What was Turgenev's origin? last years of life

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is a Russian writer and poet, playwright, publicist, critic and translator. He was born on October 28, 1818 in the city of Orel. His works are remembered for their vivid descriptions of nature, vivid images and characters. Critics especially highlight the cycle of stories “Notes of a Hunter,” which reflects the best moral qualities of a simple peasant. There were many strong and selfless women in Turgenev's stories. The poet had a strong influence on the development of world literature. He died on August 22, 1883 near Paris.

Childhood and education

Turgenev was born in noble family. His father was a retired officer. The writer's mother, Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova, had noble origin. Ivan spent his childhood on her family's ancestral estate. The parents did everything to provide their son with a comfortable life. He was taught by the best teachers and tutors, and at a young age Ivan and his family moved to Moscow to receive higher education. Since childhood, the guy studied foreign languages, he was fluent in English, French and German.

The move to Moscow took place in 1827. There, Ivan studied at the Weidenhammer boarding school, and he also studied with private teachers. Five years later future writer became a student in the literature department of a prestigious Moscow university. In 1834 Turgenev transferred to the Faculty of Philosophy in St. Petersburg, as his family moved to this city. It was then that Ivan began to write his first poems.

In three years, he created more than a hundred lyrical works, including the poem “Wall”. Professor Pletnev P.A., who taught Turgenev, immediately noticed the undoubted talent of the young man. Thanks to him, Ivan’s poems “To the Venus of Medicine” and “Evening” were published in the Sovremennik magazine.

In 1838, two years after graduating from university, he went to Berlin to attend philological lectures. At that time, Turgenev managed to receive his Ph.D. In Germany, the young man continues his studies; he studies the grammar of ancient Greek and Latin. He was also interested in studying Roman and Greek literature. At the same time, Turgenev makes acquaintance with Bakunin and Stankevich. He has been traveling for two years, visiting France, Italy and Holland.

Homecoming

Ivan returned to Moscow in 1841, at the same time he met Gogol, Herzen and Aksakov. The poet greatly appreciated getting to know each of his colleagues. They visit together literary clubs. IN next year Turgenev asks for admission to the exam for the degree of Master of Philosophy.

In 1843, for some time the writer went to work in the ministerial office, but the monotonous activity of an official did not bring him satisfaction. At the same time, his poem “Parasha” was published, which was highly appreciated by V. Belinsky. The year 1843 was also remembered by the writer for his acquaintance with the French singer Pauline Viardot. After this, Turgenev decides to devote himself entirely to creativity.

In 1846, the stories “Three Portraits” and “Bretter” were published. Some time after this, the writer creates other famous works, including “Breakfast at the Leader”, “Provincial Girl”, “Bachelor”, “Mumu”, “A Month in the Country” and others. Turgenev published the collection of stories “Notes of a Hunter” in 1852. At the same time, his obituary dedicated to Nikolai Gogol was published. This work was banned in St. Petersburg, but published in Moscow. For his radical views, Ivan Sergeevich was exiled to Spasskoye.

Later he wrote four more works, which later became the largest in his work. In 1856, the book “Rudin” was published, three years after that the prose writer wrote the novel “ Noble Nest" The year 1860 was marked by the release of the work “On the Eve”. One of the most famous works author, “Fathers and Sons,” dates from 1862.

This period of his life was also marked by a break in the poet’s relationship with the Sovremennik magazine. This happened after Dobrolyubov’s article entitled “When will the real day come?”, which was filled with negativity towards the novel “On the Eve”. Turgenev spent the next few years of his life in Baden-Baden. The city inspired his most voluminous novel, “Nove,” which was published in 1877.

last years of life

The writer was especially interested in Western European cultural trends. He entered into correspondence with famous writers, among whom were Maupassant, Georges Sand, Victor Hugo and others. Thanks to their communication, literature was enriched. In 1874, Turgenev organized dinners together with Zola, Flaubert, Daudet and Edmond Goncourt. In 1878, an international literary congress was held in Paris, during which Ivan was elected vice-president. At the same time he becomes a respected doctor Oxford University.

