Slavic writing and culture. Day of Slavic Writing
In history there are several varieties of writing among the Slavs. Slavic writing was used to conclude contracts, transmit notes and for other purposes. For example, you can find information about this from Archimandrite Leonid Kavelin in his Collection: “On the homeland and origin of the Glagolitic alphabet and its relationship to the Cyrillic alphabet” (1891). There is a special day dedicated to Slavic writing. Today it is celebrated by Russians as a day of veneration of Cyril and Methodius, although it is known that neither Cyril nor Methodius invented the Russian alphabet. They just transformed it - shortened it and adapted it to make it easier to translate Christian manuscripts from Greek. For example, from the historian Dobner (Czech Republic), you can find a whole study on the topic: “Is the now so-called Cyrillic alphabet really an invention of the Slavic ap. Kirill? (1786 edition).
Writing, as a derivative of the famous Christian saints Cyril and Methodius, appeared in Rus' in the period from 900 to the early 1000s. Before this time, the Slavs used a different writing system. We find data from chroniclers about the conclusion of agreements by the prince. Igor and Prince Oleg with the Byzantine kingdom (907-911) even before the arrival of the Cyrillic alphabet in Rus'.
Some historians called it the “Khazar letter” (Persian, Fakhr ad-Din, 700), speaking about the southwestern Slavs of a specific historical period. Others called it “an independent Russian letter,” referring to the “Thessalonica Legend,” which contains a mention of Jerome (lived before 420) and his connection with Slavic writings. Some scientists consider Cyril and Jerome from this legend to be the same person, but the dating of the activities of these characters does not coincide.
There are now two directions in which Slavic writing developed:
- Fine views. Creating a three-dimensional image and perception.
- Descriptive types. Creating planar perception by drawings on a plane.
Previously, our ancestors, when talking about objectivity and functions, called their writing:
- in a word;
- by letter;
- a book;
- literacy.
Types of writing throughout the history of the Slavs, arranged in chronological order their time of appearance and use:
- Glagolitic– mid-10th century;
- Initial letter(Old Slovenian) – presumably the end of the 10th century;
- ABC– a variant of pre-revolutionary tsarist Russia;
- Alphabet– 1918 (Lunacharsky reform).
Some scientists present the Glagolitic alphabet as one of the ways of pronunciation and writing of the Initial Letter. But this issue is still being investigated. This is what the Russian philologist I.I. Sreznevsky tells us. (1848):
Turning to the Glagolotic alphabet, let us note first of all how it is similar and how it differs from the Cyrillic alphabet. Most of its letters differ in shape not only from Kirill's, but also from other known ones. Similar to Kirillov's d, x, m, p, f, sh... The selection of letters is the same. The order of the letters is also the same... The peculiarity of many Glagolitic letters has long led to the conclusion that the Glagolitic alphabet is an ancient alphabet pagan Slavs and therefore older than the Cyrillic alphabet; Count Grubisic, Doctor Anton, believed this; The now famous German philologist J. Grimm believes this. It is hardly possible to refute this, admitting that the simple ancient features were replaced by curly and complex ones in the now known Glagolitic alphabet later, due to special, unknown reasons; however, it is also difficult to refute the fact that the letters of the Glagolitic alphabet unknown origin were never simpler, but were invented by a leisurely literate person as they are, without any deviation from the ancient Slavic writings. It is true that the features of the Glagolitic alphabet are generally rough and some are open to left side, as if used for writing with right hand to the left, but the roughness of the design of the letters is not a sign of antiquity, and the opening of some to the left side could have been an accidental expression of the taste of the inventor...
Slavic writing was used in 4 variations: 2 main and 2 auxiliary. Separately, we should dwell on the types of writing that historians modern science They still can’t ignore it. These are the following types of writing among Slavs of different nationalities:
Traits and Res. By their names one can judge their origin - letters were drawn and cut. This is a type of lettering.
Da'Aryan Trags - were used to convey the multidimensionality and imagery of the runes.
Kh'Aryan Karuna (runic, runic, runic) - used by priests, consisted of 256 runes, which formed the basis of the Devanagari and Sanskrit languages.
