The culture of Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries briefly. Culture of Western Europe in the 17th century
Lecture number 18.Theme: European culture XVI-XVIII centuries.
1. Culture of the Renaissance.
2. Literature of the Enlightenment.
3. Art XVII-XVIII centuries.
1.
new period in the cultural development of Western and Central Europe called the Renaissance, or the Renaissance.
Renaissance (on French Renaissance) is a humanistic movement in the history of European culture during the period of the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of modern times. The Renaissance originated in Italy in the 14th century, spread to Western countries ( Northern Renaissance) and reached greatest flourishing in the middle of the 16th century. Late 16th - early 17th century: decline - mannerism.
The Renaissance phenomenon was determined by the fact that the ancient heritage turned into a weapon of overthrow church canons and prohibitions. Some culturologists, defining its significance, compare it with the grandiose cultural revolution, which lasted two and a half centuries and ended with the creation of a new type of worldview and a new type of culture. A revolution took place in art, comparable to the discovery of Copernicus. At the center of the new worldview was man, and not God as the highest measure of all that exists. The new view of the world was called humanism.
Anthropocentrism is the main idea of the Renaissance worldview. The birth of a new worldview is associated with the writer Francesco Petrarch. Scholasticism, based on the formal terminological method, he opposes scientific knowledge; happiness in the "City of God" - earthly human happiness; spiritual love for God - sublime love for an earthly woman.
The ideas of humanism were expressed in the fact that in a person his personal qualities are important - mind, creative energy, enterprise, self-esteem, will and education, and not social status and origin.
In the Renaissance, the ideal of harmonic, liberated, creative personality, beauty and harmony, appeal to man as the highest principle of being, a sense of wholeness and harmonious regularity of the universe.
The Renaissance gave rise to geniuses and titans:
Italy - Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, Titian, politician Machiavelli, philosophers Alberti, Bruni, Val, Ficino, Nicholas of Cusa, architects Brunelleschi and Bramante;
France - Rabelais and Montaigne;
England - More, Bacon, Sydney, Shakespeare;
Spain - Cervantes;
Poland - Copernicus;
Germany - Boehme, Müntzer, Kepler.
Renaissance masterpieces:
Leonardo da Vinci "La Gioconda" The Last Supper»;
Raphael " Sistine Madonna"and" Sleeping Venus "," Conestabile Madonna "and" Judith ";
Titian "Danae" (Hermitage Museum).
The main feature of the art and culture of the Renaissance is the affirmation of the beauty and talent of a person, the triumph of thought and high feelings, creative activity. Baroque and classicism styles are developing in fine arts, academicism and caravagism are developing in painting. New genres appear - landscape, still life, paintings of everyday life, hunts and holidays.
Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa
Raphael Sistine Madonna
Renaissance architecture is based on the revival of classical, mainly Roman architecture. The main requirements are balance and clarity of proportions, the use of an order system, a sensitive attitude to building material, its texture, beauty.
The revival arose and most clearly manifested itself in Italy.
The period from the last decade of the 15th century to the middle of the 16th century (High Renaissance) becomes the "golden age" of Italian art. The solemn and majestic architecture of Bramante and Palladio remains in the memory of his descendants, he gives the world the immortal masterpieces of Raphael and Michelangelo. The entire 16th century continues, and only in early XVII century, the flowering of the Renaissance culture born under the sky of Italy fades away.
Late Renaissance characterized by the rapid development of such a synthetic art form as theater, the most prominent representatives of which were Lope de Vega, Calderon, Tirso de Molina (Spain), William Shakespeare (England).
Thus, the culture of the Renaissance reflects the synthesis of the features of antiquity and medieval Christianity, and humanism is the ideological basis of the secularization of culture.
The Renaissance replaced the religious ritual with a secular one, elevated a person to a heroic pedestal.
2.
