Light paintings by famous artists. Russian landscape painters

Russian portrait painters appeared in the early 14th century AD. The masters of the brush of that time had limited means, so they often resorted to stylized drawings. It could not be called surrealism, but the paintings certainly suffered from insufficient detail. Later, Russian portrait painters and their work were reoriented to the decoration of churches. Masters of sacral painting painted the walls and ceilings of churches and cathedrals.

Early portrait art

Russian portrait painters and their paintings had their own distinctive features, they were recognizable - each painter could be traced own style in work, moreover, he was revered by both priests and parishioners.

The brightest representative of that time is Andrey Rublev (1370-1428), who left behind imperishable works: "Almighty Savior", "Archangel Michael", "Trinity", and other masterpieces of icon painting.

Rublev's contemporary was the famous icon painter Theophanes the Greek (1340-1410). For a long time they worked together. In the 90s of the 14th century, artists painted the Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Other Russian portrait painters also took part in the work. The amount of work was quite large. The main icons of the deesis row were painted, while the "prophetic" and part of the upper "forefather" row belong to the brush of Andey Rublev. There is no reliable data confirming that he painted the hallmarks of the large icons of the lower row, however, the hand of a talented icon painter is recognizable in these works as well.

Early Masters of Portraiture

At the beginning of the 14th century, the technique of oil painting improved somewhat due to the appearance of finely ground paints.

Russian portrait painters of later times:

• Dionysius (1440-1502), favorite of Tsar Ivan III. The monarch used to entrust the artist with the painting of some temple, and then periodically visited the icon painter and watched the work.
• Zubov Alexey (1682-1750) - the largest master of Russian engraving art of the era of Peter the Great. He worked together with his father, the outstanding icon painter Fyodor Zubov. Together they painted the Armory of the Moscow Kremlin.
• Nikitin Ivan (1680-1742) - Russian artist, one of the first Russian masters portrait painting educated in Europe. He was in a special location with Peter the Great. The most famous works of the artist are the Polish King August II and the Duke of Mecklenburg.

Russian portrait painters of the 18th century

Masters of the brush of past centuries, as a rule, were engaged in church painting. However, the 18th century was the time of the birth of portrait art in pure form when the painter reflects the image on the canvas specific person. Russian portrait painters of that time adhered to the classical school of fine art, which involves accurate reproduction the smallest details. In portraiture, this technique was the best suited to the tasks assigned to the performer - to achieve such an image that it bore all the signs of an artistic style and was as reliable as possible. The work seemed to be quite painstaking and responsible. Nevertheless, well-known Russian portrait painters coped with it superbly. There were more than enough orders, all the nobility of the court, as well as members of the merchant guilds, vied with each other to order portraits for themselves and their loved ones.

Wealthy people preferred to invite painters to their homes, because in this case the whole family could watch the process, and this was considered good tone. The Russian portrait painter usually did not live well, so he tried to take as many orders as possible. If at the end of the work the image of the head of the family was liked by all household members, then the painter received the next order in the same house. Thus, the Russian portrait painter was in demand in high society and did not remain without work. The most successful masters were invited to the royal chambers to carry out especially important assignments.

Rise of portraiture

When the Renaissance began in the art of painting, many talented masters appeared in Rus'.

Russian portrait painters of the 18th century:

• Antropov Alexey (1716-1795) - famous Russian portrait painter, participated in decorative design Winter Palace in 1744 and Tsarskoye Selo in 1749. Under his leadership, artists painted St. Andrew's Church in Kyiv. Since 1761, Antropov was introduced to the Orthodox Synod as the chief overseer of icon-painting works. The artist entered the history of Russian art as a talented portrait painter of the Petrine period.
• Borovikovsky Vladimir (1757-1825) was born in Mirgorod. He became famous after meeting with Catherine II, who was traveling to the Crimea in 1787. The artist painted one of the palaces on the way of the empress and was noticed by her. Catherine expressed her admiration and rewarded Borovikovsky with money, for which he subsequently went to St. Petersburg.
• Alexey Venetsianov (1780-1847) - Russian artist, founder of the genre of everyday life in portraiture. Fame brought him the work "Portrait of a mother", written in 1801. Learned the art of drawing from
• Kiprensky Orest (1782-1836) - an outstanding artist, made his debut in 1804 with a portrait of A. K. Walbe, which was painted in the manner of Rembrandt. The famous work "E. V. Davydov", created in 1809, strengthened the reputation of the artist. Many of Kiprensky's canvases are kept in the Tretyakov Gallery.
• Tropinin Vasily (1776-1857) - Russian artist who became famous after he painted a portrait of A.S. Pushkin by order of the poet himself. The painting was intended for S. A. Sobolevsky, a friend of Alexander Sergeevich. The portrait has become a classic image of the great poet for all time.

