When did the Cro-Magnons live? Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons

Niramin - Aug 24th, 2016

Cro-Magnons inhabited the Earth in the Upper Paleolithic era (40-10 thousand years ago) and were direct ancestors modern people. The structure of their skull and hands, brain volume, and body proportions were similar to ours. The remains of these ancient people were first discovered in the second half of the 19th century in France, in the Cro-Magnon grotto, where the name “Cro-Magnon” came from.

The ancestors of modern people made a sharp leap in evolution and far surpassed their predecessors in development. They knew how to make complex tools: needles, scrapers, drills, spearheads, bows and arrows, using not only wood and stone, but also horns, bones and animal tusks. The Cro-Magnons knew how to sew clothes, make dishes from baked clay, and even created elaborate jewelry and figurines. They highly valued art, carved bones and decorated the walls and ceilings of their homes. rock art. Scientists never tire of being amazed at the technology, materials and craftsmanship of cave paintings.

The Cro-Magnon lifestyle was significantly different from other ancient people. The Cro-Magnons also lived primarily in caves, but they already knew how to build huts from animal bones and skins. The first domestic animal, the dog, appeared in this era. The Cro-Magnons had speech, which allowed them to build new social relationships.

Cro-Magnons in the parking lot.

Photo: Cro-Magnon (Cro-Magnon). Reconstruction of M.M. Gerasimova.


Cro-Magnon skull.

Video: Evolution: Cro-Magnons

One of the groups of fossil neoanthropes. Name comes from the Cro Magnon grotto in the dep. Dordogne (France), where several were discovered in 1868. skeletons of people of this type. Bone remains of K. have been known (since 1823) from the late Pleistocene of Europe.… … Biological encyclopedic dictionary

Modern encyclopedia

- (from the name of the Cro Magnon grotto Cro Magnon, in France), a generalized name for fossil people modern look(Neoanthropes) of the Late Paleolithic era. Known from bone remains discovered in all parts of the world. Appeared approx. 40 thousand years ago... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Cro-Magnons- (Cro Magnons), prehistoric. people of modern times species (Homo sapiens), inhabiting Europe ca. 35 10 thousand years ago. K. had a more massive physique than modern ones. human, but otherwise the same anatomically. x ki. Appeared in Europe approx. 35 thousand years ago, and... ... The World History

Cro-Magnons- (from the name of the Cro Magnon grotto, Cro Magnon, in France), the most common fossil of modern humans (neoanthropes) of the late Paleolithic era. Known from skeletal remains mainly from Europe. Appeared about 40 thousand years ago... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Cev; pl. (singular Cro-Magnon, Ntsa; m.). A general name for people of the Late Paleolithic era ● The name comes from the Cro-Magnon grotto in France, where skeletal bones of Cro-Magnons were found in 1868. ◁ Cro-Magnon, oh, oh. Second era, cave. * *… … encyclopedic Dictionary

A general name for people of the late Paleolithic era. The name comes from the Cro Magnon grotto in the Dordogne department (France), where in 1868 the French archaeologist and paleontologist L. Larte made discoveries of K. S... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Cro-Magnons- the term is ambiguous: 1) in the narrow sense, Cro-Magnons are people discovered in the Cro-Magnon grotto (France) and who lived about 30 thousand years ago; 2) in a broader sense, this is the entire population of Europe during the Upper Paleolithic from 40 to 10 thousand years ago; 3)… … Physical Anthropology. Illustrated explanatory dictionary.

- (after the name of the Cro Magnon cave in France, where the first finds of fossil remains were made) people modern type, who existed in Europe in the Upper Pleistocene and were sharply different from Neanderthals. New dictionary foreign words … Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

A general name for people of the Late Paleolithic era. Name comes from the Cro Magnon grotto in the dep. Dordogne (France), where the first discoveries by K. S. anthropologist were made in 1868. K.'s points of view relate to modern. human species (Homo... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia

Books

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• New Cro-Magnons. Memories of the future. Book 2, Yuri Berkov. If you have completed the first book, then you will read the second with even greater interest. In it you will find amazing life collisions of its heroes, exciting underwater adventures and a lot of...

