Various graphic techniques. Types of graphics

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Graphics combine two groups works of art: drawing and printed graphics.

The drawing is considered unique because it exists in a single copy. In the old days, artists painted on papyrus, later on parchment, from the 14th century. - on paper. The tradition of painting on fabric has survived to this day.

The image can be created with pencil, charcoal, ink, sauce, sanguine. Work done with colored crayons is a pastel technique; in addition, watercolor is also graphic material.

Unlike drawings, printed graphics exist in large copies. To obtain them, they use an engraving - an image on a solid material, which is coated with paints and then printed on paper.

There are different engraving techniques: woodcut, linocut, etching, lithograph. The emergence of the printed book and the development of book graphics are associated with the advent of engraving.

Linocut- a drawing carved on linoleum. The design is cut out on a linoleum plate using steel cutters of different configurations. Depending on the shape of the cutter, the line it leaves can be very thin, sharp, or wide, rounded. This is how the mold is made. Then printing ink is applied to it using special equipment - rollers.

The linocut is printed on a printing press. In this case, a layer of paint applied to the form is imprinted on the paper. A paper print is called linocut, or, more generally, like all other printing techniques, printmaking.

Woodcut(wood engraving) - an image made with chisels on a wooden surface. Not all tree species are suitable for this. Artists use pear, oak, beech, and boxwood.

The wooden surface is carefully sanded and even smoothed with wax. The design is cut out in the same way as on a linocut, but the greater hardness of the wood allows you to enrich the image with small details. This kind of work is more difficult to do.

The print is printed in the same way as a linocut, using a printing press on special stamping paper. This technique is ancient and came to us from time immemorial. This is exactly how the first printed books were made.

Lithography- This is an engraving on stone. A special lithographic stone is used for it. The system for applying a design to stone is very complex. This can be scratching, drawing with a brush and ink, or drawing with a pencil. In all these cases, materials intended only for lithography are used. Print the imprint on printing press. Lithography allows you to achieve subtle gradations (transitions) of tone, similar to pencil or watercolor drawings. Thanks to this, lithographic prints sometimes resemble watercolor drawings.

Monotype- This is an imprint of paint from any surface onto paper. This print exists in a single copy, as indicated by the “mono” particle in the name. This is something between printed graphics and a drawing.

Etching, or metal engraving, are several techniques for making a printed form made of metal (copper, zinc). The pattern is applied to a pre-processed, polished, smooth plate. This can be engraving or scratching. This type of work requires extreme precision and physical exertion.

There are ways to apply a design more easily. The plate can be coated protective layer special varnish and “paint”, removing only the varnish. Then such a plate is immersed in a container with acid, and instead of an engraver, the acid makes indentations in the metal. Paint is applied to the etching plate by hand. The print is made on a printing press. Soft paper, pressing against the plate, seems to absorb paint from the recesses.

Depending on the purpose of the schedule, it is divided into several types:

• Easel graphics (easel drawing, printmaking)
• Book graphics(illustrations, vignettes, screensavers, drop caps, cover, dust jacket, etc.)
• Magazine and newspaper graphics
• Applied graphics (posters, etc.)
• Computer graphics
• Industrial graphics

IN Everyday life We most often come across industrial graphics. This - stamps, posters, labels, theater programs, brand names, drawings on candy wrappers, etc.

Hot enamel(from French email) - an enamel technique in which a pasty mass colored with metal oxides is applied to a specially treated surface and fired, resulting in the appearance of a glassy colored layer.

There are several types of enamels depending on the technique of its production:

• Miniature on enamel, enamel- artistic enameling technique that uses the hand technique easel painting. The first registration of the image is carried out on a white enamel background of a copper base plate. After underpainting, the plate is dried, fired in a muffle furnace at 800 degrees and painted again. To obtain maximum color sophistication and detail of the design, the enamel artist repeats this process many times.
• Painted (picturesque) enamel- on the front side enamel paint saturated color describes the outline of the image and its details. Since the enamel is applied in fragments, firing is done 10-15 times, taking into account different levels melting temperatures of the enamels used.
• Cloisonne enamel- to make it, a thin metal plate is taken, on which the outline of the future image is cut through. Then thin metal strips are soldered along this contour, obtaining an image from cells of various shapes and sizes. Each cell is filled with enamel different color to the upper edge of the partitions and the enamel is fired.
• Enamel on filigree (filigree)- a floral or geometric ornament made of intertwined metal wire is soldered onto a metal surface, which forms cells. Each cell is filled to the brim with enamel of a different color, which, after firing, settles and appears below the filigree ornament. As a result, filigree enamel is not polished.
• Champlevé enamel- a plot or ornamental image is deeply cut out (taken out) on a metal plate. The resulting depressions are filled with transparent or opaque enamel and the enamel is fired. In the champlevé enamel technique, several techniques are known to achieve an artistic effect.
• Engraving enamel is a type of champlevé enamel technique.
• Guilloche enamel- a type of enamel engraving technique. Engraving is performed mechanically using a special machine. In the guilloche enamel technique, exclusively transparent enamels of the widest range of colors are used.
• Casting enamel- the image is obtained by casting it together with a metal base plate. Then the recess on the plate is filled with enamel.
• Relief enamel- a technique used for artistic enameling in high relief, when the enamel coating follows the shape of a metal relief image, acting as a glaze.

