The image of Savely, the Holy Russian hero in the poem by N.A. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'” - Any essay on the topic
Kilin Nikolay Evgenievich,
Russian language teacher and
secondary literature
school 120 in Barnaul
The fate of Saveliy, the Holy Russian hero, the people's protector
(from the experience of studying N.A. Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”)
Rich material to talk about moral values represents fate people's defender Savely, whom Matryona Timofeevna calls “lucky,” not without irony.
Discussion of the image is possible on the following questions:
1. What is the hero's initial idea of happiness?
2. Is it necessary or not to pay rent?
3. Vogel's murder - a feat or a crime?
4. “Where have you gone, strength? What use have you been for?”
5. What are the sources of the heroic strength of Savely and Demushka?
6. To what truth is the path of the people's intercessor, the path out of the crisis?
7. What are the reasons for the contradictions in Savely’s behavior in the last days before his death?
Savely’s initial idea of happiness is associated with “gracious” times, when the Korezh people were isolated from the world by impassable swamps and forests, did not bear labor duties and did not pay quitrent.
No landowners
No German managers
We didn't know then.
We did not rule the corvee,
We didn't pay rent...
Whether or not it is necessary to pay rent is not an idle question, but a state one. N.V. Gogol in " Dead souls" indicates that landowners paid taxes to the state treasury for the peasants. Chichikov persuades Korobochka: “That’s why it’s a loss to you because they’re dead: you pay for them, and now I’ll save you from the hassle and payment... and not only will I save you, but on top of that I’ll give you fifteen rubles.” Making a deal with Plyushkin, Chichikov “expressed his readiness to accept the obligation to pay taxes for all the peasants who died...” The astonished Plyushkin clarifies: “How... do you undertake to pay taxes for them every year? and will you give the money to me or to the treasury?”
A.S. Pushkin simply expressed his attitude towards corvee as a labor service and the quitrent tax that replaces it:
In his wilderness the desert sage,
He is the yoke of the ancient corvée
I replaced it with easy quitrent;
And the slave blessed fate.
If N.P. Kirsanov in I.S. Turgenev’s “Fathers and Sons” has problems in relations with peasants, the peasants do not pay quitrent, then the landowner Odintsova successfully resolves all issues, including economic ones, by transferring her estate to quitrent . As you can see, both landowners and their serfs are tax dependent on the state: the peasants pay quitrent to the master, and he pays capitation taxes for them to the treasury. The state cannot exist without taxes and tax evasion cannot be an example to follow.
However, Savely and other Korezh residents strive to be independent of the state:
We did not rule the corvee,
We didn't pay rent
And so, when it comes to reason,
We'll send you once every three years.
Moreover, what the estate sends “when it decides” does not reach the landowner.
Let's go home dejected...
Two stocky old men
They laugh... Ay, ridges!
Hundred-ruble notes
Home under the shadows
They carry untouched ones!
How stubborn we are: we are beggars -
So that’s what they fought off!
What is not visible is that the measures taken by Shalashnikov are making the Korezhe residents unhappy, downtrodden and impoverished:
Shalashnikov tore excellently,
And not so great
I received income...
How will Shalashnikov accept the tribute?
Let's leave - and behind the outpost
Let's split the profits.
“What money is left!
You’re a fool, Shalashnikov!”
And made fun of the master
Corega in turn!
SAVELIY, THE BOGATYR OF SVYATORUSSK The project was prepared by: Barinova Ekaterina Malyuzhenko Ekaterina Galkina Valeria Grigoryan Karine Sabirova Alina
1. How old is the hero? What is it like appearance? “I couldn’t: he was already a hundred years old, according to fairy tales.” “With a huge gray mane, uncut for twenty years, with a huge beard, Grandfather looked like a bear, especially as he came out of the forest, bent over. Grandfather’s back is arched” “He came in: well, will he straighten up? The bear will punch a hole in the light with his head!” Artist V. Serov
2. What is the hero's story? What troubles and hardships befell him? “In ancient times” “Oh, the share of the Holy Russian Homespun Bogatyr! He's been bullied all his life. Time will think about death - the torments of hell await in the other world." “We were only worried about the Bears. . . Yes, we dealt with bears easily.”
