Materials of scientific and practical conferences on the Russian language. Host - Natasha Stotskaya

TEACHER'S INTRODUCTION:

Today we are holding a conference dedicated to the native language "RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IS OUR WEALTH, PROTECT IT"

At the conference, we will try to identify problems related to people's attitudes towards the Russian language.

Russian is the language of international communication. In many countries it is studied and spoken.

SPEECH STOTSKAYA NATALIA "Russian language"

VITYA: Our speech is the most amazing and beautiful of all created by man.

NATASHA: Without it, a full life is impossible. Thanks to her majesty of speech, science and technology, literature and art were developed.

MASHA: The value of language cannot be overestimated, because it is the word that helps us understand and love each other.

STAS: It has long been proven that the Russian language is one of the richest languages ​​in the world.

VITYA: But that's why it's hard to get hold of it.

NATASHA: In order for our speech to become correct and beautiful, you need to know, understand and feel a lot.

MASHA: You are right, but how to understand all this? After all, we schoolchildren do not like "brakes and rules"

STAS: But without brakes and rules it is impossible to live in the world. Any motorist, pilot, doctor, lawyer, builder can witness this. Rules and law are what helps to build a bridge and a computer, what rules the world! How to do without rules?

VITYA: Today we will talk about some rules of our speech.

NATASHA:"Russian language" is one of the richest languages ​​in the world.

Many poets and thinkers, scientists and artists noted the brightness, richness, expressiveness and flexibility of the Russian language.

STATEMENTS ABOUT THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE (poems, proverbs, sayings)

MASHA: A person's speech is his calling card.

People who do not know the lexical norms of the language are often encountered. They even write humorous poems about them.

My uncle found out for forty years

And yet I couldn't figure out

How to say more correctly: cottage cheese,

Or maybe more correctly - cottage cheese?

And somehow he is in a dairy shop

I saw him on the counter.

The face blossomed like a rose.

He decided to buy a pound.

But immediately, looking at the counter,

Again my uncle thought:

“After all, he is probably not expensive,

It will go into a cheesecake and into a pie ...

And how to ask: “How much cottage cheese?

Or maybe more correctly - cottage cheese?

I was able to solve this problem

My uncle, just reaching the cash register,

Saying: "I ask you to receive

For half a kilo of curd mass!

The cashier didn't know much

In pronouns, in case

And so she said: “No more!

It's already sold out!"
STAS: Often in their notebooks, the guys make the most ridiculous mistakes.

Excerpts from the written work of children:

"The frying pan was fried and splattered"

“Pigs eat compound feed, potatoes and human remains”

"The old woman was proud and impregnable, like a tanker"

“The apron on the boy was dirty because he had nothing to eat”
VITYA: Yes, we must watch our speech, otherwise we will just look ridiculous and achieve nothing good in life. Such as, famous character I. Ilf "The Twelve Chairs" Ellochka, nicknamed the Cannibal.
Reader: Shakespeare's dictionary, according to researchers, is twelve thousand words, but Ellochka the Cannibal (Shchukina) managed thirty.

Scene.

Ellochka: The gloomy husband has come

Husband: Hello Elena, where are these chairs from?

Ellochka: Ho-ho!

Husband: No, really?

Ellochka: Beauty!

Husband: Yes, the chairs are good!

Ellochka: Famous!

Husband: Did someone give?

Ellochka: Wow?

Husband: How? Have you bought it! For what funds? Is it for business? After all, I've told you a thousand times!

Ellochka: Humish, boy!

Husband: What are we going to live on? After all, we have nothing to eat!

Ellochka: Ha-ha!

Husband: It's outrageous! You live beyond your means

Ellochka: Don't teach me how to live!

Husband: No, let's talk seriously. I get two hundred rubles ...

Ellochka: Darkness!

Husband: I don't take bribes...

Ellochka: Horror!

Husband: Here's the thing, you can't live like that!

Ellochka: Ho-ho!

