Patron - it sounds proud. The brightest philanthropic stars What is patronage

Every person can do good deeds, regardless of financial wealth.

Chulpan Khamatova and Dina Korzun

Chulpan Khamatova can probably be called the face of Russian charity, because it was she and actress Dina Korzun who became the founders of the “Give Life!” Foundation, which everyone has heard of. It all started with the fact that Chulpan became interested in the problem of the Moscow hematology center, which needed to raise 200 thousand dollars for a blood irradiation device. The actress became interested in the problem, told her friend Dina Korzun about it, and they decided to organize a charity concert. As a result, “targeted” help acquired a large-scale character - Chulpan and Dina decided that they were able to help the smallest patients suffering from cancer.

“I am a mother myself, and I have two children. When I see a sick child the same age as my girls, my first reaction is: “Lord, thank You that this passed me by.” Because I can hardly imagine how I would cope with this,” Chulpan shared in an interview. Then I think, how does this mother feel, and how does she find the strength to smile? And where is the guarantee that this will actually pass me by? And then comes faith in medicine and in the strength of the spirit of parents and children. And the fear passes, and you realize that many problems can be solved absolutely calmly. We just need some actions, movements, actions.”

Stars who do not yet have their own charitable foundations participate in one-time events and charitable projects (which also does them honor), usually in collaboration with famous brands. By the way, not always cosmetic. For example, Megan Fox opposes domestic violence with the support of the cosmetics brand Avon, and LG attracts sports stars such as Tatyana Navka, Alexey Nemov and Svetlana Khorkina to popularize blood donation in Russia. Also, most recently, actress Nonna Grishaeva became the face of VTB Bank’s charity program “World Without Tears”, which deals with problems child development and health.

Natalia Vodianova has become a real ambassador of good deeds - the supermodel has organized her own Naked Heart Foundation, which is engaged in the construction of children's playgrounds, and Natalia is also very supportive of children with disabilities and tries to help such kids grow up on par with other peers. The star traveled to Krymsk after a terrible flood, carried the flame of the Paralympic Games, organized charity auctions and races

The flamboyant pop diva Lady Gaga spends the lion's share of her income on charity. In 2011, the singer donated $1 million from her own pocket to a foundation that helps homeless youth in New York. Then Gaga “matured” into her own organization, BornThisWayFoundation – its goal is to fight bullying and raise tolerant teenagers. The star believes that anger and intolerance are the main problems of our time

Konstantin Khabensky is a very modest man, for a long time he hid the fact that he had done many good deeds. He founded a fund to help children with cancer, as well as creative development studios throughout Russia, giving ordinary children the opportunity to touch the world of cinema. By the way, it was Konstantin Khabensky’s wards who played in the film “The Geographer Drank His Globe Away.” Khabensky also actively advocates for the rights of orphans and against the “Dima Yakovlev law”

Elton John is one of the most famous AIDS activists. In an interview, the artist admitted: “I am very ashamed that I did not do more to fight AIDS when my friends were dying nearby, including Ryan. I just didn’t have the strength or sobriety to do anything about it.” Now Sir Elton John is the founder of the largest Aids Foundation. The musician also tried to adopt an HIV-positive boy from a Ukrainian orphanage, but he failed

Madonna did not remain indifferent to the problems of starving Africa, and in particular the country of Malawi, where she found her adopted son. The singer founded the Rising Malawi Foundation and is trying to fight poverty in this state. Madonna opens schools there, helping orphans and people with HIV infection. With her personal money, Madge built an academy for girls in Malawi - the star is outraged by the fact that it is generally not customary for women in this country to receive education

A few years ago, Sean Penn's life changed dramatically - the actor visited Haiti after devastating earthquake and decided to start helping this poor island. At first, Penn held several campaigns called “Help Us. Help Haiti" and then founded the Sean Penn and Friends Help Haiti, which now provides ongoing assistance to Haitians. By the way, his ex-wife Madonna also periodically visits Haiti to support Sean's foundation.

Justin Bieber often hears insults directed at him, although there is something to praise the 19-year-old singer for. For example, Justin regularly visits the Make A Wish charity foundation, created to make dreams come true for children suffering from terrible illnesses. He himself communicates with his little fans when he comes to hospitals. Bieber also founded the Believe Charity Drive, which receives a portion of the proceeds from all his album sales.

Model Gisele Bundchen donated her personal jewelry worth $1.5 million after the earthquake in Haiti and visited Kenya as a UN ambassador. Giselle is also partial to environmental issues and nature protection. In particular, the model spoke out against skin cancer, urging women not to joke with solariums and the sun. At the same time, Giselle helps raise funds for the UNICEF children's fund. In short, Bundchen tries to be in time everywhere and at once.

