobyl swept across the entire European part of Russia, and will affect people’s health for a long time.

Thus, as a result of economic activities, people cause great damage to nature, and at the same time to their health. How then can a person build his relationship with nature? Each person in his activities must treat every living thing on Earth with care, not alienate himself from nature, not strive to rise above it, but remember that he is part of it.

Man and state.

Zamyatin “We” people are numbers. We only had 2 free hours.

The problem of the artist and power

The problem of the artist and power in Russian literature is perhaps one of the most painful. It is marked with particular tragedy in the history of twentieth-century literature. A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, O. Mandelstam, M. Bulgakov, B. Pasternak, M. Zoshchenko, A. Solzhenitsyn (the list goes on) - each of them felt the “care” of the state, and each reflected it in their work. One Zhdanov decree of August 14, 1946 could have crossed out the biography of A. Akhmatova and M. Zoshchenko. B. Pasternak created the novel “Doctor Zhivago” during a period of brutal government pressure on the writer, during the period of struggle against cosmopolitanism. The persecution of the writer resumed with particular force after he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his novel. The Writers' Union excluded Pasternak from its ranks, presenting him as an internal emigrant, a person discrediting the worthy title of a Soviet writer. And this is because the poet told the people the truth about the tragic fate of the Russian intellectual, doctor, poet Yuri Zhivago.

Creativity is the only way for the creator to become immortal. “For the authorities, for the livery, do not bend your conscience, your thoughts, your neck” - this testament became decisive in the choice of the creative path of true artists.

Emigration problem

There is a feeling of bitterness when people leave their homeland. Some are expelled by force, others leave on their own due to some circumstances, but not one of them forgets their Fatherland, the house where they were born, their native land. There is, for example, I.A. Bunina story "Mowers", written in 1921. This story is about a seemingly insignificant event: Ryazan mowers who came to the Oryol region are walking in a birch forest, mowing and singing. But it was precisely in this insignificant moment that Bunin was able to discern something immeasurable and distant, connected with all of Russia. The small space of the story is filled with radiant light, wonderful sounds and viscous smells, and the result is not a story, but a bright lake, some kind of Svetloyar, in which all of Russia is reflected. It is not for nothing that during the reading of “Kostsov” by Bunin in Paris at a literary evening (there were two hundred people), according to the recollections of the writer’s wife, many cried. It was a cry for lost Russia, a nostalgic feeling for the Motherland. Bunin lived in exile for most of his life, but wrote only about Russia.

Third wave emigrant S. Dovlatov, leaving the USSR, he took with him a single suitcase, “an old, plywood, covered with cloth, tied with a clothesline,” - he went with it to the pioneer camp. There were no treasures in it: a double-breasted suit lay on top, a poplin shirt underneath, then in turn a winter hat, Finnish crepe socks, driver's gloves and an officer's belt. These things became the basis for short stories-memories about the homeland. They have no material value, they are signs of priceless, absurd in their own way, but the only life. Eight things - eight stories, and each is a kind of report on past Soviet life. A life that will remain forever with the emigrant Dovlatov.

The problem of the intelligentsia

According to Academician D.S. Likhachev, “the basic principle of intelligence is intellectual freedom, freedom as a moral category.” An intelligent person is not free only from his conscience. The title of intellectual in Russian literature is deservedly held by heroes and. Neither Zhivago nor Zybin compromised with their own conscience. They do not accept violence in any form, be it the Civil War or Stalinist repressions. There is another type of Russian intellectual who betrays this high title. One of them is the hero of the story Y. Trifonova “Exchange” Dmitriev. His mother is seriously ill, his wife offers to exchange two rooms for a separate apartment, although the relationship between the daughter-in-law and mother-in-law was not the best. At first, Dmitriev is indignant, criticizes his wife for lack of spirituality and philistinism, but then agrees with her, believing that she is right. There are more and more things in the apartment, food, expensive furniture: the density of life is increasing, things are replacing spiritual life. In this regard, another work comes to mind - “Suitcase” by S. Dovlatov. Most likely, the “suitcase” with rags taken by journalist S. Dovlatov to America would only cause Dmitriev and his wife a feeling of disgust. At the same time, for Dovlatov’s hero, things have no material value, they are a reminder of his past youth, friends, and creative searches.

The problem of fathers and children.

The problem of difficult relationships between parents and children is reflected in the literature. L.N. Tolstoy, I.S. Turgenev, and A.S. Pushkin wrote about this. I would like to turn to A. Vampilov’s play “The Eldest Son,” where the author shows the attitude of children towards their father. Both son and daughter openly consider their father a loser, an eccentric, and are indifferent to his experiences and feelings. The father silently endures everything, finds excuses for all the ungrateful actions of the children, asks them only for one thing: not to leave him alone. The main character of the play sees how someone else's family is being destroyed before his eyes, and sincerely tries to help the kindest man - his father. His intervention helps to overcome a difficult period in the relationship of children with a loved one.

The problem of quarrels. Human enmity.

In Pushkin’s story “Dubrovsky,” a casually thrown word led to enmity and many troubles for former neighbors. In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the family feud ended with the death of the main characters.

“The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” Svyatoslav pronounces the “golden word”, condemning Igor and Vsevolod, who violated feudal obedience, which led to a new attack of the Polovtsians on Russian lands.

In Vasiliev’s novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans,” the modest klutz Yegor Polushkin almost dies at the hands of poachers. Protecting nature became his calling and the meaning of life.

A lot of work is being done in Yasnaya Polyana with only one goal - to make this place one of the most beautiful and comfortable.

Parental love.

In Turgenev’s prose poem “Sparrow” we see the heroic act of a bird. Trying to protect its offspring, the sparrow rushed into battle against the dog.

Also in Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons”, Bazarov’s parents want more than anything in life to be with their son.

In Chekhov's play “The Cherry Orchard,” Lyubov Andreevna lost her estate because all her life she was frivolous about money and work.

The fire in Perm occurred due to the rash actions of the fireworks organizers, the irresponsibility of the management, and the negligence of fire safety inspectors. And the result is the death of many people.

The essay “Ants” by A. Maurois tells how a young woman bought an anthill. But she forgot to feed its inhabitants, although they only needed one drop of honey per month.

There are people who do not demand anything special from their life and spend it (life) uselessly and boringly. One of these people is Ilya Ilyich Oblomov.

In Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin” the main character has everything for life. Wealth, education, position in society and the opportunity to realize any of your dreams. But he's bored. Nothing touches him, nothing pleases him. He does not know how to appreciate simple things: friendship, sincerity, love. I think that's why he's unhappy.

Volkov’s essay “On Simple Things” raises a similar problem: a person doesn’t need so much to be happy.

The riches of the Russian language.

If you do not use the riches of the Russian language, you can become like Ellochka Shchukina from the work “The Twelve Chairs” by I. Ilf and E. Petrov. She got by with thirty words.

In Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor,” Mitrofanushka did not know Russian at all.

Unprincipled.

Chekhov's essay “Gone” tells about a woman who, within one minute, completely changes her principles.

She tells her husband that she will leave him if he commits even one vile act. Then the husband explained to his wife in detail why their family lives so richly. The heroine of the text “went... into another room. For her, living beautifully and richly was more important than deceiving her husband, although she says quite the opposite.

In Chekhov's story “Chameleon” the police warden Ochumelov also does not have a clear position. He wants to punish the owner of the dog that bit Khryukin’s finger. After Ochumelov finds out that the possible owner of the dog is General Zhigalov, all his determination disappears.

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Unified State Examination in Russian. Task C1.

The problem of historical memory (responsibility for the bitter and terrible consequences of the past)

The problem of preserving ancient monuments and caring for them.

The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of historical memory.

The problem of relating to the past, loss of memory, roots.

“Disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality” (A.S. Pushkin). A man who does not remember his kinship, who has lost his memory, Chingiz Aitmatov called mankurt ("Stormy Station"). Mankurt is a man forcibly deprived of memory. This is a slave who has no past. He does not know who he is, where he comes from, does not know his name, does not remember his childhood, father and mother - in a word, he does not recognize himself as a human being. Such a subhuman is dangerous to society, the writer warns.

The problem of a false goal in life.

“A person needs not three arshins of land, not an estate, but the entire globe. All of nature, where in the open space he could demonstrate all the properties of a free spirit,” wrote A.P. Chekhov . Life without a goal is a meaningless existence. But the goals are different, such as, for example, in the story"Gooseberry" . Its hero, Nikolai Ivanovich Chimsha-Himalayan, dreams of purchasing his own estate and planting gooseberries there. This goal consumes him entirely. In the end, he reaches her, but at the same time almost loses his human appearance (“he has become plump, flabby... - just behold, he will grunt into the blanket”). A false goal, an obsession with the material, narrow, and limited, disfigures a person. He needs constant movement, development, excitement, improvement for life...

The meaning of human life. Searching for a life path.

Self-sacrifice. Love for one's neighbor. Compassion and mercy. Sensitivity.

In one of the books dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, a former siege survivor recalls that his life, as a dying teenager, was saved during a terrible famine by a neighbor who brought a can of stew sent by his son from the front. “I’m already old, and you’re young, you still have to live and live,” said this man. He soon died, and the boy he saved retained a grateful memory of him for the rest of his life.

The tragedy occurred in the Krasnodar region. A fire started in a nursing home where sick old people lived.Among the 62 who were burned alive was 53-year-old nurse Lidiya Pachintseva, who was on duty that night. When the fire broke out, she took the old people by the arms, brought them to the windows and helped them escape. But I didn’t save myself - I didn’t have time.

The problem of indifference. Callous and soulless attitude towards people.

“People satisfied with themselves”, accustomed to comfort, people with petty proprietary interests are the same heroes Chekhov , “people in cases.” This is Dr. Startsev in"Ionyche" , and teacher Belikov in"Man in a Case". Let us remember how plump, red Dmitry Ionych Startsev rides “in a troika with bells,” and his coachman Panteleimon, “also plump and red,” shouts: “Keep it right!” “Keep the law” - this is, after all, detachment from human troubles and problems. There should be no obstacles on their prosperous path of life. And in Belikov’s “no matter what happens” we see only an indifferent attitude towards the problems of other people. The spiritual impoverishment of these heroes is obvious. And they are not intellectuals, but simply philistines, ordinary people who imagine themselves to be “masters of life.”

The problem of friendship, comradely duty.

The problem of scientific progress.

The problem of the patriarchal village way of life. The problem of beauty, morally healthy beauty

village life.

The problem of labor. Enjoyment from meaningful activity.

The problem of the influence of laziness on a person.

Chekhov's essay “My “she”” lists all the terrible consequences of the influence of laziness on people.