3. How the hero talks about life, what he accepts and what he denies peasant way of life? “According to the time of Shalashnikov “Dead. . . lost. . . "I thought up a new thing, An order comes to us: “Show up!...” “To not tolerate it is an abyss! To endure it is an abyss...” “Give it up! Give it up!” “The heir invented a remedy: He sent a German to us” “I was a convict” “Weak people surrendered, But the strong stood well for their patrimony”
4. What moral qualities does the author give to the hero? How do you feel about him? The author endows Savely with such moral qualities as kindness, love for his homeland and people. Savely is also characterized by intelligence, patience, perseverance, and self-esteem. Savely is a freedom-loving, proud person. He is the embodiment of strength and courage. “Branded, but not a slave” Nekrasov creates an image that combines contradictory features: heroic patience “for the time being”, social activity, the ability to rebel.
5. What is the hero’s idea of happiness, of the paths that lead to it? One of the conditions for people's happiness in Savely's understanding is freedom. “People of the servile rank are sometimes mere dogs: The heavier the punishment, the dearer the gentlemen are to them. “Savely sees him in protest against social injustice, in thinking about the fate of the peasant, in love for his native working people. “Where did your strength go? What were you useful for? She left under rods and sticks for little things!”
Saveliy did not understand the current people, who immediately gave up and did not even try to fight. “here were proud people, and now give me a slap on the wrist - the police officer, the landowner, They are dragging the last penny. “Nekrasov himself is deeply convinced that happiness is possible only in a society of free people. “Limits have not yet been set for the Russian people. There is a wide path before them. “Savely dies with words about the hopelessness of the peasant’s fate. And yet this image leaves the impression of strength, indomitable will, longing for freedom. Savely’s wise prophecy remains in my memory: “To not endure is an abyss, To endure is an abyss.”
6. Why didn’t the wanderers recognize the hero as happy? “Oh, the share of the Holy Russian Homespun Bogatyr! He's been bullied all his life. Time will think about death - the torments of hell await in the dim life.”
7. Is it possible to notice the meaning in speaking surname hero? Savely is a real Russian hero who does not recognize any pressure over himself. Artist A. Lebedev
8. What is the semantic role of folklore elements in the chapter about the hero? Nekrasov considered his work “a modern epic peasant life". In it, Nekrasov asked the question: did the abolition of serfdom bring happiness to the peasantry? Nekrasov strives to give a vivid and emotionally effective image of peasant life, to evoke sympathy for the peasantry, to awaken the desire to fight for peasant happiness. This is why the author uses large quantities folklore elements, such as folk songs, vernacular, fairy-tale images, riddles, signs, sayings, proverbs, epics. This is a poem about the “people” and for the “people”, a poem in which the author acts as a defender of the “people’s” (peasant) interests.
In Savely’s words about the peasant’s heroism, one can undoubtedly hear an echo of the epic about Svyatogor and earthly cravings: “Do you think, Matryonushka, the Man is not a hero? And his life is not a military one, And death is not written for him in battle - but a hero!” “In the meantime, he raised a terrible craving, but he sank into the ground up to his chest With the effort! There are no tears running down his face - blood is flowing!”
Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Russia” plunges us into the world of peasant life in Rus'. Nekrasov’s work on this work occurred after the peasant reform of one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one. This can be seen from the first lines of the “Prologue”, where the wanderers are called “temporarily obliged” - this is the name given to the peasants who emerged from serfdom after the reform.
In the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” we see diverse images of Russian peasants, learn about their views on life, find out what kind of life they live and what problems exist in the life of the Russian people. Nekrasov’s depiction of the peasantry is closely connected with the problem of searching happy person- the purpose of the journey of seven men across Rus'. This journey allows us to get acquainted with all the unsightly sides of Russian life.
Savely is rightfully considered one of the main images of the poem, with whom the reader becomes acquainted in the chapter “A Feast for the Whole World.” Saveliy's life story is very difficult, like that of all peasants of the post-reform era. But this hero is distinguished by a special freedom-loving spirit, inflexibility in the face of the hardships of peasant life. He bravely endures all the bullying of the master, who wants to force his subjects to pay him tribute by flogging. But all patience comes to an end.
This is what happened with Savely, who, unable to bear the tricks of the German Vogel, seems to accidentally push him towards a hole dug by the peasants. Savely, of course, is serving his sentence: twenty years of hard labor and twenty years of settlements. But do not break him - the hero of the Holy Russian: “branded, but not a slave”! He returns home to his son's family. The author draws Savely in the traditions of Russian folklore:
With a huge gray mane,
Tea, twenty years without a haircut,
With a huge beard
Grandfather looked like a bear...