Shakira opened her charitable foundation Fundación Pies Descalzos (literally “Bare Feet Foundation”) back in 1997. During this time, her organization managed to do a lot of good - Shakira supports children from low-income families in her native Colombia. The foundation raises funds for sick children, and also helps those who want to get an education, military children and difficult teenagers. In an interview, Shakira admitted that the state pushes children into crime without giving them an education.

Everything in our life sooner or later acquires its meaning and name. Modern people call such a phenomenon as gratuitous assistance, patronage and assistance to development philanthropy, charity or sponsorship.

All these concepts are united by a single meaning, but there are still features that distinguish them. In Russia, from ancient times to this day, each of these directions has been present. A sponsor, a benefactor, a philanthropist are people who provide assistance, but can it be called absolutely free? Let's figure it out together...

Terminology - a ray of light in the wilds of concepts

So, there are people who are ready to give their “hard-earned money” to support and promote the development of literature, music, other art and simply people in need of help. Why not unite the heroes under one name? What are the nuances here?

A philanthropist is a person who provides selfless and free help to those in need. A person decides for himself where, how, to whom and with what he can help. Benefactors do not ask for anything in return and often provide assistance anonymously. Entire charitable foundations are being created where caring people can contribute to the misfortune (or development) of strangers: children, refugees, the sick, etc. Charitable collections often go to support nature or animals. By the way, not only money relates to charitable assistance.

A patron is a person who voluntarily and free of charge assists in the development of science and culture. He attracts his personal financial resources for this noble cause.

Sponsor - someone who invests money in the development and prosperity of someone or something. The sponsor can be either a person or whole organization. Sponsorship can also be received by a specific person, company, direction, idea or any other activity. The concept of “investor” is similar in meaning, but the sponsor, unlike the investor, does not receive material benefits from the invested funds. Although he has his own interest. Most often, sponsors provide funding to get exposure in the media.

One way or another, by providing free help, each person expects to receive something in return: gratitude, attention, personal peace of mind or reverent joy from a good deed.

History of patronage in Russia

In Rome, during the reign of Octavian Augustus, Gaius Maecenas was the emperor's assistant and confidant. He was allowed a lot, Augustus listened to his opinion. Guy helped creative people who had fallen out of favor with the political authorities in every possible way. The name Maecenas has gone down in history as a common noun, denoting assistance, patronage, and financial support for scientists and artists.

Patronage in Russia originated in the 13th century as a branch of charity. Patrons of Russia are rich people who have achieved success in different areas. But they gained fame mainly through patronage.

Charity and patronage

Russian entrepreneurs ......................................................................3

Root reasons for the development of charity………………………..12

3.1.High morality, awareness of social

debt of entrepreneurs and philanthropists…………………………….13

3.2. Religious motives……………………………………………...14

3.3. Patriotism of Russian business people………………………………….15

3.4. Desire for social benefits, privileges…………………17

3.5. Interests of business……………………………….18

Chapter 4:

Patrons are not born………………………………………………..…19

Introduction.

The difficult times Russia is going through today are characterized by a number of processes and trends. Culture is in distress, without which the real revival of the country is simply impossible. Theaters and libraries are burning, museums, even the most reputable and reputable ones, are in dire need of support. The consistent reduction in the number of readers and the volume of literature read must be recognized as an objective reality.

In Moscow, as in Rus' in general, charity as an organized social system began to take shape with the adoption of Christianity and the emergence of monasteries. It is significant that it was at the monasteries that the first almshouses and hospitals in Moscow began to be built, in the Novospassky, Novodevichy and Donskoy monasteries; eighteenth-century buildings that once housed hospitals have survived to this day.

Analysis of the sphere of charity in pre-revolutionary Russia allows us to connect the essence of charity with another well-known phenomenon - mercy. The scale, stages and trends of charity, kind and merciful deeds can be clearly seen in the history of Moscow. One cannot but agree with the fair conclusions of P.V. Vlasov: “The pre-revolutionary capital seemed to us a city with “forty forty churches”, numerous estates, apartment buildings and factories. Now it appears before us as an abode of mercy... Representatives of different classes - the rich and the poor - gave to those in need what they had: some - fortune, others - strength and time. These were ascetics who received satisfaction from the consciousness of their own benefit, from serving their fatherland through philanthropy.”

1. Charity and patronage of Russian entrepreneurs

The term “philanthropist” is derived from the name of a nobleman who lived in Rome in the 1st century. BC e., Gaius Cilnius Maecenas - a noble and generous patron of the sciences and arts. The literal meaning of the word is charity - to do good. Charity is the voluntary allocation of material resources to help those in need, or for any public needs related to it.