The problem of the future of Russia.

The problem of the influence of art on a person.

The problem of anticulture.

The problem of modern television.

The problem of clogging the Russian language.

The problem of destruction of natural resources.

If the press began to write about the disaster threatening humanity only in the last ten to fifteen years, then Ch. Aitmatov spoke about this problem back in the 70s in his story “After the Fairy Tale” (“The White Ship”). He showed the destructiveness and hopelessness of the path if a person destroys nature. She takes revenge with degeneration and lack of spirituality. The writer continues this theme in his subsequent works: “And the day lasts longer than a century” (“Stormy Stop”), “The Block”, “Cassandra’s Brand”.
The novel “The Scaffold” produces a particularly strong feeling. Using the example of a wolf family, the author showed the death of wildlife due to human economic activity. And how scary it becomes when you see that, when compared with humans, predators look more humane and “humane” than the “crown of creation.” So for what good in the future does a person bring his children to the chopping block?

Imposing your opinion on others.

Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov. “Lake, cloud, tower...” The main character, Vasily Ivanovich, is a modest employee who has won a pleasure trip to nature.

The theme of war in literature.

Very often, when congratulating our friends or relatives, we wish them a peaceful sky above their heads. We don't want their families to suffer the hardships of war. War! These five letters carry with them a sea of blood, tears, suffering, and most importantly, the death of people dear to our hearts. There have always been wars on our planet. People's hearts have always been filled with the pain of loss. From everywhere where the war is going on, you can hear the groans of mothers, the cries of children and deafening explosions that tear our souls and hearts. To our great happiness, we know about the war only from feature films and literary works.
Our country has suffered many trials during the war. At the beginning of the 19th century, Russia was shocked by the Patriotic War of 1812. The patriotic spirit of the Russian people was shown by L.N. Tolstoy in his epic novel “War and Peace”. Guerrilla warfare, the Battle of Borodino - all this and much more appears before us with our own eyes. We are witnessing the terrible everyday life of war. Tolstoy talks about how for many, war has become the most commonplace thing. They (for example, Tushin) perform heroic deeds on the battlefields, but they themselves do not notice it. For them, war is a job that they must do conscientiously. But war can become commonplace not only on the battlefield. An entire city can get used to the idea of war and continue to live, resigning itself to it. Such a city in 1855 was Sevastopol. L.N. Tolstoy tells about the difficult months of the defense of Sevastopol in his “Sevastopol Stories”. Here the events taking place are described especially reliably, since Tolstoy is an eyewitness to them. And after what he saw and heard in a city full of blood and pain, he set himself a definite goal - to tell his reader only the truth - and nothing but the truth. The bombing of the city did not stop. More and more fortifications were required. Sailors and soldiers worked in the snow and rain, half-starved, half-naked, but they still worked. And here everyone is simply amazed by the courage of their spirit, willpower, and enormous patriotism. Their wives, mothers, and children lived with them in this city. They had become so accustomed to the situation in the city that they no longer paid attention to shots or explosions. Very often they brought dinners to their husbands directly to the bastions, and one shell could often destroy the entire family. Tolstoy shows us that the worst thing in war happens in the hospital: “You will see doctors there with their hands bloody to the elbows... busy near the bed, on which, with their eyes open and speaking, as if in delirium, meaningless, sometimes simple and touching words , lies wounded under the influence of chloroform.” War for Tolstoy is dirt, pain, violence, no matter what goals it pursues: “...you will see war not in a correct, beautiful and brilliant system, with music and drumming, with waving banners and prancing generals, but you will see war in its real expression - in blood, in suffering, in death...” The heroic defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855 once again shows everyone how much the Russian people love their Motherland and how boldly they come to its defense. Sparing no effort, using any means, they (the Russian people) do not allow the enemy to seize their native land.
In 1941-1942, the defense of Sevastopol will be repeated. But this will be another Great Patriotic War - 1941 - 1945. In this war against fascism, the Soviet people will accomplish an extraordinary feat, which we will always remember. M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, B. Vasiliev and many other writers dedicated their works to the events of the Great Patriotic War. This difficult time is also characterized by the fact that women fought in the ranks of the Red Army along with men. And even the fact that they are representatives of the weaker sex did not stop them. They fought the fear within themselves and performed such heroic deeds that, it seemed, were completely unusual for women. It is about such women that we learn from the pages of B. Vasiliev’s story “And the dawns here are quiet...”. Five girls and their combat commander F. Basque find themselves on the Sinyukhina Ridge with sixteen fascists who are heading to the railway, absolutely confident that no one knows about the progress of their operation. Our fighters found themselves in a difficult situation: they couldn’t retreat, but stay, because the Germans were eating them like seeds. But there is no way out! The Motherland is behind us! And these girls perform a fearless feat. At the cost of their lives, they stop the enemy and prevent him from carrying out his terrible plans. How carefree was the life of these girls before the war?! They studied, worked, enjoyed life. And suddenly! Planes, tanks, guns, shots, screams, moans... But they did not break and gave for victory the most precious thing they had - life. They gave their lives for their Motherland.

But there is a civil war on earth, in which a person can give his life without ever knowing why. 1918 Russia. Brother kills brother, father kills son, son kills father. Everything is mixed in the fire of anger, everything is devalued: love, kinship, human life. M. Tsvetaeva writes: Brothers, this is the last rate! For the third year now, Abel has been fighting with Cain...
People become weapons in the hands of power. Dividing into two camps, friends become enemies, relatives become strangers forever. I. Babel, A. Fadeev and many others talk about this difficult time.
I. Babel served in the ranks of Budyonny’s First Cavalry Army. There he kept his diary, which later turned into the now famous work “Cavalry.” The stories of “Cavalry” talk about a man who found himself in the fire of the Civil War. The main character Lyutov tells us about individual episodes of the campaign of Budyonny’s First Cavalry Army, which was famous for its victories. But on the pages of the stories we do not feel the victorious spirit. We see the cruelty of the Red Army soldiers, their composure and indifference. They can kill an old Jew without the slightest hesitation, but what is more terrible is that they can finish off their wounded comrade without a moment's hesitation. But what is all this for? I. Babel did not give an answer to this question. He leaves it to his reader to speculate.
The theme of war in Russian literature has been and remains relevant. Writers try to convey to readers the whole truth, whatever it may be.

The turning point in the Great Patriotic War occurred during the Battle of Stalingrad, when “the Russian soldier was ready to tear a bone from the skeleton and go with it to the fascist” (A. Platonov). The unity of the people in the “time of grief”, their resilience, courage, daily heroism - this is the true reason for the victory. In the novelY. Bondareva “Hot Snow”the most tragic moments of the war are reflected, when Manstein’s brutal tanks rush towards the group encircled in Stalingrad. Young artillerymen, yesterday's boys, are holding back the onslaught of the Nazis with superhuman efforts. The sky was bloody smoked, the snow was melting from bullets, the earth was burning underfoot, but the Russian soldier survived - he did not allow the tanks to break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, disregarding all conventions, without award papers, presented orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What I can, what I can…” he says bitterly, approaching the next soldier. The general could, but what about the authorities? Why does the state remember the people only in tragic moments of history?

The problem of the moral strength of a common soldier

The bearer of folk morality in war is, for example, Valega, Lieutenant Kerzhentsev’s orderly from the storyV. Nekrasov “In the trenches of Stalingrad”. He is barely familiar with reading and writing, confuses the multiplication table, will not really explain what socialism is, but for his homeland, for his comrades, for a rickety shack in Altai, for Stalin, whom he has never seen, he will fight to the last bullet. And the cartridges will run out - with fists, teeth. Sitting in a trench, he will scold the foreman more than the Germans. And when it comes down to it, he will show these Germans where the crayfish spend the winter.

The problem of the heroic everyday life of war

The heroic everyday life of war is an oxymoronic metaphor that connects the incompatible. War ceases to seem like something out of the ordinary. You get used to death. Only sometimes it will amaze you with its suddenness. There is such an episodeV. Nekrasova (“In the trenches of Stalingrad”): the killed fighter lies on his back, arms outstretched, and a still smoking cigarette butt is stuck to his lip. A minute ago there was still life, thoughts, desires, now there was death. And it’s simply unbearable for the hero of the novel to see this...

The theme of the Motherland in literature.

Lermontov in the poem “Motherland” says that he loves his native land, but cannot explain why and for what.

It is impossible not to start with such a greatest monument of ancient Russian literature as “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” All thoughts and all feelings of the author of “The Lay...” are directed to the Russian land as a whole, to the Russian people. He talks about the vast expanses of his Motherland, about its rivers, mountains, steppes, cities, villages. But the Russian land for the author of “The Lay...” is not only Russian nature and Russian cities. These are, first of all, the Russian people. Narrating about Igor's campaign, the author does not forget about the Russian people. Igor undertook a campaign against the Polovtsians “for the Russian land.” His warriors are “Rusichs”, Russian sons. Crossing the border of Rus', they say goodbye to their Motherland, to the Russian land, and the author exclaims: “Oh Russian land! You’re already over the hill.”
In the friendly message “To Chaadaev” there is a fiery appeal from the poet to the Fatherland to dedicate “the beautiful impulses of the soul.”

The theme of nature and man in Russian literature.

This example speaks of the barbaric attitude of people towards nature, towards everything that surrounds us. I wish there were more caring and kind people in our lives.

Man and state.

Zamyatin “We” people are numbers. We only had 2 free hours.

The problem of the artist and power

Creativity is the only way for the creator to become immortal. “For the power, for the livery, do not bend your conscience, your thoughts, your neck” - this is a testamentA.S. Pushkin (“From Pindemonti”)became decisive in the choice of creative path of true artists.

Emigration problem

There is a feeling of bitterness when people leave their homeland. Some are expelled by force, others leave on their own due to some circumstances, but not one of them forgets their Fatherland, the house where they were born, their native land. There is, for example, I.A. Bunin's story "Mowers" , written in 1921. This story is about a seemingly insignificant event: Ryazan mowers who came to the Oryol region are walking in a birch forest, mowing and singing. But it was precisely in this insignificant moment that Bunin was able to discern something immeasurable and distant, connected with all of Russia. The small space of the story is filled with radiant light, wonderful sounds and viscous smells, and the result is not a story, but a bright lake, some kind of Svetloyar, in which all of Russia is reflected. It is not for nothing that during the reading of “Kostsov” by Bunin in Paris at a literary evening (there were two hundred people), according to the recollections of the writer’s wife, many cried. It was a cry for lost Russia, a nostalgic feeling for the Motherland. Bunin lived in exile for most of his life, but wrote only about Russia.

