The concept and types of culture: artistic, physical, mass. Forms of culture

Human civilization has reached a high stage of development. And one of the defining features of this is the diversity of culture.

Definition of the term

6. Elite (high) - created by professionals on their own, or by order of the privileged strata of society. Its types, in turn, are art, literature, classical music.

7. Mass form of culture - it can be called the opposite of the elite. Created on a large scale a wide range population. Its main tasks are entertainment and profit. This is one of the youngest forms of culture, which owes its appearance to the rapid development of mass media in the 20th century. They are divided into the following types:

Media - television, newspapers, radio. They disseminate information strong influence society and focused on different groups of people.

Means of communication - these include the Internet, cellular and telephone communications.

IN Lately Some researchers propose to single out another type of mass culture - computer culture. Computers and tablets have practically replaced books, television and newspapers for many users. With their help, you can instantly get any information. In its impact, this type of culture is catching up with the means mass media, and with the further spread of computers, it may soon outstrip them.

8. Screen - one of the types of mass culture. It got its name from the way it is displayed on the screen. It includes films computer games, television series, game consoles.

9. Folk form of culture (folklore) - in contrast to the elite, it is created by anonymous non-professionals. It can also be called amateur. This folk art, which is born from working and everyday life. Passed down from generation to generation, folk culture constantly enriched.

Features of the culture of different countries and eras

Each country, ethnic group or nation has its own distinct culture. Sometimes the differences may not be noticeable, but most often they are immediately evident. A European will practically not see the difference between the culture of peoples such as the Incas and the Maya. The art of ancient China and Japan is not very different in his eyes. But he can easily distinguish the culture of a European country from an Asian one.

An example is the legacy of ancient China. What features does it have? This is a strict hierarchy of society, observance of rituals, the absence of a single religion.

Functions

There is no need to prove that culture plays one of the important roles in life individual person and society as a whole. It performs the following functions:

1. Cognitive. Culture, summarizing the experience of previous generations, accumulates valuable information about the surrounding world, which helps a person in his cognitive activity. An individual society will be intelligent insofar as it deeply studies and applies the experience and knowledge contained in the gene pool.

2. Normative (regulating): taboos, norms, rules, morality are designed to regulate the personal and social life of a person.

3. Educational (educational) - it is culture that makes a person a personality. Being in society, we master knowledge, rules and norms, language, traditions - both of our own social community and global ones. How much a person learns from cultural knowledge will determine who he eventually becomes. All this is achieved by a long process of upbringing and education.

4. Adaptive - helps a person to adapt to the environment.

native culture

The Russian Federation is a multinational country. Its development took place under the influence of national cultures. The uniqueness of Russia lies in the extraordinary diversity of traditions, beliefs, moral norms, rules, customs, aesthetic tastes, which is associated with the specifics of cultural heritage. different peoples.

Russian culture is dominant in the territory Russian Federation. Which is quite understandable, because Russians make up the ethnic majority among other peoples of the country.

In all existing typologies, our culture is always considered separately. Domestic and Western culturologists unanimously believe that Russian culture is a special phenomenon. It cannot be attributed to any of known types. It does not belong to either the western or the eastern, being somewhere in between. Such a borderline, dual position led to the formation internal inconsistency Russian culture and national character.

Yes, and it was formed quite differently than in the East or West. Its development was greatly influenced by the fight against nomadic raids, the adoption of Christianity (while Catholicism gained great power in the West), the Mongol yoke, and the unification of ruined and weakened principalities into a single Russian state.

At the same time, Russian culture has never developed as a holistic phenomenon. She has always been dualistic. There are always two opposite principles in it: pagan and Christian, Asian and European. The same duality is inherent in the character of the Russian people. On the one hand, this is humility and compassion, on the other, rigidity.

An important feature of Russian culture was that it arose on a multi-ethnic basis. The core of the future Russian people, East Slavs, in the process of settlement, they encountered Turkic and Finno-Ugric tribes, partially assimilating them and absorbing elements of the culture of these peoples.

