Known types of celestial bodies. Celestial bodies

Traditionally, on Saturdays, we publish for you the answers to the quiz in the “Question - Answer” format. We have a variety of questions, both simple and quite complex. The quiz is very interesting and quite popular, we are simply helping you test your knowledge and make sure that you have chosen the correct answer out of the four proposed. And with us another question in the quiz - Which celestial body is not an asteroid?

• A Juno
• B Psyche
• C Miranda
• D Circe

The correct answer is S. Miranda

Uranus is accompanied by 27 moons, and Miranda is one of the most interesting. The closest of the five large moons to the planet, it is the smallest - with an average radius of only 240 km. With such a size, the celestial body amazes with the diversity of its landscape.

In February 1948, Gerard Kuiper at the Texas Observatory studied the four moons of Uranus known at that time and spotted another celestial body near the planet. It turned out to be Miranda. The satellite got its name in honor of a character in Shakespeare's play “The Tempest” (according to tradition, all the moons of Uranus are named after the heroes of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope).

Information about the celestial body, and along with it a lot of mysteries, was brought by photographs from the Voyager 2 spacecraft. In 1986, it flew within approximately 31,000 km of the satellite. Astronomers expected to see something similar to Saturn's moon Mimas: a dead, icy surface dotted with impact craters.

However, the pictures showed otherwise. Really similar in places to Mimas, the moon of Uranus had unusual areas on its surface. In addition to craters, numerous ledges, faults, grabens, crowns and other signs of tectonic activity were discovered. Miranda appears to have experienced at least five dramatic surface changes since her birth.

The search for a solution is complicated by the fact that the only available material is images from Voyager 2. He only photographed the southern hemisphere. The northern one was not illuminated by the Sun at that time, and its relief remains a mystery. Since then, expeditions have no longer been sent to the Uranus system.

They listen to outer space, receiving different signals.

Launch of space satellites. The first space satellite was launchedV space in 1957. Satellites are equipped with instruments for studying the Earth and space.

Human flight into space. The first flight into space was carried out by a citizen Soviet Union Yuri Gagarin.

3. The influence of the Universe on development of life on Earth.

our planet formed from cosmic dust about 4.5 billion years ago. Space material and now continues to fall to Earth in the form meteorites. Breaking into the atmosphere at high speed, most of them burn up (fallauspicious"stars"). At least a thousand meteorites fall to Earth every year, weight which varies from a few grams to several kilograms.

Space radiation And ultraviolet radiation The sun contributed processes biochemical evolution on our planet.

The formation of the ozone layer protects modern living organisms from the destructive effects of cosmic rays.

Solar light by photosynthesis provides energy and food of all living organisms planets.

4. Man's place in the Universe.

Man, as an intelligent creature, masters and changes the face of the planet. The human mind has created technologies that have made it possible to go beyond the Earth and begin to master space. A man landed on the Moon, space probes reached Mars.

Humanity wants to find on others planets a sign of life and intelligence. There are scientists who believe that modern people- these are the descendants of aliens who made an emergency landing on our planet. Drawings made during the era have been found in several places on Earth. primitive people. In these drawings, scientists see people in space suits. The elders of some tribes draw starry sky that it can only be seen from space.

Among several theories about the origin of life on Earth, there is theory bringing life from space. In some meteorites meet amino acids(amino acids form squirrels, A life on our planet has a protein nature).

1. Star worlds - galaxies. Stars, constellations

All terrestrial planets have relatively no big sizes, significant density and consist mainly of solids.

Giant planets They are large in size, low in density and consist mainly of gases. Weight There are 98 giant planets % of total mass of planets solar system.

Relative to the Sun, the planets are arranged in this order: Mercury , Venus , Earth , Mars , Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , Neptune , Pluto.

These planets are named after Roman gods: Mercury - god of trade; Venus - goddess of love and beauty; Mars is the god of war; Jupiter- god of thunder; Saturn - god of earth and fertility; Uranus - god of the sky; Neptune - god of the sea and shipping; Pluto is a god underground kingdom dead.