The leading place in the history of charity and patronage of the arts in Russia was occupied by domestic entrepreneurs - owners of significant capital. They not only developed trade, industry, banking, saturated the market with goods, took care of economic prosperity, but also made an invaluable contribution to the development of society, science and culture of the country, leaving us a legacy of hospitals, educational establishments, theaters, art galleries, libraries. Philanthropic entrepreneurship in pre-revolutionary Russia and charity were an integral feature, a feature of domestic business people. In many ways, this quality was determined by the attitude of entrepreneurs to their business, which has always been special in Russia. For a Russian entrepreneur, being a philanthropist meant something more than just being generous or having the opportunity to receive privileges and break into the upper echelons of society - it was largely national trait Russians and had a religious basis. Unlike the West, there was no cult of rich people in Russia. They said about wealth in Rus': God gave it to man for use and will demand an account for it. This truth was accepted and carried through the centuries by many representatives of the domestic business world, and charity became, in a certain sense, a historical tradition of Russian entrepreneurs. The origins of the charity of Russian business people go back centuries and are associated with the asceticism of the first Russian merchants, who were always guided in their activities in famous words from the “Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh”: “Do not forget the most wretched, but as far as you can, feed and serve the orphan, and justify the widow yourself, and do not let the strong destroy a person.” In the first half of the 19th century, the agents of charity were predominantly nobles. The construction of private hospitals, almshouses, and substantial monetary donations to “help the poor” were explained both by a patriotic impulse and by the desire of the rich noble nobility to “distinguish themselves” in the eyes of secular society with his generosity, nobility, to amaze his contemporaries with the originality of his gifts. It is the latter circumstance that explains the fact that sometimes charitable institutions were built in the form of magnificent palaces. Unique examples of palace-type charitable institutions include the Sheremetev Hospital for Hospice, built in Moscow by famous architects G. Quarenghi and E. Nazarov, the Widow's House (architect I. Gilardi), Golitsyn Hospital (architect M. Kazakov) and many others.

From the second half of the 19th century, with the development of capitalism, the leading place in Russian charity passed to the bourgeoisie (industrialists, factory owners, bankers), as a rule, people from wealthy merchants, bourgeois nobles and enterprising peasants - to the third or fourth generation of entrepreneurs who began their activities in late XVIII- at the beginning of the 19th century. TO end of the 19th century centuries, these were already, for the most part, intelligent and highly moral people. Many of them had a subtle artistic taste and high artistic demands. They were well aware that for the prosperity of the country and own business in conditions market competition requires active participation in social life society, in the development of science and culture, therefore they used the accumulated funds not only for the development of business and personal consumption, but also for charity, helping to solve many social problems. In particular, in conditions of extreme polarization of wealth and poverty in pre-revolutionary Russia, philanthropic entrepreneurship became a kind of “regulator” of social balance, a certain means of eliminating social injustice. Of course, it was impossible to eliminate poverty and backwardness through charity, and entrepreneurs were well aware of this, but they sought to at least somehow help “their neighbor” and thus “ease their souls.”

As a result of the wide and varied activities of domestic entrepreneurs, entire dynasties were born in the country, which for several generations maintained their reputation as prominent philanthropists: the Krestovnikovs, Boevs, Tarasovs, Kolesovs, Popovs and others. Researcher S. Martynov names the most generous Russian philanthropist, a major entrepreneur of the late 19th century, Gavrila Gavrilovich Solodovnikov, who, out of a total inheritance of 21 million rubles. over 20 million rubles bequeathed for public needs (for comparison: donations from the entire nobility, including royal family, have not reached 100 thousand rubles in 20 years).

At the same time, the charity of entrepreneurs in pre-revolutionary Russia had its own characteristics. For many centuries business people traditionally invested primarily in the construction of churches. Churches continued to be built in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but since the end of the last century the main rivalry between wealthy entrepreneurs took place in social sphere under the motto: “Whoever will do more for the people.”

Let's take a closer look at the most famous philanthropists Russia.

2. The most prominent patrons of the late XIX - early XX centuries.

Patronage Savva Ivanovich Mamontov (1841-1918) was of a special kind: he invited his artist friends to Abramtsevo, often together with their families, conveniently located in the main house and outbuildings. All those who came, under the leadership of the owner, went into nature, to sketches. All this is very far from the usual examples of charity, when a philanthropist limits himself to donating a certain amount to a good cause. Mamontov acquired many of the works of members of the circle himself, and found customers for others.

In development national culture In the 19th and early 20th centuries, a significant role was played by such patrons and collectors as Savva Mamontov, Alexey Bakhrushin, the Tretyakov brothers, the Ryabushinskys, and the Morozovs. But even today there are still many philanthropists among the Russian business elite.