Stages of development of Russian culture

1. Ancient period.

Speaking about the development of Russian culture, it is worth noting that at the very beginning big influence it was influenced by Slavic culture. The Slavs, before their division into three groups, lived in the Central and Eastern Europe. They settled near rivers and streams, in a safe place, for example, in a deaf forest. The main occupations were agriculture, fishing and various crafts. The Slavs were pagans and worshiped gods, spirits of nature and ancestors. The influence of the Scythian tribes and ancient culture can be traced in the household items, jewelry and weapons found at the excavation site.

2. Culture of Kievan Rus.

The beginning of this period is associated with the adoption of Christianity in Rus'. The material culture that existed before that has changed little. But great changes have taken place in the sphere of spirituality. Thanks to Orthodoxy, such types of art as painting, architecture, music, and literature received an impetus to the development. The culture of this period was the following features: the strong influence of religion, the cult of the hero - the defender of Rus', the disunity and isolation of the Russian principalities, integration into the European cultural space. At this time, crafts, folklore develop, the first epics appear, a single script arises, the first schools open.

3. Culture XIII-XVII centuries, which is divided into two periods: the culture of Muscovy and Russian Empire.

During the time of Muscovite Rus', the country began to lag far behind Western states due to the Mongol yoke. While the first manufactories appeared in Europe, Russia had to deal with the restoration of handicrafts.

The beginning of the Russian Empire (the Petrine era, or the period of the "Russian Enlightenment") is characterized by the transition from the ancient heritage to the culture of the New Age.

4. Soviet culture.

The 20th century was a time of great upheaval for the whole world, but most of all global changes affected the Russian Empire. The revolution, the change of the political system, the formation of the USSR... The culture, the forms of culture of Russia were changed in the strongest way. The main features of this period: the emergence of a new, socialist culture, the diversity of its forms. During these years, such remarkable personalities as Mayakovsky, Blok, Zoshchenko, Bulgakov, Sholokhov, Gorky worked.

As for culture modern Russia, then after a difficult transition period as a result of the collapse of the USSR, it begins its gradual revival. Much of this is facilitated by government policy. Various projects are being developed and implemented. For example, federal program"Culture of Russia", which operates from 2012 to 2018. It helps to implement many creative non-profit projects by providing subsidies to its authors.

The modern culture of Russia is a set of national cultures that are in constant interaction. Gradually, she moves away from traditional culture, and her image is increasingly associated with the space age and the ecological ideas of mankind. For modern man it becomes characteristic to be dissatisfied with one's current position and way of life. He seeks a way out in the green movement, becomes a fan of natural nutrition or actively begins to practice yoga. All these are the germs of a new, alternative culture, which is replacing the one that existed during the transitional period of Russia's development.

1. The concept of culture

Culture is a diverse concept. This scientific term appeared in Ancient Rome, where the word "cultura" meant the cultivation of the land, upbringing, education. At frequent use this word lost its original meaning and began to denote the most different sides human behavior and activities. The sociological dictionary gives the following definitions of the concept of "culture": "Culture is a specific way of organizing and developing human life, represented in the products of material and spiritual labor, in the system of social norms and institutions, in spiritual values, in the totality of people's relations to nature, among themselves and to ourselves."

Culture is phenomena, properties, elements human life which qualitatively distinguish man from nature. This difference is connected with the conscious transforming activity of man.

The concept of "culture" can be used to characterize the behavior of the consciousness and activities of people in certain areas of life (work culture, political culture). The concept of "culture" can fix the way of life of an individual (personal culture), a social group (national culture) and the whole society as a whole.

culture can be divided into various features on different types:

1) by subject (bearer of culture) into social, national, class, group, personal;

2) by functional role - into general (for example, in the system of general education) and special (professional);

3) by genesis - into folk and elite;

4) by type - into material and spiritual;

5) by nature - into religious and secular.