Terms.

Artistic techniques- in accordance with fine arts, artistic techniques are divided into painting, graphic and sculptural (plastic).

Painting - one of the main types of fine art; artistic image world on a plane through colored

materials.

Among fine views art painting - the most popular look, despite the fact that graphics are the most common. Experts explain the secret of the popularity of painting by the fact that it can depict an extremely diverse range of phenomena, impressions, effects, the whole world of feelings, experiences, characters, relationships, the subtlest observations of nature and the most daring flight of fancy, eternal ideas, instant impressions and shades of mood. Painting embodies images in colors, in all their brilliance and richness and in any lighting.

It is customary to designate the main types of painting techniques by types of sxd parts and it often turns out to be impossible. When watercolor is used with white or applied in a relatively thick, opaque layer, the properties of this material change, approaching gouache.

Gouache (from Italian “water paint”) - 1. Colorful material, relatively close to soft varieties watercolor paints, but differs significantly from them in the admixture of white in the paint itself and in greater covering power. Gouache works primarily on paper, diluting the paints with water. Unlike watercolor and like tempera, gouache painting is done in a dense, opaque layer. Gouache becomes lighter as it dries.

2. Gouache is a technique that, unlike watercolor, is usually recommended for beginners: thanks to its covering ability, it is easier to use when correcting mistakes and searching for an expressive color solution.

Mosaic - variety monumental painting, based on the use of multi-colored solids - smalt, natural colored stones, colored enamels, etc. The image is made up of cement-mounted or special mastic and then polished. According to the method in the place intended for it (wall, vault, etc.) or on a separate tile, which is then embedded in the wall.

Graphic arts (from the Greek “I write”, “I draw”) - one of the types of fine arts that has artistic features, defining its place among other arts and in human life. The main means of expressing graphics is drawing. Color in graphics is limited by the chosen technique and the color of the base (in most cases, paper is white, tinted, painted or colored, less often - parchment, silk).

Graphic techniques include: graphite, colored or “Italian” pencil, pastel, wax crayons, felt-tip pens and other drawing materials; also ink, pen, stick; less often - watercolor, gouache, etc. techniques that many “museum specialists” and restorers classify as graphic.

The materials used to perform graphic work are also technology. Usually the technique (for example, paper, pastel) is indicated under the work.

The drawing demonstrates the character, temperament, and mood of the artist. The graphic language is based mainly on expressive possibilities line, stroke, spot (sometimes of color), background of the base (an ordinary sheet of paper - white or tinted) with which the image forms a contrast or nuanced relationship. Despite the fact that the color in the graphics has great importance, but is still used more limitedly than in painting. Graphics tend towards monochrome, most often extracting artistic expressiveness from a combination of two colors: white (or another shade of the base) and black (or some other color of the coloring pigment.)

Types of graphics:

Monumental - closely related to architectural ensemble, for example, posters (monumental printed graphics), wall graphics, cardboards.

Easel - performed “on a machine”, having no connection with a specific interior; the purpose and meaning of the work is completely exhausted by the artistic content (drawing, print, popular print).

Decorative – book illustrations, postcards, any graphic images on any item that do not have a special artistic value, but serving to organize the surface of an object. Also to decorative graphics includes floristry - compositions created using tree fluff, straws and other “living” materials.

The specificity of graphic art is drawing. Although drawing (as well as an artistic and expressive means) is used in all types of fine arts, in graphics it is the leading, defining principle and is used in more pure form. Therefore, we can consider drawing the main means of graphics (like plasticity in sculpture, color in painting).

Graphic materials and techniques are varied, but, as a rule, the basis is a paper sheet. The color and texture of the paper plays a role big role. The materials and techniques are determined by the types of graphics.

Depending on the nature and technique, easel graphics are divided into two types: printmaking and drawing.

Print – from French – to stamp, to imprint – an impression on paper. The initial image is not made directly on paper, but on a plate of some solid material, with which the design is then printed or imprinted using a press. In this case, you can get not just one copy of a print, but many, that is, replicate a graphic image. Printing is used in both applied graphics and posters.

Easel drawing is more accessible and does not require special technologies.