Despite the fact that the prose writer lived far from Russia, his works were known in his homeland. In 1867, the novel “Smoke” was published, dividing compatriots into two oppositions. Many criticized it, while others were sure that the work opens a new literary era.

In the spring of 1882, a physical illness called microsarcoma first manifested itself, which caused Turgenev terrible pain. It was because of him that the writer subsequently died. He fought the pain to the last, last work Ivan's work was "Poems in Prose", published a few months before his death. September 3 (old style August 22), 1883 Ivan Sergeevich died in Bougival. He was buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkovsky cemetery. The funeral was attended by many people who wanted to say goodbye to the talented writer.

Personal life

The poet's first love was Princess Shakhovskaya, who was in a relationship with his father. They met in 1833, and only in 1860 Turgenev was able to describe his feelings in the story “First Love.” Ten years after meeting the princess, Ivan meets Polina Viardot, with whom he falls in love almost immediately. He accompanies her on tour; it is with this woman that the prose writer subsequently moves to Baden-Baden. After some time, the couple had a daughter, who was raised in Paris.

Problems in the relationship with the singer began due to distance, and her husband Louis also acted as an obstacle. Turgenev starts an affair with a distant relative. They were even planning to get married. In the early sixties, the prose writer again became close to Viardot, they lived together in Baden-Baden, then moved to Paris. In the last years of his life, Ivan Sergeevich became interested in the young actress Maria Savina, who reciprocated his feelings.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is a great Russian writer, poet, playwright and translator. But this is official information. Behind them lies the main thing - a living person. He loved life and did not hide from it. He was an excellent athlete, an avid hunter, a great fashionista, a real rebel and a renowned gourmet. Interesting Facts about Turgenev - informative and sometimes completely unexpected notes about the fate of a wonderful writer.

• I. S. Turgenev was born on October 28 (November 9), 1818. This event took place in the family of Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev, a descendant of an ancient family of Tula nobles, and Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova, the heiress of a wealthy noble family. The future writer was the second of three children.
• As a child, Ivan was subjected to severe beatings and torture by his mother, although he was considered her favorite son. Varvara Petrovna was a very contradictory person. Well-read and educated in a strange way it was combined with tyranny and despotism towards relatives. It was she who was the prototype of the cruel lady in famous story"Mu Mu"
• Even in adolescence, the future writer was distinguished by his extraordinary abilities. It is known that he entered Moscow University at a fairly young age - 14 years old. Literally four years later, at the age of 18, he became a candidate, and at 23, a master of philosophical sciences.
• Turgenev loved Tasty food and rarely denied himself such pleasures. When during the holidays he visited his native Spasskoye estate, his mother, a stern serf-woman, forgot about his whims and punishments, and kept coming up with ways to amuse her own child. The main reward is my favorite gooseberry jam.
• In short, Turgenev spent most of his life abroad. Thus, in the capital of France he communicated closely with outstanding French writers. The meetings, as often happens, took place in restaurants, and then the unusual tradition- “dinners of five.” It happened once a year, and later monthly, and took place in one of the many Parisian restaurants. The main instigators of the “get-togethers” were Zola, Goncourt, Daudet, Flaubert, and at the “head of the table” Turgenev. While enjoying numerous dishes, they did not forget to talk about lofty matters - literature.
• In 1835, a case was opened against Turgenev. It turns out, with a gun in his hands, he went out to protect the serf girl, who was about to be handed over to her rightful owner. We can say that this was almost the only case when a Russian nobleman, philosopher and writer decided to defend his point of view not with empty talk, but with deeds. Both at seventeen and at sixty, he was always an ardent opponent of serfdom.
• The main facts of Turgenev's biography indicate that even in his youth the writer took an oath to always fight serfdom. But the only thing he could do was to use his literary talent. However, he decided to denounce with words not in his homeland, but far away - in Europe. He could not be in close proximity to those who were being destroyed and strangled by the tyranny of serfdom; by his own admission, he lacked the strength of character.
• There was also fatal love in Turgenev's life. Her name was Pauline Viardot. All his life he followed her. Meeting her forever divided his life into a past without her and a dubious future, but next to her. The writer Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was extremely surprised by Turgenev’s ability to love so much. But at the same time, he believed that this feeling was not bright, not uplifting, but rather a disease that brought unspeakable suffering.
• The meeting with Pauline Viardot took place in the fall of 1843. Italian opera on the stage of the St. Petersburg Theater presented her production “ Barber of Seville" Ivan Sergeevich was also among the spectators. When Polina appeared on stage in the role of Rosina, the audience gasped - they were waiting for her. She was not very attractive, rather even ugly, stooped, with bulging black eyes and a large mouth. But as soon as she began to sing, the stunned audience froze: a tender, deep soul threw off its thick shell and was illuminated with light. Turgenev could not resist either: he fell at her feet.
• Turgenev was not embarrassed that his chosen one was married. At one time they even all lived together under one roof: Polina, her husband, their children, Turgenev and his illegitimate daughter. European society, of course, gossiped and condemned this strange union. But the Russian writer was adamant: the main thing is their love with Polina, and not the idle gossip of ordinary people.