From the foregoing, it becomes obvious that culture plays important role in the life of society, which consists primarily in the fact that culture acts as a means of accumulation, storage and transmission of human experience.

This role of culture is realized through a number of functions:

Educational and educational function. We can say that it is culture that makes a person a person. An individual becomes a member of society, a person as he socializes, i.e. masters knowledge, language, symbols, values, norms, customs, traditions of his people, his social group and all of humanity. The level of culture of an individual is determined by its socialization - familiarization with cultural heritage, as well as the degree of development of individual abilities. Personality culture is usually associated with developed creativity, erudition, understanding of works of art, fluency in native and foreign languages, accuracy, politeness, self-control, high morality, etc. All this is achieved in the process of upbringing and education.

Integrative and disintegrative functions of culture. E. Durkheim paid special attention to these functions in his studies. According to E. Durkheim, the development of culture creates in people - members of a particular community a sense of community, belonging to one nation, people, religion, group, etc. Thus, culture unites people, integrates them, ensures the integrity of the community. But uniting some on the basis of some subculture, it opposes them to others, and separates wider communities and communities. Within these broader communities and communities, cultural conflicts can arise. Thus, culture can and often performs a disintegrating function.

Regulatory function of culture. As noted earlier, in the course of socialization, values, ideals, norms and patterns of behavior become part of the self-consciousness of the individual. They shape and regulate her behavior. We can say that culture as a whole determines the framework within which a person can and should act. Culture regulates human behavior in the family, at school, at work, at home, etc., putting forward a system of prescriptions and prohibitions. Violation of these prescriptions and prohibitions triggers certain sanctions that are established by the community and supported by force. public opinion And various forms institutional coercion.

The function of translation (transfer) of social experience is often called the function of historical continuity, or information. Culture, which is a complex sign system, transmits social experience from generation to generation, from era to era. In addition to culture, society has no other mechanisms for concentrating the entire wealth of experience that has been accumulated by people. Therefore, it is no coincidence that culture is considered the social memory of mankind.

The cognitive (epistemological) function is closely related to the function of transferring social experience and, in in a certain sense flows from it. Culture, concentrating the best social experience of many generations of people, acquires the ability to accumulate the richest knowledge about the world and thereby create favorable opportunities for its knowledge and development. It can be argued that a society is as intellectual as it fully uses the richest knowledge contained in the cultural gene pool of mankind. All types of society that live today on Earth differ significantly primarily on this basis.

Regulatory (normative) function is associated primarily with the definition (regulation) of various aspects, types of social and personal activities of people. In the sphere of work, everyday life, interpersonal relations, culture in one way or another influences the behavior of people and regulates their actions and even the choice of certain material and spiritual values. The regulatory function of culture is supported by such regulatory systems like morality and law.

Sign function is the most important in the system of culture. Representing a certain sign system, culture implies knowledge, possession of it. It is impossible to master the achievements of culture without studying the corresponding sign systems. Thus, language (oral or written) is a means of communication between people. Literary language acts as the most important means of mastering the national culture. Specific languages ​​are needed for understanding the world of music, painting, theater. The natural sciences also have their own sign systems.

The value, or axiological, function reflects the most important qualitative state of culture. Culture as a certain system of values ​​forms a person's well-defined value needs and orientations. By their level and quality, people most often judge the degree of culture of a person. Moral and intellectual content, as a rule, acts as a criterion for an appropriate assessment.

Social features culture

The social functions that culture performs allow people to carry out collective activities, satisfying their needs in the best possible way. The main functions of culture are:

social integration - ensuring the unity of mankind, a common worldview (with the help of myth, religion, philosophy);

organization and regulation of the joint life of people through law, politics, morality, customs, ideology, etc.;

provision of people's livelihoods (such as knowledge, communication, accumulation and transfer of knowledge, upbringing, education, stimulation of innovations, selection of values, etc.);

regulation of individual spheres of human activity (culture of life, culture of recreation, culture of work, culture of food, etc.).