Here is a list of the most famous philanthropists of our country, compiled based on materials from Forbes Russia, Kommersant, RIA Novosti and other open sources:

I.E. Repin. Portrait of P.M. Tretyakova, 1901

Vladimir Potanin

The president of Interros, Vladimir Potanin, founded the Hermitage Development Fund and contributed five million dollars to it. The businessman is considered one of the most consistent Russian philanthropists. Among his most significant sponsorship and charitable endeavors are the museum projects “A Changing Museum in a Changing World”, “First Publication”, the “Museum Guide” festival, grants to Hermitage employees, and the creation of the Russian Living Room at the Kennedy Center. Potanin is also known for donating one million dollars for the state’s purchase of the famous “Black Square” by Kazimir Malevich, which was in the collection of INCOM Bank.

Victor Vekselberg

Viktor Vekselberg, a big fan of the Faberge firm, created a museum of the famous jewelry workshop in St. Petersburg, where eleven easter eggs imperial series, which the head of the Renova company purchased from the descendants of billionaire Malcolm Forbes for one hundred million dollars and returned to Russia. In 2014, Vekselberg’s “Link of Times” foundation bought items from the personal archive of the Yusupov princes at auction and donated them to the State Archive.

Roman Abramovich

The owner of Millhouse Capital, Roman Abramovich, sponsored a tour of the Sovremennik Theater in London in 2010. The former governor of Chukotka, known for his passion for art, became the founder of the Garage cultural center, which, according to some estimates, cost the businessman fifty million euros. And in 2017, the reconstruction of the territory of New Holland Island in St. Petersburg, in which Abramovich invested four hundred million dollars to transform local warehouses and other buildings of the 18th century into a complex of museums and art galleries, is due to be completed.

Roman Trotsenko

In 2007, the owner of AEON Corporation, Roman Trotsenko, created the Winzavod cultural center, the reconstruction of the production premises of which cost twelve million dollars. Roman Trotsenko's wife, Sofya Sergeevna, is a famous Russian art producer, president of the Support Fund contemporary art"Winzavod", Advisor to the Minister of Culture of the Russian Federation.

Andrey Skoch

Businessman Andrey Skoch finances literary prize“Debut”, designed to support young authors. Prize fund- six million rubles.

Shalva Breus

In 2007, the owner of the Balakhna pulp and paper mill, Shalva Breus, founded the annual Kandinsky Art Prize, which is awarded for the best artistic achievements of the last two years. The prize fund is estimated at fifty-seven thousand euros. Breus' immediate plans include the creation of a new museum of contemporary art. It is likely that it will be located in the building of the Udarnik cinema, which Shalva Breus rents from the city. According to the businessman, about thirty million dollars will be needed to implement this project.

Alexander Mamut and Sergey Adoniev

One of the largest domestic projects in the field of art, the Strelka Institute of Media, Architecture and Design, exists with the money of the head of SUP Media, Alexander Mamut, and the owner of the Yota company, Sergei Adoniev. Strelka's annual budget is about ten million dollars. Sergei Adoniev is also known for the large-scale reconstruction of the Stanislavsky Electrotheater, after which the theater received a multi-purpose hall for two hundred seats with a transformable stage, a multifunctional foyer, six rehearsal rooms, workshops and workshops, a scenery warehouse with a lift and a sewing workshop. The reconstruction was carried out entirely at the expense of Sergei Adonyev, who, according to Mayor Sergei Sobyanin, invested several hundred million rubles in the restoration of the theater.

Mikhail Prokhorov

Businessman and politician Mikhail Prokhorov financed the festival of Russian art “Unknown Siberia” in Lyon, at which the Russian national orchestra under the management of Mikhail Pletnev, investing about two million euros in this enterprise, and also sponsored the production of the play “Stories of Shukshin” at the Theater of Nations. In the year of the bicentenary of N.V. Gogol, Mikhail Prokhorov established the NOS literary prize “to identify and support new trends in modern literary literature in Russian.” A prize fund of one million rubles is distributed annually among the winners and finalists of the competition.

Vladimir Kekhman

One of the most colorful philanthropists - Chairman of the Board of Directors of the JFC company Vladimir Kekhman combines charitable activities with the management of two theaters - the Mikhailovsky and Novosibirsk. In 2007, becoming director Mikhailovsky Theater, Kekhman invested five hundred million rubles in the reconstruction of the building, organized several tours and gala concerts. (However, Vladimir Kekhman was declared bankrupt and is accused of fraud on an especially large scale).