Third wave emigrant S. Dovlatov , leaving the USSR, he took with him a single suitcase, “an old, plywood, covered with cloth, tied with a clothesline,” - he went with it to the pioneer camp. There were no treasures in it: a double-breasted suit lay on top, a poplin shirt underneath, then in turn a winter hat, Finnish crepe socks, driver's gloves and an officer's belt. These things became the basis for short stories-memories about the homeland. They have no material value, they are signs of priceless, absurd in their own way, but the only life. Eight things - eight stories, and each is a kind of report on past Soviet life. A life that will remain forever with the emigrant Dovlatov.

The problem of the intelligentsia

According to Academician D.S. Likhachev, “the basic principle of intelligence is intellectual freedom, freedom as a moral category.” An intelligent person is not free only from his conscience. The title of intellectual in Russian literature is deservedly held by heroesB. Pasternak (“Doctor Zhivago”) And Y. Dombrovsky (“Faculty of Unnecessary Things”). Neither Zhivago nor Zybin compromised with their own conscience. They do not accept violence in any form, be it the Civil War or Stalinist repressions. There is another type of Russian intellectual who betrays this high title. One of them is the hero of the storyY. Trifonova “Exchange”Dmitriev. His mother is seriously ill, his wife offers to exchange two rooms for a separate apartment, although the relationship between the daughter-in-law and mother-in-law was not the best. At first, Dmitriev is indignant, criticizes his wife for lack of spirituality and philistinism, but then agrees with her, believing that she is right. There are more and more things in the apartment, food, expensive furniture: the density of life is increasing, things are replacing spiritual life. In this regard, another work comes to mind -“Suitcase” by S. Dovlatov. Most likely, the “suitcase” with rags taken by journalist S. Dovlatov to America would only cause Dmitriev and his wife a feeling of disgust. At the same time, for Dovlatov’s hero, things have no material value, they are a reminder of his past youth, friends, and creative searches.

The problem of fathers and children.

The problem of quarrels. Human enmity.

Caring for the beauty of our native land.

In Vasiliev’s novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans,” the modest klutz Yegor Polushkin almost dies at the hands of poachers. Protecting nature became his calling and the meaning of life.

A lot of work is being done in Yasnaya Polyana with only one goal - to make this place one of the most beautiful and comfortable.

Parental love.

In Turgenev’s prose poem “Sparrow” we see the heroic act of a bird. Trying to protect its offspring, the sparrow rushed into battle against the dog.

Also in Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons”, Bazarov’s parents want more than anything in life to be with their son.

Responsibility. Rash acts.

In Chekhov's play “The Cherry Orchard,” Lyubov Andreevna lost her estate because all her life she was frivolous about money and work.

The essay “Ants” by A. Maurois tells how a young woman bought an anthill. But she forgot to feed its inhabitants, although they only needed one drop of honey per month.

About simple things. Theme of happiness.

There are people who do not demand anything special from their life and spend it (life) uselessly and boringly. One of these people is Ilya Ilyich Oblomov.

Volkov’s essay “On Simple Things” raises a similar problem: a person doesn’t need so much to be happy.

The riches of the Russian language.

If you do not use the riches of the Russian language, you can become like Ellochka Shchukina from the work “The Twelve Chairs” by I. Ilf and E. Petrov. She got by with thirty words.

In Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor,” Mitrofanushka did not know Russian at all.

Unprincipled.

Chekhov's essay “Gone” tells about a woman who, within one minute, completely changes her principles.

Reading the text made me think about such a problem as the importance of preserving historical memory. Why is it so important to preserve and pass it on from generation to generation? Why doesn’t a person have the right to simply erase unpleasant events from his memory? Vasily Bykov thinks about these questions.

Discussing the problem of preserving historical memory, Vasily Bykov draws our attention to the fact that despite the fact that the war is receding further into the past, “the scars from its terrible claws will no longer be visible...

in today's life." Indeed, we can often notice that the past influences our present day, and it is not surprising - after all, the present is a continuation of events that have already happened. It is no coincidence that the author notes that this "war taught history and humanity a number of lessons for the future, which would be unforgivable indifference to ignore." By this, V. Bykov shows that humanity can avoid repeating mistakes if it learns from the mistakes of the past.

According to the author, people should preserve and preserve the memory of important events in our history. I cannot but agree with the writer on this, I also believe that it is important not to forget history and learn from the mistakes of the past in order to avoid their repetition.

Many people at different times thought about the meaning of memory in human life. Likhachev also reflects on this issue in “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful.” He notes that nothing in this world passes without a trace, and even a simple piece of paper has memory: once crumpled, it will crumple along almost the same lines again if you compress it a second time. A person who does not want to remember his past is an ungrateful and irresponsible person, not realizing that nothing passes without a trace, that his actions will be preserved in the memory of other people. Memories are an integral part of our character and worldview; they help us understand and rethink various events.

Another work that addresses the issue of the importance of historical memory is the story of A.P. Chekhov's "Student". The main character of this story, who is in upset feelings, meets on his way home a mother and daughter sitting by the fire. He approaches them to warm himself and tells the story of the apostle, which greatly touched the women. This event helps the protagonist of the story realize that everything in the world is inextricably connected: the past, the present, and the future. Understanding the relationship between events of the long past and the present gives the main character hope for a bright future and helps to overcome sad thoughts.

To sum it up, it is very important to preserve our memories. They play a huge role in shaping a person’s personality and worldview and help avoid repeating the mistakes of the past. That is why it is necessary to preserve the memory of various events and not let the memories disappear.

Updated: 2018-02-27

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THE PROBLEM OF PERSISTENCE AND COURAGE OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY DURING MILITARY TESTS

1. In the novel L.N. Tostogo's "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky convinces his friend Pierre Bezukhov that the battle is won by an army that wants to defeat the enemy at all costs, and not one that has a better disposition. On the Borodino field, every Russian soldier fought desperately and selflessly, knowing that behind him was the ancient capital, the heart of Russia, Moscow.

2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “And the dawns here are quiet...” five young girls who opposed the German saboteurs died defending their homeland. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Lisa Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The anti-aircraft gunners showed courage and restraint and showed themselves to be true patriots.

THE PROBLEM OF TENDERNESS

1. An example of sacrificial love is Jane Eyre, the heroine of Charlotte Brontë's novel of the same name. Jen happily became the eyes and hands of the person most dear to her when he went blind.

2. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Marya Bolkonskaya patiently endures her father's severity. She treats the old prince with love, despite his difficult character. The princess does not even think about the fact that her father is often too demanding of her. Marya's love is sincere, pure, bright.

THE PROBLEM OF PRESERVING HONOR

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" for Pyotr Grinev the most important life principle was honor. Even facing the threat of the death penalty, Peter, who swore allegiance to the empress, refused to recognize Pugachev as sovereign. The hero understood that this decision could cost him his life, but a sense of duty prevailed over fear. Alexey Shvabrin, on the contrary, committed treason and lost his own dignity when he joined the camp of the impostor.

2. The problem of maintaining honor is raised in the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". The two sons of the main character are completely different. Ostap is an honest and brave person. He never betrayed his comrades and died like a hero. Andriy is a romantic person. For the sake of love for a Polish woman, he betrays his homeland. His personal interests come first. Andriy dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal. Thus, you always need to remain honest first of all with yourself.

THE PROBLEM OF DEVOTED LOVE

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova love each other. Peter defends the honor of his beloved in a duel with Shvabrin, who insulted the girl. In turn, Masha saves Grinev from exile when she “asks for mercy” from the empress. Thus, the basis of the relationship between Masha and Peter is mutual assistance.

2. Selfless love is one of the themes of M.A.’s novel. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita". A woman is able to accept the interests and aspirations of her lover as her own and helps him in everything. The master writes a novel - and this becomes the content of Margarita's life. She rewrites the finished chapters, trying to keep the master calm and happy. A woman sees her destiny in this.

THE PROBLEM OF REPENTANCE

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" shows the long path to repentance of Rodion Raskolnikov. Confident in the validity of his theory of “permitting blood according to conscience,” the main character despises himself for his own weakness and does not realize the gravity of the crime committed. However, faith in God and love for Sonya Marmeladova lead Raskolnikov to repentance.

THE PROBLEM OF SEARCHING FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE IN THE MODERN WORLD

1. In the story by I.A. Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco" American millionaire served the "golden calf". The main character believed that the meaning of life was to accumulate wealth. When the Master died, it turned out that true happiness passed him by.

2. In Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" Natasha Rostova sees the meaning of life in family, love for family and friends. After the wedding with Pierre Bezukhov, the main character gives up social life and devotes herself entirely to her family. Natasha Rostova found her purpose in this world and became truly happy.

THE PROBLEM OF LITERARY ILLITERACY AND LOW LEVEL OF EDUCATION AMONG YOUTH

1. In “Letters about the good and the beautiful” D.S. Likhachev claims that a book teaches a person better than any work. The famous scientist admires the ability of a book to educate a person and shape his inner world. Academician D.S. Likhachev comes to the conclusion that it is books that teach one to think and make a person intelligent.

2. Ray Bradbury in his novel Fahrenheit 451 shows what happened to humanity after all books were completely destroyed. It may seem that in such a society there are no social problems. The answer lies in the fact that it is simply unspiritual, since there is no literature that can force people to analyze, think, and make decisions.

THE PROBLEM OF EDUCATION OF CHILDREN

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from parents and educators. As a child, the main character was an inquisitive and active child, but excessive care led to Oblomov’s apathy and weak-willedness in adulthood.

2. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" the spirit of mutual understanding, loyalty, and love reigns in the Rostov family. Thanks to this, Natasha, Nikolai and Petya became worthy people, inherited kindness and nobility. Thus, the conditions created by the Rostovs contributed to the harmonious development of their children.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONALISM

1. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “My horses are flying...” Smolensk doctor Janson works tirelessly. The main character rushes to help the sick in any weather. Thanks to his responsiveness and professionalism, Dr. Janson managed to gain the love and respect of all residents of the city.

THE PROBLEM OF A SOLDIER'S FATE IN WAR

1. The fate of the main characters of the story by B.L. was tragic. Vasiliev "And the dawns here are quiet...". Five young anti-aircraft gunners opposed the German saboteurs. The forces were not equal: all the girls died. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Lisa Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The girls became an example of perseverance and courage.

2. V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" tells about two partisans who were captured by the Germans during the Great Patriotic War. The further fate of the soldiers developed differently. So Rybak betrayed his homeland and agreed to serve the Germans. Sotnikov refused to give up and chose death.