Thus, the system of culture is not only complex and diverse, but also very mobile. Culture is an indispensable component of the life of both society as a whole and its closely interconnected subjects: individuals, social communities, social institutions.

The structure of culture. culture as social institution

Culture in sociological knowledge

Types and forms of culture.

The structure of culture. Culture as a social institution.

Culture in sociological knowledge.

Plan

There are more than 150 definitions of the concept of "culture".

Culture (originally from Latin cultura) - “cultivation”, “cultivation” (from “cultivation” in ancient Rome to “upbringing and education of a person.” Gradually, the term “culture” acquires not only personal, but also social meaning.

culture- this is a system of values ​​shared by members of society, normative and other regulators of social interactions;

This is a way of organizing and developing human life, presented in its tangible and intangible products, passed down from generation to generation.

Society and culture are quite difficult to distinguish, since they "live" in each other, and their interpenetration is multilateral.

This can be confirmed by the subjects of culture, which are the main types of social communities - society (if it is considered as a type of the widest community), a nation, a social group.

So, for example, we can talk about Russian, American cultures as the cultures of the respective societies; about the Tatar Chuvash cultures How national cultures; youth culture, teaching culture, etc. as cultures of specific social groups (demographic, professional, etc.).

Society and culture, meanwhile, may not coincide with each other, which makes it possible to separate these phenomena.

This is confirmed by the following:

1) not all members of society share its cultural values ​​and norms;

2) some cultural patterns extend beyond the borders of a particular country and are perceived in other countries (for example, Roman law);

3) in one society, sometimes significantly different cultures can coexist.

The structure of culture, its main elements: values, norms, customs, language, activities.

social values - significant phenomena, objects, processes as samples accepted in a given environment, with the help of which people correlate their interactions in a social community. Values, as the “core” of culture, unite material and non-material culture. Values ​​act as social and normative regulators of social life and people's behavior. Values ​​are the basis for norms and standards of behavior.

Norms are the rules of conduct, expectations and standards that govern interactions between people. There are norms: moral (accepted in society rules of conduct that require the performance of some actions and prohibit others, for example, 10 commandments), institutional (carefully developed, in contrast to moral ones, with established rules following them, because each institution has its own regulatory framework), legal (reinforced formalized norms that require strict implementation, which is ensured by coercion on the part of the state), norms of etiquette, everyday behavior, etc.

customs- patterns of behavior accepted in society (communities) (inherited stereotypical ways of behavior), which are constantly reproduced and are familiar to its members. IN traditional societies are the main regulators, and their violation is severely punished. IN modern societies there are more customs, their violation is not punished very harshly and concerns, first of all, elementary norms of behavior (how to eat, sit, greet, etc.). Among the customs are taboos - prohibitions.

Language- a system of communication carried out on the basis of sounds and symbols that have conditional but reasonable meanings. Language serves as the main means of translation, transmission of culture, because to a large extent, her creations are presented in symbolic form.

There is a special "language of culture", i.e. in order to penetrate the essence of the work, it is necessary to master its language (the professions of a composer, artist, sculptor, etc.).

Language is a social phenomenon, i.e. language cannot be acquired outside of social interaction.

Language, like culture, develops generally accepted meanings that make up the content of oral and written speech. Language is objective and speech is subjective; Language is social, speech is individual.

Activity consists in the creation (production), assimilation (consumption), preservation, distribution (distribution) of cultural goods, values, norms. Activities in the field of culture in sociology are reduced to the following types: reading, visiting movies, theaters, watching TV shows, participating in creativity (artistic, musical, etc.). etc.

cultural activities in a broad sense - (self) realization of the essential forces of a person, his abilities, talents, needs and interests. Thus, cultural content can be identified in any area of ​​social activity - work, family, life, education, politics, leisure.