Rasen Molvitsy - Etruscan writing.
There is now enough evidence that Slavic tribes and peoples settled throughout the Earth long before Christianity. That’s why anthropologists often find blue-eyed Hindus in India, Kalash in Pakistan, or mummies of European appearance among archaeological excavations in China. Therefore, Aryan writing can also be vaguely called Slavic, or Slavic-Aryan, whichever is more convenient for you to understand. Slavs modern Russia and surrounding countries with ethnic identity the closest ones are Glagolitic and Initial letters, as well as Runes, Traits and Cuts.
What is special about Slavic writing and culture?
Glagolitic was most often used for fastening business relations in trade matters. She drew up contracts and other papers confirming the concluded transaction. Today there is enough proof of this a large number of ancient treaties written down in the Slavic Glagolitic alphabet. The following words are associated with this name:
- verb - to speak;
- verb - speaking, pronouncing;
- verb - we speak;
- verb - action.
The initial letter as the capital part of words had different styles writing. The following are some examples: artistic image ancient letters:
Ostromir initial letters – taken from the Ostromir Gospel (1056-1057)
teratological (or animal) style - the image of the letter included features of animals and birds
initials - colored letters, which depicted, in addition to fantastic animals, also human characters (about 800)
Ottonian style of the Western Slavs - large letters, with gilding and patterned weaves
illustrated initial letter - each capital letter was illustrated with a different fairy-tale characters and topics
filigree beeches (from the ancient name - “beeches”, and not “letters” from the All-World Charter of Shubin-Abramov Ananiy Fedorovich) - the letters were decorated with the finest patterns
Guslitsky style - comes from the Old Believer settlement of Guslitsy
Vetkovsky style in Belarus
Image options Slavic letters a lot of. Our ancestors were Slavs famous masters arts and arts. Therefore, letters could be depicted by scribes with a creative approach. The main feature of the initial letter is that it formed the basis of such known languages as Latin (Latin alphabet) and English.
The worldview of the Slavs was changed even by modifying the written language. If previously letters and words were perceived three-dimensionally with a semantic and figurative-symbolic load, now they are perceived on a plane, faceless, carrying only sounds that form words.
Researchers of Slavic mythology believe that such a transfer of perception from three-dimensional “holographic” to planar writing began approximately from the time of the Germanization of Rus'. Apparently, the influence of the West has always been fatal for Russians and Slavs in general, which is why the leading Russian minds of the times of Fyodor Dostoevsky and Leo Tolstoy mentioned it so often.
When is the day of Slavic writing celebrated?
Slavic culture in historical data has undergone various changes. This suggests that scientists have not yet stopped their research - new discovered artifacts are being studied. The date when the writing of the Slavs and their culture was celebrated also changed. The very same Slavic mythology and history does not confirm the fact that the ancient Slavs celebrated some special day dedicated to their writing. However, it is worth considering the appearance of similar events at a later time, approximately when Christianity came to Rus'.
Most often this date was associated with Cyril and Methodius. It was during those times that they began to set aside a specific day on which the merits of these two reverend fathers were remembered. Only the date changed:
- May 11 – Christian educators were remembered by the “Thessaloniki Brothers”;
- May 24 – Bulgarians today, along with these two saints, also remember their culture;
- July 5 – in the Czech Republic;
- January 30 - residents of Russia remembered Slavic writing and culture at the instigation of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR (1991).
May 24- a generally accepted holiday in Slavic culture and writing. It was declared "Day Slavic culture and writing" in 1985, when the USSR celebrated the 1100th anniversary of the death of Methodius. Therefore, today this holiday is presented entirely from the point of view of the Orthodox Church. However, those who remember and honor the heritage of the more ancient ancestors of the Slavs still revere the Old Slovenian Letter. On this day, ancient letters are drawn on the asphalt, in underground passages, in squares, everywhere in the cities of the country.
In academic circles, some believe that the Slavs once had one language, but there were many ways to display it on any medium. Letters could be written on metal (coins, jewelry), birch bark, leather, and stone. The peculiarity of Slavic writing is that it, first of all, carried Svetorussian (in some reading - “Holy Russian”) images. Simply put, we understand that it was a figurative letter, and not a flat one, carrying more deep meaning than just sound.