The drawing is made by the artist directly on a sheet of paper, using any graphic material - pencil, charcoal, ink, sanguine watercolor, gouache.

Drawing is an image made by hand, by eye, using graphic means: contour line, stroke and spot. There are numerous types of drawing, differing in drawing methods, themes and genres, techniques and nature of execution.

Drawing originated in the Upper Paleolithic era - drawings of animals,

scratched on stone, bones painted on the walls of caves (Altamira caves in Spain, etc.) the design evolves from squeezed or scratched lines to drawn lines, silhouette, shading, spot.

From the art of ancient Eastern civilization, the art of Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece, the Middle Ages and all subsequent eras to the present day, the teaching of fine arts began with the study of drawing. The basic rules for constructing an image on a plane were the focus of such famous artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Durer.

“A drawing, which is called a sketch drawing, is highest point and painting, sculpture, and architecture. Drawing is the source and root of all science,” wrote the great Italian artist Renaissance Michelangelo Buanarroti (1475-1564).

For a long time, drawing served only as an auxiliary material for the artist. In the Renaissance, in the era of observation of nature, drawing is freed from dependence and begins to become an independent value (17-18 centuries). First, sanguine, charcoal, and a silver pencil are used for drawing. Later there will be a graphite pencil and a rubber eraser. In the 19th century, author's graphics became completely independent from painting.

Graphic materials:

Coal is an extremely soft, pliable material with a beautiful, matte texture. It is made from evenly burned thin branches or planed sticks of linden, willow or other tree species. In the 19th century, hard coal made from pressed coal powder with the addition of vegetable glue (dry stylus) became widespread. Lines and strokes drawn on paper with rough surface with a charcoal stick, do not connect well with the paper and crumble. Finished drawings made with bulk coal need to be fixed with a special fixative solution. Unlike natural drawing charcoal, sticks made from compressed charcoal powder produce thick, viscous lines. Which are very difficult to remove. The technique of drawing with charcoal is very diverse, since very thin lines can be drawn with a charcoal rod or stick sharpened, and entire surfaces can be covered with the side. Working with the end of the coal and flat, changing the pressure and rotation of the coal stick, the direction of the strokes. You can achieve great expressiveness of the drawing, solve light-and-shadow and volume-spatial problems. Artists who worked with charcoal: H. Holbein (1497-1543), J. Ingres (1780-1867), I. I. Shishkin (1832-1894), V.A. Serov (1865-1911).

Sanguine is also charcoal and is widely used in drawing. Sanguine (Latin - blood) - kaolin sticks with the addition of iron oxide. Sharpened sanguine sticks produce fine lines and strokes. Like charcoal, sanguine can be worked with the end of a stick or flat. It rubs well with various shades, rubber bands and thin emery cloths. When rubbed, sanguine changes its color and texture somewhat, but these qualities can also be used as new visual means in drawing. The sanguine technique makes it possible to achieve subtle tonal transitions. The most commonly used color is a warm red-brown tone, close to flesh-colored. While working, the sanguine stick can be moistened, which will allow you to achieve greater variety in the thickness and density of the stroke. The disadvantages of sanguine include the difficulty in conveying the depth of shadows. The great masters masterfully mastered the painting technique of sanguine: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, A. Watteau, Rubens, Fragonard, Chardin.

Pastels are dry, soft, rimless colored crayons made from pressed, powdered pigments with the addition of vegetable glue. Pastels are characterized by a matte texture, purity, and softness of colors, which, as a rule, retain their original freshness for a long time. Drawing with colored chalk brings graphics closer to painting.

Use pastel sticks to draw on rough paper or cardboard. The delicate, velvety surface of the pastel must be protected from the slightest touches and shocks. To preserve drawings made with pastels, they are not fixed with a fixative (this makes the pastel lose its velvety and purity of color), but are carefully edged and glazed in a frame. The so-called “pure pastel” is done with strokes and spots in one layer of color. But pastel colors can be mixed by applying one layer on top of another and rubbing them with a feather or hand. Works made in the pastel technique by foreign masters are widely known: L. Caracci, H. Holbein, E. Manet, E. Degas. In Russia - I.I. Levitan, V.A. Serov.

The sauce is a type of pastel. It has a wide range of colors; the sauce can be used both as a dry and as a liquid (diluted with water) material. Fat black sticks cylindrical with a diameter of 8-10 mm. wrapped in staniol paper without a frame, made from compressed powder, soot or coal with the addition of glue. You can work with lines, strokes, spots using rubbing (dry sauce). In drawing with wet sauce, as in painting, pointed and flat brushes are used from fat-free calcined hair or the wool of various animals - squirrel, badger, kolinsky and others.