Culture as a social institution performs the following functions:

1) spiritual production(providing the necessary prerequisites for spiritual creativity, creation of spiritual values);

2) preservation, replication and transmission of newly created or reproduced values ​​(in an effort to make them a mass property - the work of publishing houses, printing houses, film studios, etc.);

3) socio-regulatory (regulation of the process of creation, preservation, distribution of spiritual benefits with the help of normative and value mechanisms - traditions, customs, symbols);

4) communicative (organization of interaction between institutions and groups of persons in the course of production, preservation and distribution of spiritual values);

5) social control over how the creation and distribution of products of cultural institutions is carried out.

Types of culture:

1. Material and non-material (spiritual) culture

Material culture refers to physical objects, or artifacts, created by people who are given certain meaning(car, building, furniture, etc.).

Intangible (spiritual) culture includes spiritual values, language, beliefs, rules, customs, system of government, science, religion.

2. Civilization, cultural-historical type, those. culture as an integral historical phenomenon (the so-called "great cultures" - ancient, Indian, Chinese, European, etc.): characterizes certain historical eras, or specific societies, nationalities, nations. These are ethnic, territorial, economic, linguistic, political, psychological communities that “stretch” in time and space, passing through stages of origin, development, prosperity and decline.

3. Subculture- a system of activities, values ​​and norms that distinguish the culture of a certain social community from the culture of the majority of society. The subculture does not reject the culture of the majority, but deviates from it ( youth subculture, the subculture of doctors, the subculture of students, etc.).

4. Counterculture A subculture that is in conflict with the mainstream culture. Counterculture forms norms and values ​​that contradict the main aspects of culture. Sometimes counterculture values ​​infiltrate the mainstream culture and become less conflicted.

Culture Forms:

Elite (high) culture, the works of which are perceived by relatively narrow sections of the population; a set of cultural creations, complex in content and little understood by an unprepared person, for example, fine arts, classic literature and music;

Folk culture - a set of myths, legends, tales, songs, dances, created, as a rule, by anonymous authors;

Mass culture- a generally accepted set of cultural patterns and perceptions supported by the media, eg pop culture, rock culture.

1. STRUCTURE OF CULTURE

1.1 Traits of culture

2. AGENTS AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS OF CULTURE

3. TYPOLOGY OF CULTURES

4. TYPES OF CROPS

4.1 Dominant culture

4.2 Subculture and counterculture

4.3 Rural culture

4.4 Urban culture

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. STRUCTURE OF CULTURE

Culture (from Latin culture - cultivation, upbringing, education, development, veneration) - a specific way of organizing and developing human life, presented in projects of material and spiritual labor, in the system of social norms and institutions, in spiritual values, in the totality of people's attitudes towards nature, to each other and to ourselves. Culture is inherent in any form human existence as its characteristic and mandatory feature, a necessary attribute of any society.

The structure of culture is presented in two main parts: cultural statics and cultural dynamics. The first describes culture at rest, the second - in motion. Cultural statics is internal structure cultures - a set of oasis elements or features and forms of culture - configurations, characteristic combinations of such elements.

Dynamics includes those means, mechanisms and processes that describe the transformation of culture, its change. Culture is born, spreads, is preserved, many metamorphoses take place with it. The basic units of culture are the elements or features of culture. They are of two types - material And intangible. Material cultural monuments are more durable, they store more information than intangible ones. Modern culture can be judged by the material and non-material elements of culture, but ancient culture can only be judged by the material.

material culture includes physical objects created by human hands. They are called artifacts (a steam engine, a book, a temple, an apartment building, a tie, an ornament, a dam, and much more). Artifacts are distinguished by the fact that they have a certain symbolic meaning, perform intended function and represent a certain value to the group or society.

Non-material or spiritual culture is formed by norms, rules, samples, standards, models and norms of behavior, laws, values, ceremonies, rituals, symbols, knowledge, ideas, customs, traditions, language. They are also the result of human activity, but they were not created by hands, but rather by the mind. Intangible objects exist in our minds and are supported by human communication.