People of the 17th-18th centuries called their time centuries of reason and enlightenment. Medieval ideas, consecrated by the authorities of the church and the all-powerful tradition, were criticized. In the 18th century, the desire for knowledge based on reason, and not on faith, took possession of an entire generation. The consciousness that everything is subject to discussion, that everything must be clarified by the means of reason, was a distinctive feature of the people of the 17th and 18th centuries.
During the Age of Enlightenment, the transition to contemporary culture. took shape new image life and thinking, which means that the artistic self-awareness of a new type of culture also changed. Enlightenment saw in ignorance, prejudice and superstition main reason human disasters and social evils, but in education, philosophical and scientific activity, in freedom of thought - the path of cultural and social progress.
The ideas of social equality and personal freedom took possession, first of all, of the third estate, from whose midst most of the humanists emerged. The middle class consisted of the prosperous bourgeoisie and people of liberal professions, it possessed capital, professional and scientific knowledge, common ideas, spiritual aspirations. The worldview of the third estate was most clearly expressed in the enlightenment movement - anti-feudal in content and revolutionary in spirit.
Radical changes also took place at the level of aesthetic consciousness. The main creative principles of the 17th century - classicism and baroque - acquired new qualities during the Enlightenment, because the art of the 17th century turned to the image real world. Artists, sculptors, writers recreated it in paintings and sculptures, stories and novels, in plays and performances. The realistic orientation of art prompted the creation of a new creative method.
Literature relied on public opinion, which was formed in circles and salons. The courtyard ceased to be the only center to which everyone aspired. The philosophical salons of Paris came into fashion, where Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau, Helvetius, Hume, Smith visited. From 1717 to 1724 more than one and a half million volumes of Voltaire and about a million volumes of Rousseau were printed. Voltaire was a truly great writer - he knew how to comprehend and explain simply and in a beautiful, elegant language the most serious topic that attracted the attention of his contemporaries. He had a tremendous influence on the minds of all enlightened Europe. His evil laughter, capable of destroying age-old traditions, was feared more than anyone's accusations. He strongly emphasized the value of culture. He portrayed the history of society as the history of the development of culture and human education. Voltaire preached the same ideas in his dramatic works And philosophical stories("Candide, or Optimism", "Innocent", "Brutus", "Tancred", etc.).
The direction of enlightenment realism received successful development in England. The whole group of ideas and dreams of a better natural order received artistic expression in the famous novel by Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) Robinson Crusoe. He wrote more than 200 works of various genres: poems, novels, political essays, historical and ethnographic works. The book about Robinson is nothing but the story of an isolated individual, given to the educational and corrective work of nature, a return to the state of nature. Less well known is the second part of the novel, which tells of a spiritual rebirth on an island far from civilization.
German writers, remaining on the positions of enlightenment, were looking for non-revolutionary methods of combating evil. main force progress they considered aesthetic education, and the main means - art. German writers and poets moved from the ideals of public freedom to the ideals of moral and aesthetic freedom. Such a transition is characteristic of the work of the German poet, playwright and Enlightenment art theorist Friedrich Schiller (1759-1805). In his early plays, which were a huge success, the author protested against despotism and class prejudice. "Against Tyrants" - the epigraph to his famous drama "Robbers" - directly speaks of its social orientation.
In addition to the styles of baroque and classicism generally accepted in Europe, new ones appeared in the 17th-18th centuries: rococo, sentimentalism, pre-romanticism. Unlike previous centuries, there is no single style of the era, the unity of the artistic language. Art XVIII century has become a kind of encyclopedia of various stylistic forms that were widely used by artists, architects, musicians of this era. In France art culture was closely associated with the court environment. The Rococo style originated among the French aristocracy. The words of Louis XV (1715-1754) "After us - even a flood" can be considered a characteristic of the mood that prevailed in court circles. Strict etiquette was replaced by a frivolous atmosphere, a thirst for pleasure and fun. The aristocracy was in a hurry to have fun before the flood in the atmosphere of gallant festivities, the soul of which was Madame Pompadour. The court environment partly itself formed the Rococo style with its capricious, whimsical forms. Antoine Watteau (1684-1721), a court painter, can be considered the founder of Rococo in painting. The heroes of Watteau are actresses in wide silk dresses, dandies with languid movements, cupids frolicking in the air. Even the titles of his works speak for themselves: "The Capricious", "The Feast of Love", "Society in the Park", "The Predicament". 