THE PROBLEM OF EGOISM OF A PERSON IN LOVE

1. In the story by N.V. Gogol's "Taras Bulba" Andriy, because of his love for a Pole, went over to the enemy's camp, betrayed his brother, father, and homeland. The young man, without hesitation, decided to take up arms against his yesterday’s comrades. For Andriy, personal interests come first. A young man dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal and selfishness of his youngest son.

2. It is unacceptable when love becomes an obsession, as in the case of the main character of P. Suskind's "Perfumer. The Story of a Murderer." Jean-Baptiste Grenouille is not capable of high feelings. All that is of interest to him is smells, creating a scent that inspires love in people. Grenouille is an example of an egoist who commits the most serious crimes to achieve his goal.

THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL

1. In the novel by V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains" Romashov repeatedly betrayed the people around him. At school, Romashka eavesdropped and reported to the head everything that was said about him. Later, Romashov went so far as to begin collecting information proving Nikolai Antonovich’s guilt in the death of Captain Tatarinov’s expedition. All of Chamomile’s actions are low, destroying not only his life but also the fates of other people.

2. The action of the hero of the story by V.G. entails even deeper consequences. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. This irreparable mistake not only dooms him to loneliness and expulsion from society, but is also the reason for the suicide of his wife Nastya.

THE PROBLEM OF DECEITIVE APPEARANCE

1. In Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", Helen Kuragina, despite her brilliant appearance and success in society, is not distinguished by a rich inner world. Her main priorities in life are money and fame. Thus, in the novel, this beauty is the embodiment of evil and spiritual decline.

2. In Victor Hugo's novel Notre-Dame de Paris, Quasimodo is a hunchback who has overcome many difficulties throughout his life. The appearance of the main character is completely unsightly, but behind it lies a noble and beautiful soul, capable of sincere love.

THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL IN WAR

1. In the story by V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. At the beginning of the war, the main character fought honestly and courageously, went on reconnaissance missions, and never hid behind the backs of his comrades. However, after some time, Guskov began to think about why he should fight. At that moment, selfishness took over, and Andrei made an irreparable mistake, which doomed him to loneliness, expulsion from society and became the reason for the suicide of his wife Nastya. The hero was tormented by pangs of conscience, but he was no longer able to change anything.

2. In V. Bykov’s story “Sotnikov,” the partisan Rybak betrays his homeland and agrees to serve “great Germany.” His comrade Sotnikov, on the contrary, is an example of perseverance. Despite the unbearable pain he experienced during torture, the partisan refuses to tell the truth to the police. The fisherman realizes the baseness of his act, wants to run away, but understands that there is no turning back.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF LOVE FOR THE MOTHERLAND ON CREATIVITY

1. Yu.Ya. Yakovlev in the story “Woke by Nightingales” writes about a difficult boy Seluzhenka, whom those around him did not like. One night the main character heard the trill of a nightingale. The wonderful sounds amazed the child and awakened his interest in creativity. Seluzhenok enrolled in an art school, and since then the attitude of adults towards him has changed. The author convinces the reader that nature awakens the best qualities in the human soul and helps to reveal creative potential.

2. Love for his native land is the main motive of the work of the painter A.G. Venetsianova. He painted a number of paintings dedicated to the life of ordinary peasants. “The Reapers”, “Zakharka”, “Sleeping Shepherd” - these are my favorite paintings by the artist. The life of ordinary people and the beauty of Russia’s nature prompted A.G. Venetsianov to create paintings that have attracted the attention of viewers with their freshness and sincerity for more than two centuries.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF CHILDHOOD MEMORIES ON HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" the main character considers childhood the happiest time. Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from his parents and educators. Excessive care became the reason for Oblomov’s apathy in adulthood. It seemed that love for Olga Ilyinskaya was supposed to awaken Ilya Ilyich. However, his lifestyle remained unchanged, because the way of life of his native Oblomovka forever left its mark on the fate of the protagonist. Thus, childhood memories influenced the life path of Ilya Ilyich.

2. In the poem “My Way” by S.A. Yesenin admitted that his childhood played an important role in his work. Once upon a time, at the age of nine, a boy inspired by the nature of his native village wrote his first work. Thus, childhood predetermined S.A.’s life path. Yesenina.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PATH IN LIFE

1. The main theme of the novel by I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" - the fate of a man who failed to choose the right path in life. The writer especially emphasizes that apathy and inability to work turned Ilya Ilyich into an idle person. The lack of willpower and any interests did not allow the main character to become happy and realize his potential.

2. From the book by M. Mirsky “Healing with a scalpel. Academician N.N. Burdenko” I learned that the outstanding doctor first studied at a theological seminary, but soon realized that he wanted to devote himself to medicine. Having entered the university, N.N. Burdenko became interested in anatomy, which soon helped him become a famous surgeon.
3. D.S. Likhachev in “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” states that “you need to live your life with dignity so that you are not ashamed to remember.” With these words, the academician emphasizes that fate is unpredictable, but it is important to remain a generous, honest and caring person.

THE PROBLEM OF DOG LOYALTY

1. In the story by G.N. Troepolsky's "White Bim Black Ear" tells the tragic fate of the Scottish setter. Bim the dog is desperately trying to find his owner, who had a heart attack. On its way, the dog encounters difficulties. Unfortunately, the owner finds the pet after the dog is killed. Bima can confidently be called a true friend, devoted to his owner until the end of his days.

2. In Eric Knight's novel Lassie, the Carraclough family is forced to give up their collie to other people due to financial difficulties. Lassie yearns for her former owners, and this feeling only intensifies when the new owner takes her far from her home. The collie escapes and overcomes many obstacles. Despite all the difficulties, the dog is reunited with its former owners.

THE PROBLEM OF MASTERY IN ART

1. In the story by V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician" Pyotr Popelsky had to overcome many difficulties to find his place in life. Despite his blindness, Petrus became a pianist who, through his playing, helped people become purer in heart and kinder in soul.

2. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Taper" boy Yuri Agazarov is a self-taught musician. The writer emphasizes that the young pianist is amazingly talented and hardworking. The boy's talent does not go unnoticed. His playing amazed the famous pianist Anton Rubinstein. So Yuri became known throughout Russia as one of the most talented composers.

THE PROBLEM OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIFE EXPERIENCE FOR WRITERS

1. In Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago, the main character is interested in poetry. Yuri Zhivago is a witness of the revolution and civil war. These events are reflected in his poems. Thus, life itself inspires the poet to create beautiful works.

2. The theme of a writer's vocation is raised in Jack London's novel Martin Eden. The main character is a sailor who has been doing hard physical labor for many years. Martin Eden visited different countries and saw the life of ordinary people. All this became the main theme of his work. Thus, life experience allowed a simple sailor to become a famous writer.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON THE MIND OF A PERSON

1. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet" Vera Sheina experiences spiritual cleansing to the sounds of a Beethoven sonata. Listening to classical music, the heroine calms down after the trials she has experienced. The magical sounds of the sonata helped Vera find inner balance and find the meaning of her future life.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" awaken in his soul feelings that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel “such vigor, such strength that seemed to rise from the bottom of his soul, ready for a feat.”

THE PROBLEM OF MOTHER'S LOVE

1. In the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" describes the scene of Pyotr Grinev's farewell to his mother. Avdotya Vasilyevna was depressed when she learned that her son needed to leave for work for a long time. Saying goodbye to Peter, the woman could not hold back her tears, because nothing could be harder for her than parting with her son. Avdotya Vasilievna's love is sincere and immense.
THE PROBLEM OF THE IMPACT OF WORKS OF ART ABOUT WAR ON PEOPLE

1. In Lev Kassil’s story “The Great Confrontation,” Sima Krupitsyna listened to news reports from the front every morning on the radio. One day a girl heard the song "Holy War". Sima was so excited by the words of this anthem for the defense of the Fatherland that she decided to go to the front. So the work of art inspired the main character to perform a feat.

THE PROBLEM OF Pseudoscience

1. In the novel by V.D. Dudintsev "White Clothes" Professor Ryadno is deeply convinced of the correctness of the biological doctrine approved by the party. For the sake of personal gain, the academician is launching a fight against genetic scientists. He vehemently defends pseudoscientific views and resorts to the most dishonorable acts in order to achieve fame. The fanaticism of an academician leads to the death of talented scientists and the cessation of important research.

2. G.N. Troepolsky in the story “Candidate of Sciences” speaks out against those who defend false views and ideas. The writer is convinced that such scientists hinder the development of science, and, consequently, of society as a whole. In the story by G.N. Troepolsky focuses on the need to combat false scientists.

THE PROBLEM OF LATE REPENTANCE

1. In the story by A.S. Pushkin's "Station Warden" Samson Vyrin was left alone after his daughter ran away with Captain Minsky. The old man did not lose hope of finding Dunya, but all attempts remained unsuccessful. The caretaker died from melancholy and hopelessness. Only a few years later Dunya came to her father’s grave. The girl felt guilty for the death of the caretaker, but repentance came too late.

2. In the story by K.G. Paustovsky's "Telegram" Nastya left her mother and went to St. Petersburg to build a career. Katerina Petrovna had a presentiment of her imminent death and more than once asked her daughter to visit her. However, Nastya remained indifferent to the fate of her mother and did not have time to come to her funeral. The girl repented only at Katerina Petrovna’s grave. So K.G. Paustovsky argues that you need to be attentive to your loved ones.

THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICAL MEMORY

1. V.G. Rasputin, in his essay “The Eternal Field,” writes about his impressions of a trip to the site of the Battle of Kulikovo. The writer notes that more than six hundred years have passed and during this time much has changed. However, the memory of this battle still lives thanks to the obelisks erected in honor of the ancestors who defended Rus'.

2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “And the dawns here are quiet...” five girls fell fighting for their homeland. Many years later, their combat comrade Fedot Vaskov and Rita Osyanina’s son Albert returned to the site of the death of the anti-aircraft gunners to install a gravestone and perpetuate their feat.

THE PROBLEM OF THE LIFE COURSE OF A GIFTED PERSON

1. In the story by B.L. Vasiliev “My horses are flying...” Smolensk doctor Janson is an example of selflessness combined with high professionalism. The most talented doctor rushed to help the sick every day, in any weather, without demanding anything in return. For these qualities, the doctor earned the love and respect of all residents of the city.

2. In the tragedy of A.S. Pushkin's "Mozart and Salieri" tells the life story of two composers. Salieri writes music in order to become famous, and Mozart selflessly serves art. Because of envy, Salieri poisoned the genius. Despite Mozart's death, his works live on and excite people's hearts.

THE PROBLEM OF THE DEVASTATING CONSEQUENCES OF WAR

1. A. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matrenin’s Dvor” depicts the life of a Russian village after the war, which led not only to economic decline, but also to a loss of morality. The villagers lost part of their economy and became callous and heartless. Thus, the war leads to irreparable consequences.