1.1 Traits of culture

Basic units cultural statics is called elements or cultural traits. The features of culture are divided into universal, general and specific.

Universal traits of culture inherent in everything the human race and distinguish it from other types of living beings. First of all, the sociobiological traits, in particular, a long period childhood, the constant (not seasonal) nature of the reproductive function and the complex structure of the brain, the need for long-term and caring upbringing of offspring inherent in all people, and the attachment of children to their parents. Social universals include collective life, food distribution, and family building.

General features of culture inherent in a number of societies and peoples, therefore they are also called regional. There are several reasons for regional similarity. The first is that some peoples communicate and exchange cultural achievements among themselves more actively than with other peoples. The second reason is common ethnic ancestors. The third reason for the similarity is due to the same, but independent of each other, cultural inventions made simultaneously by different peoples.

Specific features of culture often referred to as exotic, unfamiliar or not generally accepted. In some cultures, it is believed that funerals should be magnificent, and not people's name days. Other cultures think differently. The difference in approach to the same event among different peoples can be explained by cultural factors.

Along with these features of culture, there are nine more fundamental, inherent in all cultures, namely: speech (language); material features; art; mythology and scientific knowledge; religious practice; family and social system; own; government; war. They can be called universal patterns (structures, patterns) of culture. Otherwise, the patterns are called cultural themes. For example, some cultures are built around topics such as equality and social justice, others are about individual responsibility and financial success, still others are about military prowess and hunting, and so on.

cultural complex- a set of cultural features or elements that arose on the basis of the original element and are functionally related to it. An example is sports game hockey.

The stadium, the fans are connected with it, sportswear, puck, tickets and more. The cultural complex can be galleries and museums, exhibition halls, private collections of paintings and antique items, artistic styles and directions, scientific theories and schools, religious teachings, etc.

In cultural statics, elements are delimited in time and space. And since the cultural complex is a functionally interconnected set of elements of culture, then, consequently, it can be spatial And temporary.

Under the spatial cultural complex in this case understood cultural area, and under temporary cultural heritage.

Cultural area - a geographic region that includes a number of societies endowed with the same or similar features or sharing a dominant cultural orientation. (For example, polygamy is a hallmark of Eastern countries that profess Islam.) For example, Slavic culture includes Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Belarusian and some other subcultures or national cultures.

2. AGENTS AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS OF CULTURE

TO agents of culture relate large social groups, small social groups, individuals.

Small social groups subdivided into:

- voluntary professional associations, uniting creators of culture, promoting their professional growth, protecting their rights and promoting the dissemination of cultural values;

- specialized associations and circles;

- circle of admirers certain types art, for example a musical group;

- cultural cuts, representing an indefinite set of people belonging to the intelligentsia and providing spiritual support for either culture as a whole or its individual types and directions;

- families, in which the primary socialization of a person takes place.

Large social groups subdivided into:

- ethnic groups(tribe, nationality, nation), which are stable intergenerational communities of people, united by a common historical destiny, common traditions, culture, features of life, the unity of the territory and language;

- professional groups creators, researchers, custodians and performers of works of art (in particular, ethnographers, philologists, philosophers, critics, restorers, architects, censors, musicologists);

- non-professional groups in one form or another attached to the culture (for example, fans, viewers, readers);

- audience(spectator, reader).

It should be noted that a special category of cultural subjects are contributors- people who contributed to positive changes in culture. This category is divided into several groups:

Creators of works of art: composers, artists, writers, poets;

Patrons, sponsors, that is, investors of culture;

Distributors of cultural values: publishers, lecturer, announcers;

Consumers of cultural values: public, audience;

Censors: literary editors, editors-in-chief, literary censors who enforce the rules;

Organizers: Minister of Culture, Mayor of the city.

TO cultural institutions should include institutions and organizations that create, perform, store, distribute works of art, as well as sponsor and educate the population cultural property, in particular, schools and puzas, academies of sciences, ministries of culture and education, lyceums, galleries, libraries, theaters, educational complexes, stadiums, etc.