March's most popular materials for the classroom.

Biography and episodes of life Ivan Turgenev. When born and died Ivan Turgenev, memorable places and dates important events his life. Writer quotes, images and videos.

Years of life of Ivan Turgenev:

born October 28, 1818, died August 22, 1883

Epitaph

“The days are passing. And now it's been ten years
It's been a while since death approached you.
But there is no death for your creatures,
The crowd of your visions, O poet,
Illuminated with immortality forever.”
Konstantin Balmont, from the poem “In Memory of I. S. Turgenev”

Biography

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was not only one of the greatest Russian writers, who literally became classics during his lifetime Russian literature. He also became the most famous Russian writer in Europe. Turgenev was respected and revered by such great people as Maupassant, Zola, Galsworthy; he lived abroad for a long time and was a kind of symbol, the quintessence of the best features that distinguished the Russian nobleman. Moreover, Turgenev’s literary talent placed him on the same level as the greatest writers of Europe.

Turgenev was the heir to a wealthy noble family (through his mother) and therefore never needed funds. Young Turgenev studied at St. Petersburg University, then went to complete his education in Berlin. The future writer was impressed by the European way of life and upset by the stark contrast with Russian reality. Since then, Turgenev lived abroad for a long time, returning to St. Petersburg only on short visits.

Ivan Sergeevich tried his hand at poetry, which, however, did not seem good enough to his contemporaries. But Russia learned about Turgenev as an excellent writer and a true master of words after fragments of his “Notes of a Hunter” were published in Sovremennik. During this period, Turgenev decided that it was his duty to fight serfdom, and therefore he went abroad again, since he could not “breathe the same air, stay close to what he hated.”

Portrait of I. Turgenev by Repin, 1879

After complications in relations with the authorities, Turgenev moved to Baden-Baden, where he quickly entered the circle of the intellectual European elite. He communicated with the greatest minds of that time: George Sand, Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, Victor Hugo, Prosper Merimee, Anatole France. By the end of his life, Turgenev became an undisputed idol both in his homeland and in Europe, where he continued to live permanently.

Ivan Turgenev died in the Paris suburb of Bougival after several years of painful illness. Only after death was the doctor S.P. Botkin discovered the real reason death - myxosarcoma (cancerous tumor of the spine). Before the writer’s funeral, events were held in Paris, attended by more than four hundred people.

Ivan Turgenev, photograph from the 1960s.