Portrait art in the 19th century

Russian portrait painters of the 19th century are a whole galaxy of talented painters who turned to the genre of image human face. The most famous of them:

• Neff Timofey (1805-1876) - a follower of the academic style in art, a historical portrait painter. Studied painting at the Dresden Art Institute high school. In 1826 he moved to St. Petersburg, where he immediately became famous by painting a series of portraits. famous people. In 1837, he went on a long journey around Russia to get acquainted with the folklore hinterland and life. common people. After returning, he painted the church of the Winter Palace, among these works was the famous "Last Supper". He received a professorship for painting St. Isaac's Cathedral, and at the same time became the curator of the Hermitage painting gallery.
• Zakharov Petr (1816-1846) - Russian portrait painter with difficult fate. A three-year-old boy was found in the abandoned Chechen village of Dadi-Yurt. Russian General Yermolov took the child to be raised. Noticing the ability of his adopted son to draw, he gave little Petya to study with the portrait painter Lev Volkov. In 1836, Zakharov completed a course at the Academy of Arts and received the title of a free artist.
• (1822-1897) - Russian painter, for a long time creative life painted many pictures. The artist's works, including portraits created by him in different time, are in the Tretyakov Gallery, the Russian Museum, the Academy of Arts and exhibition halls throughout Russia. In 1844, Makarov moved to St. Petersburg, where he won the recognition of the capital's public.

Portrait painter Tyranov

Russian portrait painter (1808-1859), engaged in icon painting. In 1824, he met the artist Venetsianov, who assigned the young man to his school of painting, and when he finished his studies, he placed Tyranov as a student at the Academy of Arts. Further fate the young painter was successful, he received a small gold medal from the Academy, in 1836 he became a student of the venerable Karl Bryullov. For his work, "Girl with a Tambourine" was awarded the title of academician. While in Rome, he painted his main canvases: "Girl squeezing water out of her hair", "Angel with an olive branch", "Mother of Moses on the banks of the Nile". Then, upon the artist's return to St. Petersburg, the artist suffered a streak of failures, and he turned into a beggar. He found shelter in his brother's house in the city of Kashin. There Tyranov died at the age of 51.

Unsurpassed portrait technique

Zaryanko Sergei (1818-1870) is a wonderful Russian portrait painter, famous for the indescribable play of light and shadow on his canvases. The artist's technique is so pronounced that inner world the person depicted on the canvas, as it were, is lost in the richness of shades and halftones. In total, Zaryanko painted about a hundred portraits, most of which are dedicated to the emperor, his family and the highest court nobility.

Master's apprentice

Zhodeiko Leonid (1827-1879) - Russian portrait painter, student of the Moscow artist Zaryanko and the St. Petersburg master Markov, a teacher at the Academy of Arts. He painted mostly female portraits. He received the title of academician for the painting "The Girl Washing". He was a regular participant in the annual exhibitions held under the auspices of the Academy of Arts of St. Petersburg.

Dramatic style artist

Kramskoy Ivan Nikolaevich (1837-1887) - an outstanding master of portraiture, religious wall paintings, genre drawings. The author of paintings depicting famous writers, artists, artists, including: L. N. Tolstoy (year 1883), M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (year 1879), I. I. Shishkin (year 1873 th), S. P. Botkin (year 1880), P. M. Tretyakov (year 1876).

The artist adhered to the philosophical and dramatic overtones in his works all his life, this is especially noticeable in portrait paintings: "Unknown", "N.A. Nekrasov", "Inconsolable grief", which were created in the period from 1877 to 1884. These masterpieces are in the Tretyakov Gallery.

Artistic portraits in the 20th century

The twentieth century was a difficult period for Russia. Political upheavals, two bloody wars left their mark on the development of the country. And yet art was alive, in post-war years painting was revived, including portraiture. There were few artists, but they all went to a good school.

Russian portrait painters of the 20th century:

• Kozlov Engels - Soviet portrait painter, born in 1926, graduated from Yaroslavl art school, then entered the painting course of the Repin Leningrad Institute. In 1956, he presented his thesis"Will live!" Member of the Union of Artists since 1957. The main theme of Kozlov's work is portraits of his contemporaries.
• Lomakin Oleg - portrait painter of the Soviet period, born in 1924. He studied at the Leningrad Art School, then at the All-Russian Academy of Arts. In 1942 he was drafted into the Red Army, fought near Kursk, where he was seriously wounded and was expelled from the army. Portraits painted by the artist have been exhibited at exhibitions since 1952.
• Nevelshtein Samuil (1904-1983) - portrait painter, graduated from VKHUTEMAS. The artist has several dozen works to his credit. The main theme of Nevelstein's work was portraits of his contemporaries. The portrait painter spent five personal exhibitions, all of them were held in Leningrad, the first show took place in 1944.
• Oreshnikov Victor (1904-1987) - Soviet painter and portrait painter. People's Artist Soviet Union, winner of two Stalin Prizes. His art was dominated by subjects dedicated to achievements in the national economy and portraits of his contemporaries.
• - Russian portrait painter, born in 1943. Creator of unique focus. Actively involved in public life, member of the Public Council under the President of Russia.

Famous portrait painters

Over the six hundred years that have passed since the appearance of pictorial art, more than one generation of artists has changed. In addition to the painters already mentioned, there were quite a few other masters.

Who are they - Russian portrait painters? A list of them is presented below.