Leading.
We live in a country called.../Russia/
Russians, Russians, Russians...
Every person should know and remember where he comes from, who his ancestors are.
Rod, born, Motherland, pedigree - all these words are related /relatives/, with the same root.
Your article is all nice,
All different and all similar,
Now you are called Russians,
Since ancient times, who are you?
/Chorus/ We are Slavs!
Yes, we are Slavs! Both Russians and Ukrainians,
and Bulgarians, Belarusians, Czechs, Poles,
Serbs, Croats, Slovaks - all Slavs.
Our culture, customs, and writing are close.
You will see all this at our festival.
Student 1.
From my native Belarus
I meet the dawn
To all the boys and girls
“Good day!” - I say.
Student 2.
In the morning the fields are dewy,
The distance is transparent, clear
Russia will respond.
- Hello! - she will say.
Student 3.
Student 4.
Word of friendship let's rise
Over Bulgarian land:
Good belly!
We will hear with you.
Student 5.
And where I won’t go
Is it in these lands, -
Everywhere, a word of hello
Brothers and friends will meet you.
Leading.
Because,
Fair-haired and gray-eyed,
Everyone is bright in face and glorious in heart,
Drevlyans, Russians, glades,
Tell me, who are you?
/ In chorus / We are Slavs!
The festival of Slavic culture, dedicated to the Day of Slavic Literature, begins!
During the week, each class represents the culture of their chosen country.
Children prepare drawings of national ornaments, costumes, and performances.
In the performance you can present oral folk art (dramatization of fairy tales, fables, nursery rhymes, folk songs, dancing, games)
Celebration of Slavic literature and culture
(The hall is decorated with children's drawings, tables, posters with texts written in modern Slavic font).
Leading.
In a cozy, spacious classroom
There is silence in the morning,
Schoolchildren are busy -
They write by white black,
They write in black and white.
Write with pens and chalk:
“We don't need war!”
It's hard to believe, but once upon a time we didn't have printed books.
There was a time when our Slavic ancestors did not have a written language. They didn't know the letters. They wrote letters, but not in letters, but in drawings. That's what they were called... /pictorial letters/. Every object of our ancestors meant something, symbolized something. For example, one ancient chronicle says: “The Khazars found clearings in the forests, and the Khazars said: “Pay us tribute.” The clearing thought and gave each hut a sword. The Khazars brought this tribute to their prince and elders. The Khazar elders said: “This tribute is not good, we sought it with one-edged weapons - sabers, but these have double-edged weapons - swords, they will take tribute from us and others.”
Students 1.
Look back at our ancestors,
To the heroes of days past,
Remember them with kind words.
Glory to them stern fighters!
Glory to Russian antiquity!
And about this old thing
I'll start telling you
So that people can know
About the affairs of our native land...
Student 2.
In a narrow monastery cell,
In four blank walls
About the land about ancient Russian
The story was written down by a monk.
He wrote in winter and summer,
Illuminated by dim light.
He wrote year after year
About our great people.
Leading.
– What is the name of recording events by year? /Chronicle/
– What is the name of one of the first chronicles in Rus'? / “The Tale of Bygone Years”/
– What was the name of the chronicler who wrote it? /Nestor/
– He was already writing in letters. When did letters appear?
It is believed that already in the 9th century there were books written in “Russian letters”. But they didn’t reach us. And books are more late period already written in letters of the Old Church Slavonic alphabet “Cyrillic”.
- Why was it called that? /Children's answers/
/The sound of a bell ringing in the audio recording/
Student 3.
Across broad Rus' - our mother
The bells ring out.
Now the brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius
They are glorified for their efforts.
Student 4.
Remember Cyril and Methodius,
Glorious brothers, equal to the apostles,
In Belarus, in Macedonia,
In Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia,
The wise brothers are praised in Bulgaria,
In Ukraine, Croatia, Serbia.
Student 5.