Life line

October 28, 1818 Date of birth of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev.
1833 Admission to the Faculty of Literature at Moscow University.
1834 Moving to St. Petersburg and transferring to the Faculty of Philosophy of St. Petersburg University.
1836 Turgenev's first publication in the Journal of the Ministry of Public Education.
1838 Arrival in Berlin and study at the University of Berlin.
1842 Obtaining a master's degree in Greek and Latin philology at St. Petersburg University.
1843 Publication of the first poem “Parasha”, highly appreciated by Belinsky.
1847 Work in the Sovremennik magazine together with Nekrasov and Annenkov. Publication of the story “Khor and Kalinich”. Departure abroad.
1850 Return to Russia. Exile to the native village of Spasskoye-Lutovinovo.
1852 Release of the book “Notes of a Hunter”.
1856“Rudin” is published in Sovremennik.
1859“The Noble Nest” is published in Sovremennik.
1860“On the Eve” is published in the “Russian Bulletin”. Turgenev becomes a corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences.
1862“Fathers and Sons” are published in “Russian Bulletin”.
1863 Transfer to Baden-Baden.
1879 Turgenev becomes an honorary doctor of Oxford University.
August 22, 1883 Date of death of Ivan Turgenev.
August 27, 1883 Turgenev's body was transported to St. Petersburg and buried at the Volkovsky cemetery.

Memorable places

1. House No. 11 on the street. Turgenev in Orel, the city where Turgenev was born; now it is a museum of the writer.
2. Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, where Turgenev’s ancestral estate was located, is now a house-museum.
3. House No. 37/7, building 1 on the street. Ostozhenka in Moscow, where Turgenev lived with his mother from 1840 to 1850, while visiting Moscow. Nowadays it is the Turgenev house-museum.
4. House No. 38 on the embankment. Fontanka River in St. Petersburg ( apartment building Stepanov), where Turgenev lived in 1854-1856.
5. House No. 13 on Bolshaya Konyushennaya Street in St. Petersburg (Weber apartment building), where Turgenev lived in 1858-1860.
6. House No. 6 on Bolshaya Morskaya Street in St. Petersburg (formerly the France Hotel), where Turgenev lived in 1864-1867.
7. Baden-Baden, where Turgenev lived for a total of about 10 years.
8. House No. 16 on the embankment. Turgenev in Bougival (Paris), where Turgenev lived for many years and died; now it is the writer’s house-museum.
9. Volkovskoe cemetery in St. Petersburg, where Turgenev is buried.

Episodes of life

Turgenev had many hobbies in his life, and they were often reflected in his work. Thus, one of the first ended with the appearance in 1842 of an illegitimate daughter, whom Turgenev officially recognized in 1857. But the most famous (and most dubious) episode in the personal life of Turgenev, who never started his own family, was his relationship with the actress Polina Viardot and his life with the Viardots in Europe for many years.

Ivan Turgenev was one of the most passionate hunters in Russia of his time. When meeting Pauline Viardot, he was recommended to the actress as “a glorious hunter and a bad poet.”

Living abroad, from 1874 Turgenev participated in the so-called bachelor “dinners of five” - monthly meetings with Flaubert, Edmond Goncourt, Daudet and Zola in Parisian restaurants or in the writers’ apartments.

Turgenev became one of the highest paid writers in the country, which aroused rejection and envy among many - in particular F. M. Dostoevsky. The latter considered such high fees unfair given Turgenev’s already magnificent fortune, which he received after the death of his mother.

Testaments

“In days of doubt, in days of painful thoughts about the fate of my homeland, you alone are my support and support, oh great, powerful, truthful and free Russian language!.. Without you, how not to fall into despair at the sight of everything that is happening at home . But one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!”

“Our life does not depend on us; but we all have one anchor from which, unless you want to, you will never break free: a sense of duty.”

“No matter what a person prays for, he prays for a miracle. Every prayer boils down to the following: “Great God, make sure that two and two do not become four!”

“If you wait for the minute when everything, absolutely everything is ready, you will never have to start.”

Documentary and journalistic film “Turgenev and Viardot. More than love"

Condolences

“And yet it hurts... I owe too much Russian society this man, in order to regard his death with simple objectivity.”
Nikolai Mikhailovsky, critic, literary critic and theorist of populism

“Turgenev was also a native Russian person in spirit. Wasn’t he master of the genius of the Russian language with the impeccable perfection available to him, perhaps only to Pushkin?”
Dmitry Merezhkovsky, writer and critic

“If now the English novel has any manners and grace, then it owes this primarily to Turgenev.”
John Galsworthy, English novelist and playwright

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is a famous Russian prose writer, poet, classic of world literature, playwright, critic, memoirist and translator. He has written a lot outstanding works. The fate of this great writer will be discussed in this article.