Husband: I'm leaving you!

Ellochka: Humish, boy!

Husband: Where did you get this idiotic jargon from?

Ellochka: Don't teach me how to live!
MARINA: Yes, it is very easy to become a savage nowadays. You just need to stop working on your speech.

1 student: (Timofeeva KRESTINA)

Somehow a citizen sees

That the barn is on fire

He calls on "01"

Promptly says:

"I don't know how to start...

But, as they say,

I'm calling you, so to speak

In general, it means that

Here is the thing…”

You can put down the phone

Everything has burned down

2 student: (BENKANOV SEREZHA)

The cat impudently climbed onto the table,

Reaches for the cutlet.

Here the owner came

And the cat noticed:

“You, Vasily, are not the one.

You know, come on!

Not for you for one -

Will. So guests.

Basically, I wanted to say

I won't endure!"

The cat has eaten a cutlet for a long time,

Got the sour cream...
MARINA: It's time to talk about the purity of our speech.

Konstantin Paustovsky said “I did not think to what cold indifference to my country, to my people, to what ignorance and disregard for the history of Russia, its present and future, one can reach in order to replace the living and bright Russian language with linguistic garbage”

VITYA: Yes, now many young people cannot pronounce phrases without a rude, obscene word, thinking that this decorates his speech.

NATASHA: Foul language is a disease that people are infected with one from another, if one person starts to be rude, then in response others begin to be rude to him.

MASHA: A well-mannered person will always pick up words to defend his point of view without obscene words.

Conference Resolution

The Russian language is the language of a mature, original people, which has gone through a long and difficult path in its development, and has become an international language. Let's take care of our native Russian language! Let's fight against the manifestations of dirty, unworthy expressions that offend our human dignity! Remember that taking care of the purity of the language will certainly lead our country to prosperity!
1 LEADER - VITYA IVANOV

2 LEADER - NATASHA STOTSKAYA

3 LEADING - MASHA FEDEROVA

4 HOST - STAS KALININ

READER - MARINA BUTOLINA

ELLOCHKA - OLIA MEDVEDEV

HUSBAND - ARTEM KONYUKHOV

Zueva Agnia

This work represents theoretical information about the origin of Russian surnames, about the meaning of the family suffix; practical material(about the origin of the surnames of the students of the class and their own).

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Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Secondary school No. 92"

Secrets of Russian surnames ...

Completed by: Zueva Agnia,

5b grade student

Scientific adviser:

Prituzhalova Natalya Mikhailovna,

Teacher of Russian language

Novokuznetsk, 2015

1. Introduction

Who was your great-grandfather in Rus',
Ask for your last name!
S. Mikhalkov

Today it is impossible to imagine our life without a surname. This is ours family name. However, not everyone thinks about the fact that even before mid-nineteenth century, the surname was rather an exception to the rule. Today it sounds like nonsense. Meanwhile, the mass "production" and "appropriation" of surnames began after the fall of serfdom in 1861. Then the peasants ceased to belong to anyone, became independent, and nicknames like “Mikola, the Great Bast Shoes” ceased to be quoted. It was then that the need arose to give them names.

Each of us from the very early childhood often asks questions: "What does my last name mean? Where did it come from?" It turns out that the science of anthroponymy, which studies personal names, patronymics and surnames, helps us answer this question.
A surname (from lat. family) is the hereditary name of a family, a family name, but not many people know where it came from. The surname often hides the mysteries of the family tree. This living history, which brings to us a lot of forgotten, unrecorded words and many forms lost by living speech.

Having become acquainted with the material on the origin of Russian surnames, I decided to conduct my own research, the subject of which would be the surnames of my classmates, students of the 5b grade of our school.

The relevance of research

Surnames occupy a significant place in the vocabulary of any language. A person has a first name, last name, may have a nickname, a pseudonym that play important role in revealing the linguistic picture of the world. In addition, now many have become interested in their ancestors, to make a family (genealogical) tree. After all, it is so important for everyone to feel themselves not as a separate person, whose age is short, but as part of a whole family, a link in the chain of generations.