All the peoples who write in Cyrillic,
What have been called Slavic since ancient times,
They glorify the feat of the first teachers,
Christian enlighteners.
Leading.
/Holds the book “Russian ABC” in his hands./
This visible little book
According to the spoken alphabet,
Printed quickly by order of the Tsar
To all young children to learn.
/Work on p. 214–215 textbooks “Russian ABC”./
– Cyril and Methodius on the border of the state of Byzantium and Slavic lands in the city of Thessaloniki.
The younger brother Kirill dreamed of writing books that were understandable to the Slavs, and for this it was possible to come up with Slavic letters.
Years have passed. The brothers grew up and learned. But the dream of creating an alphabet never left me. younger brother. He worked hard. And now the alphabet is ready. But coming up with ideas is half the battle. It is necessary to translate books from Greek into Slavic so that the Slavs have something to read. It turned out to be difficult, and Kirill alone could not cope. His older brother began to help him.
The first book that was translated into Slavic is... /which?/ /Gospel/
– This event happened in ... /863/
- Writing came to Rus' after its baptism. When it was? /988/
– What was the name of the prince who took on the baptism of Rus'? /Vladimir/
Since then, the alphabet has changed several times, but we still use for writing the alphabet composed in ancient times by the enlightenment brothers Cyril and Methodius.
The Slavic alphabet was created on the basis of Greek writing. Strictly speaking, Cyrillic is not the only early Slavic script. Many scientists believe that the Glagolitic alphabet existed even before Cyril.
Here is the earliest written language - Glagolitic. Look at the icons used to represent the letters (Fig. 1).
These icons could be used to write simple words.
Decipher this word: (Fig. 2).
Exercise: Who will go and decipher the proposal?
If a letter is missing, put a dash. (Fig. 3).
(“The sun of all suns is the heart”)
– So, on May 24, /what year?/ 863 in Bulgaria, Cyril and Methodius announced the creation of an alphabet. They tried to make every letter of the first Slavic alphabet simple and clear. They remembered that a person, as soon as he saw a letter, would immediately want to master writing.
They took some of the letters from the Greek alphabet, and some were specially created to convey those sounds that were not in Greek. These are letters / cards with Old Church Slavonic letters: B, Zh, Ts, Sh, U, Yu, Ya /
- Let's compare Greek and Slavic letters. (Fig. 4).
If you read the name of the first letters of the Greek alphabet, the question arises: why is it called that?
/alpha + beta/veta/ = alphabet/
This is what we call today the ordinal combination of letters in any language.
Now let’s read the names of the letters of the Slavic alphabet.
So why is the book you learned to read called ABC?
– Let’s look at the first Slavic alphabet – the Cyrillic alphabet.
Az-I;
Beeches– letters, books;
Lead- to know, to know;
Verb- I say, word;
Good– good;
Eat- There is;
live- life;
Earth- Earth;
AND- And;
Kako- How;
People- People;
Think– think;
– Why are the letters in this order?
What did the creators of the alphabet want to tell their descendants?
Which important wanted to encrypt Cyril and Methodius?
Try to find a trace of the secret alphabet words. Let's compose the text.
/I, book, knowledgeable of the word good is the life of the earth, and how people think.
I am the letters that know and speak good, I am the life of the earth, and I think like people./
That is, the alphabet teaches goodness, it tells about the life of the earth.
So what is the first letter?
– It’s not for nothing that proverbs were created:
First AZ and BUKI, then science.
/Children say or read proverbs about teaching./
Game “Collect a proverb”
/Six people from each class come out and receive strips of paper with part of the proverb./
Exercise: make up a whole proverb.
1 class.
A mind without a book is like a bird without wings.
What is written with a pen cannot be cut down with an axe.
A bird is not red with its feathers, it is red with its mind.
2nd grade.
From time immemorial it has been raising a person.
Gold comes from the earth, and knowledge from books.
3rd grade.
The spoken word has existed and no, but the written word lives forever.
It is wasted effort to fish without a hook and to study without a book.
4th grade.
A book is to the mind what warm rain is to sunrise.
The book decorates in happiness, and consoles in misfortune.