2. In the story by M.A. Sholokhov’s “The Fate of a Man” shows the life path of soldier Andrei Sokolov. His house was destroyed by the enemy, and his family died during the bombing. So M.A. Sholokhov emphasizes that war deprives people of the most valuable thing they have.

THE PROBLEM OF CONTRADICTION OF THE HUMAN INNER WORLD

1. In the novel by I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" Evgeny Bazarov is distinguished by his intelligence, hard work, and determination, but at the same time, the student is often harsh and rude. Bazarov condemns people who give in to feelings, but is convinced of the incorrectness of his views when he falls in love with Odintsova. So I.S. Turgenev showed that people are characterized by inconsistency.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova “Oblomov” Ilya Ilyich has both negative and positive character traits. On the one hand, the main character is apathetic and dependent. Oblomov is not interested in real life; it makes him bored and tired. On the other hand, Ilya Ilyich is distinguished by his sincerity, sincerity, and ability to understand the problems of another person. This is the ambiguity of Oblomov’s character.

THE PROBLEM OF TREATING PEOPLE FAIRLY

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Porfiry Petrovich is investigating the murder of an old pawnbroker. The investigator is a keen expert on human psychology. He understands the motives for Rodion Raskolnikov’s crime and partly sympathizes with him. Porfiry Petrovich gives the young man a chance to confess. This will subsequently serve as a mitigating circumstance in Raskolnikov’s case.

2. A.P. Chekhov, in his story “Chameleon,” introduces us to the story of a dispute that broke out over a dog bite. Police warden Ochumelov is trying to decide whether she deserves punishment. Ochumelov’s verdict depends only on whether the dog belongs to the general or not. The warden is not looking for justice. His main goal is to curry favor with the general.

THE PROBLEM OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF HUMAN AND NATURE

1. In the story by V.P. Astafieva “Tsar Fish” Ignatyich was engaged in poaching for many years. One day, a fisherman caught a giant sturgeon on his hook. Ignatyich understood that he alone could not cope with the fish, but greed did not allow him to call his brother and the mechanic for help. Soon the fisherman himself found himself overboard, entangled in his nets and hooks. Ignatyich understood that he could die. V.P. Astafiev writes: “The king of the river and the king of all nature are in one trap.” So the author emphasizes the inextricable connection between man and nature.

2. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Olesya" the main character lives in harmony with nature. The girl feels like an integral part of the world around her and knows how to see its beauty. A.I. Kuprin especially emphasizes that love for nature helped Olesya keep her soul unspoiled, sincere and beautiful.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" music plays an important role. Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria “Casta Diva” awaken feelings in his heart that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov especially emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel “such vigor, such strength, which seemed to all rise from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat.” Thus, music can awaken sincere and strong feelings in a person.

2. In the novel M.A. Sholokhov's "Quiet Don" songs accompany the Cossacks throughout their lives. They sing on military campaigns, in the fields, and at weddings. Cossacks put their whole soul into singing. The songs reveal their prowess, their love for the Don and the steppes.

THE PROBLEM OF REPLACEMENT OF BOOKS BY TELEVISION

1. R. Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 depicts a society that relies on mass culture. In this world, people who can think critically are outlawed, and books that make you think about life are destroyed. Literature was replaced by television, which became the main entertainment for people. They are unspiritual, their thoughts are subject to standards. R. Bradbury convinces readers that the destruction of books inevitably leads to the degradation of society.

2. In the book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” D.S. Likhachev thinks about the question: why is television replacing literature. The academician believes that this happens because TV distracts people from worries and forces them to watch some program without rushing. D.S. Likhachev sees this as a threat to people, because TV “dictates how to watch and what to watch” and makes people weak-willed. According to the philologist, only a book can make a person spiritually rich and educated.

THE PROBLEM OF THE RUSSIAN VILLAGE

1. A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor” depicts the life of a Russian village after the war. People not only became poorer, but also became callous and soulless. Only Matryona retained a feeling of pity for others and always came to the aid of those in need. The tragic death of the main character is the beginning of the death of the moral foundations of the Russian village.

2. In the story by V.G. Rasputin's "Farewell to Matera" depicts the fate of the inhabitants of the island, which is about to be flooded. It’s hard for old people to say goodbye to their native land, where they spent their whole lives, where their ancestors are buried. The ending of the story is tragic. Along with the village, its customs and traditions are disappearing, which over the centuries have been passed down from generation to generation and formed the unique character of the inhabitants of Matera.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO POETS AND THEIR CREATIVITY

1. A.S. Pushkin in his poem “The Poet and the Crowd” calls the “stupid rabble” that part of Russian society that did not understand the purpose and meaning of creativity. According to the crowd, the poems are in the interests of society. However, A.S. Pushkin believes that a poet will cease to be a creator if he submits to the will of the crowd. Thus, the poet’s main goal is not national recognition, but the desire to make the world more beautiful.

2. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “At the top of his voice” sees the poet’s purpose in serving the people. Poetry is an ideological weapon that can inspire people and motivate them to great achievements. Thus, V.V. Mayakovsky believes that personal creative freedom should be given up for the sake of a common great goal.

THE PROBLEM OF TEACHER'S INFLUENCE ON STUDENTS

1. In the story by V.G. Rasputin "French Lessons" class teacher Lidia Mikhailovna is a symbol of human responsiveness. The teacher helped a village boy who studied far from home and lived from hand to mouth. Lydia Mikhailovna had to go against generally accepted rules in order to help out the student. While additionally studying with the boy, the teacher taught him not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness and empathy.

2. In Antoine de Saint-Exupery's fairy tale “The Little Prince,” the old Fox became a teacher for the main character, talking about love, friendship, responsibility, and fidelity. He revealed to the prince the main secret of the universe: “you can’t see the main thing with your eyes - only your heart is vigilant.” So the Fox taught the boy an important life lesson.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TOWARDS ORPHANS

1. In the story by M.A. Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man" Andrei Sokolov lost his family during the war, but this did not make the main character heartless. The main character gave all his remaining love to the homeless boy Vanyushka, replacing his father. So M.A. Sholokhov convinces the reader that, despite life’s difficulties, one must not lose the ability to sympathize with orphans.

2. The story “The Republic of ShKID” by G. Belykh and L. Panteleev depicts the life of students at a social and labor education school for street children and juvenile delinquents. It should be noted that not all students were able to become decent people, but the majority managed to find themselves and took the right path. The authors of the story argue that the state should pay attention to orphans and create special institutions for them in order to eradicate crime.

THE PROBLEM OF WOMEN'S ROLE IN WWII

1. In the story by B.L. Vasiliev “And the dawns here are quiet...” five young female anti-aircraft gunners died fighting for their Motherland. The main characters were not afraid to speak out against the German saboteurs. B.L. Vasiliev masterfully portrays the contrast between femininity and the brutality of war. The writer convinces the reader that women, just like men, are capable of military feats and heroic deeds.

2. In the story by V.A. Zakrutkin’s “Mother of Man” shows the fate of a woman during the war. The main character Maria lost her entire family: her husband and child. Despite the fact that the woman was left completely alone, her heart did not harden. Maria took care of seven Leningrad orphans and replaced their mother. Tale by V.A. Zakrutkina became a hymn to a Russian woman who experienced many hardships and troubles during the war, but retained kindness, sympathy, and a desire to help other people.

THE PROBLEM OF CHANGES IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

1. A. Knyshev in the article “O great and mighty new Russian language!” writes with irony about lovers of borrowing. According to A. Knyshev, the speech of politicians and journalists often becomes ridiculous when it is overloaded with foreign words. The TV presenter is sure that the excessive use of borrowings is polluting the Russian language.

2. V. Astafiev in the story “Lyudochka” connects changes in language with the decline in the level of human culture. The speech of Artyomka-soap, Strekach and their friends is clogged with criminal jargon, which reflects the dysfunction of society, its degradation.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PROFESSION

1. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “Who to be? raises the problem of choosing a profession. The lyrical hero thinks about how to find the right path in life and occupation. V.V. Mayakovsky comes to the conclusion that all professions are good and equally necessary for people.

2. In the story “Darwin” by E. Grishkovets, the main character, after graduating from school, chooses a business that he wants to do for the rest of his life. He realizes the “uselessness of what is happening” and refuses to study at the cultural institute when he watches a play performed by students. The young man has a firm belief that a profession should be useful and bring pleasure.

1) The problem of historical memory (responsibility for the bitter and terrible consequences of the past).

The problem of responsibility, national and human, was one of the central issues in literature in the mid-20th century. For example, A.T. Tvardovsky in his poem “By Right of Memory” calls for a rethinking of the sad experience of totalitarianism. The same theme is revealed in the poem by A.A. Akhmatova “Requiem”. The verdict on the state system, based on injustice and lies, is passed by A.I. Solzhenitsyn in the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”

2) The problem of preserving ancient monuments and caring for them.

The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of historical memory.

3) The problem of attitude to the past, loss of memory, roots.

“Disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality” (A.S. Pushkin). Chingiz Aitmatov called a man who does not remember his kinship, who has lost his memory, a mankurt ( "Stormy Station"). Mankurt is a man forcibly deprived of memory. This is a slave who has no past. He does not know who he is, where he comes from, does not know his name, does not remember his childhood, father and mother - in a word, he does not recognize himself as a human being. Such a subhuman is dangerous to society, the writer warns.

4) The problem of a false goal in life.

“A person needs not three arshins of land, not an estate, but the entire globe. All of nature, where in the open space he could demonstrate all the properties of a free spirit,” wrote A.P. Chekhov. Life without a goal is a meaningless existence. But the goals are different, such as, for example, in the story "Gooseberry". Its hero, Nikolai Ivanovich Chimsha-Himalayan, dreams of purchasing his own estate and planting gooseberries there. This goal consumes him entirely. In the end, he reaches her, but at the same time almost loses his human appearance (“he’s grown fat, flabby... - and just behold, he’ll grunt into the blanket”). A false goal, an obsession with the material, narrow, and limited, disfigures a person. He needs constant movement, development, excitement, improvement for life...

5) The meaning of human life. Searching for a life path.

The image of Oblomov (I.A. Goncharov) is the image of a man who wanted to achieve a lot in life---. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children... But he did not have the strength to make these desires come true, so his dreams remained dreams.

N. Gogol, an exposer of human vices, persistently seeks a living human soul. Depicting Plyushkin, who has become “a hole in the body of humanity,” he passionately calls on the reader entering adulthood to take with him all “human movements” and not to lose them on the road of life.