Cro-Magnons are inhabitants of the Late Stone Age, who were similar in many of their features to our contemporaries. The remains of these people were first discovered in the Cro-Magnon grotto, located in France, which gave them their name. Many parameters - the structure of the skull and features of the hand, body proportions and even the size of the brain of Cro-Magnons are close to modern humans. Therefore, the opinion has taken root in science that they are our direct ancestors.

Appearance Features

Researchers believe that Cro-Magnon man lived about 30 thousand years ago, and it is interesting that for some time he coexisted with Neanderthal man, who later finally gave way to a more modern representative of primates. For about 6 thousand years, scientists believe, these two types of ancient people simultaneously inhabited Europe, in sharp conflict over food and other resources.

Despite the fact that Cro-Magnon appearance not much inferior to our contemporaries, muscle mass was more developed in him. This was due to the conditions in which this person lived - the physically weak were doomed to death.

What are the differences?

• The Cro-Magnon has a characteristic chin protuberance and a high forehead. The Neanderthal had a very small chin, and the brow ridges were characteristically pronounced.
• Cro-Magnon man had the volume of the brain cavity necessary for brain development, which was not the case in more ancient people.
• The elongated pharynx, flexibility of the tongue and the location of the oral and nasal cavities allowed Cro-Magnon man to receive the gift of speech. Neanderthal man, as researchers believe, could make several consonant sounds; his speech apparatus allowed him to do this, but he did not have speech in the traditional sense.

Unlike the Neanderthal, the Cro-Magnon man had a less massive build, a high skull without a sloping chin, a wide face and narrower eye sockets than those of modern humans.

The table shows some features of Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons, their differences from modern man.

As can be seen from the table, the Cro-Magnon man, in terms of structural features, is much closer to our contemporaries than to Neanderthal man. Anthropological finds indicate that they could interbreed.

Geography of distribution

The remains of Cro-Magnon-type humans are found in various parts of the world. Skeletons and bones were discovered in many European countries: the Czech Republic, Romania, Great Britain, Serbia, Russia, as well as in Africa.

Lifestyle

Researchers were able to recreate a model of the Cro-Magnon lifestyle. Thus, it has been proven that it was they who created the first settlements in human history, in which they lived in fairly large communities, including from 20 to 100 members. It was these people who learned to communicate with each other and possessed primitive speech skills. The Cro-Magnon lifestyle meant doing business together. Thanks largely to this, they were able to achieve impressive success in the hunting-gathering economy. Yes, hunting in large groups, together, allowed these people to obtain large animals as prey: mammoths, aurochs. Such achievements were, of course, beyond the capabilities of one hunter, even the most experienced.

In short, the Cro-Magnon lifestyle largely continued the traditions of Neanderthal people. They also hunted, used the skins of killed animals to make primitive clothing, and lived in caves. But independent buildings made of stones or tents made of skins could also be used as a dwelling. Sometimes they dug original dugouts to provide shelter from bad weather. In the matter of housing, Cro-Magnon man managed to make a small innovation - nomadic hunters began to build light, dismountable huts that could easily be erected during a stop and assembled.

Community life

The structural features and lifestyle of the Cro-Magnon man make him in many ways similar to a modern person. So, in the communities of these ancient people there was a division of labor. The men hunted and killed wild animals together. Women also took part in food preparation: they collected berries, seeds and nutritious roots. The fact that jewelry is found in the graves of children indicates that the parents had warm feelings for their descendants, grieved over the early loss, and tried to at least take care of the child posthumously. Due to the increased life expectancy, Cro-Magnon man was able to pass on his knowledge and experience to the next generation, be more attentive to raising children. Therefore, child mortality has also decreased.