• Musikisky Grigory Semenovich, court portrait painter.
• Gsel Georg, Swiss painter, for a long time worked in Russia.
• Nikitin Ivan Nikitich, court painter.
• Vishnyakov Ivan Yakovlevich, portrait painter for the aristocracy.
• Kolokolnikov Mina Lukich, serf painter.
• Matveyevich, court portrait painter.

• Ugryumov Grigory Ivanovich, peasant artist.
• noble portrait painter.
• Orlovsky Alexander Osipovich, artist of the nobility.
• Sokolov Petr Fedorovich, portrait painter for the aristocracy.

The page contains the most famous paintings Russian artists of the 19th century with names and descriptions

The diverse painting of Russian artists since the beginning of the 19th century attracts with its originality and versatility in the domestic fine arts. Masters of painting of that time did not cease to amaze with their unique approach to the plot and reverent attitude to the feelings of people, to native nature. In the 19th century, portrait compositions were often painted with an amazing combination of an emotional image and an epicly calm motive.

The paintings of Russian artists are magnificent in craftsmanship and truly beautiful in perception, strikingly accurately reflected the breath of their time, the unique character of the people and their desire for beauty.

The canvases of Russian painters, which are the most popular: Alexander Ivanov is a bright representative of the picturesque biblical direction, telling us in colors about the episodes of the life of Jesus Christ.

Karl Bryullov - a painter popular in his time, his direction history painting, portrait subjects, romantic works.

Marine painter Ivan Aivazovsky, his paintings are magnificent and one might say simply unsurpassedly reflect the beauty of the sea with transparent rolling waves, sea ​​sunsets and sailboats.

Distinctive versatility stands out the work of the famous Ilya Repin, who created genre and monumental works reflecting the life of the people.

Very picturesque and large-scale paintings by the artist Vasily Surikov, the description of Russian history is his direction, in which the artist emphasized the episodes of the life path of the Russian people in colors.

Each artist is unique, for example, the picturesque master of fairy tales and epics Viktor Vasnetsov, unique in his style, is always juicy and bright, romantic canvases, the heroes of which are the heroes we all know folk tales.

Each artist is unique, for example, the picturesque master of fairy tales and epics Viktor Vasnetsov, unique in his style, is always juicy and bright, romantic canvases, the heroes of which are the well-known heroes of folk tales. Very picturesque and large-scale paintings by the artist Vasily Surikov, the description of Russian history is his direction, in which the artist emphasized the episodes of the life path of the Russian people in colors.

In Russian painting of the 19th century, such a trend as critical realism, emphasizing ridicule, satire and humor in the plots. Of course, this was a new trend, not every artist could afford it. In this direction, such artists as Pavel Fedotov and Vasily Perov were determined.

Landscape painters of that time also occupied their niche, among them Isaac Levitan, Alexei Savrasov, Arkhip Kuindzhi, Vasily Polenov, the young artist Fyodor Vasiliev, the picturesque master of the forest, forest glades with pines and birches with mushrooms Ivan Shishkin. All of them colorfully and romantically reflected the beauty of Russian nature, the variety of forms and images of which is associated with the colossal potential of the surrounding world.

According to Levitan, in every note of Russian nature there is a unique colorful palette, hence there is a huge expanse for creativity. Perhaps this is the riddle that the canvases created in the vast expanses of Russia are distinguished by some exquisite severity, but at the same time, they attract with discreet beauty, from which it is difficult to look away. Or not at all intricate and rather not catchy plot, Levitan's painting Dandelions, as it were, encourages the viewer to think and see the beauty in the simple.

The mysterious world of art may seem confusing to an inexperienced person, but there are masterpieces that everyone should know. Talent, inspiration and painstaking work on every stroke give rise to works that are admired centuries later.

It is impossible to collect all the outstanding creations in one selection, but we have tried to select the most famous paintings that collect gigantic queues in front of museums around the world.

The most famous paintings by Russian artists

"Morning in a pine forest", Ivan Shishkin and Konstantin Savitsky

Shishkin was an excellent landscape painter, but he rarely had to draw animals, so Savitsky, an excellent animal painter, painted the figures of the cubs. At the end of the work, Tretyakov ordered Savitsky's signature to be erased, believing that Shishkin had done much more extensive work.

"Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan on November 16, 1581" by Ilya Repin

To create a masterpiece, better known as "Ivan the Terrible kills his son", Repin was inspired by the symphony "Antar" by Rimsky-Korsakov, namely, its second movement called "The Sweetness of Revenge". Under the influence of the sounds of music, the artist depicted a bloody scene of murder and subsequent repentance, observed in the eyes of the sovereign.

Seated Demon, Mikhail Vrubel

The painting was one of thirty illustrations drawn by Vrubel for the anniversary edition of the works of M.Yu. Lermontov. "Demon sitting" personifies the doubts inherent in human spirit, subtle, elusive "mood of the soul." According to experts, the artist was to some extent obsessed with the image of a demon: this painting was followed by "Demon flying" and "Demon defeated".

"Boyar Morozova", Vasily Surikov

The plot of the Old Believer life "The Tale of the Boyar Morozova" formed the basis of the picture. Understanding key image came to the artist when he saw a crow spread its black wings like a spot on a snowy canvas. Later, Surikov searched for a prototype for the noblewoman’s face for a long time, but could not find anything suitable, until one day he met an Old Believer woman with a pale, frantic face in the cemetery. The portrait sketch was completed in two hours.