Life is a movement along an endless road. Some travel along it “for official reasons,” asking questions: why did I live, for what purpose was I born? ("Hero of our time"). Others are frightened by this road, running to their wide sofa, because “life touches you everywhere, it gets you” (“Oblomov”). But there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth, finding their spiritual self. One of them is Pierre Bezukhov, the hero of the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".

What should you love and what should you hate? Why live and what am I?” - these questions scroll through your head countless times until a sober understanding of life sets in. On the way to him, there is the experience of Freemasonry, and observation of ordinary soldiers in the Battle of Borodino, and a meeting in captivity with the folk philosopher Platon Karataev. Only love moves the world and man lives - Pierre Bezukhov comes to this thought, finding his spiritual self.

6) Self-sacrifice. Love for one's neighbor. Compassion and mercy. Sensitivity.

In one of the books dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, a former siege survivor recalls that during a terrible famine, as a dying teenager, his life was saved by an elderly neighbor who brought a can of stewed meat sent by his son from the front. “I’m already old, and you’re young, you still have to live and live,” said this man. He soon died, and the boy he saved retained a grateful memory of him for the rest of his life.

U. M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story “The Fate of a Man.” It tells the story of the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength to live, strength to resist fate. Sonya Marmeladova.

7) The problem of indifference. Callous and soulless attitude towards people.

8) The problem of friendship, comradely duty.

9) The problem of scientific progress.

10) The problem of the patriarchal village way of life. The problem of the charm and beauty of morally healthy village life.

11) The problem of labor. Enjoyment from meaningful activity.

12) The problem of the influence of laziness on a person.

Chekhov's essay “My “she”” lists all the terrible consequences of the influence of laziness on people. Goncharov “Oblomov” (the image of Oblomov). The image of Manilov (Gogol “Dead Souls”)

13) The problem of the future of Russia.

The topic of the future of Russia has been touched upon by many poets and writers. For example, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, in a lyrical digression of the poem “Dead Souls,” compares Russia with a “brisk, irresistible troika.” “Rus', where are you going?” - he asks. But the author does not have an answer to the question. The poet Eduard Asadov in his poem “Russia did not begin with a sword” writes: “The dawn is rising, bright and hot. And it will be so forever and indestructibly. Russia did not begin with a sword, and therefore it is invincible!” He is confident that a great future awaits Russia, and nothing can stop it.

14) The problem of the influence of art on a person.

Scientists and psychologists have long argued that music can have various effects on the nervous system, on the human tonus. It is generally accepted that Bach's works enhance and develop the intellect. Beethoven's music awakens compassion and cleanses a person's thoughts and feelings of negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child.

Nekrasov “To whom in Rus'...” (chapter Rural Fair)

15) The problem of anticulture.

16) The problem of modern television.

17) The problem of clogging the Russian language.

Admiral A.S. Shishkov, who for some time held the post of Minister of Education, proposed replacing the word fountain with a clumsy synonym he invented - a water cannon. While practicing word creation, he invented replacements for borrowed words: he suggested saying instead of alley - prosad, billiards - sharokat, replaced the cue with sharotik, and called the library a bookmaker. To replace the word galoshes, which he did not like, he came up with something else - wet shoes. Such concern for the purity of language can cause nothing but laughter and irritation among contemporaries.

18) The problem of destruction of natural resources.

19) Imposing your opinion on others.

Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov. “Lake, cloud, tower...” The main character, Vasily Ivanovich, is a modest employee who has won a pleasure trip to nature.

20) The theme of war in literature.

Our country has suffered many trials during the war. At the beginning of the 19th century, Russia was shocked by the Patriotic War of 1812. The patriotic spirit of the Russian people was shown by L.N. Tolstoy in his epic novel “War and Peace”. Guerrilla warfare, the Battle of Borodino - all this and much more appears before us with our own eyes. We are witnessing the terrible everyday life of war. Tolstoy talks about how for many, war has become the most commonplace thing. They (for example, Tushin) perform heroic deeds on the battlefields, but they themselves do not notice it. For them, war is a job that they must do conscientiously. But war can become commonplace not only on the battlefield.

An entire city can get used to the idea of war and continue to live, resigning itself to it. Such a city in 1855 was Sevastopol. L.N. Tolstoy tells about the difficult months of the defense of Sevastopol in his “Sevastopol Stories”. Here the events taking place are described especially reliably, since Tolstoy is an eyewitness to them. And after what he saw and heard in a city full of blood and pain, he set himself a definite goal - to tell his reader only the truth - and nothing but the truth. The bombing of the city did not stop. More and more fortifications were required. Sailors and soldiers worked in the snow and rain, half-starved, half-naked, but they still worked.

And here everyone is simply amazed by the courage of their spirit, willpower, and enormous patriotism. Their wives, mothers, and children lived with them in this city. They had become so accustomed to the situation in the city that they no longer paid attention to shots or explosions. Very often they brought dinners to their husbands directly to the bastions, and one shell could often destroy the entire family. Tolstoy shows us that the worst thing in war happens in the hospital: “You will see doctors there with their hands bloody to the elbows... busy near the bed, on which, with their eyes open and speaking, as if in delirium, meaningless, sometimes simple and touching words , lies wounded under the influence of chloroform.”

War for Tolstoy is dirt, pain, violence, no matter what goals it pursues: “...you will see war not in a correct, beautiful and brilliant system, with music and drumming, with waving banners and prancing generals, but you will see war in its real expression - in blood, in suffering, in death...” The heroic defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855 once again shows everyone how much the Russian people love their Motherland and how boldly they come to its defense. Sparing no effort, using any means, they (the Russian people) do not allow the enemy to seize their native land.

Five girls and their combat commander F. Basque find themselves on the Sinyukhina Ridge with sixteen fascists who are heading to the railway, absolutely confident that no one knows about the progress of their operation. Our fighters found themselves in a difficult situation: they couldn’t retreat, but stay, because the Germans were eating them like seeds. But there is no way out! The Motherland is behind us! And these girls perform a fearless feat. At the cost of their lives, they stop the enemy and prevent him from carrying out his terrible plans. How carefree was the life of these girls before the war?! They studied, worked, enjoyed life. And suddenly! Planes, tanks, guns, shots, screams, moans... But they did not break and gave for victory the most precious thing they had - life. They gave their lives for their Motherland.

People become weapons in the hands of power. Dividing into two camps, friends become enemies, relatives become strangers forever. I. Babel, A. Fadeev and many others talk about this difficult time.

I. Babel served in the ranks of Budyonny’s First Cavalry Army. There he kept his diary, which later turned into the now famous work “Cavalry.” The stories of “Cavalry” talk about a man who found himself in the fire of the Civil War. The main character Lyutov tells us about individual episodes of the campaign of Budyonny’s First Cavalry Army, which was famous for its victories. But on the pages of the stories we do not feel the victorious spirit.

We see the cruelty of the Red Army soldiers, their composure and indifference. They can kill an old Jew without the slightest hesitation, but what is more terrible is that they can finish off their wounded comrade without a moment's hesitation. But what is all this for? I. Babel did not give an answer to this question. He leaves it to his reader to speculate.
The theme of war in Russian literature has been and remains relevant. Writers try to convey to readers the whole truth, whatever it may be.

The sky was bloody smoked, the snow was melting from bullets, the earth was burning underfoot, but the Russian soldier survived and did not allow the tanks to break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, disregarding all conventions, without award papers, presented orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What I can, what I can...” he says bitterly, approaching the next soldier. The general could, but what about the authorities? Why does the state remember the people only in tragic moments of history?

Arguments for an essay on the Russian language.
Historical memory: past, present, future.
The problem of memory, history, culture, monuments, customs and traditions, the role of culture, moral choice, etc.

Why should history be protected? The role of memory. J. Orwell "1984"

In George Orwell's novel 1984, the people are deprived of history. The homeland of the main character is Oceania. This is a huge country waging continuous wars. Under the influence of cruel propaganda, people hate and seek to lynch former allies, declaring yesterday's enemies to be their best friends. The population is suppressed by the regime, it is unable to think independently and obeys the slogans of the party, which controls the residents for personal gain. Such enslavement of consciousness is possible only with the complete destruction of people’s memory, the absence of their own view of the history of the country.
The history of one life, like the history of an entire state, is an endless series of dark and bright events. We need to learn valuable lessons from them. The memory of the life of our ancestors should protect us from repeating their mistakes and serve as an eternal reminder of everything good and bad. Without memory of the past there is no future.

Why do we need to remember the past? Why do you need to know history? Argument from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful."

Memory and knowledge of the past fill the world, make it interesting, significant, and spiritual. If you do not see the past behind the world around you, it is empty for you. You're bored, you're sad, and you're ultimately lonely. May the houses we walk past, may the cities and villages in which we live, may even the factory where we work, or the ships on which we sail, be alive for us, that is, have a past! Life is not a momentary existence. We will know history - the history of everything that surrounds us on a large and small scale. This is the fourth, very important dimension of the world. But we must not only know the history of everything that surrounds us, but also preserve this history, this immeasurable depth of our surroundings.

Why does a person need to keep customs? Argument from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful"

Please note: children and young people especially love customs and traditional celebrations. For they master the world, master it in tradition, in history. Let us more actively defend everything that makes our lives meaningful, rich and spiritual.

The problem of moral choice. An argument from the play by M.A. Bulgakov "Days of the Turbins".

The heroes of the work must make a decisive choice; the political circumstances of the time force them to do this. The main conflict of Bulgakov's play can be designated as a conflict between man and history. In the course of the development of the action, the intellectual heroes each in their own way enter into a direct dialogue with History. Thus, Alexey Turbin, understanding the doom of the white movement and the betrayal of the “headquarters mob,” chooses death. Nikolka, spiritually close to his brother, has a presentiment that the military officer, commander, man of honor Alexei Turbin will prefer death to the shame of dishonor. Reporting his tragic death, Nikolka mournfully says: “They killed the commander...”. - as if in full agreement with the responsibility of the moment. The elder brother made his civic choice.
Those left to live will have to make this choice. Myshlaevsky, with bitterness and doom, states the intermediate and therefore hopeless position of the intelligentsia in a catastrophic reality: “In front are the Red Guards, like a wall, behind are speculators and all sorts of rubbish with the hetman, and am I in the middle?” He is close to recognizing the Bolsheviks, “because the peasants are like a cloud behind the Bolsheviks...”. Studzinsky is convinced of the need to continue the fight in the ranks of the White Guard, and rushes to the Don to Denikin. Elena leaves Talbert, a man whom she admits she cannot respect, and will try to build a new life with Shervinsky.

Why is it necessary to preserve historical and cultural monuments? Argument from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful."