Some burials differ from others in their rich decorations and abundance of utensils. Researchers believe that noble members of the community, respected for some merit, are buried here.

Tools of labor and hunting

The invention of the harpoon is the merit of the Cro-Magnon man. The lifestyle of this ancient man changed after the appearance of such weapons. Affordable, effective fishing provided adequate food in the form of sea and river inhabitants. This one ancient man began to make snares for birds, something his predecessors had not yet been able to do.

When hunting, ancient man learned to use not only strength, but also ingenuity, constructing traps for animals many times larger than himself. Therefore, obtaining food for an entire community required much less effort than in the days of their predecessors. The corralling of herds of wild animals and mass round-ups of them were popular. Ancient people mastered the science of collective hunting: they frightened large mammals, forcing them to flee to those areas where it was easiest to kill prey.

Cro-Magnon man managed to step up the ladder of evolutionary development much higher than his predecessor, the Neanderthal. He began to use more advanced tools, which allowed him to gain advantages in hunting. So, with the help of spear throwers, this ancient man was able to increase the distance traveled by the spear. Therefore, hunting has become safer, and prey has become more abundant. Long spears were also used as weapons. Tools became more complex, needles, drills, scrapers appeared, for which ancient man learned to use everything that came to hand: stones and bones, horns and tusks.

A distinctive feature of Cro-Magnon tools and weapons is narrower specialization, careful workmanship, and the use of a variety of materials in production. Some products are decorated with carved ornaments, indicating that ancient people were not alien to their unique understanding of beauty.

Food

The basis of the Cro-Magnon diet was the meat of animals killed in hunts, primarily mammals. At the time when these ancient people lived, horses, goats, deer and aurochs, bison and antelope were common, and they served as the main source of food. Having learned to fish with harpoons, people began to eat salmon, which in abundance rose through the shallow water to spawn. Of the birds, according to anthropologists, ancient inhabitants could catch partridges - these birds fly low and could well have become the victim of a well-thrown spear. However, there is a hypothesis that they were also able to catch waterfowl. According to scientists, the Cro-Magnons stored meat reserves in glaciers, the low temperature of which did not allow the product to spoil.

Plant foods were also used by the Cro-Magnons: they ate berries, roots and bulbs, and seeds. In warm latitudes, women mined shellfish.

Art

The Cro-Magnon man also became famous for the fact that he began to create objects of art. These people painted colorful images of animals on the walls of caves and carved anthropomorphic figures from ivory and deer antlers. It is believed that by painting silhouettes of animals on the walls, ancient hunters wanted to attract prey. Researchers believe that it was during this period that the first music and the earliest musical instrument- stone pipe.

Funeral rituals

The fact that the Cro-Magnon lifestyle has become more complex compared to his ancestors is also evidenced by changes in funeral traditions. Thus, burials often contain an abundance of jewelry (bracelets, beads and necklaces), which indicate that the deceased was rich and noble. Attention to funeral rituals and covering the bodies of the dead with red paint allowed researchers to conclude that the inhabitants of the ancient Stone Age had some rudiments of beliefs about the soul and the afterlife. Household items and food were also placed in the graves.

Achievements

Cro-Magnon lifestyle in harsh conditions ice age caused these people to take tailoring more seriously. Based on the finds - rock paintings and remains of bone needles - the researchers concluded that the inhabitants of the Late Stone Age knew how to sew primitive items of clothing. They wore jackets with hoods, pants, even mittens and shoes. Clothes were often decorated with beads, which researchers believe was a sign of honor and respect among other members of the community. It was these people who learned to make the first dishes using baked clay. Scientists believe that during the time of the Cro-Magnons, the first animal was domesticated - the dog.

The era of the Cro-Magnons is separated from us by a thousand years, so we can only guess how exactly they lived, what they used for food and what kind of order reigned in the settlements. Therefore, many controversial and ambiguous hypotheses arise, which have not yet found serious scientific evidence.