Bread nourishes warmth, and a book nourishes the mind.
– Folk proverbs retained memories of the difficulty of learning the alphabet.
“Az, beeches, lead, scary as bears.”
“They teach the alphabet and shout to the whole house.”
– Thank you letters for teaching us beauty, kindness, wisdom. Thank you to the holy brothers Cyril and Methodius for giving us Slavic alphabet. The Solun brothers are the pride of the entire Slavic people.
After all, thanks to them we learned the pearls of folk wisdom.
In what works do we find wise words?
/Children call: proverbs and sayings, fairy tales, riddles, tongue twisters, ditties, nursery rhymes, etc./
- Come on, try to guess ancient folk riddles Slavic peoples.
1. Russian:
I was a dug
I was trampled
I was at a fire
I was on a circle
He fed a hundred heads.
Got old
He began to swaddle.
Threw out the window -
And dogs don't need it!
/Pot/
2.Ukrainian:
We are seven brothers.
We are equal in years, but different in name.
/Days of the week/
3.Serbian:
When you see it, you don't see it,
And when you don’t see it, you see it.
4. Czech:
White bees sat on the ground,
The fire came and they were gone.
/ Snowflakes/
5. Slovak:
Someone gets hit on the head so that he can walk smoothly. /Nail./
6. Belarusian:
Small, light, but hard to lift. /Hot ember/
7. Polish:
In smart clothes, but walks barefoot. /Peacock./
8. Bulgarian:
From one hearth all the light is heated. /Sun./
– Thanks to books, such pearls of oral history have reached us. folk art like molesters.
/Addressing one student/
– Which is better: cherry or plum?
- There's an extra button. /Tugs on a button./
- Plum, plum.
- The button is beautiful.
- Tease competition.
- Competition of folk ditties.
Conclusion
Student.
Letter to letter - there will be a word,
Word by word - the speech is ready.
And melodious and harmonious,
It sounds like music.
Game - competition “Make a word”.
/ Four people from each class are invited /
Exercise: form a word from the given letters.
1 class - Earth.
2 classes - Motherland.
3 grades - Slavs.
4 grades - holiday.
Leading.
So let's praise these letters!
Let them come to the children
And let him be famous
Our Slavic alphabet.
/Awards for active participants of the festival./
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Days of Slavic writing and culture Days of Slavic writing and culture state and public organizations, together with the Russian Orthodox Church, began to be held since 1991 in accordance with the Resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR Days of Slavic Literature
The celebration does not have a once and for all approved script. Typical events of the Days in Russia are scientific symposiums or conferences, dedicated to problems culture, civilization, Slavic world, as well as concerts, meetings with writers and poets in parks, gardens, libraries, cultural centers and thematic shows feature films, and exhibitions, competitions and festivals. The celebration does not have a once and for all approved script. Typical events of the Days in Russia were scientific symposia or conferences dedicated to the problems of culture, civilization, the Slavic world, as well as concerts, meetings with writers and poets in parks, gardens, libraries, houses of culture and thematic screenings of feature films, exhibitions, competitions and festivals.
History ν ρχ ν Λόγος, κα Λόγος ν πρ ς τ ν Θεόν, κα Θε ς ν Λόγος. ν ρχ ν Λόγος, κα Λόγος ν πρ ς τ ν Θεόν, κα Θε ς ν Λόγος. In the beginning there was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God... The tombs, mummies and bones are silent, - Only the word is given life: From ancient darkness, in the world graveyard, Only Writings sound. And we have no other property! Know how to protect, at least to the best of your ability, in days of anger and suffering, Our immortal gift - speech. I.A. Bunin)
At first glance, it may seem that the history of the development of writing among the Slavs has a very distant connection with the history of the Slavs. In reality this is not the case. On the contrary, one can correctly approach the understanding of the history of the Slavs only by finding out the main stages of their writing. In fact: to write real history, it is necessary to use not only historical chronicles, letters, various documents, but also individual, even fragmentary records on stones, metal objects, clay vessels, etc. The very discovery of an object with a Slavic inscription often proves that that the Slavs lived in the place where it was discovered, or, at the very least, that the inhabitants of this area were in communication with the Slavs.