Alisher Usmanov

Alisher Usmanov's charity expenses in 2012 amounted to one hundred and eighty million dollars. He personally established the Art, Science and Sports foundations, supports theaters, museums, and participates in social projects and in helping seriously ill children. In 2007, the head of USM Holdings, Alisher Usmanov, even before the start of the auction, bought a collection of art by Mstislav Rostropovich and Galina Vishnevskaya, consisting of four hundred and fifty lots, put up for auction at Sotheby’s for more than one hundred and eleven million dollars. It is noteworthy that, according to preliminary estimates, the cost of the collection was estimated by experts to be only in the range of twenty-six to forty million dollars. After the purchase, Usmanov donated the collection free of charge Russian government, V this moment it is exhibited in the Konstantinovsky Palace in St. Petersburg. Two weeks before this, Alisher Usmanov committed another act worthy of respect: he purchased from American company"Films by Jove" collection of classics animated films"Soyuzmultfilm" and donated it to the Russian children's television channel "Bibigon". The transaction amount is estimated at five to ten million dollars. Alisher Usmanov is also responsible for the exhibition “Pre-Raphaelites: Victorian Avant-Garde” and the exhibition of William Turner at the Pushkin Museum. A. S. Pushkin, financing the publication of the magazine “Murzilka”, supporting the projects of Vladimir Spivakov, organizing the International Tenor Competition in memory of Luciano Pavarotti.

Alexey Ananyev

Chairman of the Board of Directors of Promsvyazbank Alexey Ananyev, known for his commitment to traditional Orthodox values, founded the Institute of Russian Realistic Art, for which one of the ancient buildings of the former calico-printing factory, built in Zamoskvorechye at the end of the 19th century, was acquired. The businessman constantly adds to the collection of the museum and exhibition complex. Now his collection contains about five hundred works of Russian and Soviet art.

Leonid Mikhelson

Chairman of the Board of OJSC Novatek Leonid Mikhelson decided to bring the light of culture to Muscovites and bought GES-2 from Mosenergo, which Bolotnaya Square, in order to turn the power plant into an art museum. Previously, the businessman created the V-A-C (Victoria – the Art of being Contemporary) foundation, named after his daughter Victoria. The organization provides support to museums of contemporary art, sponsors young artists and their curators.

Oleg Deripaska

General Director of RusAl Oleg Deripaska actively supervises Kubansky Cossack choir and the Moscow Art Theater School Studio, which, with the support of the entrepreneur, toured the Kuban, Siberia and the Volga region. Deripaska heads the Volnoe Delo charity foundation, which provides sponsorship to children with disabilities, the Moscow State University education system, the Russian Chess Federation and the Phanagoria archaeological expedition.

Mikhail Abramov

Businessman Mikhail Abramov created the Museum of Russian Icons in Moscow in 2011. It exists solely on the money of the patron and does not conduct any commercial activities, does not charge fees for visits and excursions. The magnificent museum collection includes five thousand exhibits, including unique monuments of the 15th–16th centuries. The museum, which has its own restoration workshops and a scientific department, was accepted into the International Council of Museums at UNESCO.

Peter Aven

Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Alfa-Bank banking group, famous collector Peter Aven initiated the creation non-profit organization“Russian Avant-Garde Research Project”, which aims to combat counterfeit works of Russian art. He is known as an art connoisseur and philanthropist, a member of the board of trustees State Museum Fine Arts named after A. S. Pushkin, collector of paintings by artists of the “Silver Age”.

Boris Mints

Chairman of the Board of Directors of O1 Group Boris Mints preferred troublesome everyday life to the sweet life of a billionaire museum worker- bought the building of the Bolshevik confectionery factory on Leningradsky Prospekt and decided to turn it into the Museum of Russian Impressionism, investing ten million dollars in reconstruction. The basis of the exhibition was the personal collection of paintings by Boris Mints, who for several years collected paintings by Russian artists bit by bit.

Sergey Popov

Deputy Chairman of the Board of Directors of MDM Bank Sergei Popov has been sponsoring music festivals of Yuri Bashmet and Valery Gergiev for many years, but tries not to talk about it. An amazing fact: the entrepreneur even entered into an agreement with a PR agency, one of whose main tasks is to minimize mentions in the press about Sergei Popov and his business. This is the opposite of PR!

Danil Khachaturov

General Director of Rosgosstrakh Danil Khachaturov his unfulfilled youthful dreams becoming a film director was sublimated into film financing. "Rosgosstrakh" paid for the filming of such films as "Eggs of Destiny", "Vacation strict regime", "Freaks", personally produced the films "Inhale-Exhale" and "Generation P".

At the 1st International Film Festival named after Savva Morozov, which was held in Moscow from September 20 to 27, 2015, as part of a series of master classes, the chairman of the Morozov Club, Ph.D. Stolyarov A.S.