Goal of the work : to reveal the essence of the origin and formation of Russian surnames.
I have put the following tasks :
1) study the literature on this issue;
2) describe the history of the issue of the origin of Russian surnames;
3) identify the features of the origin of Russian surnames;
4) determine the ways of origin of Russian surnames;
5) analyze the features of the origin and meaning of the names of the students of our class.

Object of study: anthroponymy.

Subject of study:Russian surnames (including students of grade 5b MBOU "Secondary School No. 92"), their origin and meaning.

Hypothesis: the history of surnames is closely connected with the history of the people and their language, most Russian surnames are formed from proper names, nicknames, place of residence, professions.

II. Main part

Chapter 1. Background (the problem of the origin of Russian surnames) . The surname according to Dahl's explanatory dictionary means family, clan, generation and offspring. But that's not all! Each surname is the whole world contained in one word. Economic activity and the spiritual life of our ancestors, their environment, geographical names, names of professions, tools, relationships between people - everything is reflected in the foundations of Russian surnames. Many words that have already left the language continue their "life" in our family names.

So the surname is the hereditary name of the family, and not rarely its living history. The history of surnames goes back centuries, studying it, you become closer to your origins, think about the distant ancestors who walked this earth. Once upon a time, your surname went from their baptismal name or nickname, and now your parents and numerous relatives already bear it.

At first, in Rus' there were only names, such as Agap, Zakhar, Nenasha. The function of "surnames" was performed by nicknames and patronymics. Mandatory surnames were introduced by law only in the 16th century, first for princes and boyars, then for nobles and eminent merchants. Naturally, at first the surnames appeared among the nobility, who owned the lands. They were called by the name of their lot. It is interesting that the emergence of the surname began to be associated with the moment when the prince, having lost his inheritance, nevertheless retained his name as a nickname for himself and his descendants (Tverskoy, Vyazemsky). Some of the surnames came from nicknames: Zubatye, Lykovy. Subsequently, they met double surnames, which were based on both the name of the principality and the nickname, for example, Lobanov-Rostovsky.

Among the merchants, only the richest and most influential were honored with surnames. In the 15th-16th centuries there were few of these and, mainly, of Northern Russian origin. For example, the famous Stroganovs. Among the surnames of the merchants, there were many that reflected the "professional specialization" of their bearers. For example, the surname Rybnikov, formed from the word rybnik, that is, "fishmonger".

Among the peasantry, real surnames first began to be used from the 16th-18th centuries, but they finally took hold only after the abolition of serfdom in the 19th century.

And, nevertheless, this does not mean that before the abolition of serfdom in Russia there were no surnames at all. If you drop into the depths of history, it becomes clear that there were surnames before. For example, peasants northern Russia, the former Novgorod possessions could have real surnames even during the time of serfdom, since it did not apply to those areas. A native of these, for example, was a Russiangenius , who reached unprecedented heights - Mikhailo Lomonosov. By the way, Novgorod was a progressive city in many respects. It is a fact that the citizens of Veliky Novgorod and its vast possessions were the first to acquire surnames in the Russian lands.

Chapter 2. Features of the origin of Russian surnames .
A study of the history of surnames suggests that some of the first surnames were with clearly non-Russian roots. At the end of the 15th century, the first surnames of foreign origin appeared among the Russian nobles: Filosovs (they were worn by Greek and Lithuanian-Polish immigrants), Yusupovs, Akhmatovs (they migrated to Russian thanks to the descendants of the Tatars). By the way, the notorious Karamzin had such a surname (derived from Kara-Murza). In the future, surnames were added to the family fund of Russia western origin(Fonvizins, Lermontovs).
Surnames were "born" from the names settlements where former serfs lived. However, in most cases, the surnames were formed from the street nicknames of the peasants (Vereshchagins, from Vereshchaga, so the peasant could be called for his addiction to chatter - “squealing”) or from patronymics (Grigoriev, Mikhailov), they were also given by occupation (Kuznetsov). The history of work and life left a trace in the surnames, the lexical bases of which meant social relations(Batrakov), items of clothing (Laptev), food (Sbitnev), customs and rituals (Ryazhennykh). Many surnames are associated with amulets designed to deceive " evil spirit", not to scold, but to protect their owners: Nekrasov (from the non-church name Nekras), Scoundrels, Fools. Fully surnames took root only by the 30s of the XX century.