The Origin of Slavic Writing When we try to imagine the beginning of Russian literature, our thought necessarily turns to the history of writing. The importance of writing in the history of the development of civilization can hardly be overestimated. The possibilities of writing are not limited by time or distance. But people did not always master the art of writing. This art has been developing for a long time, over many millennia.
Types of writing First, picture writing (pictography) appeared: some event was depicted in the form of a drawing, then they began to depict not the event, but individual objects, and then in the form of conventional signs (ideography, hieroglyphs), and, finally, they learned to depict not objects , and convey their names using signs (sound writing). The Greeks created their alphabet based on the Phoenician letter, but significantly improved it by introducing special signs for vowel sounds. The Greek letter formed the basis of the Latin alphabet, and in the 9th century the Slavic letter was created by using letters of the Greek alphabet.
In the history of the development of Slavic writing, we can distinguish three stages and three different groups. These three groups are as follows: 1) runes, or “runitsa”, 2) “glagolitic” and 3) “Cyrillic” and “Latin”, based on Greek or Latin letters. Before baptism in Rus', the so-called Velesovitsa was used, which had one hundred and forty-seven letters! This name was given already in the 20th century, after the name of the god Veles. It was with this ancient Russian alphabet that the famous “Veles Book” was written. Veles' book is a unique monument of ancient Slavic writing of the 9th century. n. e. It was carved on wooden tablets by Slavic magicians. Covers the two-thousand-year history of migrations of the Slavic-Aryans from Semirechye to the Dnieper (XI century BC - 9th century AD), reflects their religious and philosophical worldview, as well as relationships with many other peoples of Europe and Asia. Veles's book was translated into Russian for the first time in rhythmic prose - line by line with ancient text, which is accompanied by the necessary explanations and comments
BIRCH BARK LITERATURES - letters and documents of the 11th-15th centuries. on birch bark, discovered by excavations of ancient Russian cities. The first birch bark documents were found in Novgorod in 1951 by an archaeological expedition led by A. V. Artsikhovsky. The letters were scratched with a sharp bone or metal stick (also found during excavations) on specially prepared birch bark. The Novgorod name for the birch bark document is birch bark. Most of the birch bark letters are private letters, which touch on everyday and economic issues, contain instructions, describe conflicts, and some letters are humorous.
The ABC The great work of creating the Slavic alphabet was accomplished by the brothers Constantine (who took the name Cyril at baptism) and Methodius. The main merit in this matter belongs to Kirill. Methodius was his faithful assistant. Compiling the Slavic alphabet, Kirill was able to catch the basic sounds of this language in the sound of the Slavic language he knew from childhood and find letter designations for each of them. When reading Old Church Slavonic, we pronounce the words as they are written. The Slavic book language (Old Church Slavonic) became widespread as common language for many Slavic peoples. It was used by the southern Slavs (Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats), Western Slavs(Czechs, Slovaks), Eastern Slavs (Ukrainians, Belarusians, Russians).
Cyril and Methodius Slavic educators, creators of the Slavic alphabet, preachers of Christianity, the first translators of liturgical books from Greek into Slavic. Cyril (about) and his older brother Methodius (about) were born in Thessalonica in the family of a military leader. Cyril was educated at the court of the Byzantine Emperor Michael III in Constantinople. Kirill knew Slavic, Greek, Latin, Hebrew and Arabic well. Refusing the admiral career offered to him by the emperor, Kirill became the patriarch's librarian, then taught philosophy.
Methodius entered early military service. For 10 years he was the manager of one of the regions inhabited by the Slavs. Then he retired to a monastery. In the 60s, having renounced the rank of archbishop, he became abbot of the Polychron monastery on the Asian shore of the Sea of Marmara. Before leaving for Moravia, Cyril created the Slavic alphabet and, with the help of Methodius, translated several liturgical books from Greek into Slavic (selected readings from the Gospel, apostolic messages, psalms, etc.) In 866 (or 867), Cyril and Methodius, at the call of Pope Nicholas I, went to Rome. Pope Adrian II, in a special message, authorized their distribution Slavic books and Slavic worship. After arriving in Rome, Kirill became seriously ill and died. Methodius was consecrated to the rank of Archbishop of Moravia and Pannonia.