"Bogatyrs", Viktor Vasnetsov

The future epic masterpiece was born as a small pencil sketch in 1881; for further work on the canvas, Vasnetsov painstakingly collected information about the heroes from myths, legends and traditions for many years, and also studied authentic ancient Russian ammunition in museums.

Analysis of Vasnetsov's painting "Three Heroes"

"Bathing the Red Horse", Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin

Initially, the painting was conceived as an everyday sketch from the life of a Russian village, but during the work the artist’s canvas acquired a huge number of symbols. By the red horse, Petrov-Vodkin meant "The Fate of Russia"; after the country's entry into the First World War, he exclaimed: "So that's why I painted this picture!". However, after the revolution, pro-Soviet art critics interpreted the key figure of the canvas as a "harbinger of revolutionary fires."

"Trinity", Andrey Rublev

The icon that laid the foundation for the tradition of Russian icon painting of the 15th-16th centuries. The canvas depicting the Old Testament trinity of angels who appeared to Abraham is a symbol of the unity of the Holy Trinity.

The Ninth Wave, Ivan Aivazovsky

A pearl in the "cartography" of the legendary domestic marine painter, who can be without hesitation classified as one of the most famous artists in the world. We can see how miraculously surviving sailors after the storm cling to the mast in anticipation of a meeting with the "ninth wave", the mythical apogee of all storms. But the warm shades that dominate the canvas give hope for the salvation of the victims.

"The Last Day of Pompeii", Karl Bryullov

Completed in 1833, Bryullov's painting was originally exhibited in the largest cities of Italy, where it caused a real sensation - the painter was compared with Michelangelo, Titian, Raphael ... At home, the masterpiece was met with no less enthusiasm, securing Bryullov's nickname "Charles the Great". The canvas is truly great: its dimensions are 4.6 by 6.5 meters, which makes it one of the largest paintings among the creations of Russian artists.

The most famous paintings by Leonardo da Vinci

"Mona Lisa"

A masterpiece of Florentine genius that needs no introduction. It is noteworthy that the painting received cult status after the incident with the abduction from the Louvre in 1911. Two years later, the kidnapper, who turned out to be a museum employee, tried to sell the painting to the Uffizi Gallery. The events of the high-profile case were covered in detail in the world press, after which hundreds of thousands of reproductions went on sale, and the mysterious Mona Lisa became an object of worship.

After five centuries, the fresco classic plot on the wall of the refectory of the Dominican monastery in Milan is recognized as one of the most mysterious paintings in history. As conceived by Da Vinci, the picture depicts the moment of the Easter meal, when Christ notifies the disciples of the imminent betrayal. Great amount hidden characters gave rise to an equally huge number of studies, allusions, borrowings and parodies.

"Madonna Litta"

The painting, also known as the Madonna and Child, was kept in the collection of the Dukes of Litta for a long time, and in 1864 it was bought by the St. Petersburg Hermitage. Many experts agree that the figure of the baby was not painted personally by da Vinci, but by one of his students - a pose that is too uncharacteristic for a painter.

The most famous paintings of Salvador Dali

Paradoxically, the most famous work of the surrealist genius was born from the thought of Camembert cheese. One evening, after a friendly dinner that ended with appetizers with cheese, the artist immersed himself in thoughts about the “spreading pulp”, and his imagination painted a picture like a melting clock with an olive branch in the foreground.

A traditional plot that received a surreal canvas using arithmetic principles studied by Leonardo da Vinci. The artist put the original magic of the number "12" at the forefront, moving away from the hermeneutical method of interpreting the biblical story.

The most famous paintings by Pablo Picasso

The painting became the first signs of the so-called "pink" period in the work of Picasso. A rough texture and a simplified style are combined with a sensitive play of lines and colors, a contrast between the massive figure of an athlete and a fragile gymnast. The canvas was sold along with 29 other works for 2 thousand francs (in total) to the Parisian collector Vollard, changed several collections, and in 1913 it was acquired by the Russian philanthropist Ivan Morozov, already for 13 thousand francs.

Guernica is the name of a city in the Basque country that was bombed by the Germans in April 1937. Picasso had never been to Guernica, but was stunned by the scale of the catastrophe, like a "blow of a bull's horn." The artist conveyed the horrors of war in an abstract form and showed the real face of fascism, veiling it with bizarre geometric shapes.

The most famous paintings of the Renaissance

"Sistine Madonna", Raphael Santi

If you look closely at the background, which at first glance consists of clouds, you will notice that in fact Raphael depicted the heads of angels there. The two angels located at the bottom of the picture are known almost more than the masterpiece itself, due to the wide circulation in mass art.

The Birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli

At the heart of the painting ancient greek myth about the birth of Aphrodite from the sea foam. Unlike many masterpieces of the Renaissance, the canvas has survived to this day in excellent condition thanks to a protective layer of egg yolk with which Botticelli prudently covered the work.