The old man lives separately from his relatives, because he sees that he is needed in the family, while he gave money... He only treats Matryona Timofeevna with love. But the hero’s soul opened up and blossomed when his daughter-in-law Matryona brought him his grandson Dyomushka.
Savely began to look at the world completely differently, he thawed at the sight of the boy, and with all his heart he became attached to the child. But even here, evil fate trips him up. Star Saveliy - fell asleep while babysitting Dyoma. The boy was torn to death by hungry pigs... Savely's soul is torn from pain! He takes the blame upon himself and repents of everything to Matryona Timofeevna, telling her about how much he loved the boy.
Savely will spend the rest of his long hundred-seven-year life atonement for his sin in monasteries. Thus, Nekrasov shows in the image of Savely a deep commitment to faith in God, combined with a huge reserve of patience of the Russian people. Matryona forgives his grandfather and understands how Savely’s soul is tormented. And in this forgiveness too deep meaning, revealing the character of the Russian peasant.
Here is another image of a Russian peasant, about whom the author says: “lucky too.” Savely appears in the poem as a folk philosopher; he reflects on whether the people should endure a powerless and oppressed state. Savely combines kindness, simplicity, sympathy for the oppressed and hatred for the oppressors of the peasants.
ON THE. Nekrasov in the image of Savely showed a people gradually beginning to realize their rights and a force to be reckoned with.
In the poem by N.A. Nekrasov “Who lives well in Rus'?” seven wandering peasants are looking for a happy one in Rus'. The poet wrote this poem for several decades, but never completed it. The wanderers did not meet the happy one and the poem remained with an open ending. But can any of the heroes of the work be called happy? What is needed for happiness, from the point of view of the heroes and the poet himself?
The poem shows the crisis state of the Russian world. Firstly, there is poverty and hunger. Let us remember the names of the villages from which the wanderers came: Dyryavino, Zaplatovo, Neurozhaika... Secondly, after the abolition of serfdom, “the great chain broke,” and hit “one end on the master, the other on the peasant”: no one knows how to arrange their life what value system to rely on.
This is why many of the heroes of the poem are unhappy - even those who deserve it. For example, Savely, who was a “hero of Holy Russia”, strong, stubborn, served hard labor, watched how a pig killed his great-grandson Demushka, and spent a long time atone for his sin, etc. “The keys to women’s happiness” have also been lost in Rus'. Matryona Timofeevna, a peasant woman who was a kind, good wife, a wonderful mother, was deprived of happiness because of all the worries placed on her shoulders around the house, housework, because of her hungry life, and lack of support.
But even those who feel happy often have poor ideas about happiness. Wanderers went all over Rus' in search of a happy person. Nekrasov uses the technique of “poetic polyphony,” as if “giving the floor” to the Russian people themselves. As it turned out, for some, happiness lies in peace, wealth and honor, for others in the opportunity to pour vodka into their “happy” life. In the chapter “Happy” we see how people measure their happiness, if it can be called such, for the opportunity to “sip free wine.” Some have grown up to a thousand, others see happiness in the recognition of their owners: “I’m happy, God knows! The first boyar, Prince Peremetyev, had me as his favorite slave.” The landowner's happiness is an idle life, feasts, hunting, power over people. The author writes: “Hey, peasant happiness! Leaky with patches, hunchbacked with calluses...” This primitive idea of happiness, which every “happy” person talked about, does not bring true happiness to any of them.
The owner of true happiness in the poem is Grisha Dobrosklonov. Despite the life of “poorer than the last shabby peasant” and hard everyday work, he has a desire for spiritual development. He has a craving for beauty, for creativity, for dreams. Grisha is a poet, he composes songs about Russia, about the people, and is preparing to devote himself to the fight for the people’s happiness. This is what distinguishes him from the other heroes of this poem. But the wanderers never met Grisha and did not find the happy one.
“Who can live well in Rus'?” is an epic poem. In it, thanks to the image of the road and the travel plot, a panoramic picture of Russian life appears, a picture of people's grief, discord, etc. happy people cannot be if life as a whole is structured unreasonably and is in a state of crisis. But on the whole the poem is not tragic nature, since, according to the author, healthy and strong principles still remain in Russian life, they only need to be given the opportunity to mature and manifest themselves.