On Mercury, the temperature rises to 420 °C during the day, and at night drops to -180 °C. Venus is hot day and night (up to 500 °C); its atmosphere consists almost entirely of carbon dioxide. Earth It is located at such a distance from the Sun that most of the water is in a liquid state, which made it possible for life to arise on our planet. Earth's atmosphere contains oxygen.

On Mars temperature regime similar to Earth, but the atmosphere is dominated by carbon dioxide. At low temperatures in winter, carbon dioxide turns into dry ice.

Jupiter is 13 times larger and 318 times heavier than Earth. Its atmosphere is thick, opaque and streaky different colors. Under the atmosphere there is an ocean of rarefied gases.

Stars - hot celestial bodies that emit light. They are so far from the Earth that we see them as bright specks. To the naked eye, about 3000 can be counted in the starry sky. vision, with the help of a telescope - ten times more.

Constellation - groups of nearby stars. Long ago astronomers mentally connected stars lines and received certain figures. In the sky of the northern hemisphere, the ancient Greeks identified 12 zodiacal constellations: Capricorn, Aquarius, Fish, Aries, Taurus, Twins, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio and Sagittarius. The ancients believed that each earthly month was connected in a certain way with one of the constellations.

Comets - celestial bodies with luminous tails that change their position in the sky and direction of movement over time.

Body comets consists of a solid core, frozen gases with solid dust, ranging in size from one to ten kilometers. While approaching the Sun gases comets begin to be evaporated. This is how comets grow a luminous gas tail. The most famous is Comet Halley(it was discovered in the 17th century by the English astronomer Halley), which appears near the Earth at an approximate interval of 76 years. IN last time it approached Earth in 1986.

Meteora - these are the solid remains of cosmic bodies that fall at tremendous speed through the Earth's atmosphere. At the same time, they burn, leaving a bright light.

Fireballs - bright giant meteors weighing from 100 g to several tons. their fast flight is accompanied by loud noise, a scattering of sparks, and a burning smell.

Meteorites - charred stone or iron bodies that fell to Earth from interplanetary space without collapsing in the atmosphere.

Asteroids - these are “baby” planets from 0.7 to 1 km in diameter.

2. Determining the sides of the horizon using vision.

Behind the constellation Big Ursa easy to find the North Star. If you face it, then in front there will be north, behind - south, on the right - East, left - west.

3. Galaxies.

Spiral (consist of a core and several spiral arms)

Irregular (asymmetrical structure)

Galaxies- these are giant star systems (up to hundreds of billions of vision). Our Galaxy called Milky Way.

Elliptical (the appearance of their circles or ellipses, brightness decreases gradually from the center to the edge)

Sun. solar system. Movement planets around the Sun. Sun

The sun is the nearest star.

Sun is a hot ball of gas located at a distance of 150 million km from the Earth. Sun has a complex structure. The outer layer is an atmosphere of three shells.Photosphere - the lowest and thickest layer of the solar atmosphere, approximately 300 km thick. Next shell -chromosphere, 12-15 thousand km thick.

Outer shell -solar corona silver-white in color, the height of which is up to several solar radii. It does not have clear outlines and changes shape over time. The corona matter constantly flows into interplanetary space, forming the so-called sunny wind, which consists of protons (Hydrogen nuclei) and helium atoms.

Radius of the Sun - 700 thousand km, mass - 2 | 1030 kg K chemical composition Suns belong to 72 chemical element. Most to Hydrogen, in second place Helium(these two elements make up 98 % mass Sun).

The sun exists in space about 5 billion years and, according to astronomers, will exist for the same amount of time. Energy of sun released as a result of thermonuclear reactions.

The surface of the Sun glows unevenly. Areas with increased brightness are calledtorches, and with reduced - spots.their appearance and development called solaractivity. IN different years, solar activity is not the same and has a cyclical character(with a period from 7.5 to 16 years, on average - 11.1 years).