Most scientists agree that most of the Russian surnames by origin can be divided into the following groups:
1. Surnames formed from canonical and various folk forms baptismal Christian names.
2. Surnames that have preserved worldly names in their basis.

3. Surnames formed from professional nicknames of ancestors, telling which of them did what. Hence the Goncharovs, Ovsyannikovs.

Nicknames were given to people by their relatives, neighbors, class and social environment. Moreover, the nicknames, as a rule, reflected some character traits that belong to this person, and not to another. Having been fixed in surnames, these traits and features of our distant ancestors have survived to this day.
4. Surnames formed from the name of the area where one of the ancestors came from (the basis of such surnames was various geographical names - cities, villages, villages, rivers, lakes, etc.): Meshcheryakov, Novgorodtsev, Moskvitinov, etc.
5. Surnames belonging to the Orthodox clergy: Apollonov, Gilyarovsky, Troitsky, Rozhdestvensky.

The clergy began to receive surnames en masse only in late XVIII- the first half of the 19th century. We meet with "church" surnames quite often, often without suspecting it. Often surnames were given to priests according to the names of those churches in which they served: deacon Ivan, who served in the Trinity Church, could receive the surname Trinity. Some clergy acquired surnames upon graduation from the seminary: Athensky, Dobromyslov, Reformatsky. Most of the surnames of priests ended in -sky, in imitation of Ukrainian and Belarusian surnames.
When in 1861 Russia fell serfdom The government faced a major challenge. It was necessary to give surnames to former serfs, who, as a rule, did not have them before. So the period of the final "naming" of the country's population can be considered the second half of XIX century. Some peasants were given the full or changed surname of their former owner, the landowner - this is how entire villages of the Polivanovs, Gagarins, Vorontsovs, Lvovkins appeared. Others in the document wrote down the "street" surname, which a different family could have more than one. In the third, the patronymic was turned into a surname. This whole process was very complicated, often people continued to do without surnames for a long time.

Chapter 3 , or family suffix.

Most Russian surnames come from the temporary surname of the father, that is, the name of the grandfather, thus fixing the hereditary name in the third generation. Therefore, Russian surnames often have suffixes -ov / -ev, -in, from the answer to the question “whose?”. It's easier began to denote families of the same root.

In general, the suffix plays a dominant role in the formation of surnames (in particular, Russian ones). Let's consider some of them.
-ov - Russian family suffix denoting patronymic or affiliation, added to names, nicknames, foreign surnames ending in -o, -oh or a solid consonant (Ass worker > Popov; Akopyan > Akopov; Smirny son > Smirnov).
-ev, -ev - Russian family suffix denoting patronymic or affiliation, added to names, nicknames, foreign surnames ending in -ъ or a soft consonant, for example, -h or -th (Korenya (Kornya) son> Korenev; Lunya son > Lunev; Kulich's son > Kulichev; Yuri's son > Yuriev).
-ovich, -evich - Belarusian, less often Russian family model from patronymics formed from names, nicknames (Petra son > Petrovich; Lebed's son > Lebedevich).
-ovets, -evets, -inets - Slavic family models formed from toponyms ( geographical names) ending in -ov, -ovo, -ev, -evo, -in, -ino (Ivanovo > Ivanovets; Pavlyshino village > Pavlyshinets).
-tsev - Russian family model formed from toponyms (g. Lebedin > Lebedintsev, Lebedinets; Rostov > Rostovtsev); from nicknames formed from toponyms with the addition of the Russian family suffix -ev (resident of the village of Ramsay > Ramzayets > Ramzaytsev); from the names of the landowners (Petin kholop > Petintsev).
-shin, -kshin - Russian family models formed from diminutive forms of names, nicknames ending in -sha (Lukshi, that is, Luke's son > Lukshin). Characteristic for the northwestern regions of Russia, Pskov and Novgorod dialects.