Watteau "The Predicament".
As a painter, Watteau was much deeper and more complex than his numerous followers. He diligently studied nature, wrote a lot from nature. After the death of Watteau, Francois Boucher (1704-1770) took his place at court. A very skilled craftsman, he worked a lot in the field decorative painting, made sketches for tapestries, for painting on porcelain. Typical plots are The Triumph of Venus, The Toilet of Venus, The Bathing of Diana. In the works of Boucher, the mannerisms and eroticism of the Rococo era were expressed with particular force, for which he was constantly accused by moralist educators.
In the era of the French Revolution, a new classicism triumphed in art. Classicism XVIII century - not the development of classicism of the previous century - this is a fundamentally new historical and artistic phenomenon. Common features: appeal to antiquity as a norm and an artistic model, assertion of the superiority of duty over feeling, increased abstraction of style, pathos of reason, order and harmony. The exponent of classicism in painting was Jacques Louis David (years of life: 1748-1825). His painting "The Oath of the Horatii" became the battle banner of new aesthetic views. A plot from the history of Rome (the Horace brothers swear an oath of fidelity to duty and readiness to fight enemies) became an expression of republican views in revolutionary France.
J.S. Bach
The 18th century brought a lot of new things to musical creativity. In the 18th century, music rose to the level of other arts that had flourished since the Renaissance. Johann Sebastian Bach, Georg Friedrich Handel, Christoph Gluck, Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart stand at the pinnacle of musical art in the XVIII century. The flourishing of music as an independent art form at this time is explained by the need for poetic, emotional expression. spiritual world person. In the work of Bach and Handel, the continuity of musical traditions was still preserved, but they began to new stage in the history of music. Johann Sebastian Bach (life: 1685-1750) is considered an unsurpassed master of polyphony. Working in all genres, he wrote about 200 cantatas, instrumental concerts, compositions for organ, clavier, etc. Bach was especially close to the democratic line of the German artistic tradition associated with the poetry and music of the Protestant chant, with folk melody. Through the spiritual experience of his people, he felt the tragic beginning in human life and, at the same time, faith in ultimate harmony. Bach is a musical thinker who professes the same humanistic principle as the Enlighteners. 
Mozart
Everything new that was characteristic of progressive trends in music was embodied in the work of the Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (life: 1756-1791). Together with Franz Joseph Haydn, he represented the Vienna classical school. Haydn's main genre was the symphony, Mozart's opera. He changed the traditional opera forms, introduced psychological individuality into the genre types of symphonies. He owns about 20 operas: (“The Marriage of Figaro”, “Don Giovanni”, “The Magic Flute”); 50 symphony concerts, numerous sonatas, variations, masses, the famous "Requiem", choral compositions.
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Middle Ages - the period that is between sunset ancient culture and the revival of its elements in the early New Age. The culture of this period is based on the dialogue of the heritage of antiquity and the "barbarian" cultures of the Franks, Britons, Saxons, Goths and other tribes of Europe.
The main features of culture:
Feudalism is conditional ownership of land. The king endowed the titles of feudal lords lower in the hierarchy with the inherited right to use and dispose of the "feud" (land with peasants), in return for receiving their help in the war or other participation in court life
Theocentrism is the dominance of the religious picture of the world in all areas of life. Time, space, physicality, attitude to death are formed through the prism of Christian dogma.
16th century for Europe it was a time of struggle between feudalism and growing capitalism, economic shifts. The manufacturing industry, trade developed, economic needs increased - all this contributed to the activation of the exact and natural sciences. This time is characterized by great discoveries. Galileo Galilei (Italian scientist) laid the foundations of modern mechanics, made a telescope with a 32x magnification. The German astronomer Johannes Kepler compiled planetary tables, established the laws of planetary motion, and laid the foundations for the theory of eclipses.