Early childhood

Turgenev's biography (brief in our review, but very rich in reality) began in 1818. The future writer was born on November 9 in the city of Orel. His dad, Sergei Nikolaevich, was a combat officer in a cuirassier regiment, but retired soon after Ivan’s birth. The boy’s mother, Varvara Petrovna, was a representative of a wealthy noble family. It was on the family estate of this powerful woman - Spasskoye-Lutovinovo - that the first years of Ivan’s life passed. Despite her heavy, unbending disposition, Varvara Petrovna was very enlightened and educated person. She managed to instill in her children (in the family, besides Ivan, his older brother Nikolai was raised) a love of science and Russian literature.

Education

The future writer received his primary education at home. So that it could continue in a dignified manner, the Turgenev family moved to Moscow. Here the biography of Turgenev (short) made new round: The boy's parents went abroad, and he was kept in various boarding houses. First he lived and was brought up in Weidenhammer's establishment, then in Krause's. At the age of fifteen (in 1833), Ivan entered Moscow State University at the Faculty of Literature. After the eldest son Nikolai joined the Guards cavalry, the Turgenev family moved to St. Petersburg. Here the future writer became a student at a local university and began studying philosophy. In 1837, Ivan graduated from this educational institution.

Trying out the pen and further education

Turgenev's work for many is associated with writing prose works. However, Ivan Sergeevich initially planned to become a poet. In 1934, he wrote several lyrical works, including the poem “The Wall,” which was appreciated by his mentor, P. A. Pletnev. Over the next three years, the young writer has already composed about a hundred poems. In 1838, several of his works (“To the Venus of Medicine,” “Evening”) were published in the famous Sovremennik. Young poet felt inclined to scientific activity and in 1838 went to Germany to continue his education at the University of Berlin. Here he studied Roman and Greek literature. Ivan Sergeevich quickly became imbued with the Western European way of life. A year later, the writer returned to Russia briefly, but already in 1840 he left his homeland again and lived in Italy, Austria and Germany. Turgenev returned to Spasskoye-Lutovinovo in 1841, and a year later he turned to Moscow State University with a request to allow him to take the examination for a master's degree in philosophy. This was denied to him.

Pauline Viardot

Ivan Sergeevich managed to obtain a scientific degree at St. Petersburg University, but by that time he had already lost interest in this type of activity. In search of a worthy career in life, in 1843 the writer entered the service of the ministerial office, but his ambitious aspirations quickly faded away. In 1843, the writer published the poem “Parasha,” which impressed V. G. Belinsky. Success inspired Ivan Sergeevich, and he decided to devote his life to creativity. In the same year, the biography of Turgenev (short) was marked by another fateful event: the writer met an outstanding French singer Pauline Viardot. Seeing the beauty in opera house St. Petersburg, Ivan Sergeevich decided to meet her. At first, the girl did not pay attention to the little-known writer, but Turgenev was so amazed by the singer’s charm that he followed the Viardot family to Paris. For many years he accompanied Polina on her foreign tours, despite the obvious disapproval of his relatives.

Creativity flourishes

In 1946, Ivan Sergeevich actively took part in updating the Sovremennik magazine. He meets Nekrasov, and he becomes his best friend. For two years (1950-1952), the writer was torn between abroad and Russia. During this period, Turgenev's creativity began to gain serious momentum. The series of stories “Notes of a Hunter” was almost entirely written in Germany and made the writer famous throughout the world. In the next decade, a classic was created whole line outstanding prose works: “The Noble Nest”, “Rudin”, “Fathers and Sons”, “On the Eve”. During the same period, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev quarreled with Nekrasov. Their controversy over the novel “On the Eve” ended in a complete break. The writer leaves Sovremennik and goes abroad.