• The discovery of a Neanderthal child's jaw, mutilated by a stone tool, led researchers to think that Cro-Magnons could have eaten Neanderthals.
• It was Cro-Magnon man who caused the extinction of the Neanderthals: a more developed species displaced the latter into territories with an arid climate, where there was practically no prey, dooming them to death.

The structural features of the Cro-Magnon man in many ways bring him closer to the modern type of man. Thanks to developed brain, these ancient people were new round evolution, their achievements both in practical and in spiritual sense truly great.

Cro-Magnons are the common name for the ancestors of people who existed 40-10 thousand years ago (). Cro-Magnons are a sharp leap in the development of human evolution, which became decisive not only in the survival of the human race, but also in the formation of Homo sapiens.

Cro-Magnons appeared much later, about 40-50 thousand years ago. According to some estimates, the earliest Cro-Magnons could have existed more than 100 thousand years ago. Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons are species of the genus Homo.

Neanderthals supposedly evolved from humans, who in turn were a species of Homo erectus (), and were not the ancestors of humans. Cro-Magnons descended from Homo erectus and are the direct ancestors of modern humans. The name "Cro-Magnon" refers to the discovery of several human skeletons with Late Paleolithic tools in the rock grotto of Cro-Magnon, France. Later, the remains of Cro-Magnons and their cultures were found in many parts of the world - in Great Britain, the Czech Republic, Serbia, Romania, and Russia.

Scientists suggest different versions the appearance and spread of Cro-Magnons - the ancestors of people. Judging by one version, the first representatives of the ancestors of people with the Cro-Magnon type of development (a species of Homo erectus) appeared in East Africa 130-180 thousand years ago. About 50-60 thousand years ago, Cro-Magnons began to migrate from Africa to Eurasia. Initially, one group settled on the coast of the Indian Ocean, and the second settled in the steppes Central Asia. A little later, migration began to Europe, which was settled by Cro-Magnons about 20 thousand years ago. There are also other versions about the spread of Cro-Magnons.

Cro-Magnons had a huge advantage over the Neanderthals that existed at the same time in Europe. Although Neanderthals were more adapted to northern conditions, were more powerful and stronger, they could not resist the Cro-Magnons. The direct ancestors of people were carriers of such high culture for that time, the Neanderthals were clearly inferior to them in development, although, according to some studies, the Neanderthal brain was larger, he knew how to create tools for labor and hunting, used fire, created clothes and homes, knew how to make jewelry, had speech, and so on. By that time, the Cro-Magnon man had already made quite complex jewelry from stone, horn and bone, as well as cave drawings. The Cro-Magnons were the first to come up with human settlements and lived in communities ( tribal communities), which included up to 100 people. Cro-Magnons used caves, tents made of animal skins, dugouts, and houses made of stone slabs as dwellings in different parts of the world. The Cro-Magnons created clothing from skins and made more modern tools for labor and hunting than their ancestors and Neanderthals. Cro-Magnons also domesticated the dog for the first time.

As researchers suggest, migrating Cro-Magnons who arrived in Europe met here with Neanderthals, who long before them had already mastered the best territories, populated the most convenient caves, and settled in advantageous areas near rivers or in places where there was a lot of prey. Probably, in 1960, the Cro-Magnons, who had a higher development, simply exterminated the Neanderthals. Archaeologists find bones of Neanderthals at Cro-Magnon sites that have obvious traces of eating them, that is, Neanderthals were not only exterminated, but also eaten. There is also a version that only part of the Neanderthals were destroyed, the rest were able to assimilate with the Cro-Magnons.