Gottfried Leibniz created differential calculus, anticipated the principles of modern mathematical logic. The English mathematician Isaac Newton discovered the dispersion of light, the law of universal gravitation, chromatic aberration, created the foundations of celestial mechanics, the theory of light. Christian Huygens created the wave theory of light, a pendulum clock with a trigger mechanism, established the laws of oscillation of a physical pendulum, discovered the ring at Saturn. During this period there was a powerful growth of philosophical thought. The worldviews of Francis Bacon, John Locke, Thomas Hobbes in England, Benedict Spinoza in Holland, Rene Descartes in France made a huge contribution to the formation of leading social ideas, the establishment of materialism. In the 17th century fiction characterized by a huge variety of genres, for example, a short story, everyday comedy, high tragedy, epic drama, ode, novel, satire, etc. The work of Cervantes and Shakespeare is associated with the beginning of the century, and to next generation include John Milton (" Lost heaven") in England, Pedro Calderoy de la Barca ("Life is a dream") in Spain and Pierre Corneille ("Sid"), Jean Racine ("Phaedra"), Molière ("Don Juan") in France. In accordance with the addition of nation-states in Western Europe, national art schools. The highest achievements of Western European art of this time belong to the art of Flanders, Holland, Italy, France, Spain, and Italy.
In the 17th century various types of portraits appeared, genres developed that reflected the environment of a person, a distinct social coloring of images was given. There was a direct connection with nature. Images and phenomena were transmitted in motion. The variety of forms of artistic reflection of reality led to the fact that in the 17th century. the problem of style arose. There were two stylistic systems: classicism and baroque, regardless of this, a realistic trend in art developed. The baroque style is characterized by the pathetic nature of the images and emotional elation. To achieve this, wall curves, gables, pilasters, various different forms architectural decor, statues, paintings, stucco, bronze and marble decoration.
During this period, methods of urban planning, an integral urban ensemble, palace and park complexes were created. In architecture, the most prominent representative of this style was Lorenzo Bernini, in painting this style was followed by the brothers Caracci, Guido, Guercino, Reni, Pietro da Norton, and others. In the era of Louis IV, classicism occupied a dominant place in France. This style is characterized by logic, harmony of composition, simplicity and rigor. In the visual arts, one of the main themes was duty, heroism, and valor. This style does not allow exaggerated emotional expressiveness. The most famous painters of this style were Poussin and Claude Rollin (landscape), Charles Lebrun (murals), Rigaud ( formal portrait). In parallel with classicism and baroque in the XVII century. "realism" is emerging in painting. In this style, images are associated with reality. Of the artists, Velasquez, Rembrandt, Frans Hals can be distinguished. New genres emerged visual arts: different forms of landscape, household genre, still life.
Traditionalism - focus on established forms of behavior in all areas of life
Symbolism is the desire for a metaphorical interpretation of everything that a person encounters.
As well as dogmatism and ideological intolerance.
The world is presented as arranged according to the same hierarchical pattern: the heavenly hierarchy was reproduced both in the church (Pope, cardinals, bishops, etc.) and in the secular (king, dukes, counts, barons, etc.) , in the workshop structure ( Great master, masters, apprentices, students) and even in ideas about the structure of hell. A person is considered as a representative of his estate, from birth to death, occupying one place within the framework of hierarchical system to which it applies.
In accordance with Christian ideas, the body is perceived as sinful and soul-tempting flesh, which, for the sake of the spiritual posthumous life must be curbed and mortified. This view affects every aspect. Everyday life: from medicine to church rituals, from science to court medicine, religion, worldview.
The culture is elitist (aristocratic) and folk. The idea of religious and social unity of the world as the basis of the Eurocentric worldview.
Features of medieval science: scholastic philosophy, alchemy, medicine.