Shchin, -shchev - Russian family model, formed from diminutive old, and now magnifying forms of names, nicknames, which, as a rule, were preferred by clergymen (Pop Semenishche > Semenishchev).
-itin - Russian family model, characteristic of the Muscovite state of the XV-XVI centuries, formed from the names of cities, and some other toponyms (Kostroma > Kostromitin); less often a frozen nickname formed from toponyms with an emphasis on the last syllable (living in Moscow, near it > Moskvitin).
-itinov - a family model formed from nicknames ending in -itin, characteristic of the Muscovite state of the 15th-16th centuries. (Moskvitin > Moskvitinov).
-akov, -ukov, -yakov - Russian family model formed from nicknames in -ak, -yak (Belyak's son > Belyakov).

Enkov, -yonkov, -kov - Russian family models formed from Ukrainian surnames on -enko, -ko by adding the Russian family suffix -ov (Vlasenko > Vlasenkov; Krasko > Kraskov).
-chev, -chov - Russian family models formed from patronymic and mean patronymic of the second degree (Ilya's grandson > Ilyich's son > Ilyichev).
-vsky, -nsky - artificial family models that belonged to the Russian clergy, and represented by the basis of the surname in the form of the official Church Slavonic, and not the commonly used Russian language. Seminar surnames are formed from church male and female names of saints or from the locations of seminaries, monasteries, their type, and so on (Belotserkovsky); from the names of Christian holidays (Transfiguration of the Lord > Transfiguration).
-sky, -skoy, -tsky, -tskoy - Slavic family models formed from toponyms (geographical names), place names (v. Dostoevo > Dostoevsky; possessions beyond the swamps > Zabolotsky).
-ih, -ih - Russian family models corresponding to the genitive plural, denoting belonging to a clan, clan; from the house, from the family of such and such (Whose will you be? - Black). Such surnames are common in central Russia, Northern Trans-Volga, Siberia.
-katov - Russian family model, formed from Ukrainian surnames ending in -at, corresponding to the genitive plural (Gritsko > Gritskat > Gritskatov); from names, nicknames ending in -at (Skurat > Skuratov).
-manov - Russian family model formed from diminutive derivative forms of names, nicknames, foreign surnames by adding the Russian family suffix -ov (Furmanov).
-ditch, -rev, -rev - Russian family models formed from names, nicknames derived from the names of professions (Bochkar > Bochkarev).
-sh- - the presence of this letter in the surnames, for sure, is a sign of the origin of the surname from colloquial formations (Nikshin > Niksha from Nikita; Kalachnikov > Kalashnikov), the exceptions are surnames formed from toponyms (Shuisky).

Chapter 4 .
There are 21 students in our class. The survey showed that 18 of them (almost 86%) would like to know the history of their surname. And only 3 people (14%) said they were not interested. One student, Nikolshina Nastya, independently searched for “her roots”. I tried to understand the origins of our various surnames and convey the information received to the guys.

Aisina:

Last name from Tatar name with the meaning "like the moon, good-natured."

Belousov:

The surname Belousov, according to one hypothesis, goes back to the name of a perennial grass of the cereal family - "belous", which is a plant with a short rhizome. Belous got its name for the white color of faded stems. According to another version, the surname Belousov belongs to the type of two-basic surnames and is formed from a nickname consisting of the phrase (“white mustache”).