For most of the 20th century, the concept of “charity” in socialist Russia disappeared from everyday vocabulary. Therefore, it would not be out of place to start an article on charity with encyclopedic definitions of this social phenomenon.

1. DEFINITION OF CHARITY AND PHARMACY

• Charity is a manifestation of compassion for one's neighbor and the moral duty of the possessed to rush to the aid of the poor. (Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, 1891)
• Charity - actions and deeds of a gratuitous nature aimed at public benefit or providing financial assistance to the poor. ( Dictionary Russian language / Comp. S. I. Ozhegov, N. Yu. Shvedova. M., 1983).
• Charity is the provision of material assistance to those in need, both by individuals and organizations. Charity can also be aimed at encouraging and developing any socially significant forms of activity (for example, protecting environment, protection of cultural monuments, etc.) (Big Encyclopedic Dictionary, 2000)

Maecenas Gaius Zilnis, who lived between 74 and 64 BC, was a close associate of the Roman emperor Augustus. He organized feasts and treats for people of art, patronized the poets Virgil and Horace and supported them financially.

Patronage of poets made the name of Maecenas a household name. Nowadays patronage is the name given to the direction of charity associated with the support of culture and art.

2. HISTORY OF CHARITY IN RUSSIA

The first historical evidence of charity in Ancient Rus' is considered to be the agreements between Prince Oleg (911) and Prince Igor (945) with Byzantium on the ransom of prisoners, mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years.

The beginning charitable activities in Russia, 998 can be considered the year of the baptism of Rus'. With the adoption of Christianity in accordance with one of its main commandments, “Love your neighbor as yourself,” people in Rus' started talking about caring for the poor, which was reflected in the distribution of alms.

Kyiv Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich by Charter of 996. officially made it obligatory for the clergy to engage in public charity, establishing a tithe for the maintenance of monasteries, churches, almshouses and hospitals.

He provided generous assistance to the poor. He called people from everywhere to his feasts, fed and watered everyone who came, taking care of those unable to move, and ordered food to be delivered on carts.

Activities of Russian philanthropists and patrons of the arts in the 18th-19th centuries. was predetermined by state policy, the philosophy of assistance that existed in Russian society.

In 1712, Peter I promulgated a decree “On the establishment of hospital hospitals in all provinces.” The main source of funding for all institutions under Peter were private donations: for example, the tsar himself donated up to a third of his salary for these purposes.

By order of Tsarina Catherine II in 1775. a system of public assistance was established, including the poor, beggars and orphans. By the end of the 19th century, there were already more than 1,000 charitable institutions and organizations in Russia.

The charitable activities of the state created the basis for private initiatives of a charitable nature. Gradually, following the example royal family Charity in Russia has become a very common phenomenon among rich, entrepreneurial Russians.

As for private charity, in Russia the active philanthropists were not aristocrats and intelligentsia, as in Western Europe. IN Russia XIX century, a different economic basis for charity developed.

Nobles after the reform of 1861, having retained their wealth in the form of real estate, they did not have large Money. Russian intelligentsia, imbued with the idea of ​​mercy, could not put it into practice, since she herself needed material help.

Therefore, the history of charity in Russia is closely connected with entrepreneurial activity rich people, namely merchants. The motivating motive of the Russian merchants was the instinct of practical help to those in need. Charity was perceived by merchants as a charitable deed. A special role was played by the increased religiosity of the merchant class, which formed the desire to find grace in eternal life through virtue in earthly life. The generosity of the Russian merchants for charity amazed contemporaries.

3. THE FLOWERING OF RUSSIAN CHARITY INXIXCENTURY.

When talking about charity, we need to understand driving forces this phenomenon. The motivation of people to engage in charity and philanthropy can be determined by four points:

1) Religious motive, which manifests itself in the manifestation of philanthropy towards the poor and disadvantaged and the construction of Orthodox churches.

Over the course of a thousand years of history, the Russian people have developed an attitude towards wealth as a consequence of a sinful life. Christ said: “Do not lay up for yourselves treasures on earth... but lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven... for where your treasure is, there will your heart be also.” And this became for the Orthodox the spiritual basis for non-covetousness.

Many Russian entrepreneurs built temples, which reflected the idea of ​​atonement for wealth, which is always associated with sin.

2) Personal motive allows a person involved in charity to establish himself as an individual.

3) Status motive solves the needs of a person to promote himself in the social hierarchy. (For example, incentives, awards, titles).

4) Memorial motive implies doing good to preserve the good memory of oneself in generations of descendants and fellow citizens.

It should be noted that in Russia, private charity has always been compensation for the ineffective state model. Charity made it possible to “patch those social holes” that the state “didn’t get around to.” Realizing this, the state has always encouraged charitable activities.