3. TYPOLOGY OF CULTURES

Branches of culture called such sets of norms, rules and models of human behavior, which include a relatively closed area as part of the whole.

Types of culture such sets of norms, rules and models of people's behavior are considered, which constitute relatively closed areas, but are not parts of one whole.

Any national or ethnic group is classified as a cultural type. They are not only regional-ethnic formations, but also historical and economic ones.

Forms of culture refer to such sets of rules, norms and models of human behavior that cannot be considered completely autonomous entities; neither are they constituent parts of any whole. high or elite culture, folk culture and popular culture are called forms of culture because they are a special way of expressing artistic content.

Types of culture called such sets of rules and behaviors that are varieties of more common culture. The main types of culture are:

a) the dominant (nationwide) culture, subculture and

counterculture;

b) rural and urban culture;

c) ordinary and specialized culture.

There are the following branches of culture:

Economic culture. It includes in its composition the culture of production, the culture of distribution, the culture of exchange, the culture of consumption, the culture of management, the culture of work. When an enterprise produces defective products, they speak of a low production culture. When the contracting parties do not fulfill their obligations, let each other down when concluding and implementing a deal, they speak of a low culture of exchange. When the interests of the consumer in society are ignored, when the buyer cannot return or exchange low-quality goods in the store, or when the sellers are incorrect, they speak of a low culture of consumption.

The concept of culture originally in ancient Rome meant agriculture. Mark Porcius Cato the Elder back in the 2nd century BC. wrote a treatise on agriculture "De Agri Cultura". As an independent term, culture began to be used in the 17th century and meant “education” and “education”. IN Everyday life culture has retained this meaning.

Culture - it is a set of various manifestations of human activity, including self-expression, self-knowledge, accumulation of skills and abilities. Simply put, culture is everything that is created by man, that is, it is not nature. Culture as a kind of activity always has a result. Depending on what character this result has (refers to material values ​​or to spiritual ones), culture is distinguished into material and spiritual.

material culture.

material culture- this is everything that is related to the material world and serves to satisfy the material needs of a person or society. Essential elements:

• items(or things) is what is primarily meant by material culture(shovels and Cell phones, roads and buildings, food and clothing);
• technologies- methods and means of using objects in order to create something else with their help;
• technical culture- a set of practical skills, abilities and abilities of a person, as well as experience gained over generations (an example is a borscht recipe passed down from generation to generation from mother to daughter).

Spiritual culture.

spiritual culture- this is a type of activity associated with feelings, emotions, as well as with intellect. Essential elements:

• spiritual values(the main element in spiritual culture, as it serves as a standard, ideal, role model);
• spiritual activity(art, science, religion);
• spiritual needs;
• spiritual consumption(consumption of spiritual goods).

Types of culture.

Types of culture numerous and varied. For example, according to the nature of the attitude towards religion, culture is secular or religious, according to its distribution in the world - national or world, according to its geographical nature - Eastern, Western, Russian, British, Mediterranean, American, etc., according to the degree of urbanization - urban, rural , rustic, as well as - traditional, industrial, postmodern, specialized, medieval, antique, primitive, etc.

All these types can be summarized in three main forms of culture.

Forms of culture.

1. High culture (elite). fine art high level creating cultural canons. It is non-commercial in nature and requires intellectual decryption. Example: classical music and literature.
2. Mass culture (pop culture). Culture consumed by the masses, with a low level of complexity. It is commercial in nature and aimed at entertaining a wide audience. Some consider it a means to control the masses, while others believe that the masses themselves created it.
3. Folk culture. Culture of a non-commercial nature, the authors of which, as a rule, are not known: folklore, fairy tales, myths, songs, etc.

It should be borne in mind that the components of all these three forms constantly penetrate into each other, interact and complement each other. Ensemble " Golden ring"- an example of both mass and folk culture.