One cannot ignore the version of the origin of the surname from the toponym: in Russia there are many villages and villages with the name Belousovo (in the Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Kaluga, Rostov, Moscow, Smolensk, Tomsk, Chelyabinsk regions).

Bikulov:

Version #1

The surname Bikulov is derived from the Turkic male name Bikul, which, in turn, has a complex structure and consists of two parts. The first of them - Bi - is an ancient Turkic-Tatar, meaning "prince, ruler, chief, leader, head, master, master." The second component of the name - Kul - is also an ancient Turkic-Tatar name, which translates as "slave of Allah, comrade, companion, farmer, warrior, worker, helper, representative"
Thus, it is likely that the parents, naming their child Bikul, wished him to grow up as a strong and brave warrior, a worthy defender of his family and his people.

Version #2

On behalf of Bikkul - 1. Servant of the bek (prince). 2. Strong, healthy servant of God.

Generals:

Most likely, the surname of the Generals comes from the nickname General, and not from the military rank. Probably "Generalov" was recorded as a serf who belonged to the general. There is a hypothesis that given surname received the son of a man nicknamed the General for such qualities of character or behavior as authoritativeness, the desire to command.

Grishin:

Conclusion: 15 surnames of students in our class have Russian roots:

7 surnames are formed from church names;

5 - from the features of the appearance of a distant ancestor;

3 - from the type of activity;

1 - expresses a property of character;

1 - formed from the name of the fish.

7 surnames have foreign roots.

Some surnames got into two columns of the table, as they have different versions of their origin. As for me, it seems that I fully justify the first version of my surname: I have "a restless character and a cheerful disposition."

1. Conclusion

Our surname is like a secret code, carrying from the depths of centuries information about our ancestors, their names, nicknames, professions and habits.

It is necessary to study the history of your family, because it is she who brings up pride in belonging to her family, her family name, the desire to become the same as her grandfathers. A person who learns about the past of his loved ones feels himself a part of a large and reliable whole, he plunges into a kind and grateful atmosphere, which is necessary for his normal development. As the great A.S. Pushkin rightly noted in his time, “disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of savagery and immorality.”

Russian surnames are an encyclopedia of Russian life, history. They store and will always store in their foundations the memory of events, objects, phenomena characteristic of those eras when they were created.A personal name and surname, an integral part of the world culture of mankind, can reveal a lot in the history of a people and in the history of its language.

The hypothesis put forward at the very beginning of the work that the history of surnames is closely connected with the history of the people and their language, that most Russian surnames are formed from proper names, nicknames, place of residence, and the kind of activity of the ancestor, has been confirmed.

Let today's work on the origin of surnames be the beginning new work, my family project - drawing up a pedigree.

Bibliography:

1) Veselovsky S. B. Onomasticon. M.: 1974
2) Gorbanevsky M.V. In the world of names and titles. M.: 1983
3) Dal V.I. Dictionary of the living Russian language vols. 1-4 M.: 1978
4) Nikonov V.A. Dictionary of Russian surnames. M.: 1993
5) Nikonov V. A. Name and society. M.: 1974
6) Superanskaya A. V., Suslova A. V. About Russian surnames. M.: 2008

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Slides captions:

BPOU HE "Borisoglebskmedcollege" Formation and development of the Russian national language (Student scientific and practical conference) 2015-2016 academic year

Purpose: to study the history of the Russian national language, highlight the main stages of its development and characterize them. Tasks: to consider the reasons for the birth and collapse of the Old Russian language; analyze the process of formation of the Russian national language; highlight the characteristic features of the development of the Russian language in the XVIII-XX centuries.

Origin of the Russian language. Development of the Russian language in the 18th century. Speaker: Dina Kuleva, student of group 221f

D.S. Likhachev, Soviet and Russian philologist, culturologist, art critic, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences. “The greatest value of a nation is its language, in which it writes, speaks, and thinks. Thinks! This must be understood thoroughly, in all the ambiguity and significance of this fact. After all, this means that the entire conscious life of a person passes through his native language. Emotions, sensations only color what we think, or push the thought in some way, but our thoughts are all formed by language.