Abroad

Turgenev's life abroad began in Baden-Baden. Here Ivan Sergeevich found himself in the very center of Western European cultural life. He began to maintain relationships with many world literary celebrities: Hugo, Dickens, Maupassant, France, Thackeray and others. The writer actively promoted Russian culture abroad. For example, in 1874 in Paris, Ivan Sergeevich, together with Daudet, Flaubert, Goncourt and Zola, organized the now famous “bachelor dinners at five” in the capital’s restaurants. Turgenev's characterization during this period was very flattering: he turned into the most popular, famous and read Russian writer in Europe. In 1878, Ivan Sergeevich was elected vice-president of the International Literary Congress in Paris. Since 1877, the writer has been an honorary doctor of Oxford University.

Creativity of recent years

Turgenev's biography - short but vivid - indicates that long years spent abroad did not alienate the writer from Russian life and its pressing problems. He still writes a lot about his homeland. So, in 1867, Ivan Sergeevich wrote the novel “Smoke,” which caused a large-scale public outcry in Russia. In 1877, the writer composed the novel “New,” which became the result of his creative reflections in the 1870s.

Demise

For the first time, a serious illness that interrupted the writer’s life made itself felt in 1882. Despite the strong physical suffering, Ivan Sergeevich continued to create. A few months before his death, the first part of the book “Poems in Prose” was published. Great writer died in 1883, September 3, in the suburbs of Paris. Relatives carried out the will of Ivan Sergeevich and transported his body to his homeland. The classic was buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkov cemetery. IN last way He was seen off by numerous admirers.

This is the biography of Turgenev (short). This man devoted his entire life to his favorite work and forever remained in the memory of posterity as an outstanding writer and famous public figure.