Finds of Cro-Magnons clearly indicate the existence of religious ideas. The beginnings of religion are also observed among Neanderthals, but many scientists express great doubts about this. Among the Cro-Magnons, cult rituals can be traced very clearly. The ancestors of people tens of thousands of years ago carried out complex funeral rites, buried their relatives in a bent position in a fetal position (belief in the transmigration of the soul, rebirth), decorated the dead with various products, placed household items and food in the grave (belief in afterlife soul, in which she will need the same things as during earthly life - plates, food, weapons, etc.).

1. General information

3. Reconstructions and drawings

4. Culture

5. Related to Neanderthals

6. Settlement of Europe

8. Notes

9. Literature

1. General information

Cro-Magnons, early representatives of modern humans in Europe and partly beyond its borders, who lived 40-10 thousand years ago (Upper Paleolithic period). In appearance and physical development practically no different from modern man. The name comes from the Cro-Magnon grotto in France, where several human skeletons were discovered along with Late Paleolithic tools in 1868.

Cro-Magnons began to be distinguished by a large active brain, thanks to it and practical technologies, an unprecedented step forward was made in a relatively short period of time. This manifested itself in aesthetics, the development of communication and symbol systems, tool-making technology and active adaptation to external conditions, as well as in new forms of social organization and more complex social interactions.

The most important fossil finds: in Africa - Cape Flats, Fish Hoek, Nazlet Khater; in Europe - Combe Capelle, Mladech, Cro-Magnon, in Russia - Sungir, in Ukraine - Mezhirech.

1.1 The time and place of appearance of Homo sapiens has been revised

2. Physique features of Cro-Magnons

2.1 Comparison with Neanderthal man

Physique of a Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon man

The Cro-Magnon physique was less massive than that of the Neanderthals. They were tall (height up to 180-190 cm) and had elongated “tropical” (that is, characteristic of modern tropical human populations) body proportions.

Their skull, compared to the skull of Neanderthals, had a higher and rounded arch, a straight and smoother forehead, and a protruding chin (Neanderthal people had a sloping chin). People of the Cro-Magnon type were distinguished by a low, wide face, angular eye sockets, a narrow, strongly protruding nose and a large brain (1400-1900 cm3, i.e. larger than that of the average modern European).

2.2 Comparison with modern man

From an evolutionary point of view, in terms of morphological structure and complexity of behavior, these people differ little from us, although anthropologists still note a number of differences in the massiveness of the skeletal and skull bones, the shape of individual skeletal bones, etc.

Cro-Magnon skull

3. Reconstructions and drawings

Reconstruction of a Cro-Magnon woman

4. Culture

They lived in communities of up to 100 people and created settlements for the first time in history. The Cro-Magnons, like the Neanderthals, lived in caves, tents made of skins, Eastern Europe There are also dugouts. They had articulate speech, built houses, dressed in clothes made from skins,

The Cro-Magnons also significantly improved their methods of hunting (driven hunting), hunting reindeer and red deer, mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, cave bears, wolves and other animals. They made spear throwers (a spear could fly 137 m), as well as devices for catching fish (harpoons, hooks), and bird snares.

The Cro-Magnons were the creators of remarkable European primitive art, as evidenced by multicolor paintings on the walls and ceilings of caves (Chauvet, Altamira, Lascaux, Montespan, etc.), engravings on pieces of stone or bone, ornaments, small stone and clay sculptures. Magnificent images of horses, deer, bison, mammoths, female figurines, called “Venuses” by archaeologists for their splendor of forms, various objects carved from bone, horns and tusks or sculpted from clay, undoubtedly testify to the highly developed sense of beauty among the Cro-Magnons.

The Cro-Magnons had funeral rites. Household items, food, and jewelry were placed in the grave. The dead were sprinkled with blood-red ochre, they put nets on their hair, bracelets on their hands, flat stones were placed on their faces, and they were buried in a bent position (the knees touched the chin).

5. Related to Neanderthals

Modern results of genetics and statistics leave scientists with no choice but to admit. At the same time, there was no crossing of Neanderthals with the ancient African population.