Basic concepts: theocentrism, feudalism, feud, estates, catechism, Catholicism.
36. Culture of the New Time XVIII century - the Age of Enlightenment.
Enlightenment XVIII V. characterized by the assertion of rational knowledge and belief in the abilities of the human mind. Philosophy begins to play the most important worldview role, summarizing more and more new data obtained by various sciences and building a new idea of the world order and the place of man in it. French Encyclopedia as the first attempt to make the knowledge collected by mankind publicly available.
The study of ethics, economics, psychology begins, pedagogy is born. Experimental and descriptive disciplines are developing: physics, biology, geography, medicine. The concepts of the rights and duties of a person as a citizen, the rule of law, the first social utopias are born.
The Great French Revolution and the First Empire at the turn of the century finally change the history of Europe, creating conditions for migration, interpenetration European cultures through the resettlement of their carriers.
18th century - the last historical stage of the transition from feudalism to capitalism. The development of culture during this period in all European countries took place under the sign of the ideas of the Enlightenment.
In this century, a school of classical German idealist philosophy developed in Germany. In France, the largest detachment of enlighteners was formed, from there the ideas of the Enlightenment spread throughout Europe. In his works ("Persian Letters" and "On the Spirit of Laws") Charles Louis Montesquieu spoke out against unlimited monarchy and feudalism. Voltaire was an outstanding leader of the French Enlightenment. He wrote beautiful literary, philosophical and historical works that expressed hatred of religious fanaticism and the feudal state. The activities of Jean Jacques Rousseau became a new stage in the development of the French Enlightenment. His works contained hatred for the oppressors, criticism of the state system, social inequality. The founder of the materialistic school was Julien Offret La Mettrie, the author of medical and philosophical works. His activities aroused the fury of secular and ecclesiastical reactionaries. Further fate French materialism is associated with the names of Denis Diderot, Etienne Bonnot Condillac, Paul Holbach. 50-60s 18th century - flourishing activity of the French materialists. This period is characterized by the simultaneous development of science and technology. Thanks to Adam Smith and the French physiocrats, political economy becomes a scientific discipline. Science developed rapidly, it was directly related to technology and production. In the XVIII century. literature and music become more significant, gradually they come to the fore among all kinds of arts. Prose develops as a genre in which fate is shown individual person in the social environment of that time (“The Lame Devil” by Lesage, “Wilhelm Meister” by Goethe, etc.). The genre of the novel, which describes the universal picture of the world, is developing especially fruitfully. At the end of the XVII-XVIII centuries. starts to take shape musical language, which then all of Europe will speak. The first were J. S. Bach and G. F. Handel. I. Haydn, W. Mozart, L. van Beethoven had a huge influence on the art of music. Achieved great results theatrical art, dramaturgy, which was realistic and pre-romantic in nature.
A distinctive feature of this time is the study of the main issues of the aesthetics of the theater, the nature of acting. The 18th century is often referred to as the "golden age of the theatre". The Greatest Playwright P. O. Beaumarchais considered him "a giant who mortally wounds everyone on whom he directs his blows." The largest playwrights were: R. Sheridan (England), K. Goldoni (Venice), P. Beaumarchais (France), G. Lessing, I. Goethe (Germany). -
leading genre painting XVIII V. was a portrait.
Among the artists of this time, Gainsborough, Latour, Houdon, Chardin, Watteau, Guardi can be distinguished. Painting does not reflect the universal fullness of the spiritual life of a person, How that was earlier. In different countries, the formation of new art is uneven. Painting and sculpture in the Rococo style were decorative in nature.
Art of the 18th century ending with great work Spanish artist Francisco Goya. Cultural heritage of the XVIII century. still amazes with its extraordinary diversity, richness of genres and styles, depth of comprehension human passions, the greatest optimism and faith in man and his mind. The Age of Enlightenment is the age of great discoveries and great delusions. It is no coincidence that the end of this era falls on the beginning of the French Revolution. She destroyed the faith of the enlighteners in the "golden age" of non-violent progress. It strengthened the position of critics of his goals and ideals.