Thus, N. Nekrasov believes that happiness lies in constant movement, development, and creativity. This is what gives meaning to a person's life. This is why Grisha Dobrosklonov becomes happy in the poem.
Matryona Timofeevna told the walkers about the fate of Savelia. He was her husband's grandfather. She often sought help from him and asked for advice. He was already a hundred years old, he lived separately in his upper room, because he did not like his family. In solitude he prayed and read the calendar. Huge, like a bear, hunched over, with a huge gray mane. At first Matryona was afraid of him. And his relatives teased him about being branded and a convict. But he was kind to his son’s daughter-in-law and became a nanny for her first-born. Matryona ironically called him lucky.
Savely was a serf of the landowner Shalashnikov in the village of Korega, which was lost among impenetrable forests. That is why the life of the peasants there was relatively free. The master excellently tore down the peasants who were withholding the rent from him, since due to the lack of roads it was difficult to reach them. But after his death it got even worse. The heir sent manager Vogel, who turned the life of the peasants into real hard labor. The crafty German convinced the men to work off their debts. And in their innocence they drained the swamps and paved the road. And so the master's hand reached out to them.
For eighteen years they endured the German, who with his death grip let almost everyone around the world. One day, while digging a well, Savely carefully pushed Vogel towards the hole, and the others helped. And they responded to the German’s cries with “nine shovels,” burying him alive. For this he received twenty years of hard labor and the same amount of imprisonment. Even there he worked a lot and managed to save money to build an upper room. But his relatives loved him while they had money, then they began to spit in his eyes.
Why does Nekrasov call this cold-blooded killer Holy Russian hero? Savely, who has a truly heroic physical strength and strength of spirit, for him the intercessor of the people. Savely himself says that the Russian peasant is a hero in his patience. But the thought lingers in his mind that “the men have axes for their adversaries, but they are silent for the time being.” And he chuckles to himself in his beard: “Branded, but not a slave.” For him, both not to endure and to endure are all the same thing, that is an abyss. He speaks with condemnation of the obedience of today's men, who died in his day, the lost Aniki warriors, who are only capable of fighting with old men and women. All their strength in small things was lost under rods and sticks. But his wise folk philosophy led to rebellion.
Even after hard labor, Savely retained his unbroken spirit. Only the death of Demushka, who died through his fault, broke the man who had endured hard labor. He will spend his last days in the monastery and in wanderings. This is how the theme of people's long-suffering was expressed in the fate of Savely.
Essay Savely in the poem Who Lives Well in Rus'
Nekrasov set himself a huge task - to show how exactly the abolition of serfdom affected life ordinary people. To do this, he creates seven peasants who walk all over Rus' and ask people if they are living well. Grandfather Savely becomes one of the respondents.
Outwardly, Savely looks like a huge bear, he has a large gray “mane”, broad shoulders and great height, he is a Russian hero. From Savely’s story, the reader understands that he is not only a hero outwardly, he is also a hero internally, in character. He is a very persistent, resilient and filled with life wisdom person. A man who experienced many sorrows and many joys.
In his youth, Savely lived far in the forest, where the hand of evil landowners had not yet reached. But one day a German manager was appointed to the settlement. Initially, the manager did not even demand money from the peasants, the tribute required by law, but forced them to cut down the forest for it. The narrow-minded peasants did not immediately understand what was happening, but when they cut down all the trees, a road was built into their wilderness. It was then that the German manager came with his entire family to live in the wilderness. Only now the peasants could not boast of a simple life: the Germans were fleecing them. A Russian hero is capable of enduring a lot for a long time, Savely argues during this period of his life, but something needs to be changed. And he decides to rebel against the manager, whom all the peasants are burying in the ground. Here it appears great will our hero, which is even stronger than his boundless Russian patience.
For such insolence he is sent to hard labor for 20 years, and after that for another 20 years he works in the settlements, saving money. Not every person is capable of plowing for 40 years for one goal - to return home and help his family with money. It is worthy of respect.
Upon returning home, the worker is greeted very cordially, he builds a hut for his family and everyone loves him. But as soon as the money runs out, they start laughing at him, which greatly offends Savely; he does not understand what he did to deserve such treatment.
The end of the grandfather’s life ends in the monastery, where he atones for the sins he committed: it was his fault that his grandson died. Savely is the image of a true Russian hero, capable of enduring a lot, but ready to rush into the fight for the freedom of his neighbors. The author calls him “lucky” with irony, and this is true: he is unhappy for the rest of his life.
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