Scientists are considering possible scenarios for meetings between Neanderthals and sapiens, as a result of which the genome of the Eurasian population was enriched.

6. Settlement of Europe

Markov. Origin and evolution of man. Paleoanthropology, genetics, evolutionary psychology.

About 45 thousand years ago, the first representatives of Cro-Magnons appeared in Europe, the patrimony of the Neanderthals. And the 6 thousand years of coexistence in Europe of the two species was a period of intense competition for food and other resources.

Archaeological evidence has emerged of the hypothesis that there were direct clashes between sapiens. In the Les Rois cave in southwestern France, among many typical Cro-Magnon (Aurignacian) artifacts, the lower jaw of a Neanderthal child was found with scratches from stone tools. It is likely that the sapiens simply ate the young Neanderthal, using stone tools to scrape meat from the bones (see: F. V. Ramirez Rozzi et al. Cutmarked human remains bearing Neandertal features and modern human remains associated with the Aurignacian at Les Rois, PDF, 1, 27 MB // Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 2009, V. 87, pp. 153–185).

Employees National Center scientific research in Paris, under the leadership of Fernando Rozzi, after analyzing finds at Cro-Magnon sites, they discovered gnawed bones of Neanderthals with traces of teeth, characteristic scratches and breaks on the bones. There is also evidence that Homo sapiens made necklaces from the teeth of Neanderthals. And in the Cro-Magnon burial complex of Sungir (200 km from Moscow) a Neanderthal tibia with cut-off joints was found, the cavity of which contained ocher powder; thus the bone was used as a box.

In Spain, the situation with the “Ebro border” is known: at almost the same time, Cro-Magnons lived on the northern bank of the Ebro River, and Neanderthals lived on the southern bank in very poor conditions (there were dry, arid steppes).

The modern vision of the problem of the disappearance of Neanderthals in Europe looks like this: where they could have survived for quite a long time - right up to the end of the Ice Age.

7. The emergence and development of speech. Linguistics

Chernigovskaya Tatyana Vladimirovna; Doctor of Biological and Philological Sciences, Professor of St. Petersburg State University: “In modern science, which deals with language issues, exist.

The first is that human language is the heir to the intellectual potential of previous species. This is the position taken by psychologists in a broad sense.”

Second.“Linguists of a certain direction, namely, those who come from N. Chomsky, generativists, and those who join them, they claim a completely different thing, they say that language is a separate module in the brain, that it is a completely separate ability , not part of general cognitive capabilities. A person became a person when a certain mutation occurred, which led to the formation of, as they say, a Language Acquisition Device, a Speech Organ, in the brain. That is, a language organ that only knows how to do that develop some algorithms, that is, write itself, let’s say, a virtual textbook or something of this language, into which a given person was born. But if, they argue, there was no such special “device” in the brain that can perform such procedures, then a person simply could not master such the most complex system which is language." Naturally, a significant part of linguists in this direction are passionate about the search for a protolanguage.

More details:

The latest research is the necessary links that have made it possible, using a systematic multidisciplinary approach, to specifically study and investigate the processes of the emergence and development of human speech, namely the processes of formation.

Interaction and some confrontation between Cro-Magnons and Neanderthals contributed to the development of speech-interconnection.

Thus, military arts and technologies led to the expansion of contacts, both between groups and within groups. It is here that the factors that contribute to the development of speech in humans are widely manifested.

Objectively.

Reconnaissance, contacts with foreigners, preparation, discussion and implementation of military actions maximally contributed to the emergence and development of speech, and these actions become fully possible only by distracting from the current situation. Thus, an essential feature of the formation is that for the first time the fundamental possibility of carrying out military operations appears.

The main feature of the processing of verbal information corresponding to the fourth level of perception of the SMS is that the individual’s speech begins to develop in the process of verbal communication, abstracted from the specific situation. In this case, speech takes on a special meaning - receiving and exchanging new information. As a result of the exchange of new information, speech reflects not only what the individual already knows from his own experience, but also reveals what he does not yet know, which introduces him into wide circle new facts and events for him. Now for the individual, new sets of neuronal subsystems allow for an increasingly objective assessment environment and the results of its activities based on the RSN information system and SMS subsystems. These systems represent specifically human formations that are.