At the end of the Middle Ages, one of the brightest pages of European culture falls - rebirth(French - renaissance). The term means like revival traditions of ancient culture, in the first place - interest in man.
The birthplace of the Renaissance in con. 13th c. becomes Florence in Italy, then in the 14th century. Renaissance culture spread throughout Italy, and from the 15th century to other European countries.
Main Features Renaissance are:
revival and rethinking of the heritage of ancient culture;
faith in the power and beauty of a person who stood in the center of attention as ancient artists and thinkers (anthropocentrism), and figures of the Renaissance;
the dominance of humanism in all spheres of spiritual life;
the growth of secular education and science.
The figures of the Renaissance were: Dante (the last poet of the Middle Ages and the first of the Renaissance), Petrarch, Boccaccio, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, etc.
The masterpieces of the Renaissance were Raphael's Sistine Madonna, Leonardo da Vinci's La Gioconda and The Last Supper, Botticelli's The Birth of Venus, the colonnade of St. Peter's Cathedral Square in Rome (architect Bernini), Dante's Divine Comedy, The Decameron Boccaccio and others
The humanistic culture of the Renaissance created the basis for the reformation of the Catholic Church and the development of baroque and classicism culture. Without the Renaissance there would be no Enlightenment in Europe.
But the Renaissance is lit up by the fires of the Inquisition. Giordano Bruno and many other scientists, philosophers, and writers were burned. Superstitions and pseudosciences spread widely: alchemy, astrology, magic.
18. Culture of Western Europe from the Reformation to Classicism (16-18 centuries)
Reformation. first floor. 16th century starts Reformation -a broad religious and political movement (and era) in Europe demanding reforms of the Catholic Church and the orders it sanctioned. It leads to a split in the Catholic Church.
The birthplace of the Reformation was Germany, its leader and ideologist - Martin Luther. Then the reform movement swept other countries. Jan Hus, Zwingli and Calvin were also prominent representatives and leaders of the Reformation.
The culture of the Reformation is associated with the development of bourgeois relations, the offensive of secular education and science against Catholicism. Conditions were created for the development of national cultures (translation of the Bible and preaching in national languages, etc.)
As a result of the Reformation and the split of the Catholic Church, a Protestantism and its varieties: Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism, Reformed Church, Baptism, etc.
Baroque(late 16th - mid-18th century) is an artistic and stylistic direction that sought to directly influence the feelings of the audience. characterized by pretentiousness, pomp, solemnity and variety of forms.
IN architecture- magnificent decorations: stucco, sculpture, bright coloring of the walls of buildings. IN painting- ceremonial portrait (Caravaggio in Italy; Velasquez, Ribera and Zurbaran - in Spain; Rubens, Van Dyck, Snyders - masters of the Flemish Baroque; Dutch Baroque is represented by Rembrandt).
IN music baroque era, a new genre is being formed - opera(composer Monteverdi and others).
Tolassicism(17th-18th centuries) are distinguished by an appeal to the strict majesty of Greco-Roman antiquity as a norm and an ideal model, idealization and glorification of reality. The term dates back to the era of ancient Greek classics.
For classicism in architecture the severity of lines, symmetry, the use of ancient Greek orders, and the conciseness of the coloring of buildings are characteristic.
Developing dramaturgy. The most prominent playwrights of France are Racine, Corneille, Moliere.
The Renaissance is also called the Renaissance. This is the period of development of science, culture, morality and enlightenment. Such a period middle Asia experienced in the IX - XII and XIV - XV centuries.
In countries Western Europe The heyday of the Renaissance falls mainly on the XIV-XVII centuries. Scientists consider the Renaissance as the era of transition from medieval stagnation to the period of modern times. The Renaissance in Western Europe did not arise on its own.