Often above the sun surface appearflashes - unexpected bursts of energy that reach the Earth within a few hours. Solar flares are accompaniedmagnetic storms, as a result of which strong chaotic electric currents arise in the conductors, which disrupt the operation of electrical networks and devices. Earthquakes can occur in seismically active areas.

During years of increased solar activity, tree growth increases. During these same periods they reproduce more actively karakurts, locust, fleas. It was discovered that during years of high solar activity not only epidemics occur ( cholera , dysentery , diphtheria), but also pandemics (flu, plague).

In humans, the nervous and cardiovascular systems are most vulnerable to changes in solar activity. Even healthy people change motor reactions and perception of time, attention is dulled, sleep worsens, which affects professional activity. The number is decreasing leukocytes and decreases immunity, which increases the body’s susceptibility to infectious diseases.

2. Solar system.

The sun, major and minor planets, comets and other celestial bodies that revolve around the Sun constituteSolar system.

One revolution of a planet around the Sun is calledyear. The farther a planet is from the Sun, the longer its revolution is and the longer the year on this planet is (see table).

Although all the planets revolve around the Sun at different speeds, they move in the same direction. Once every 84 years, all the planets are on the same line. This moment is calledparade of planets.

All major planets, except Mercury and Venus, havesatellites, which revolve around them. The Earth has one satellite - the Moon, Saturn- 17, at Jupiter- 16, for Mars - 2. Also, many revolve around the Sunminor planets, among them there are stone ridges 5-10 km in size.

Major and minor planets move in such a way that their distance from the Sun remains almost unchanged. Comets either move away from the Sun or approach it. 3. Sun- source of light and heat on Earth.

The Earth is located at such a distance from the Sun that water exists on it in the form of liquid. A unique combination of temperature, light and the presence of water made possible the origin and development of life on our planet.

Under the influence sunlight occurs in plants photosynthesis process - education organic matter from inorganic. A by-product of photosynthesis is oxygen. As a result of photosynthesis on Earth, oxygen atmosphere.

Observation. All plants (both light-loving and shade-tolerant) need light. The leaves on the shoots are arranged in such a way that everyone receives their portion of light - this arrangement of leaves is called deciduous mosaic. Throughout the day, plants return their leaves and flowers to the sun. In indoor flowers, the leaves return towards the window.

Moon. Rotation of the Moon around the Earth. Moon phases.

Solar and lunar eclipses.

1.Moon.

Moon - this is the celestial closest to Earth body and its natural companion. The distance from the Moon to the Earth is approximately 380 thousand km, and its radius is 8 times smaller than the radius of the Earth. The Moon has no atmosphere. Meteora, falling onto the surface of the Moon, created a peculiar relief on his surfaces - craters. Scientists have compiled a map of the Moon with mountains, deserts and seas (dry). No life has been found on it.

2. Moon phases.

The Moon makes one revolution around the Earth in a month. He's everything time returned to the Earth on one side, but its illumination(phases) changes.

Moon phases

S_3 - complete moon(full moon);

waning moon

O - first quarter;

OR - half a month;

(^ - three quarters;

f - new month(youth);

sch)- three quarters;

Waxing moon

%) - crescent;

(C - first quarter.

3. Moon And natural phenomena Earth.

The movement of the Moon affects the movement of water masses on the Earth. Monthly attraction causes education tides Along with the rotation of the Earth, tidal surges move along the seas and oceans following the Moon with east to the west at a speed of 1800 km/h. In the open sea The water level rises by 1-2 m, and near the coasts - by 4-5 meters.

The attraction of the Moon twice a day changes pressure air by a few mmHg. Art. and causes the soil to rise by an average of 40 cm.

Lunar gravity also affects humans. With the new month, weakness appears, creative activity decreases, and mood deteriorates. During the full moon, efficiency increases and excitability increases. nervous system, irritability increases.

When the month grows, the root system of plants develops well, and when it decreases, the leaves develop well.

4. Lunar eclipses

Sun

5. Solar eclipses.

Sun