In the 60-80s of the 19th century, 70% of the charitable societies of pre-revolutionary Russia were formed, which helped the development Russian people in new historical conditions. So, in 1861-1870. In Russia, 580 charitable institutions were created in 1871-1880. - 809, etc.

WITH with good reason we can say that Russian merchants and industrialists gave material basis for the flourishing of national culture, which was observed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The revival of national Russian forms in art at a time when Western European concepts of beauty dominated is associated with the philanthropic activities of merchants. The construction of churches in the Russian style, the revival of Russian spiritual painting, and the encouragement of artists who created works in the national spirit were largely carried out with the money of Russian entrepreneurs. The Russian merchants performed functions that in other countries lay primarily with the intelligentsia and the educated stratum.

4. THE MERCHANT DYNASTY OF THE MOROZOVS IS A SIGHTING EXAMPLE OF CHARITY AND CHARITY IN THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA.

In the second half of the 19th century, leading Russian industrialists began to take a comprehensive approach to organizing the activities of their enterprises. A hitherto unprecedented attention was paid to creating favorable living conditions for factory workers. Stone barracks were built to house workers and their families, hospitals and schools were erected. All this was aimed at significantly improving the work and life of industrial workers. These various programs for factory personnel and their families are now called “ social policy" But at that time this term was not used, and the entrepreneurs themselves preferred to call the institutions they created charitable.

With the advent of Savva Timofeevich Morozov to manage the Nikolskaya Manufactory Partnership, social transformations began in Orekhovo-Zuevo, which made it possible to improve the working and living conditions of workers. Relations between workers and entrepreneurs began to change after the Morozov strike of 1885. This made it possible to maintain social harmony and stable operation of textile factories for 20 years.

At the insistence of Savva Morozov, significant changes were made to the working conditions of workers at the Nikolskaya manufactory:

• night work for women and children under 12 years of age was abolished;
• daily work for adolescents from 12 years of age is limited to 8 hours;
• paid absence from work for pregnant workers for up to 40 days and paid leave after childbirth for 15 days have been introduced;
• to care for a child, the employee was provided with additional hours of rest during working hours;
• instead of a 12-hour working day, a 10-hour working day was introduced (the board did not agree with Savva Morozov, who demanded the introduction of an 8-hour working day);
• old-age pensions were introduced for regular workers who had worked at the factory for 10 years.

Another direction of the Morozovs’ social policy was the provision of free housing for their workers and employees. At the beginning of the twentieth century. The Nikolskaya manufactory, which was headed by S.T. Morozov, had 30 barracks, in which a total of 14,441 people lived (data for 1906). At the same time, the vast majority of closets were allocated for one family (91.1%).

Built in Orekhovo-Zuevo and equipped with last word medical equipment hospital (now the 1st city hospital) was recognized as the best in Europe. Non-working family members received medical care here free of charge, just like workers. All patients were on free rationed meals. The maternity ward, which received enhanced nutrition, received special attention.

In order to create conditions for a healthy lifestyle of workers and their cultural development, S.T. Morozov organized in Orekhovo-Zuevo one of the first temperance societies in Russia, the first non-professional orchestra, as well as a choir of workers and office workers, and a theater troupe.

Savva built three public theaters in Russia, two of them in Orekhovo-Zuevo. The summer two-story theater (not preserved) was located in the park folk festivals(now “Park 1 May”) and was very popular among working-class families. In the town of Nikolskoye, two libraries were organized: one public, the other at the Nikolskoye School. Both libraries provided books to read for free.

All this activity of S.T. Morozov earned high praise from his contemporaries. Vladimir gendarme colonel N.I. Voronov wrote in his essays: “The life of the workers in Savva Morozov’s factories is better than others. The workers enjoy healthy, comfortable apartments, the premises are arranged in an exemplary manner and satisfy the necessary hygienic conditions, as do the factories themselves, where the workers spend half their lives.”

As a philanthropist and philanthropist, S.T. Morozov fully demonstrated himself in the capital of Russia, Moscow. He helped and individuals and organizations. Donations were always significant: several tens of thousands of rubles for the construction of a maternity shelter at the Staroe Catherine Hospital, 10 thousand rubles “for the cause of charity for the mentally ill in Moscow.”

Savva Morozov supported cultural endeavors based on his views. So Morozov did not donate a penny to the Museum of Fine Arts. He loved the theater passionately and often asked to keep his donations secret. This was the case in the early 90s. 19th century, when he provided funds to the Moscow private theater. “You see,” he said, “commerce is guided by its own catechism. And therefore I will ask you and your comrades not to say anything about me.”