On September 3, 1883, one of the outstanding writers and thinkers of Russia - Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. Turgenev as an artist is remarkable in that he always knew how to respond to the most pressing issues of our time and at the same time solve these issues with great philosophical and psychological depth. In his numerous stories and novels, he managed to reflect, in his own words, “the very spirit and pressure of the time.” Turgenev’s realism is deep: in addition to the pressing questions of his time about the paths of development of Russia, about the destinies the best people time, within social issues of his era, he was able to pose a number of deep, historically recurring problems: the problem of an illusory social goal (Don Quixote), the problem of lack of will (Hamlet), the problem of disharmony of personal happiness and public duty. Symbolically using the images of world literary artists - Shakespeare, Cervantes, Goethe - he filled them with his own, new historical content.
The purpose of our article was a historical excursion into the last year of Turgenev’s life, reconstruction and restoration of historical reality.
1879 The disease begins to progress, sensing his approaching death, Turgenev draws up a will.
28th of February. The date of the notarial spiritual will of I. S. Turgenev, certified by the 4th department of the Moscow District Court, according to which he left his entire fortune to the relatives of his late wife A. Ya. Shvarts-Malyarevsky. In the will of I. S. Turgenev it is stated: “To the collegiate secretary I. S. Turgenev the cash capital is 22 thousand rubles, also under the contract for logging in the village of Somov, concluded by the merchant Chadayev, 22,800 rubles and Borodaevsky’s bill for 10 thousand, a total of 55 thousand. rub".
1882 Less than a year remains until Turgenev's death.
March, 6. “Lunches for five” are resuming; lunch in the company of Turgenev, Zola, Daudet and E. de Goncourt. Talk about death. Turgenev said that he drives away the thought of death, although it comes to him.
June 11. Turgenev writes to the poet Ya. P. Polonsky about deteriorating health in connection with the move to Bougival; realizes that the disease is incurable, but he is not deprived of care and attention. He ends the letter with a mournful aristocratic phrase: “When you are in Spassky, bow for me to the house, the garden, my young oak tree, bow to my homeland, which I will probably never see again.”
1883 The year of Turgenev's death.
January 14. Turgenev transfers surgery; surgeon Paul Segon removes his neuroma.
January 27. Turgenev writes in his last diary his feelings during the operation: “It was very painful; but, taking advantage of Kant’s advice, I tried to give myself an account of my feelings and, to my own amazement, I didn’t even make a sound or move.”
March 4th. Turgenev informs Zh. A. Polonskaya, the wife of Ya. P. Polonsky, about the deterioration of his health. The pain intensifies and chest cramps appear.
March 16. Professor Guerrier visits Turgenev and finds him in terrible condition. Turgenev is forced to constantly lie down and is unable to write, which Guerrier reported in a letter to the writer’s friend P.V. Annenkov.
March 29. The date of another will of I. S. Turgenev, concerning his literary property. Written in Russian by the actual state councilor Andrei Nikolaevich Kartsev, the Russian ambassador in Paris, under the dictation of Turgenev, with his signature: “In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. Being of sound mind and sound memory, I, the undersigned, collegiate secretary Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, in the event of my death, bequeath all copyrights and literary property in my works, both published and unpublished, as well as those still owed to me under the contract by the bookseller-publisher Ivan Ilyich Glazunov twenty thousand rubles - entirely to the French subject Pauline Viardot-Garcia. Written from my words and at my personal request in my apartment in Paris, rue Douai, No. 50, the seventeenth - twenty-ninth of March, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-three, by the actual state councilor A. N. Kartsev. Collegiate Secretary I. S. Turgenev.”
April 10th. Diary entry French writer E. Goncourt: “Dinner with Zola and Daudet, but instead of Flaubert and Turgenev, Huysmans and Cear. They talked about poor Turgenev, about whom Charcot said that he was hopeless.”
25th of April. An issue of the Times is published, with the following message: “Unfavorable news has been received from Paris regarding the health of Turgenev, for whom medical care has been established for some time. It is reported that the celebrated novelist is rapidly losing his voice and memory.” The pain is so severe that Turgenev calls out to those around him: “You will be a great friend to me if you give me a gun!”
September 1. P. Viardot gives a telegram to M. M. Stasyulevich that Turgenev is very bad. Three days before his death, Turgenev was delirious, screaming and predicted that he would die in three days, which happened.
September 3. The artist V.V. Vereshchagin visits Turgenev in Bougival; finds him in severe agony. On this day, Monday, Turgenev dies in Bougival at 2 o'clock in the afternoon, surrounded by the Viardot family and close friend A. A. Meshchersky. His last words were to the people around him: “Closer, closer to me, and let me feel you all near me... The moment has come to say goodbye... Forgive me!” Two days later, the issue “Gaulois” was published with a touching obituary for Turgenev, written by Guy de Maupassant.
From the medical report: “I. S. Turgenev died of cancer (myxosarcoma). The myxosarcoma initially appeared in the pubic region and was operated on by Dr. Segon in March 1883. The transfer of this suffering to the 3rd, 4th and 5th dorsal vertebrae produced complete destruction of the vertebral bodies and the formation of an abscess in front of the spinal cord membranes. This abscess communicated through a fistulous tract with one of the bronchi of the upper lobe of the right lung. This metastasis was the cause of death." Microscopic examination of the preparations was carried out by J. Latte.
4 September. A memorial service for Turgenev took place in Bougival. It was served by Archpriest Vasiliev with a clergyman, who came specially from Paris.
6 September. A memorial service for Turgenev took place in the Russian church in Paris on Daru Street. The ceremony lasted three hours. Literary and artistic celebrities took part in it: E. Renan, E. Ogier, J. Clarty, E. de Goncourt, G. Paris, the Viardot family, Rolston came from London, J. Massenet was there; from the Russians, artists A.P. Bogolyubov, V.V. Vereshchagin, Prince N.A. Orlov, A.A. Meshchersky, A.F. Onegin, G.N. Vyrubov came to bow to Turgenev; students, artists, visitors to the Turgenev Library.
October 1st. The coffin with Turgenev's body was transported to Severnaya station railway in Paris, where a “solemn temple” was built; They were allowed in with tickets. Paris said goodbye to Turgenev. Speakers E. Renan, E. Abu, G. N. Vyrubov, A. P. Bogolyubov and others spoke about Turgenev - an artist, a bearer of reconciliation and harmony. The funeral service seemed to fade into the background.
M.I. Venyukov, a famous traveler and geographer, wrote on this occasion: “The last “forgiveness” of Paris to Turgenev was, one might say, even more solemn, even more sincere than his funeral service in the Russian church three weeks ago.”
October 9. Turgenev was buried at the Volkov cemetery in St. Petersburg. The liturgy and requiem were served by His Eminence Sergius, Bishop of Ladoga, co-served by the archimandrites of the Volkovo Church. It was possible to get into the church only with tickets, since there were many people who wanted to. Almost all Russian newspapers and magazines wrote about this mourning event, counting the number of those present, delegations and wreaths.
Speeches at the grave of Turgenev, delivered by the rector of St. Petersburg University A. N. Beketov, professor of Moscow University S. A. Muromtsev, D. V. Grigorovich, A. N. Pleshcheev - a natural continuation funeral ceremony, but already a civil memorial service, which resulted in a “posthumous ovation.”