With their activities, Cyril and Methodius laid the foundation for Slavic writing and literature. This activity was continued in the South Slavic countries by the disciples of Cyril and Methodius, expelled from Moravia in 866. Since 1991, our country has officially celebrated the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture on May 24 as the day of Saints Methodius and Cyril (Constantine). The creators of the Slavic alphabet were canonized by the Orthodox Church and were revered in Rus' as great civil men, captured in monuments and historical memorials. Revival of the holiday of Slavic literature and culture
World traditions of the holiday In accordance with the Resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR dated January 30, 1991 on the annual holding of the Days of Slavic Literature and Culture since 1991, state and public organizations, together with the Russian Orthodox Church, began to hold Days of Slavic Literature and Culture. During the celebration in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin, in all churches of Russia there is a divine liturgy, religious processions, in Moscow at the monument to Saints Cyril and Methodius - a prayer service, children's pilgrimage missions to the monasteries of Russia, scientific and practical conferences, exhibitions of icons, graphics.
Glory to you, brothers, enlighteners of the Slavs, holy fathers of the Slavic Church, Glory to you, teachers of the truth of Christ, Glory to you, creators of our letters! Be a link of unity for the Slavs, Holy Brothers Methodius, Cyril, May the spirit of reconciliation overshadow it with your prayer before the Lord of hosts! Glory to you, brothers, enlighteners of the Slavs, holy fathers of the Slavic Church, Glory to you, teachers of the truth of Christ, Glory to you, creators of our letters!
Glagolitic Glagolitic existed at least 200 years before Cyril. One thing is certain: the Glagolitic alphabet is centuries older than the Cyrillic alphabet. That is why on ancient parchments (palimpsests) the Cyrillic alphabet always overlaps the Glagolitic alphabet. One thing is certain: the Glagolitic alphabet is centuries older than the Cyrillic alphabet. That is why on ancient parchments (palimpsests) the Cyrillic alphabet always overlaps the Glagolitic alphabet. According to the overwhelming majority of researchers, the Glagolitic alphabet is older than the Cyrillic alphabet. The Glagolitic alphabet originated apparently, on the Adriatic coast of the Balkan Peninsula, where it still exists in a dying form.
The characters of the Greek statutory alphabet served as a model for writing Cyrillic letters. The first books in Cyrillic were also written in the charter. Ustav is a letter where the letters are written straight at the same distance from each other, without slanting - they seem to be “arranged”. The letters are strictly geometric, vertical lines are usually thicker than horizontal ones, and there is no space between words. Old Russian manuscripts of the 9th - 14th centuries were written in the charter. From the middle of the 14th century, semi-ustav became widespread, which was less beautiful than the charter but allowed you to write faster. A slant has appeared in the letters, their geometry is not so noticeable; the ratio of thick and thin lines is no longer maintained; the text has already been divided into words.
Az beeches vede. The verb is good. Live well, earth, and, like people, think about our peace. Rtsy’s word is firm - uk fret dick. Tsy, worm, shta ra yus yati! The combination of the above phrases makes up the ABC Message: I know the letters: Writing is a property. Work hard, earthlings, as you should reasonable people- comprehend the universe! Carry the word with conviction - Knowledge is a gift of God! Dare, delve deeply in order to comprehend the Light of Being!
Books Ancient Rus' Books of Ancient Rus' The ancestors skillfully decorated books with stones, gilding and enamel. And like precious crowns, the ancient Gospels shone. In the monasteries, the novices-scribes diligently, with a skillful hand, diligently wrote line after line. The letters of the Slavic patterned ligature are entwined with floral ornaments. And the silhouettes of forest animals and birds curled like flowers, herbs and stems.