863 is considered the year of birth of the Slavic alphabet. The creators of the Slavic alphabet were the brothers Cyril and Methodius.

Origin of the Russian language Common Slavic language South Slavic languages ​​East Slavic language West Slavic language Ukrainian language Russian language Belarusian language

"Russian Grammar" by M.V. Lomonosov

N.N. Popovsky A.A. Barsov

“Charles the Fifth, the Roman emperor, used to say that it was decent to speak Spanish with God, French with friends, German with enemies, Italian with women. But if he were skilled in the Russian language, then, of course, he would add to that that it was decent for them to speak with all of them, for he would find in it the splendor of Spanish, the liveliness of French, the strength of German, the tenderness of Italian, moreover, richness and strength in images brevity of Greek and Latin". M.V. Lomonosov

The merits of M.V. Lomonosov in the field of the Russian language: he created the “Russian Grammar” in Russian; developed a theory about three styles (high, medium, low); participated in the development of Russian terminology.

Peter's language reform He abolished the Church Slavonic alphabet and replaced it with a new one, the so-called civil one. The reform consisted in the fact that a number of Church Slavonic letters and icons were removed altogether, and the rest were given the appearance of Western European letters.

Magazine "Interlocutor of lovers of the Russian word"

Suvorov Alexander Vasilyevich “Suvorov knew French very well, but he always spoke Russian. He was a Russian commander." F.N. Glinka, publicist, participant Patriotic War 1812.

Russian language of the 19th century. Speaker: Krmajyan Areknaz, student of group 221f

Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin free the Russian language from the consequences of the influence of the Church Slavonic language; to give the Russian language ease, to make it simple and understandable a wide range readers; to expand the semantics of old words to denote those introduced into everyday life, mainly secular society, concepts.

Alexander Semenovich Shishkov, the Old Slavonic language should become the basis of Russian literary speech; there are only stylistic differences between Church Slavonic and Russian.

A.S. Pushkin - the creator of modern Russian literary language“Pushkin's services to Russia are great and worthy of people's gratitude. He gave the final processing to our language, which is now recognized even by foreign philologists in terms of its richness, strength, logic and beauty of form, perhaps the first after ancient Greek. I.S. Turgenev

XIX century- silver Age Russian literature and Russian language

Vladimir Ivanovich Dal (Russian scientist, writer and lexicographer, compiler of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language)

“There are books that are destined not just for a long life, they are not just monuments of science, they are eternal books. They are eternal because their content is not subject to time, neither social, nor political, nor even historical changes of any scale have power over them. Such books, no doubt, should include the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language by Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl. P.P. Chervinsky.

Russian language of the XX century. Speakers: Khnykina Victoria, student of group 221f; Timoshilova Alina, student of group 221f

The development of the Russian language from October 1917 to April 1985, many words become passive; new words appear; "flood" of government cuts; interference (interaction) of the opposite; replacement of old names.

Interference of the opposite in the mass media in terms of parameters: we have (ideologically close, moral, party, ideological); they have (ideologically alien, immoral, anti-Party, unprincipled).

Interference of the opposite in the linguistic dictionaries of Bohemia-in the bourgeois. in society, the intelligentsia, who do not have stable material support and a permanent place of residence (mainly actors, musicians, etc.)

The constant use of Soviet definitions has brought into it lexical meaning evaluation - "best": soviet man, Soviet teacher, Soviet youth.

The formation of new names in order to form not only mass consciousness, but also the society itself

The history of the names of people who distinguished themselves in their work: Drummer - "A leading worker of socialist production, exceeding the norms, actively mastering technology and showing examples of industrial discipline." "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by D.N. Ushakov

Leader - "A person who shows initiative in something before others, showing an example to others in his work." There are phrases: the leader of production, the leader of the socialist competition, the workers-leaders.