Each country is an ensemble of arts.
Moscow and Leningrad are not just different from each other - they contrast with each other and, therefore, interact. It is no coincidence that they are connected by a railway so straight that, having traveled on a train overnight without turns and with only one stop, and getting to a station in Moscow or Leningrad, you see almost the same station building that saw you off in the evening; The facades of the Moskovsky station in Leningrad and Leningradsky in Moscow are the same. But the sameness of the stations emphasizes the sharp dissimilarity of the cities, the dissimilarity is not simple, but complementary. Even objects of art in museums are not just stored, but constitute some cultural ensembles associated with the history of cities and the country as a whole.
And look in other cities. The icons in Novgorod are worth seeing. This is the third largest and most valuable center of ancient Russian painting.
In Kostroma, Gorky and Yaroslavl you should see Russian painting of the 18th and 19th centuries (these are centers of Russian noble culture), and in Yaroslavl also the “Volga” painting of the 17th century, which is presented here as nowhere else.
But if you take our entire country, you will be surprised at the diversity and originality of the cities and the culture stored in them: in museums and private collections, and just on the streets, because almost every old house is a treasure. Some houses and entire cities are expensive with their wooden carvings (Tomsk, Vologda), others with their amazing layout, embankment boulevards (Kostroma, Yaroslavl), others with stone mansions, and others with intricate churches.
Preserving the diversity of our cities and villages, preserving their historical memory, their common national-historical identity is one of the most important tasks of our city planners. The whole country is a grandiose cultural ensemble. It must be preserved in its amazing richness. It is not only the historical memory that educates in one’s city and village, but one’s country as a whole that educates a person. Now people live not only in their “point”, but throughout the whole country, and not only in their own century, but in all the centuries of their history.

What role do historical and cultural monuments play in human life? Why is it necessary to preserve historical and cultural monuments? Argument from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful"

Historical memories are especially vivid in parks and gardens - associations of man and nature.
Parks are valuable not only for what they have, but also for what was in them. The temporal perspective that opens up in them is no less important than the visual perspective. “Memories in Tsarskoe Selo” - this is what Pushkin called the best of his earliest poems.
The attitude towards the past can be of two kinds: as a kind of spectacle, theater, performance, decoration, and as a document. The first relationship seeks to reproduce the past, to revive its visual image. The second seeks to preserve the past at least in its partial remains. For the first in gardening art, it is important to recreate the external, visual image of a park or garden as it was seen at one time or another in its life. For the second, it is important to feel the evidence of time, documentation is important. The first says: this is how he looked; the second testifies: this is the same one, he may not have been like that, but this is truly the same one, these are those linden trees, those garden buildings, those very sculptures. Two or three old hollow linden trees among hundreds of young ones will testify: this is the same alley - here they are, the old-timers. And you don’t need to take care of young trees: they grow quickly and soon the alley will take on its previous appearance.
But there is another significant difference in the two attitudes towards the past. The first will require: only one era - the era of the creation of the park, or its heyday, or significant in some way. The second will say: let all eras live, significant in one way or another, the entire life of the park is valuable, the memories of different eras and different poets who glorified these places are valuable - and it will demand from restoration not restoration, but preservation. The first attitude towards parks and gardens was discovered in Russia by Alexander Benois with his aesthetic cult of the time of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna and her Catherine Park in Tsarskoe Selo. Akhmatova, for whom Pushkin was important at Tsarskoe, not Elizabeth, poetically polemicized with him: “Here lay his cocked hat and the disheveled volume of Guys.”
The perception of a monument of art is only complete when it mentally recreates, creates together with the creator, and is filled with historical associations.

The first attitude towards the past creates, in general, teaching aids, educational models: look and know! The second attitude to the past requires truth, analytical ability: one must separate age from the object, one must imagine how it was here, one must explore to some extent. This second attitude requires greater intellectual discipline, greater knowledge from the viewer himself: look and imagine. And this intellectual attitude towards the monuments of the past sooner or later arises again and again. You cannot kill the true past and replace it with a theatrical one, even if the theatrical reconstructions have destroyed all the documents, but the place remains: here, in this place, on this soil, in this geographical point, there was - he was, it, something memorable happened.
Theatricality also penetrates into the restoration of architectural monuments. Authenticity is lost in the supposedly restored. Restorers trust anecdotal evidence if this evidence allows them to restore this architectural monument to the way it might have been especially interesting. This is how the Euthymius Chapel was restored in Novgorod: it turned out to be a small temple on a pillar. Something completely alien to ancient Novgorod.
How many monuments were destroyed by restorers in the 19th century due to the introduction of elements of modern aesthetics into them. Restorers sought symmetry where it was alien to the very spirit of the style - Romanesque or Gothic - they tried to replace the living line with a geometrically correct, mathematically calculated one, etc. This is how Cologne Cathedral, Notre Dame in Paris, and the Abbey of Saint-Denis were dried up . Entire cities in Germany were dried up and mothballed, especially during the period of idealization of the German past.
The attitude towards the past forms one's own national image. For every person is a bearer of the past and a bearer of national character. Man is part of society and part of its history.

What is memory? What is the role of memory in human life, what is the value of memory? Argument from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful"

Memory is one of the most important properties of existence, any existence: material, spiritual, human...
Individual plants, stones with traces of their origin, glass, water, etc. have memory.
Birds have the most complex forms of ancestral memory, allowing new generations of birds to fly in the right direction to the right place. In explaining these flights, it is not enough to study only the “navigation techniques and methods” used by birds. The most important thing is the memory that forces them to look for winter and summer quarters - always the same.
And what can we say about “genetic memory” - memory embedded in centuries, memory passing from one generation of living beings to the next.
Moreover, memory is not mechanical at all. This is the most important creative process: it is a process and it is creative. What is needed is remembered; Through memory, good experience is accumulated, tradition is formed, everyday skills, family skills, labor skills, social institutions are created...
Memory resists the destructive power of time.
Memory is overcoming time, overcoming death.

Why is it important for a person to preserve the memory of the past? Argument from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful"

The greatest moral significance of memory is overcoming time, overcoming death. “Unmemorable” is, first of all, a person who is ungrateful, irresponsible, and therefore incapable of good, selfless deeds.
Irresponsibility is born from the lack of awareness that nothing passes without a trace. A person who commits an unkind act thinks that this act will not be preserved in his personal memory and in the memory of those around him. He himself, obviously, is not accustomed to cherishing the memory of the past, to feeling a feeling of gratitude to his ancestors, to their work, to their concerns, and therefore he thinks that everything will be forgotten about him.
Conscience is basically memory, to which is added a moral assessment of what has been done. But if what is perfect is not retained in memory, then there can be no evaluation. Without memory there is no conscience.
That is why it is so important to be brought up in a moral climate of memory: family memory, folk memory, cultural memory. Family photographs are one of the most important “visual aids” for the moral education of children and adults. Respect for the work of our ancestors, for their work traditions, for their tools, for their customs, for their songs and entertainment. All this is dear to us. And just respect for the graves of our ancestors.
Remember Pushkin:
Two feelings are wonderfully close to us -
The heart finds food in them -
Love for the native ashes,
Love for fathers' coffins.
Life-giving shrine!
The earth would be dead without them.
Our consciousness cannot immediately get used to the idea that the earth would be dead without love for the graves of our fathers, without love for our native ashes. Too often we remain indifferent or even almost hostile to disappearing cemeteries and ashes - two sources of our not-so-wise gloomy thoughts and superficially heavy moods. Just as a person’s personal memory forms his conscience, his conscientious attitude towards his personal ancestors and loved ones - relatives and friends, old friends, that is, the most faithful ones with whom he is connected by common memories - so the historical memory of the people forms the moral climate in which people live. Perhaps one could think about building morality on something else: completely ignoring the past with its, sometimes, mistakes and difficult memories and being focused entirely on the future, building this future on “reasonable grounds” in itself, forgetting about the past with its dark and light sides.
This is not only unnecessary, but also impossible. The memory of the past is, first of all, “bright” (Pushkin’s expression), poetic. She educates aesthetically.

How are the concepts of culture and memory related? What are memory and culture? Argument from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful"

Human culture as a whole not only has memory, but it is memory par excellence. The culture of humanity is the active memory of humanity, actively introduced into modernity.
In history, every cultural upsurge was, to one degree or another, associated with an appeal to the past. How many times has humanity, for example, turned to antiquity? At least there were four major, epoch-making conversions: under Charlemagne, during the Palaiologan dynasty in Byzantium, during the Renaissance and again at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. And how many “small” cultural turns to antiquity were there - in the same Middle Ages. Each appeal to the past was “revolutionary,” that is, it enriched modernity, and each appeal understood this past in its own way, taking from the past what it needed to move forward. I’m talking about turning to antiquity, but what did turning to its own national past give for each people? If it was not dictated by nationalism, a narrow desire to isolate itself from other peoples and their cultural experience, it was fruitful, because it enriched, diversified, expanded the culture of the people, their aesthetic sensibility. After all, every appeal to the old in new conditions was always new.
Post-Petrine Russia also knew several appeals to Ancient Rus'. There were different sides to this appeal. The discovery of Russian architecture and icons at the beginning of the 20th century was largely devoid of narrow nationalism and was very fruitful for the new art.
I would like to demonstrate the aesthetic and moral role of memory using the example of Pushkin’s poetry.
In Pushkin, Memory plays a huge role in poetry. The poetic role of memories can be traced back to Pushkin’s children’s and youth’s poems, of which the most important is “Memories in Tsarskoe Selo,” but later the role of memories is very large not only in Pushkin’s lyrics, but even in the poem “Eugene.”
When Pushkin needs to introduce a lyrical element, he often resorts to memories. As you know, Pushkin was not in St. Petersburg during the flood of 1824, but still in The Bronze Horseman the flood is colored by memory:
“It was a terrible time, the memory of it is fresh...”
Pushkin also colors his historical works with a share of personal, tribal memory. Remember: in “Boris Godunov” his ancestor Pushkin acts, in “Arap of Peter the Great” - also an ancestor, Hannibal.
Memory is the basis of conscience and morality, memory is the basis of culture, the “accumulations” of culture, memory is one of the foundations of poetry - the aesthetic understanding of cultural values. Preserving memory, preserving memory is our moral duty to ourselves and to our descendants. Memory is our wealth.