The Central Asian Eastern Renaissance had a direct impact on the development of world culture and scientific thought. The renaissance arose in Italy, because there the peculiarities of capitalist society arose earlier. Main hallmarks Renaissance in Western Europe were:
- denial of ignorance, fanaticism, conservatism;
- approval of the humanistic worldview, faith in the unlimited possibilities of man, his will and mind;
- appeal to cultural heritage antiquity, as if "revival" of it, hence the name of the era;
- chanting in literature and art of the beauty of the earth, and not of the afterlife;
- fight for the freedom and dignity of man.
Renaissance Literature.
Outstanding talents worked in the literature and art of the Renaissance.
One of the literary geniuses of this era was William Shakespeare (1564-1616). He believed that "man is the greatest miracle of nature!". Shakespeare was in love with the theatre. He worked as an actor and playwright. The world seemed to him a stage, and people - actors. He deeply believed that the theater would become a school for people that would teach them to resist the blows of fate, arouse a sense of hatred for betrayal, duplicity, baseness. W. Shakespeare left to mankind such masterpieces as "Othello", "Hamlet", "King Lear", "Romeo and Juliet" and other works.
Miguel de Cervantes (1547 - 1616), Spanish writer, one of the greatest representatives of the Renaissance. Its main character famous novel Don Quixote is the last of the noble knights-errant in a world of injustice. Don Quixote fights to the best of his ability against injustice. His actions are a reflection of his motto: "For freedom, as for glory, one must put one's life in danger."
Art. Another prominent representative of the Renaissance is Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519). He was at the same time an artist, and a poet, and an architect, and a sculptor, and a musician, and an inventor. Leonardo da Vinci called painting "the princess of the arts".
The heroes of his paintings were not gods or angels, but ordinary people. Such is his painting “Madonna and Child”, where the mother carefully presses the baby to her chest. Embracing him, she looks with a tender half-smile. The earth reflects the infinite maternal love to the child. Famous wall painting by Leonardo da Vinci "The Last Supper".
Another great artist of this period Raphael Santi (1483 - 1520). He lived only 37 years. But in this short period he managed to create masterpieces of world art, one of which is the Sistine Madonna.
The artist's contemporaries rated this painting "as the only one of its kind." On it, the barefoot Holy Mary does not seem to stand on the clouds, but soars on them towards her fate.
The gaze, still of the infant Jesus, is as serious as that of an adult. As if he senses future suffering and imminent death. In the look of the mother, too, sadness and concern. She knows everything in advance. Nevertheless, she goes towards people who will open the path of truth at the expense of the life of her son.
Most famous work Dutch artist Rembrandt (1606 - 1669) - painting "The Return of the Prodigal Son". He created it in the most difficult years for him - after the death of his son. The biblical legend tells how the son long years wandered around the world and, having spent all his wealth, returns to Father's house where it is accepted back.
Rembrandt depicted in his work the minute of the meeting between father and son. The lost son kneels at the threshold of the house. Shabby clothes and a bald head testify to the sorrows of life endured. The frozen movement of the hands of a blind father expresses the bright joy of a desperate person and his endless love.
Artwork.
The sculptors of this period considered sculpture to be the best form of fine art, like nothing else that glorifies a person and his beauty.
The most famous among the creators of this period was the Italian Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475 - 1564).
With their immortal works he left an indelible mark on history.
Here is what he said about art in his three lines:
"What is life, what is being
Before the eternity of art,
No sage can defeat him
nor time."
He expressed with the greatest force the deeply human, full of heroic pathos ideals of the Renaissance. The statue of David he created affirms the physical and spiritual beauty of man, his limitless creative possibilities. This work of the great sculptor reflects the image of the biblical hero, the shepherd David, who fought the mythical giant Goliath. According to legend, David kills Goliath in single combat and subsequently becomes king. The grandeur and beauty of this sculpture knows no equal.
St. Peter's Cathedral is the main Catholic church in Rome and Europe. Its construction was completed by Michelangelo. The temple was built over a hundred years.
Renaissance - a term for the Renaissance
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