The Creation of Adam by Michelangelo Buonarotti

One of the nine frescoes on the ceiling Sistine Chapel, illustrating the chapter from Genesis: "And God created man in his own image." It was Michelangelo who first portrayed God as a wise-haired old man, after which this image became archetypal. Modern scientists believe that the contours of the figure of God and angels represent the human brain.

"Night Watch", Rembrandt

The full title of the painting is "Speech of the Rifle Company of Captain Frans Banning Cock and Lieutenant Willem van Ruytenbürg." Modern name the picture received in the 19th century, when it was found by art historians, who, because of the layer of dirt covering the work, decided that the action in the picture takes place under the cover of night darkness.

The Garden of Earthly Delights Hieronymus Bosch

Malevich wrote Black Square for several months; the legend says that a painting is hidden under a layer of black paint - the artist did not have time to finish the work on time and, in a fit of anger, smeared over the image. There are at least seven copies of the "Black Square" made by Malevich, as well as a kind of "continuation" of the Suprematist squares - "Red Square" (1915) and "White Square" (1918).

"Scream", Edvard Munch

Due to the inexplicable mystical effect on the viewer, the painting was stolen in 1994 and 2004. There is an opinion that the picture created at the turn of the 20th century anticipated numerous catastrophes of the coming century. The deep symbolism of The Scream inspired many artists, including Andy Warhol.

This painting still causes a lot of controversy. Some art historians believe that the hype around the painting, painted in the proprietary spatter technique, was artificially created. The canvas was not sold until all the other works of the artist were bought, respectively, the price for a non-objective masterpiece skyrocketed. Number Five was sold for $140 million, making it the most expensive painting in history.

Diptych Marilyn, Andy Warhol

A week after the death of Marilyn Monroe, the scandalous artist began work on the canvas. 50 stencil portraits of the actress were applied to the canvas, stylized in the pop art genre based on a 1953 photograph.
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In the 17th century, the division of genres of painting into "high" and "low" was introduced. The first included historical, battle and mythological genres. The second included mundane genres of painting from everyday life, for example, household genre, still life, animalistics, portrait, nude, landscape.

historical genre

The historical genre in painting depicts not a specific object or person, but a certain moment or event that took place in the history of past eras. It is included in the main painting genres in art. Portrait, battle, everyday and mythological genres are often closely intertwined with the historical.

"Conquest of Siberia by Yermak" (1891-1895)
Vasily Surikov

Artists Nicolas Poussin, Tintoretto, Eugene Delacroix, Peter Rubens, Vasily Ivanovich Surikov, Boris Mikhailovich Kustodiev and many others painted their paintings in the historical genre.

mythological genre

Legends, ancient legends and myths, folklore- the image of these plots, heroes and events has found its place in mythological genre painting. Perhaps, it can be distinguished in the painting of any nation, because the history of each ethnic group is full of legends and traditions. For example, such a plot of Greek mythology as secret romance the god of war Ares and the goddess of beauty Aphrodite are depicted in the painting "Parnassus" by an Italian artist named Andrea Mantegna.

"Parnassus" (1497)
Andrea Mantegna

Mythology in painting was finally formed in the Renaissance. Representatives of this genre, in addition to Andrea Mantegna, are Rafael Santi, Giorgione, Lucas Cranach, Sandro Botticelli, Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov and others.

Battle genre

Battle painting describes scenes from military life. Most often, various military campaigns are illustrated, as well as sea and land battles. And since these fights are often taken from real history, then the battle and historical genres find their intersection point here.

Fragment of the panorama "Battle of Borodino" (1912)
Franz Roubaud

took shape battle painting during the Italian Renaissance in the work of artists Michelangelo Buonarroti, Leonardo da Vinci, and then Theodore Gericault, Francisco Goya, Franz Alekseevich Roubaud, Mitrofan Borisovich Grekov and many other painters.

household genre

Scenes from everyday, social or privacy ordinary people, be it urban or peasant life, depicts the everyday genre in painting. Like many others painting genres, everyday paintings are rarely found in their own form, becoming part of the portrait or landscape genre.

"Seller of Musical Instruments" (1652)
Karel Fabricius

The origin of everyday painting took place in the 10th century in the East, and it passed to Europe and Russia only in XVII-XVIII centuries. Jan Vermeer, Karel Fabricius and Gabriel Metsu, Mikhail Shibanov and Ivan Alekseevich Ermenev are the most famous artists of everyday paintings of that period.

Animal genre

main objects animal genre are animals and birds, both wild and domestic, and in general all representatives of the animal world. Initially, animalistics was part of the genres of Chinese painting, since it first appeared in China in the 8th century. In Europe, animalism was formed only in the Renaissance - animals at that time were depicted as the embodiment of the vices and virtues of man.

"Horses in the Meadow" (1649)
Paulus Potter

Antonio Pisanello, Paulus Potter, Albrecht Durer, Frans Snyders, Albert Cuyp are the main representatives of animalistics in the visual arts.

Still life

In the still life genre, objects that surround a person in life are depicted. These are inanimate objects grouped together. Such objects may belong to the same genus (for example, only fruits are depicted in the picture), or they may be heterogeneous (fruits, dishes, musical instruments, flowers, etc.).