CONTEMPORARIES ABOUT TURGENEV
Guy de Maupassant called himself a student of Turgenev and admitted: “...This is not the place to analyze the work of this outstanding man, who will remain one of greatest geniuses Russian literature. Along with the poet Pushkin, whom he passionately admired, along with the poet Lermontov and the novelist Gogol, he will always be one of those to whom Russia should owe deep and eternal gratitude, for he left her people something immortal and invaluable - his art, unforgettable works, that precious and enduring glory, which is higher than any other glory!
Henry James - American writer, spoke of Turgenev: “He was the noblest, kindest, most charming person in the world; his heart was filled with love for justice, but it also contained everything from which the greats of this world are created.”
Alphonse Daudet: “I considered myself a friend of this man, I loved him very much. For many years, Turgenev was my favorite author, his books were amazing, which you read and re-read constantly. Since then, my preferences have changed, but my opinion remains the same.”
M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin: “In modern Russian fiction there is not a single writer (with the exception of a few peers of the deceased, who simultaneously entered the literary field), who did not have a teacher in Turgenev and for whom the works of this writer did not serve as a starting point. In modern Russian society there is hardly a single major phenomenon that Turgenev did not treat with amazing sensitivity, which he did not try to interpret...”
“Turgenev’s literary activity was of leading importance for our society, on a par with the activities of Nekrasov, Belinsky and Dobrolyubov. And no matter how remarkable his artistic talent is in itself, it is not in it that the secret of that deep sympathy and heartfelt affections that he managed to awaken to himself in all thinking Russian people lies, but in the fact that he reproduced life images were full of deep teachings."
W. Rolston wrote about Turgenev in his memoirs: “I knew him closely for almost fifteen years. I visited him in Baden, in Paris, in Bougival; I stayed for about ten days at his Russian estate... I met him more than once in England, in various cases and different places; and everywhere, at all times, I found him the same charming companion, the kindest and most modest of people.”
M. Stasyulevich: “He was never so beautiful during his lifetime, one might even say so majestic; the traces of suffering, which were still noticeable yesterday, on the second day disappeared completely, blossomed, and the face took on a deeply thoughtful look, with an imprint of extraordinary energy, which had never been visible even a shadow during life, the eternally good-natured face of the deceased, always ready to smile.” A monument to Turgenev and Viardot by sculptor Grigory Pototsky was unveiled in Moscow. Ceremony The opening of the monument took place on October 14, 2004 near the building of the Moscow state institute international relations. The monument was created for the 120th anniversary of the death of the great Russian writer I. S. Turgenev. The sculpture is a leaf of an ash tree, on one side of which is Turgenev, “growing” from books with a pen in his hand, on the other, Viardot, sitting among roses and playing the lyre. The sheet is pierced through in the place where the writer’s heart and the lyre are located in the singer’s hands.
Streets in many Russian cities, as well as libraries and drama theaters, are named after Turgenev.

The article is illustrated with engravings kindly provided by the Novosibirsk Museum of Funerary Culture