The fourth level of the SMC already opens up the possibility of fully realizing the confrontation (confrontation) between sapiens and Neanderthals.

The appearance of wonderful multi-color paintings on the walls and ceilings of caves testifies to individual and social values. This gives rise to the possibility of identifying the date corresponding to the formation of the next fifth level of perception (LP) - the SMP subsystems.

Considering we can say that the speech of the primitive artists who painted the cave

(today this is the earliest painting on Earth - about 36 thousand years old), corresponds to the stage of development of a child’s speech, which begins at 3.5 years and continues until 4.5 years.

The appearance of the bow as a hand weapon for throwing arrows makes it possible to identify later dates associated with the processing of linguistic information corresponding to the subsequent stage of child speech development from 4.5 years to 6–7 years.

In conclusion, it is necessary to quote the quotation with which I ended my report “Biological prerequisites for human speech” Zorina Z. A., Ph.D. Sc., prof., head. laboratory of Moscow State University. This report was presented at a seminar on current issues in neurobiology, neuroinformatics and cognitive research:
"There is no gap between verbal and the rest of human behavior or the behavior of other animals
- there is no barrier to be broken, no chasm to bridge, only unknown territory to be explored." R. Gardner et al., 1989, p. XVII.At this stage, the specific human mind and speech begin to develop .

9. Literature

Koshelev, Chernigovskaya 2008 – Koshelev A.D., Chernigovskaya T.V. (ed.) Reasonable behavior and language. Vol. 1. Animal communication systems and human language. The problem of the origin of language. M.: Languages Slavic cultures, 2008.

Zorina Z. A., “Biological prerequisites for human speech” - Regular seminars on current issues of neurobiology, neuroinformatics and cognitive research, 2012, Neuroscience.ru - Modern neuroscience.

Markov 2009 - Markov A.V. The origin and evolution of man Review of the achievements of paleoanthropology, comparative genetics and evolutionary psychology Report read at the Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences on March 19, 2009

Markov A.V. “The Birth of Complexity. Evolutionary biology today. Unexpected discoveries and new questions.” M.: Corpus, Astrel, 2010.

Markov A.V. “Human evolution. 1. Monkeys, bones and genes.”, Dynasty, 2011

Markov A.V. “Human evolution. 2. Monkeys, neurons and the soul.”, Dynasty, 2011

Chernigovskaya 2008 – Chernigovskaya T.V. From communication signals to human language and thinking: evolution or revolution? // Russian physiological journal named after. I.M.Sechenova, 2008, 94, 9, 1017-1028.

Chernigovskaya 2009 – Chernigovskaya T.V. Brain and language: innate modules or learning network? // Brain. Fundamental and applied problems. Based on the session materials General meeting Russian Academy Sciences December 15–16, 2009. Ed. ak. A.I. Grigorieva. M.: Science. 2009.

Chomsky et al. 2002 – Hauser, M. D., Chomsky, N., & Fitch, W. T. (2002). The faculty of language: What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve? Science, 298, 1569-1579.

Popular science books

Eduard Storch - "Mammoth Hunters". A book with links to real archaeological sources

B. Bayer, W. Birstein and others. History of mankind 2002 ISBN 5-17-012785-5

* Documentary about the Chauvet Cave: “Cave of Forgotten Dreams” 2012 *

Publication date: 9.09. 2016 02:30

PS

Just a joke

The son of a learned linguist, looking up from a textbook where it is stated: they say that language is a separate module in the brain - a virtual, or something, textbook of a given language into which a given person is born,” asks his father:
- My little brother babbles and babbles, but nothing is clear. Was he not born Russian?