"Flowers in a Basket, Butterfly and Dragonfly" (1614)
Ambrosius Bosschaert the Elder

Still life as an independent genre took shape in the 17th century. Flemish and dutch school still life. In this genre, representatives of the most different styles, from realism to cubism. One of the most famous still lifes painted by the painters Ambrosius Bosschaert the Elder, Albertus Jonah Brandt, Paul Cezanne, Vincent van Gogh, Pierre Auguste Renoir, Willem Claes Heda.

Portrait

Portrait - a genre of painting, which is one of the most common in the visual arts. The purpose of a portrait in painting is to portray a person, but not just his appearance, but also to convey the inner feelings and mood of the person being portrayed.

Portraits are single, pair, group, as well as a self-portrait, which is sometimes distinguished as a separate genre. And most famous portrait of all time, perhaps, is a painting by Leonardo da Vinci called "Portrait of Mrs. Lisa del Giocondo", known to everyone as "Mona Lisa".

"Mona Lisa" (1503-1506)
Leonardo da Vinci

The first portraits appeared millennia ago in Ancient Egypt- these were images of the pharaohs. Since then, most artists of all time have dabbled in this genre in one way or another. The portrait and historical genres of painting can also intersect: the image of a great historical figure will be considered a work of the historical genre, although it will convey the appearance and character of this person as a portrait.

nude

The purpose of the nude genre is to depict the naked body of a person. The Renaissance period is considered the moment of the emergence and development of this type of painting, and the main object of painting then most often became the female body, which embodied the beauty of the era.

"Country Concert" (1510)
Titian

Titian, Amedeo Modigliani, Antonio da Correggio, Giorgione, Pablo Picasso are the most famous artists who painted in the nude genre.

Scenery

The main theme of the landscape genre is nature, environment city, countryside or wilderness. The first landscapes appeared in ancient times when painting palaces and temples, creating miniatures and icons. As an independent genre, the landscape takes shape as early as the 16th century and has since become one of the most popular painting genres.

It is present in the work of many painters, starting with Peter Rubens, Alexei Kondratievich Savrasov, Edouard Manet, continuing with Isaac Ilyich Levitan, Piet Mondrian, Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque and ending with many contemporary artists of the XXI century.

"Golden Autumn" (1895)
Isaac Levitan

Among landscape painting genres such as sea and urban landscapes can be distinguished.

Veduta

Veduta is a landscape, the purpose of which is to depict the appearance of an urban area and convey its beauty and color. Later, with the development of industry, the urban landscape turns into an industrial landscape.

"Saint Mark's Square" (1730)
Canaletto

You can appreciate urban landscapes by getting acquainted with the works of Canaletto, Pieter Brueghel, Fyodor Yakovlevich Alekseev, Sylvester Feodosievich Shchedrin.

Marina

Seascape, or marina depicts nature sea ​​element, her greatness. Perhaps the most famous marine painter in the world is Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky, whose painting The Ninth Wave can be called a masterpiece of Russian painting. The heyday of the marina occurred simultaneously with the development of the landscape as such.

"Sailboat in a Storm" (1886)
James Buttersworth

With their seascapes also known are Katsushika Hokusai, James Edward Buttersworth, Alexey Petrovich Bogolyubov, Lev Feliksovich Lagorio and Rafael Montleon Torres.

If you want to learn even more about how the genres of painting in art arose and developed, watch the following video:

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Today we present to your attention twenty paintings that are worthy of attention and recognition. These pictures were painted famous artists, and they should be known not only by the person who is engaged in art, but also by ordinary mortal people, since art paints our life, aesthetics deepens our view of the world. Give art its due place in your life...

1. "The Last Supper". Leonardo Da Vinci, 1495 - 1498

Monumental painting by Leonardo da Vinci depicting the scene of the last meal of Christ with his disciples. Created in the years 1495-1498 in the Dominican monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan.

The painting was commissioned by Leonardo from his patron, Duke Lodovico Sforza and his wife Beatrice d'Este. The coat of arms of Sforza is painted on the lunettes above the painting, formed by a ceiling with three arches. The painting was begun in 1495 and completed in 1498; work was intermittent. The date of commencement of work is not exact, because "the archives of the monastery were destroyed, and an insignificant part of the documents that we have dated 1497, when the painting was almost completed."

The painting became a milestone in the history of the Renaissance: the correctly reproduced depth of perspective changed the direction of development of Western painting.

It is believed that many secrets and hints are hidden in this picture - for example, there is an assumption that the images of Jesus and Judas are written off from one person. When Da Vinci painted the picture, in his vision, Jesus personified goodness, while Judas was pure evil. And when the master found “his Judas” (a drunkard from the street), it turned out that, according to historians, this drunkard had served as a prototype for painting the image of Jesus a few years before. Thus, we can say that this picture captured a person in different periods of his life.

2. "Sunflowers". Vincent van Gogh, 1887

Title of two cycles of paintings Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh. The first series was made in Paris in 1887. It is dedicated to lying flowers. The second series was completed a year later, in Arles. She depicts a bouquet of sunflowers in a vase. Two Parisian paintings Acquired by van Gogh's friend Paul Gauguin.