Stakhanovite - "A worker of the socialist era who, in socialist competition, achieves the highest productivity of labor, the best use of technology and exceeding production plans by overcoming old technical standards and existing design capacities." This word clearly demonstrates the desire of the compilers of the dictionary to emphasize a qualitative change in the attitude towards work on the part of the working masses.

Brigades of communist labor. The new nomination emphasizes that we are talking about the approach of the highest phase of the development of society, about the communist attitude to work, and not individuals, but entire collectives take part in it. So the name change created the appearance of vigorous activity, complete prosperity in the development of the socialist economy, emphasized the constant growth of the labor enthusiasm of the Soviet people, their desire to bring a brighter future.

The process of replacing old names Instead of provinces, counties, volosts, republics, regions, and districts appear. Instead of a soldier, a Red Army soldier; commanding officer; major - platoon leader; colonel - commander of the regiment; policeman - policeman. Petersburg - Petrograd - Leningrad; Tsaritsyn - Stalingrad - Volgograd; Samara - Kuibyshev; Nizhny Novgorod-Bitter.

The development of the Russian language from April 1985 to December 1991 M.S. Gorbachev

1. Replenishment of the vocabulary of the Russian language with new words: state structure, inauguration, planning, authoritarianism (politics, state structure, ideology); barter, business center, foreign currency, case method (economics); acupuncture, immunodeficiency, hospice, anti-AIDS (medicine); clone, file, floppy disk, internet, cartridge (science, technology); yogurt, kiwi, adidas, hamburger (life).

2. The emergence of new meanings in old words The word empire had two meanings: a large monarchical state; 2) a large imperialist colonial power with its possessions. IN Lately empire is used in the sense of "a powerful state with a totalitarian regime, consisting of territories deprived of political and economic independence and ruled from the center."

3. Words that characterize Soviet reality go into passive: regional committee, city committee, district committee, Komsomol, pioneer, activist, socialist competition, social obligation, right-flank, above-planned, merchandise, renegade, leader and many others. others

4. There is a destruction of two lexical systems that emphasize the polarity of capitalist and socialist reality. Manager - “a hired manager of a modern industrial, commercial, etc. capitalist enterprise. "Dictionary of new words and meanings" (1984) In 1990, the word manager acquired a socially neutral meaning "a specialist in management organization (in production and other areas)".

5. Clogging speech borrowing lobbies, charter, dealer, leasing, consensus, rollover, summit and many others.

Features of the modern Russian language at the end of the 20th century: firstly, the composition of participants in mass communication has never been so numerous and diverse; secondly, official censorship has almost disappeared; thirdly, speech begins to predominate spontaneous, spontaneous, not prepared in advance; fourthly, the variety of communication situations leads to a change in the nature of communication. It is freed from rigid formality, it becomes more relaxed.

Elements that litter the Russian language: j argonisms; n slang words; into Arvarisms; obscene words and expressions.

“Let other peoples understand and remember that they will only be able to see and comprehend Russia when they know and feel our speech. And until then, Russia will be incomprehensible and inaccessible to them, until then they will not find either a spiritual or a political path to it. Let the world learn our language and through it for the first time touch our Motherland. For then, and only then, will he hear not about her, but about Her” I.A. Ilyin, Russian philosopher, publicist.

“Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language is a treasure, it is a property handed down to us by our predecessors! Treat this mighty weapon with respect; in the hands of the skilful, it is able to perform miracles. I.S. Turgenev

Conclusions: An indispensable component of national identity human feeling pride in native language which embodies the cultural and historical traditions of the people. The Russian language has come a long way historical development. The main stages of the formation of the Russian language are distinguished: 1. VI-XIV centuries; 2. XV-XVII centuries; 3. XVIII century - late XX - early. XXI. The state of the language testifies to the state of the society itself, its culture, its mentality. Disorder and vacillation in society, the decline of morality, the loss of characteristic national traits- all this affects the language, leads to its decline.

Thank you for your attention!