Coffee graphics. One of modern trends in graphics – the use of new materials in the work. In particular, coffee. Coffee graphics are made with diluted instant coffee; it allows you to achieve a pleasant brownish tone in your work and various tonalities. Coffee is mixed with water on the palette and the work is done using the grisaille technique.

Each graphic tool can be used as an independent material or as an addition to other material. For example, charcoal is used to prepare a drawing for oil painting, and pastel can be combined well with techniques such as gouache and watercolor.

Although the word itself has Greek roots and means “I write”, “I draw”. Nowadays, it is an independent and multifaceted species, which has its own genres and canons.

Types of graphic art

According to its purpose graphic works are divided into the following types:

• Easel graphics. As an art form it is close to painting, as it conveys the vision and emotional world of the artist. Moreover, the master achieves this not due to the diversity of the palette of colors and various techniques their application to the canvas, but with the help of lines, strokes, spots and the tone of the paper.
• Applied graphics as a form of fine art. Examples of it surround us everywhere; it has a specific purpose. For example, illustrations of books help the reader to more easily perceive its content; posters and posters convey knowledge or advertising information. This also includes product labels, brands, cartoons and many others.

Any type of fine art (graphics, pictures are no exception) begins with a sketch of the drawing. All artists use it as the first step before painting the main canvas. It is in it that a projection of the position of the painting object in space is created, which is subsequently transferred to the canvas.

Graphic drawing

Graphics as a form of fine art, types of graphics of any direction begin with a drawing, just like canvases in painting. For graphic drawing They use paper, most often white, although variations are possible.

His main distinctive feature is the contrast of two or more colors - black, white, gray. Other types of contrasts are possible, but even if the master uses a black pencil on white paper, the shades of the strokes are rich in variety, from soft black to deep black.

Drawings in black and white with the addition of one color are emotionally strong. This attracts the eye, and the viewer's gaze is focused on a bright spot. Such graphics as a form of fine art (the photo shows this very clearly) become an associative work when a bright accent evokes personal memories in the viewer.

Graphic Design Tools

The simplest and most affordable means are graphite pencils and ordinary ball pen. Masters also like to use ink, charcoal, pastel, watercolor and sanguine.

Graphite pencil is the most popular tool. This is a wooden or metal body into which either a grayish-black graphite rod is inserted, or a colored rod in which dyes are added.

They do not have a body, but their colors can be mixed to create new shades.

The ink has a rich black color, easily applies to paper, and is used for calligraphy, sketching and painting. It can be applied with a pen or brush. To obtain different shades of black, mascara is diluted with water.

Graphics as an art form has not bypassed such a tool as coal. Charcoal was used for drawing in ancient times, and in the 19th century, artistic charcoal was created from compressed charcoal powder and adhesive materials.

Modern graphic artists also use felt-tip pens with different thicknesses of the rod.

Printed graphics

These are not all types used in printing.

Book graphics

This type of fine art includes the following:

• Book miniature. An ancient way of preparing manuscripts, which was used back in Ancient Egypt. In the Middle Ages, the main theme of miniature paintings was religious motifs, and only from the 15th century did secular subjects begin to appear. The main materials used by miniature masters were gouache and watercolor.
• The cover design conveys the emotional message of the book, its main theme. Here the font, the size of the letters, and the design corresponding to its name should be harmonious. The cover introduces the reader not only to the author of the work, his work, but also to the publishing house and the designer himself.
• Illustrations are used as an addition to the book, helping to create visual pictures for the reader to more accurately perceive the text. This graphics as an art form originated during the time of printing, when hand-made miniatures were replaced by engravings. A person encounters illustrations in the very early childhood, when he still cannot read, but learns fairy tales and their heroes through pictures.

Book graphics as a form of fine art in preschool educational institutions is learned through illustrated books that carry information in pictures for the youngest children, and through text with explanatory images for older children.

Poster as an art form

Another representative graphic painting- this is a poster. Its main function is to transmit information using short phrase with an image that enhances it. By area of ​​application, posters are:

Poster is one of the most common types of graphics.

Applied graphics

Another type of graphic art is the design of labels, envelopes, stamps and covers for videos and music discs.

• A label is a type of industrial graphics, the main purpose of which is to give the maximum information about the product when minimum size Images. When creating a label, the color scheme is taken into account, which should evoke sympathy and trust in the product in the viewer.
• Disc covers contain maximum information about the film or music group, conveying it through the drawing.
• The graphic design of stamps and envelopes has long history. The plots for them most often become events taking place in different countries, the world And big holidays. Stamps can be issued both individual copies and entire series, united by a single theme.

Stamps are perhaps the most common form of graphic art that have become collectibles.

Modern graphics

With the advent computer technology began to develop the new kind graphic art - computer graphics. It is used to create and correct graphic images on a computer. Along with its emergence, new professions appeared, for example, computer graphics designer.