The artist painted sunflowers eleven times. The first four paintings were created in Paris in August-September 1887. Large cut flowers lie like some strange creatures dying before our eyes.

3. "The ninth wave". Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky?, 1850.

One of the most famous paintings Russian marine painter Ivan Aivazovsky, kept in the Russian Museum.

The painter depicts the sea after the strongest night storm and people who were shipwrecked. The rays of the sun illuminate the huge waves. The largest of them - the ninth shaft - is ready to fall on people trying to escape on the wreckage of the mast.

Despite the fact that the ship is destroyed and only the mast remains, the people on the mast are alive and continue to fight against the elements. The warm tones of the picture make the sea not so harsh and give the viewer hope that people will be saved.

Created in 1850, the painting "The Ninth Wave" immediately became the most famous of all his marinas and was acquired by Nicholas I.

4. "Nude Maja". Francisco Goya, 1797-1800

Painting by Spanish artist Francisco Goya, painted around 1797-1800. Pairs with the painting "Maja dressed" (La maja vestida). The paintings depict maja - a Spanish townswoman of the 18th-19th centuries, one of the artist's favorite objects of the image. "Nude Maja" is one of the early works Western art depicting a fully nude woman without mythological or negative connotations.

5. "Flight of lovers." Marc Chagall, 1914-1918

Work on the painting “Above the City” began in 1914, and the master applied the finishing touches only in 1918. During this time, Bella turned from a beloved not only into an adored spouse, but also the mother of their daughter Ida, forever becoming the main muse of the painter. The union of a rich daughter of a hereditary jeweler and a simple Jewish youth, whose father made a living by unloading herring, can only be called a misalliance, but love was stronger and overcame all conventions. It was this love that inspired them, lifting them to heaven.

Karina depicts Chagall's two loves at once - Bella and dear Vitebsk. The streets are presented in the form of houses, separated by a high dark fence. The viewer will not immediately notice a goat grazing to the left of the center of the picture, and a simple man with his pants down in the foreground - a humor from the painter, breaking out of the general context and romantic mood of the work, but this is the whole Chagall ...

6. "The face of war." Salvador Dali, 1940

Painting by Spanish artist Salvador Dali, painted in 1940.

The painting was created on the way to the USA. Impressed by the tragedy that broke out in the world, the bloodthirstiness of politicians, the master starts work on the ship. Located in the Boijmans-van Beuningen Museum in Rotterdam.

Having lost all hope for a normal life in Europe, the artist leaves his beloved Paris for America. War covers the Old World and seeks to take over the rest of the world. The master does not yet know that staying in the New World for eight years will make him truly famous, and his works - masterpieces of world art.

7. "Scream". Edvard Munch, 1893

The Scream (Norwegian Skrik) is a series of paintings created between 1893 and 1910 by the Norwegian Expressionist painter Edvard Munch. They depict a human figure screaming in despair against a blood-red sky and a highly generalized landscape background. In 1895, Munch created a lithograph on the same subject.

The red, fiery hot sky covered the cold fjord, which, in turn, gives rise to a fantastic shadow, similar to some kind of sea monster. Tension distorts space, lines break, colors don't match, perspective is destroyed.

Many critics believe that the plot of the picture is the fruit of a sick fantasy of a mentally ill person. Someone sees in the work a premonition of an ecological catastrophe, someone solves the question of what kind of mummy inspired the author to do this work.

8. "Girl with a pearl earring." Jan Vermeer, 1665

The painting "Girl with a Pearl Earring" (Dutch. "Het meisje met de parel") was written around 1665. IN given time stored in the Mauritshuis Museum, The Hague, the Netherlands, and is calling card museum. The painting, nicknamed the Dutch Mona Lisa, or Mona Lisa of the North, is written in the Tronie genre.

Thanks to the 2003 film Girl with a Pearl Earring by Peter Webber, a huge number of people who are far from painting have learned about the wonderful Dutch artist Jan Vermeer, as well as his most famous painting, Girl with a Pearl Earring.

9. "Tower of Babel". Pieter Brueghel, 1563

Famous painting by Pieter Brueghel. The artist created at least two paintings on this subject.

The painting is in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.

There is a story in the Bible about how the inhabitants of Babylon tried to build a high tower in order to reach the sky, but God made them speak different languages, ceased to understand each other, and the tower remained unfinished.

10. "Algerian women." Pablo Picasso, 1955

"Women of Algeria" - a series of 15 paintings created by Picasso in 1954-1955 based on the paintings of Eugene Delacroix; the paintings are distinguished by the letters assigned by the artist from A to O. "Version O" was written on February 14, 1955; for some time it belonged to the famous American art collector of the 20th century, Victor Ganz.

Pablo Picasso's "Women of Algiers (version O)" was sold for $180 million.

11. "New planet". Konstantin Yuon, 1921

Russian Soviet painter, master of landscape, theater artist art theorist. Academician of the Academy of Arts of the USSR. People's Artist of the USSR. Laureate Stalin Prize first degree. Member of the CPSU since 1951.