What is the role of culture in human life? What are the consequences of the disappearance of monuments for humans? What role do historical and cultural monuments play in human life? Why is it necessary to preserve historical and cultural monuments? Argument from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful"

We take care of our health and the health of others, ensure proper nutrition, and ensure that the air and water remain clean and unpolluted.
The science that deals with the protection and restoration of the environment is called ecology. But ecology should not be limited only to the tasks of preserving the biological environment around us. Man lives not only in the natural environment, but also in the environment created by the culture of his ancestors and by himself. Preserving the cultural environment is a task no less important than preserving the surrounding nature. If nature is necessary for a person for his biological life, then the cultural environment is no less necessary for his spiritual, moral life, for his “spiritual settledness,” for his attachment to his native places, following the behests of his ancestors, for his moral self-discipline and sociality. Meanwhile, the question of moral ecology is not only not studied, but also not posed. Individual types of culture and remnants of the cultural past, issues of restoration of monuments and their preservation are studied, but the moral significance and influence on a person of the entire cultural environment as a whole, its influencing power, are not studied.
But the fact of the educational influence of the surrounding cultural environment on a person is not subject to the slightest doubt.
A person is brought up in the cultural environment around him without being aware of it. He is educated by history, the past. The past opens a window to the world for him, and not only a window, but also doors, even gates - triumphal gates. To live where the poets and prose writers of great Russian literature lived, to live where great critics and philosophers lived, to daily absorb impressions that in one way or another were reflected in the great works of Russian literature, to visit apartment museums means gradually enriching yourself spiritually.
Streets, squares, canals, individual houses, parks remind, remind, remind... Impressions of the past unobtrusively and unpersistently enter the spiritual world of a person, and a person with an open soul enters the past. He learns respect for his ancestors and remembers what his descendants will need in turn. The past and future become their own for a person. He begins to learn responsibility - moral responsibility to the people of the past and at the same time to the people of the future, to whom the past will be no less important than to us, and perhaps, with the general rise of culture and the multiplication of spiritual needs, even more important. Caring for the past is also caring for the future...
Loving your family, your childhood impressions, your home, your school, your village, your city, your country, your culture and language, the entire globe is necessary, absolutely necessary for the moral settlement of a person.
If a person does not like to at least occasionally look at old photographs of his parents, does not appreciate the memory of them left in the garden that they cultivated, in the things that belonged to them, then he does not love them. If a person does not love old houses, old streets, even poor ones, then he has no love for his city. If a person is indifferent to the historical monuments of his country, then he is indifferent to his country.
To a certain extent, losses in nature can be restored. It’s completely different with cultural monuments. Their losses are irreplaceable, because cultural monuments are always individual, always associated with a certain era in the past, with certain masters. Every monument is destroyed forever, distorted forever, damaged forever. And he is completely defenseless, he will not restore himself.
Any newly rebuilt ancient monument will be deprived of documentation. It will only be an appearance.
The “stock” of cultural monuments, the “stock” of the cultural environment is extremely limited in the world, and it is being depleted at an ever-growing speed. Even the restorers themselves, sometimes working according to their own, insufficiently tested theories or modern ideas about beauty, become more destroyers of the monuments of the past than their guardians. City planners also destroy monuments, especially if they do not have clear and complete historical knowledge.
The earth is becoming crowded for cultural monuments, not because there is not enough land, but because builders are attracted to old places that are inhabited, and therefore seem especially beautiful and tempting to city planners.
Urban planners, more than anyone else, need knowledge in the field of cultural ecology. Therefore, local history must be developed, it must be disseminated and taught in order to solve local environmental problems on its basis. Local history fosters love for the native land and provides the knowledge without which it is impossible to preserve cultural monuments in the field.
We should not place full responsibility for neglecting the past on others or simply hope that special state and public organizations are engaged in preserving the culture of the past and “this is their business,” not ours. We ourselves must be intelligent, cultured, well-mannered, understand beauty and be kind - namely, kind and grateful to our ancestors, who created for us and our descendants all that beauty that not anyone else, but we, are sometimes unable to recognize, accept in your moral world, to preserve and actively defend.
Every person is obliged to know among what beauty and what moral values he lives. He should not be self-confident and arrogant in rejecting the culture of the past indiscriminately and “judgmentally.” Everyone is obliged to take part in preserving culture to the best of their ability.
You and I are responsible for everything, not anyone else, and we have the power not to be indifferent to our past. It is ours, in our common possession.

Why is it important to preserve historical memory? What are the consequences of the disappearance of monuments for humans? The problem of changing the historical appearance of the old city. Argument from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful."

In September 1978, I was on the Borodino field together with the remarkable restorer Nikolai Ivanovich Ivanov. Have you paid attention to what kind of dedicated people you meet among restorers and museum workers? They cherish things, and things pay them back with love. Things and monuments give their keepers self-love, affection, noble devotion to culture, and then taste and understanding of art, understanding of the past, and a soulful attraction to the people who created them. True love for people, or for monuments, never remains unanswered. That is why people find each other, and the earth, well-groomed by people, finds people who love it and itself responds to them in kind.
Nikolai Ivanovich has not gone on vacation for fifteen years: he cannot rest outside the Borodino field. He lives for several days of the Battle of Borodino and the days that preceded the battle. Borodin's field has enormous educational significance.
I hate war, I endured the Leningrad blockade, Nazi shelling of civilians from warm shelters, in positions on the Duderhof Heights, I was an eyewitness to the heroism with which the Soviet people defended their Motherland, with what incomprehensible steadfastness they resisted the enemy. Maybe that’s why the Battle of Borodino, which always amazed me with its moral strength, took on a new meaning for me. Russian soldiers repulsed eight fierce attacks on the Raevsky battery, following one after another with unheard-of tenacity.
In the end, the soldiers of both armies fought in complete darkness, by touch. The moral strength of the Russians was increased tenfold by the need to defend Moscow. And Nikolai Ivanovich and I bare our heads in front of the monuments to the heroes erected on the Borodino field by grateful descendants...
In my youth, I came to Moscow for the first time and accidentally came across the Church of the Assumption on Pokrovka (1696-1699). It cannot be imagined from surviving photographs and drawings; it had to be seen surrounded by low, ordinary buildings. But then people came and demolished the church. Now this place is a wasteland...
Who are these people who are destroying the living past - a past that is also our present, for culture does not die? Sometimes these are the architects themselves - one of those who really want to put their “creation” in a winning place and are too lazy to think about something else. Sometimes these are completely random people, and we are all to blame for this. We must think about preventing this from happening again. Cultural monuments belong to the people, and not only to our generation. We are responsible for them to our descendants. We will be in great demand both in a hundred and in two hundred years.
Historical cities are inhabited not only by those who currently live in them. They are inhabited by great people of the past, whose memory cannot die. The canals of Leningrad reflected Pushkin and Dostoevsky with the characters of his White Nights.
The historical atmosphere of our cities cannot be captured by any photographs, reproductions or models. This atmosphere can be revealed and emphasized through reconstructions, but it can also be easily destroyed—destroyed without a trace. It is irreparable. We must preserve our past: it has the most effective educational value. It fosters a sense of responsibility to the Motherland.
This is what the Petrozavodsk architect V.P. Orfinsky, the author of many books on folk architecture of Karelia, told me. On May 25, 1971, in the Medvezhyegorsk region, a unique chapel of the early 17th century in the village of Pelkula, an architectural monument of national importance, burned down. And no one even bothered to find out the circumstances of the case.
In 1975, another architectural monument of national importance burned down - the Ascension Church in the village of Tipinitsy, Medvezhyegorsk district - one of the most interesting tented churches of the Russian North. The reason was lightning, but the real root cause was irresponsibility and negligence: the high-rise hipped pillars of the Church of the Ascension and the bell tower connected to it did not have basic lightning protection.
The tent of the 18th century Nativity Church fell in the village of Bestuzhev, Ustyansky district, Arkhangelsk region - a most valuable monument of hipped-roof architecture, the last element of the ensemble, very precisely placed in the bend of the Ustya River. The reason is complete neglect.
Here's a small fact about Belarus. In the village of Dostoevo, where Dostoevsky’s ancestors came from, there was a small church of the 18th century. Local authorities, in order to get rid of responsibility, fearing that the monument would be registered as protected, ordered the church to be bulldozed. All that was left was measurements and photographs. This happened in 1976.
Many such facts could be collected. What can be done to prevent them from happening again? First of all, one should not forget about them, pretend that they did not exist. Prohibitions, instructions and boards indicating “Protected by the state” are not enough either. It is necessary that cases of hooligan or irresponsible attitude towards cultural heritage are strictly investigated in the courts and the perpetrators are severely punished. But this is not enough. It is absolutely necessary to study local history already in high school, to study in circles on the history and nature of your region. It is youth organizations that must first of all take patronage over the history of their region. Finally, and most importantly, high school history programs must include local history lessons.
Love for your homeland is not something abstract; this is also love for your city, for your locality, for its cultural monuments, pride in your history. That is why teaching history in school should be specific - on monuments of history, culture, and the revolutionary past of one’s area.
One cannot only call for patriotism, it must be carefully nurtured - to cultivate love for one’s native places, to cultivate spiritual settledness. And for all this it is necessary to develop the science of cultural ecology. Not only the natural environment, but also the cultural environment, the environment of cultural monuments and its impact on humans should be subject to careful scientific study.
There will be no roots in the native area, in the native country - there will be many people similar to the steppe plant tumbleweed.

Why do you need to know history? The relationship between past, present and future. Ray Bradbury "A Sound of Thunder"

Past, present and future are interconnected. Every action we take affects the future. Thus, R. Bradbury in the story “” invites the reader to imagine what could happen if a person had a time machine. In his fictional future there is such a car. For thrill-seekers, time travel safaris are offered. The main character Eckels embarks on an adventure, but he is warned that nothing can be changed, only those animals that must die from disease or for some other reason can be killed (all this is clarified by the organizers in advance). Finding himself in the age of dinosaurs, Eckels gets so scared that he runs away from the permitted area. His return to the present shows how important every detail is: on his sole is a trampled butterfly. Once in the present, he discovered that the whole world had changed: the colors, the composition of the atmosphere, people, and even the spelling rules had become different. Instead of a liberal president, a dictator was in power.
Thus, Bradbury conveys the following idea: the past and the future are interconnected. We are responsible for every action we commit.
Looking into the past is necessary in order to know your future. Everything that has ever happened has influenced the world in which we live. If you can draw a parallel between the past and the present, then you can come to the future you want.

What is the price of a mistake in history? Ray Bradbury "A Sound of Thunder"

Sometimes the price of a mistake can cost the life of all humanity. Thus, the story “” shows that one minor mistake can lead to disaster. The main character of the story, Eckels, steps on a butterfly while traveling into the past; with his mistake, he changes the entire course of history. This story shows how carefully you need to think before doing something. He was warned about the danger, but the thirst for adventure was stronger than common sense. He was unable to correctly assess his abilities and capabilities. This led to disaster.