Everyone knows the help of S.T. Morozov to Moscow art theater, to whom he not only donated a total of about half a million rubles, but was also the organizer and soul of the team of creators of this theater. Solved many production problems, gave everything he had during construction free time and even lived in a theater under construction.

Savva Morozov’s mother, M.F., was widely known among her contemporaries for her charity work. Morozova (nee Simonova). Deep religiosity, combined with enormous financial capabilities, allowed Maria Feodorovna Morozova to annually distribute hundreds of thousands of rubles to charity for decades. According to contemporaries, “...in Moscow there is not a single public educational or charitable institution that does not benefit from large donations.” In her house on Trekhsvyatitelsky Lane she built a church in the name of St. Apostle Timothy. Every Saturday and Sunday and holidays Divine services were held there, at which Maria Fedorovna was strictly present.

The breadth and generosity of M.F. Morozova amazed even famous Moscow merchants and patrons of the arts. So, for example, after the death of Timofey Savvich, in his memory, she donated 100 thousand rubles to the Rogozhsky cemetery (for the bell tower, the bishop's house, the almshouse, the school, and the repair of the temple). Even more significant amounts of M.F. Morozova donated it to church and charitable purposes in her will.

On the day of Maria Feodorovna's funeral, in accordance with her dying will and in accordance with Orthodox customs, charitable distributions of money and food were made to the poor, including paid lunches on the day of the funeral for a thousand people in two Moscow soup kitchens. More than 26 thousand workers of Morozov factories received money (approximately the amount of a day’s earnings) and “food for remembrance”...

Morozovs are millionaires, philanthropists, public figures... Many of them became models of active charitable activities in various fields of culture. Alexey Vikulovich created the Porcelain Museum, Ivan Abramovich collected impressionists (now the collection of the Pushkin Museum), Mikhail Abramovich sponsored the Greek Hall of the Pushkin Museum, was the director of the Russian Musical Society; Varvara Alekseevna created a library reading room named after. Turgenev, Sergei Timofeevich - museum of handicraft art. Numerous “Morozov” hospitals and schools built in Moscow, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Tver, Bogorodsk are also known.

5. THE SITUATION WITH CHARITABLE ACTIVITIES IN MODERN RUSSIA AND THE POSSIBILITIES FOR ITS IMPROVEMENT.

The present modern stage of development of charity goes back no more than 2 decades. We see that there is no need to talk about restoring Russian charity in its traditional form for pre-revolutionary Russia.

Traditional charity was based on emotions - the attraction of the heart, compassion, consciousness of sin, fear of God's judgment, etc. Now much of what is listed in the personality structure of modern people has either been crossed out or has changed significantly. The religious motive, which previously dominated, is now often only an external entourage of other motives. It is often used in PR politics to achieve a certain status.

In modern Russian charity, it is the status motive that occupies a leading position. "Charity" becomes prerequisite passage into power structures. And here there are differences from the operation of the status motive in pre-revolutionary Russia.

Rice. Motives for engaging in charitable activities

Previously, charitable activities were carried out by a person who had already achieved a certain social status. By his actions he simply strengthened it and sought to realize the memorial motive. Currently practical Russians use charity as a tool for gaining status and career growth.

Unfortunately, Russian state failed to ensure a fair distribution of the Soviet economic legacy among the country's citizens. Therefore, it must create economic and political prerequisites for the voluntary motivation of the propertied classes to decide social problems society. Some work in this direction is underway.

According to the State Duma newspaper, about 2/3 of commercial structures are now engaged in corporate charity. These are mainly representatives of small and medium-sized businesses, which, by definition, are closer to the people. But effective tool Corporate charity has not yet begun to smooth out the monstrous stratification of our society.

Rice. 2. Forms of charity of commercial enterprises.

It should be noted that the legislative framework at all levels of government is not sufficiently developed to take into account all the motives for citizens’ participation in charitable activities and provides little encouragement for it. Ideally, we should strive for a model in which all segments of society would benefit from the provision of charitable assistance.

Rice. 3. Negative conditions for the development of charity in modern Russia

Thus, as shown Scientific research, there are several serious obstacles to the effective development of charity in the country. The main ones:

1. unfavorable taxation system for philanthropists and beneficiaries;
2. distrustful, often negative attitude towards charity and its representatives on the part of Russian society.

To create favorable conditions for the development of philanthropy in Russia it is necessary:

Improving the legislative and regulatory framework in the field of charity;

Introduction of favorable tax regime for donors and recipients of charitable funds;

Providing guarantees of property rights and creating conditions for the development of entrepreneurship;

Increasing the openness and transparency of donor structures for society and government

Formation of a culture of charity, ethical standards, high professionalism and responsibility of donors;

Formation of a positive attitude towards philanthropic activities and philanthropic institutions;

Formation of a system of state incentives.