This amazing, created in 1921 and not at all typical for the realist artist Yuon, the painting “New Planet” is one of the brightest works that embodied the image of the changes that became in the second decade of the 20th century. October Revolution. New system, a new way and a new way of thinking of the newly born Soviet society. What awaits humanity now? Bright future? They didn't think about it at the time, but what Soviet Russia and the whole world is entering an era of change, as is the rapid birth of a new planet.

12. "Sistine Madonna". Raphael Santi, 1754

Painting by Raphael, which has been in the Old Masters Gallery in Dresden since 1754. Belongs to the generally recognized peaks of the High Renaissance.

Huge in size (265 × 196 cm, as indicated by the size of the painting in the catalog Dresden Gallery) the canvas was created by Raphael for the altar of the church of the monastery of St. Sixtus in Piacenza, commissioned by Pope Julius II. There is a hypothesis that the painting was painted in 1512-1513 in honor of the victory over the French, who invaded Lombardy during the Italian Wars, and the subsequent incorporation of Piacenza into the Papal States.

13. "Penitent Mary Magdalene". Titian (Tiziano Vecellio), painted around 1565

A painting painted around 1565 by the Italian artist Titian Vecellio. Belongs to the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg. Sometimes the date of creation is given as "1560s".

The model of the painting was Giulia Festina, who struck the artist with a shock of golden hair. The finished canvas greatly impressed the Duke of Gonzaga, and he decided to order a copy of it. Later Titian, changing the background and posing of a woman, wrote a couple more similar works.

14. Mona Lisa. Leonardo Da Vinci, 1503-1505

Portrait of Mrs. Lisa del Giocondo, (ital. Ritratto di Monna Lisa del Giocondo) - a painting by Leonardo da Vinci, located in the Louvre (Paris, France), one of the most famous paintings in the world, which is believed to be a portrait of Lisa Gherardini, the wife of a silk merchant from Florence, Francesco del Giocondo, painted around 1503-1505 .

According to one of the put forward versions, "Mona Lisa" is a self-portrait of the artist.

15. “Morning in a pine forest”, Shishkin Ivan Ivanovich, 1889.

Painting by Russian artists Ivan Shishkin and Konstantin Savitsky. Savitsky painted the bears, but the collector Pavel Tretyakov erased his signature, so one painting is often listed as the author.

The idea for the painting was suggested to Shishkin by Savitsky, who later acted as a co-author and depicted the figures of cubs. These bears, with some differences in posture and number (at first there were two of them), appear in preparatory drawings and sketches. The animals turned out so well for Savitsky that he even signed the painting together with Shishkin.

16. "We didn't wait." Ilya Repin, 1884-1888

Painting by Russian artist Ilya Repin (1844-1930), painted in 1884-1888. It is part of the collection of the State Tretyakov Gallery.

The painting shown at the 12th traveling exhibition is part of a narrative cycle dedicated to the fate of the Russian populist revolutionary.

17. Ball at the Moulin de la Galette, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, 1876.

Painting painted by French artist Pierre-Auguste Renoir in 1876.

The place where the painting is located is the Musée d'Orsay. The Moulin de la Galette is an inexpensive tavern in Montmartre where the students and working youth of Paris gathered.

18. Starry night. Vincent van Gogh, 1889

De sterrennacht- a painting by the Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh, written in June 1889, with a view of the predawn sky over a fictional town from the east window of the artist's dwelling in Saint-Remy-de-Provence. Since 1941 it has been kept at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Considered one of the best works Van Gogh and one of the most significant works Western painting.

19. "Creation of Adam". Michelangelo, 1511.

Fresco by Michelangelo, painted around 1511. The fresco is the fourth of nine central compositions on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

The Creation of Adam is one of the most outstanding mural compositions in the Sistine Chapel. In endless space, God the Father flies, surrounded by wingless angels, with a fluttering white tunic. The right hand is extended towards Adam's hand and almost touches it. Lying on a green rock, Adam's body gradually begins to move, awakens to life. The whole composition is concentrated on the gesture of two hands. The hand of God gives impulse, and the hand of Adam receives it, giving the whole body vital energy. By the fact that their hands do not touch, Michelangelo emphasized the impossibility of connecting the divine and the human. In the image of God, according to the artist, not a miraculous principle prevails, but a gigantic creative energy. In the image of Adam, Michelangelo sings of strength and beauty human body. In fact, it is not the very creation of man that appears before us, but the moment at which he receives a soul, a passionate search for the divine, a thirst for knowledge.

20. "Kiss in the starry sky." Gustav Klimt, 1905-1907

Painting by Austrian artist Gustav Klimt, painted in 1907-1908. The canvas belongs to the period of Klimt's work, called "golden", the last work of the author in his "golden period".

On a rock, on the edge of a flower meadow, in a golden aura, lovers stand completely immersed in each other, fenced off from the whole world. Due to the uncertainty of the place of what is happening, it seems that the couple depicted in the picture is moving into a cosmic state that is not subject to time and space, beyond all historical and social stereotypes and cataclysms. Complete solitude and the man's face turned back only emphasize the impression of isolation and detachment in relation to the observer.

Source - Wikipedia, muzei-mira.com, say-hi.me