The Tale of Bygone Years Chronicles - historical works, in which events are presented on a yearly basis, i.e. about events that occurred within one year and begin with the words “In the summer of such and such...” (“summer” in Old Russian means “year”). Old Russian chronicle, created in the 1110s. The earliest copy of the Tale of Bygone Years that has reached our time dates back to the 14th century. It was called the Laurentian Chronicle after the copyist, the monk Laurentius, and was compiled into the Tale of Bygone Years - the first chronicle, the text of which has reached us almost in its original form. The title The Tale of Bygone Years is translated as The Tale of Past Years. The main events are wars, the founding of churches and monasteries, the death of princes and metropolitans - the heads of the Russian Church. The chronicler does not interpret events, does not look for their causes, but simply describes them.
Ostromir Gospel The Ostromir Gospel is the oldest ancient Russian handwritten book. It was rewritten by order of the eminent Novgorod mayor Ostromir and decorated with a binding with precious stones. Work on the manuscript began on October 21, 1056 and was completed on May 12, 1057. FROM THE FIRST SELECTION OF SVYATOSLAV 1073 FROM THE FIRST SELECTION OF SVYATOSLAV 1073 Manuscript
Of great interest is the “Apostle,” published in Lvov in 1574 by the printing house of Ivan Fedorov, whose name is associated with book printing in Ukraine. Among scientific publications In the 16th century, the “Slovenian Lexicon and Interpretation of Names,” created by the famous student, poet, engraver, and typographer Pamva Bernida, was of great importance. Significant event V cultural life there was the release of Innocent Gisel’s “Synopsis” (1674), a collection of stories national history from ancient times to the 70s of the 17th century. This book has been reprinted more than 30 times and has been a teaching tool for more than 100 years.
In Russia full list The handwritten (in Slavic language) Bible was collected for the first time in 1499 by Novgorod Archbishop Gennady, but it was almost unknown to anyone. Before that, that is, from the 10th century. until the 15th century, only separate books of the Old Slavic Bible were in use, translated from Latin in 884. THE BIBLE or THE HOLY BOOKS OF THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT Russian translation executed by THE HOLY GOVERNING SYNODOM WITH 230 drawings by GUSTAV DORE
Language and writing are perhaps the most important culture-forming factors. If the people are deprived of the right or opportunity to speak native language, then this will be the most severe blow to his native culture. If books in their native language are taken away from a person, he will lose the most important treasures of his culture. Language and writing are perhaps the most important culture-forming factors. If a people is deprived of the right or opportunity to speak their native language, this will be the most severe blow to their native culture. If books in their native language are taken away from a person, he will lose the most important treasures of his culture. Language, our magnificent language, Whether it is river or steppe expanse, In it are the screeches of an eagle and the eternal roar, The chanting, and the ringing, and the incense of pilgrimage. It contains the cooing of a dove in spring, the flight of a lark towards the sun - higher, higher, Birch Grove. Through light, Heavenly rain, awakened Konstantin Balmont (1925) Konstantin Balmont (1925)
Good day! Day of Slavic Literature and Culture - a kind of recognition Soviet power merits of two outstanding Orthodox saints: Cyril and Methodius. Cyril and Methodius were born in the 9th century in the city of Thessaloniki, and by origin they were Slavs from a noble family. Both became Orthodox monks (Cyril and Methodius are their names after tonsure). In 857, the Byzantine emperor sent the brothers to the Khazar Khaganate to preach the Orthodox faith there. As the story goes, they successfully convinced the Khazar prince and his entourage to accept Christianity, and even took 200 Greek captives from captivity. In 862, preachers came to Moravia (at the request of the Moravian prince) - here they created the Slavic alphabet, translated the Gospel, Psalter and other liturgical books into Slavic.
Cyril and Methodius were recognized by the church as saints back in the 9th century, but in Russia the memory of the enlightenment brothers began to be celebrated in 1863 - this was the decision of the Russian Holy Synod, which set the date for this as May 11 according to the old style (May 24 according to the new style).
On January 30, 1991, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR adopted a resolution to annually celebrate the days Russian culture and writing. Each year a different city became the capital of this holiday. Also take a look at the selection and choose according to your taste in poetry or prose.
Day of Slavic Literature and Culture - beautiful postcards
Animation for the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture
Pictures on the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture
