Patron - it sounds proud. The brightest charity stars What is philanthropy

Every person can do good deeds, regardless of financial wealth.

Chulpan Khamatova and Dina Korzun

Chulpan Khamatova can probably be called the face of Russian charity, because it was she and actress Dina Korzun who became the founders of the Give Life! Foundation, which everyone has heard of. It all started with the fact that Chulpan became interested in the problem of the Moscow hematological center, which needed to raise 200 thousand dollars for a blood irradiation device. The actress became interested in the problem, told her friend Dina Korzun about it, and they decided to arrange a charity concert. As a result, "point" help has acquired a large-scale character - Chulpan and Dina decided that it was in their power to help the smallest patients suffering from cancer.

“I am a mother myself and have two children. When I see a sick child - the same age as my girls, the first reaction is: "Lord, thank You that this passed me by." Because I can hardly imagine how I would cope with this, - Chulpan shared in an interview. Then I think, how does this mother feel, and how does she find the strength to smile? And where is the guarantee that this will actually pass me by? And then comes faith in medicine and in the strength of the spirit of parents and children. And the fright passes, and you understand that many problems can be solved absolutely calmly. We just need some deeds, movements, actions.

Stars who do not yet have their own charitable funds participate in one-time promotions and charitable projects (which also does them credit), as a rule, together with well-known brands. By the way, not always cosmetic. For example, Megan Fox opposes domestic violence with the support of the cosmetics brand Avon, and LG is recruiting sports stars such as Tatyana Navka, Alexei Nemov and Svetlana Khorkina to promote blood donation in Russia. Also, quite recently, actress Nonna Grishaeva became the face of VTB Bank's World Without Tears charity program, which deals with problems child development and health.

Natalia Vodianova has become a real ambassador of good deeds - the supermodel organized her Naked Heart Foundation, which builds playgrounds, and Natalia also supports children with handicapped and tries to help such kids grow on a par with other peers. The star went to Krymsk after a terrible flood, carried the fire of the Paralympics, organized charity auctions and races

Outrageous pop diva Lady Gaga spends the lion's share of her income on charity. In 2011, the singer donated $1 million from her own pocket to a foundation that helps homeless youth in New York. Then Gaga “matured” to her own organization BornThisWayFoundation - its goal is to fight hooliganism and educate tolerant teenagers. The star believes that it is anger and intolerance that are the main problems of our time.

Konstantin Khabensky is a very modest man, for a long time he hid the fact that he had done many good deeds. He founded a fund to help children with cancer, as well as creative development studios throughout Russia, giving ordinary children the opportunity to touch the world of cinema. By the way, it was the wards of Konstantin Khabensky who played in the film “The Geographer Drank His Globe Away”. And Khabensky actively advocates for the rights of orphans and against the “Dima Yakovlev law”

Elton John is one of the most famous AIDS activists. In an interview, the artist admitted: “I am very ashamed that I did not do more to fight AIDS when my friends, including Ryan, were dying nearby. I just didn't have the strength or the sobriety to do anything about it." Now Sir Elton John is the founder of the largest Aids Foundation. The musician also tried to adopt an HIV-positive boy from Ukrainian orphanage but he failed

Madonna did not remain indifferent to the problems of starving Africa, and in particular the country of Malawi, where she found her adopted son. The singer founded the Rising Malawi Foundation (“Revival of Malawi”) and is trying to fight poverty in this state. Madonna opens schools there, helps orphans and people with HIV infection. With her own money, Madge built an academy for girls in Malawi - the star is outraged by the fact that women in this country are generally not accepted to get an education

A few years ago, Sean Penn's life changed dramatically - the actor visited Haiti after devastating earthquake and decided to start helping this poor island. At first, Penn held several actions called “Help us. Help Haiti", and then founded the Sean Penn and Friends Help Haiti, which is now constantly providing assistance to Haitians. By the way, his ex-wife Madonna also periodically visits Haiti to support Sean's foundation.

Justin Bieber often hears insults addressed to him, although there is something to praise the 19-year-old singer for. For example, Justin regularly visits the Make A Wish charity, which was created to make dreams come true for children suffering from terrible ailments. He himself communicates with his little fans, coming to hospitals. Bieber also founded the Believe Charity Drive fund, which receives a portion of the money from all sales of his albums.

Model Gisele Bundchen after the earthquake in Haiti donated her personal jewelry in the amount of $ 1.5 million, visited Kenya as a UN ambassador. Giselle is also not indifferent to the problems of ecology and nature protection. In particular, the model spoke out against skin cancer, urging women not to joke with the solarium and the sun. At the same time, Giselle helps raise funds for the UNICEF children's fund. In a word, Bundchen tries to be in time everywhere and at once.

Shakira opened her charitable foundation Fundación Pies Descalzos (literally "Bare Feet Foundation") back in 1997. During this time, her organization managed to do a lot of good - Shakira supports children from low-income families in her native Colombia. The Foundation raises funds for sick children, and also helps those who want to get an education, military children and difficult teenagers. In an interview, Shakira admitted that the state pushes children into crime without giving them education.

Everything in our life sooner or later acquires its meaning and name. Here is such a phenomenon as gratuitous aid, patronage and development assistance, which modern man calls patronage, charity or sponsorship.

All these concepts are united by a single meaning, but still there are features that distinguish them. Each of these areas has been present in Russia since ancient times and to this day. Sponsor, philanthropist, philanthropist - these are people who provide assistance, but can it be called absolutely gratuitous? Let's figure it out together...

Terminology - a ray of light in the wilds of concepts

So, there are people who are ready to give their "hard money" to support and promote the development of literature, music, other arts and just people who need help. Why not unite the heroes under one name? What are the nuances here?

A philanthropist is a person who provides disinterested and gratuitous assistance to those in need. The person himself decides where, how, to whom and with what he can help. Benefactors do not ask for anything in return and often provide assistance anonymously. Entire charitable foundations are being created where caring people can contribute to the misfortune (or development) of strangers: children, refugees, the sick, etc. Often, charitable collections go to support nature or animals. By the way, not only money refers to charitable assistance.

A philanthropist is a person who voluntarily and free of charge assists the development of science and culture. He attracts his personal financial resources for this noble cause.

Sponsor - investing money in the development and prosperity of someone or something. The sponsor can be either a person or whole organization. Sponsorship can also be received by a specific person, company, direction, idea or any other activity. The concept of “investor” is similar in meaning, but the sponsor, unlike the investor, does not receive material benefits from the invested funds. Although he has his own interest. Most often, sponsors provide funding to "light up" in the media.

One way or another, by providing gratuitous assistance, each person expects to receive something in return: gratitude, attention, their own peace of mind or reverent joy from a good deed done.

History of patronage in Russia

In Rome, during the reign of Octavian Augustus, Gaius Maecenas was an assistant and confidant of the emperor. He was allowed a lot, August listened to his opinion. Guy in every possible way helped creative people who fell out of favor with political power. The name of the Maecenas went down in history as a household name, denoting help, patronage, financial support of scientists and artists.

Patronage in Russia originated in the XIII century as a direction of charity. Patrons of Russia are rich people who have achieved success in different areas. But they gained fame mainly due to philanthropy.

Charity and patronage

Russian entrepreneurs ......................................................................3

The root causes of the development of charity………………………..12

3.1.High morality, awareness of the public

debt of entrepreneurs to benefactors……………………………….13

3.2. Religious motives ……………………………………………...14

3.3. Patriotism of Russian business people………………………………….15

3.4. The desire for social benefits, privileges…………………17

3.5. Interests of entrepreneurial business……………………………….18

Chapter 4:

Patrons are not born…………………………………………………..…19

Introduction.

The difficult times that Russia is going through today are characterized by a number of processes and trends. Culture, without which the real revival of the country is simply impossible, turned out to be in a distressed situation. Theaters and libraries are on fire, museums, even the most reputable and authoritative ones, are in dire need of support. As an objective reality, one must recognize the consistent reduction in the number of readers and the volume of literature read.

In Moscow, as in Rus' in general, charity as an organized social system began to take shape with the adoption of Christianity, with the advent of monasteries. It is indicative that it was at the monasteries that the first almshouses and hospitals in Moscow began to be built, in the Novospassky, Novodevichy and Donskoy monasteries, the buildings of the eighteenth century, which once housed hospitals, have survived to this day.

Analysis of the sphere of charity in pre-revolutionary Russia allows us to connect the essence of charity with another well-known phenomenon - mercy. The scale, stages and trends of charity of kind, merciful deeds are clearly seen in the history of Moscow. One cannot but agree with the fair conclusions of P.V. Vlasov: “The pre-revolutionary capital seemed to us a city with “forty forty churches”, numerous estates, tenement houses and factories. Now it appears before us as an abode of mercy... Representatives of different classes - the rich and the poor - gave to the needy what they had: some - a fortune, others - strength and time. These were ascetics who received satisfaction from the consciousness of their own benefit, from serving their fatherland through philanthropy.

1. Charity and patronage of Russian entrepreneurs

The term "philanthropist" is derived from the name of a nobleman who lived in Rome in the 1st century. BC e., Guy Tsilniy Maecenas - a noble and generous patron of sciences and arts. The literal meaning of the word - charity - to do good, good. Charity is the voluntary allocation of material resources to help those in need, or for any public needs associated with it.

The leading place in the history of charity and patronage of Russia was occupied by domestic entrepreneurs - owners of significant capital. They not only developed trade, industry, banking, saturated the market with goods, took care of economic prosperity, but also made an invaluable contribution to the development of society, science and culture of the country, leaving hospitals as a legacy to us, educational establishments, theaters, art galleries, libraries. Philanthropic entrepreneurship in pre-revolutionary Russia, charity were an integral feature, a feature of domestic business people. In many ways, this quality was determined by the attitude of entrepreneurs to their business, which has always been special in Russia. For a Russian entrepreneur, being a philanthropist meant something more than just being generous or being able to receive privileges and break out into the upper strata of society - it was in many ways national trait Russians and had a religious basis. Unlike the West, there was no cult of rich people in Russia. They used to say about wealth in Rus': God gave it to man for use and will require a report on it. This truth was accepted and carried through the centuries by many representatives of the domestic business world, and charity has become, in a certain sense, a historical tradition of Russian entrepreneurs. The origins of the charity of Russian business people go back centuries and are associated with the asceticism of the first Russian merchants, who in their activities were always guided by famous words from the “Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh”: “Do not forget the most miserable, but feed and give to the orphan as much as you can, and justify the widow yourself, and do not let the strong destroy a person.” In the first half of the 19th century, the nobles were the conductors of charity. The construction of private hospitals, almshouses, solid cash donations to "help the poor" were explained both by a patriotic impulse and by the desire of the rich noble nobility to "distinguish themselves" in the eyes of secular society with his generosity, nobility, to amaze his contemporaries with the originality of gifts. It is the latter circumstance that explains the fact that sometimes charitable institutions were built in the form of magnificent palaces. Among the unique examples of palace-type charitable institutions are the Sheremetevsky Hospice House built in Moscow by famous architects J. Quarenghi and E. Nazarov, the Widow's House (architect I. Gilardi), the Golitsyn Hospital (architect M. Kazakov) and many others.

From the second half of the 19th century, with the development of capitalism, the leading place in Russian charity passed to the bourgeoisie (industrialists, manufacturers, bankers), as a rule, people from wealthy merchants, bourgeois nobles and enterprising peasants - to the third or fourth generation of entrepreneurs who began their activities in late XVIII- at the beginning of the 19th century. TO late XIX For centuries, for the most part, these people were already intelligent and highly moral. Many of them had a delicate artistic taste and high artistic demands. They were well aware that for the prosperity of the country and own business in conditions market competition active participation in social life society, in the development of science and culture, therefore, they used the accumulated funds not only for the development of business and personal consumption, but also for charity, helping to solve many public problems. In particular, in the conditions of extreme polarization of wealth and poverty in pre-revolutionary Russia, philanthropic entrepreneurship became a kind of "regulator" of social balance, a certain means of eliminating social injustice. Of course, it was impossible to eliminate poverty and backwardness by charity, and entrepreneurs were well aware of this, but they tried to somehow help their “neighbour” and thus “lighten their souls”.

As a result of the wide and varied activities of domestic entrepreneurs, entire dynasties were born in the country, which for several generations retained the reputation of prominent philanthropists: the Krestovnikovs, the Boevs, the Tarasovs, the Kolesovs, the Popovs and others. Researcher S.Martynov names the most generous Russian benefactor, a major entrepreneur of the late 19th century, Gavrila Gavrilovich Solodovnikov, who out of a total inheritance of 21 million rubles. over 20 million rubles bequeathed for public needs (for comparison: donations of the entire nobility, including royal family, for 20 years did not reach 100 thousand rubles).

At the same time, the charity of entrepreneurs in pre-revolutionary Russia had its own characteristics. For many centuries business people traditionally invested mainly in the construction of churches. Churches continued to be built in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but since the end of the last century, the main rivalry between wealthy entrepreneurs took place in social sphere under the motto: "Who will do more for the people."

Let's take a closer look at the most famous patrons Russia.

2. The most prominent patrons of the end XIX - early XX centuries.

patronage Savva Ivanovich Mamontov (1841-1918) was of a special kind: he invited his artist friends to Abramtsevo, often with their families, conveniently located in the main house and outbuildings. All those who came under the leadership of the owner went to nature, to sketches. All this is very far from the usual examples of charity, when a philanthropist limits himself to transferring a certain amount for a good deed. Many of the works of the members of the circle Mamontov acquired himself, for others he found customers.

In development national culture XIX - early XX centuries, a significant role was played by such patrons and collectors as Savva Mamontov, Alexei Bakhrushin, the Tretyakov brothers, Ryabushinsky, Morozov. But even now, philanthropists among the Russian business elite have not disappeared.

Here is a list of the most famous patrons of our country, compiled on the basis of materials from Forbes Russia, Kommersant, RIA Novosti and other open sources:

I.E. Repin. Portrait of P.M. Tretyakov, 1901

Vladimir Potanin

Interros President Vladimir Potanin founded the Hermitage Development Fund and contributed five million dollars to it. The businessman is considered one of the most consistent Russian patrons. Among his most significant sponsorship and charitable undertakings are the museum projects "Changing Museum in a Changing World", "First Publication", the "Museum Guide" festival, grants to Hermitage employees, and the creation of the Russian Lounge at the Kennedy Center. Potanin is also known for donating one million dollars to the state purchase of the famous Black Square by Kazimir Malevich, which was in the collection of INCOM-Bank.

Victor Vekselberg

Viktor Vekselberg, a big fan of the Faberge firm, created a museum of the famous jewelry workshop in St. Petersburg, where eleven Easter eggs imperial series, which the head of the Renova company purchased from the descendants of billionaire Malcolm Forbes for one hundred million dollars and returned to Russia. In 2014, the Vekselberg Foundation "Link of Times" bought items from the personal archive of the Yusupovs at an auction and donated them to the State Archives.

Roman Abramovich

Roman Abramovich, the owner of Millhouse Capital, sponsored the tour of the Sovremennik Theater in London in 2010. The former governor of Chukotka, known for his passion for art, became the founder of the Garage cultural center, which, according to some estimates, cost the businessman fifty million euros. And in 2017, the reconstruction of the territory of New Holland Island in St. Petersburg, in which Abramovich invested four hundred million dollars, is to be completed in order to turn local warehouses and other buildings of the 18th century into a complex of museums and art galleries.

Roman Trotsenko

In 2007, the owner of AEON Corporation, Roman Trotsenko, created the Winzavod cultural center, the reconstruction of the production facilities of which cost twelve million dollars. Roman Trotsenko's wife - Sofya Sergeevna - a well-known Russian art producer, president of the Support Fund contemporary art"Winzavod", Advisor to the Minister of Culture of the Russian Federation.

Andrey Skoch

Businessman Andrey Skoch finances literary prize"Debut", designed to support young authors. Prize fund- six million rubles.

Shalva Breus

In 2007, the owner of the Balakhna Pulp and Paper Mill, Shalva Breus, founded the annual Kandinsky Art Prize, which is awarded for the best artistic achievements of the past two years. The prize fund of the award is estimated at fifty-seven thousand euros. Breus' immediate plans include the creation of a new museum of contemporary art. It is likely that it will be located in the building of the Udarnik cinema, which Shalva Breus rents from the city. According to the businessman, about thirty million dollars will be needed to implement this project.

Alexander Mamut and Sergey Adoniev

One of the largest domestic projects in the field of art - the Institute of Media, Architecture and Design "Strelka" exists on the money of the head of "SUP Media" Alexander Mamut and the owner of Yota company Sergey Adoniev. Strelka's annual budget is about ten million dollars. Sergey Adoniev is also known for the large-scale reconstruction of the Stanislavsky Electrotheater, after which the theater received a universal hall for two hundred seats with a transformable stage, a multifunctional foyer, six rehearsal rooms, workshops and workshops, a scenery warehouse with a lift and a sewing workshop. The reconstruction was carried out entirely at the expense of Sergei Adoniev, who, according to Mayor Sergei Sobyanin, invested several hundred million rubles in the restoration of the theater.

Mikhail Prokhorov

Businessman and politician Mikhail Prokhorov financed the festival of Russian art "Unknown Siberia" in Lyon, at which the Russian national orchestra under the direction of Mikhail Pletnev, having invested about two million euros in this enterprise, and also sponsored the production of the play "Shukshin's Stories" at the Theater of Nations. In the year of the bicentenary of N.V. Gogol, Mikhail Prokhorov established the NOS Literary Prize "to identify and support new trends in modern Russian literature." The prize fund in the amount of one million rubles is annually distributed among the winners and finalists of the competition.

Vladimir Kekhman

One of the most colorful patrons of the arts, Vladimir Kekhman, Chairman of the Board of Directors of JFC, combines charitable activities with the management of two theaters - Mikhailovsky and Novosibirsk. In 2007, becoming director Mikhailovsky Theater, Kekhman invested five hundred million rubles in the reconstruction of the building, organized several tours and gala concerts. (However, at the same time, Vladimir Kekhman was declared bankrupt and is accused in the case of fraud on an especially large scale).

Alisher Usmanov

Alisher Usmanov's charity expenses in 2012 amounted to one hundred and eighty million dollars. He personally established the Art, Science and Sport foundations, supports theaters, museums, participates in social projects and helping seriously ill children. In 2007, the head of USM Holdings, Alisher Usmanov, even before the start of trading, bought for more than one hundred and eleven million dollars a collection of art by Mstislav Rostropovich and Galina Vishnevskaya put up for auction by Sotheby's, consisting of four hundred and fifty lots. It is noteworthy that, according to preliminary estimates, the cost of the collection was estimated by experts in the range of only twenty-six to forty million dollars. After the purchase, Usmanov donated the collection to Russian government, V this moment it is on display at the Konstantinovsky Palace in St. Petersburg. Two weeks earlier, Alisher Usmanov committed another deed worthy of respect: he acquired American company"Films by Jove" collection of classic animated films"Soyuzmultfilm" and presented it to the Russian children's television channel "Bibigon". The amount of the transaction is estimated at five to ten million dollars. Alisher Usmanov also has the exhibition "Pre-Raphaelites: Victorian Avant-Garde" and the exhibition of William Turner at the Pushkin Museum im. A. S. Pushkin, funding the publication of the Murzilka magazine, supporting Vladimir Spivakov’s projects, organizing the International Tenor Competition in memory of Luciano Pavarotti.

Alexey Ananiev

Promsvyazbank Chairman of the Board of Directors Alexei Ananyev, known for his commitment to traditional Orthodox values, founded the Institute of Russian Realistic Art, for which one of the old buildings of the former cotton-printing factory built in Zamoskvorechye at the end of the 19th century was purchased. The businessman constantly replenishes the collection of the museum and exhibition complex. Now in his collection there are about five hundred works of Russian and Soviet art.

Leonid Mikhelson

Leonid Mikhelson, Chairman of the Board of OJSC Novatek, decided to bring the light of culture to Muscovites and bought HPP-2 from Mosenergo, which Bolotnaya Square to turn the power plant into an art museum. Previously, the businessman created the V-A-C (Victoria - the Art of being Contemporary) Foundation, named after his daughter Victoria. The organization provides support to contemporary art museums, sponsors young artists and their curators.

Oleg Deripaska

Oleg Deripaska, General Director of RusAl, actively oversees the Kuban Cossack choir and the Moscow Art Theater School, which, with the support of the entrepreneur, toured the Kuban, Siberia and the Volga region. Deripaska heads the Volnoe Delo charitable foundation, which sponsors children with disabilities, the education system of Moscow State University, the Russian Chess Federation, and the Phanagoria Archaeological Expedition.

Mikhail Abramov

Businessman Mikhail Abramov created the Museum of Russian Icons in Moscow in 2011. It exists solely on the money of the philanthropist and does not conduct any commercial activities, does not charge fees for visiting and excursions. The magnificent museum collection contains five thousand exhibits, including unique monuments of the 15th-16th centuries. The museum, which has its own restoration workshops and a scientific department, was admitted to the International Council of Museums at UNESCO.

Petr Aven

The chairman of the board of directors of the Alfa-Bank banking group, the famous collector Pyotr Aven initiated the creation non-profit organization"Russian Avant-Garde Research Project", which aims to combat counterfeiting of works of Russian art. He is known as an art connoisseur and philanthropist, a member of the Board of Trustees State Museum Fine Arts named after A. S. Pushkin, a collector of paintings by artists of the "Silver Age".

Boris Mintz

Boris Mints, Chairman of the Board of Directors of O1 Group, preferred troublesome everyday life to the sweet life of a billionaire museum worker- bought the building of the Bolshevik confectionery factory on Leningradsky Prospekt and decided to turn it into the Museum of Russian Impressionism, investing ten million dollars in the reconstruction. The basis of the exposition was the personal collection of paintings by Boris Mints, who for several years collected bit by bit the paintings of Russian artists.

Sergey Popov

Deputy Chairman of the Board of Directors of MDM Bank, Sergei Popov, has been sponsoring music festivals for Yuri Bashmet and Valery Gergiev for many years, but he tries not to talk about it. An amazing fact: the entrepreneur even signed an agreement with a PR agency, one of the main tasks of which is to minimize press references to Sergei Popov and his business. This is the opposite of PR!

Danil Khachaturov

Director General of Rosgosstrakh Danil Khachaturov his unfulfilled youthful dreams becoming a filmmaker sublimated into filmmaking funding. "Rosgosstrakh" paid for the shooting of such films as "Eggs of Destiny", "Vacation strict regime”, “Freaks”, personally produced the paintings “Inhale-Exhale” and “Generation P”.

The Chairman of the Morozov Club, Ph.D. Stolyarov A.S.

For most of the 20th century, the concept of "charity" in socialist Russia left the everyday lexicon. Therefore, it would not be out of place to start an article on charity with encyclopedic definitions of this social phenomenon.

1. DEFINITION OF CHARITY AND PATRONS

• Charity is a manifestation of compassion for one's neighbor and the moral obligation of the possessor to rush to the aid of the have-not. (Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, 1891)
• Charity - actions and deeds of a gratuitous nature, aimed at public benefit or to provide financial assistance the have-nots. ( Dictionary Russian language / Comp. S. I. Ozhegov, N. Yu. Shvedova. M., 1983).
• Charity is the provision of material assistance to those in need, both by individuals and organizations. Charity can also be aimed at encouraging and developing any socially significant forms of activity (for example, protecting environment, protection of cultural monuments, etc.) (Big Encyclopedic Dictionary, 2000)

The philanthropist Gaius Cilnis, who lived between 74 and 64 BC, was an associate of the Roman Emperor Augustus. He arranged feasts and treats for people of art, patronized the poets Virgil and Horace and supported them financially.

The patronage of poets made the name of Maecenas a household name. Now philanthropy is a direction of charity associated with the support of culture and art.

2. HISTORY OF CHARITY IN RUSSIA

The first historical evidence of charity in Ancient Rus' is considered to be the agreements between Prince Oleg (911) and Prince Igor (945) with Byzantium on the ransom of prisoners, mentioned in The Tale of Bygone Years.

the beginning charitable activities in Russia, 998 can be considered the year of the baptism of Rus'. With the adoption of Christianity in accordance with one of its main commandments, “Love your neighbor as yourself,” people in Rus' started talking about charity for the poor, which was reflected in the distribution of alms.

Prince of Kyiv Vladimir Svyatoslavovich by the Charter of 996. officially charged the clergy with public charity, defining a tithe for the maintenance of monasteries, churches, almshouses and hospitals.

He generously helped the poor. He called people from everywhere to his feasts, fed, watered all those who came, taking care of those unable to move, ordered food to be delivered on wagons.

The activities of Russian philanthropists and patrons in the XVIII-XIX centuries. was predetermined by state policy, the philosophy of assistance that existed in Russian society.

In 1712, Peter I promulgated a decree “On the establishment of hospitals in all provinces.” The main source of funding for all institutions under Peter was private donations: for example, the tsar himself donated up to a third of his salary for these purposes.

By order of Empress Catherine II in 1775. a system of state assistance was established, including the poor, beggars and orphans. By the end of the 19th century, there were already more than 1,000 charitable institutions and organizations in Russia.

The charitable activity of the state created the basis for a private initiative of a charitable nature. Gradually, following the example royal family charity in Russia has become a very common phenomenon among wealthy enterprising Russians.

As for private charity, in Russia the active benefactors were not aristocrats and intellectuals, as in Western Europe. IN Russia XIX century there was a different economic basis for charity.

nobles after the reform of 1861, having retained their wealth in the form of real estate, did not have large Money. Russian intelligentsia, imbued with the idea of ​​mercy, could not put it into practice, as she herself needed financial assistance.

Therefore, the history of philanthropy in Russia is closely connected with entrepreneurial activity rich people, that is merchants. The motive of the Russian merchants was the instinct of practical help to those in need. Charity was perceived by merchants as a charitable deed. A special role was played by the increased religiosity of the merchant class, which formed the desire to find grace in eternal life through virtue in earthly life. The generosity of the Russian merchants for charity amazed contemporaries.

3. THE FLOWERING OF RUSSIAN CHARITY INXIXVEKE.

Speaking of charity, you need to understand driving forces this phenomenon. The motivation of people to engage in charity and patronage can be determined by four points:

1) religious motif, which is manifested in the manifestation of philanthropy towards the poor and destitute and the construction of Orthodox churches.

Over the course of a thousand-year history, the Russian people have formed an attitude towards wealth as a consequence of a sinful life. Christ said, "Lay not up for yourselves treasures on earth... but lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven... for where your treasure is, there your heart will be." And this became for the Orthodox the spiritual basis for non-possessiveness.

Many Russian entrepreneurs built temples, which reflected the idea of ​​atonement for wealth, which is always associated with sin.

2) Personal motive allows a person involved in charity to establish himself as a person.

3) Status motif solves the needs of a person to promote himself in the social hierarchy. (For example, promotions, awards, titles).

4) Memorial motif implies the creation of good in order to preserve a good memory of oneself in the generations of descendants and fellow citizens.

It should be noted that in Russia private charity has always been a compensation for an inefficient state model. Charity made it possible to "darn those social holes" to which the state "did not reach the hands." Understanding this, the state has always encouraged charitable activities.

In the 60-80s of the XIX century, 70% of charitable societies of pre-revolutionary Russia were formed, which helped the development Russian people in new historical conditions. So, in 1861-1870. 580 charitable institutions were created in Russia, in 1871-1880. - 809 etc.

WITH with good reason it can be said that Russian merchants and industrialists gave material basis for the flourishing of national culture, which was observed in the late 19th - early 20th century.

The revival of national Russian forms in art at a time when Western European concepts of beauty dominated is associated with the patronage of merchants. The construction of churches in the Russian style, the revival of Russian spiritual painting, the encouragement of masters who created works in the national spirit, were largely carried out with the money of Russian entrepreneurs. The Russian merchants carried out functions that in other countries lay primarily on the intelligentsia and the educated stratum.

4. THE MERCHANT DYNASTY OF THE MOROZOVS IS A BRIGHT EXAMPLE OF CHARITY AND PATRONS IN THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA.

In the second half of the 19th century, advanced Russian industrialists began to take a comprehensive approach to organizing the activities of their enterprises. Until then, unprecedented attention was paid to the creation of favorable living conditions for factory workers. Stone barracks were built for workers to live with their families, hospitals and schools were built. All this was aimed at a significant improvement in the work and life of workers in industrial enterprises. Such diverse programs for factory personnel and their families are now called " social policy". But at that time this term was not used, and the entrepreneurs themselves preferred to call the institutions they created charitable.

With the arrival of Savva Timofeevich Morozov to the management of the "Partnership of Nikolskaya Manufactory", Orekhovo-Zuyevo began social transformations that improved the working and living conditions of workers. Relations between workers and entrepreneurs after the Morozov strike of 1885 began to be rebuilt. This made it possible to maintain social harmony and stable operation of textile factories for 20 years.

At the insistence of Savva Morozov, significant changes were made to the working conditions of workers at the Nikolskaya Manufactory:

• night work for women and children under 12 was abolished;
• daily work of adolescents from the age of 12 is limited to 8 hours;
• paid absence from work for pregnant workers up to 40 days and paid leave after childbirth for 15 days;
• to care for a child, the employee was provided with additional hours of rest during working hours;
• instead of a 12-hour working day, a 10-hour working day was introduced (the board did not agree with Savva Morozov, who demanded the introduction of an 8-hour working day);
• old-age pensions were introduced for cadre workers who had worked at the factory for 10 years.

Another direction of the social policy of the Morozovs was the provision of free housing for their workers and employees. At the beginning of the twentieth century. The Nikolskaya manufactory, which was led by S.T. Morozov, had 30 barracks, in which a total of 14,441 people lived (data for 1906). At the same time, the vast majority of closets were assigned to one family (91.1%).

Built in Orekhovo-Zuev and equipped according to last word medical technology hospital (now the 1st city hospital) was recognized as the best in Europe. Non-working family members received medical care here free of charge on an equal basis with workers. All patients were on free portioned meals. On a special account was the maternity ward, which received enhanced nutrition.

In order to create conditions for a healthy lifestyle of workers and their cultural development, S.T. Morozov organized in Orekhovo-Zuevo one of the first sobriety societies in Russia, the first non-professional orchestra, as well as a choir of workers and employees, a theater troupe.

Savva built three public theaters in Russia, two of them in Orekhovo-Zuevo. The summer two-story theater (not preserved) was located in the park festivities(now "May 1 Park") and was very popular with families of workers. In the town of Nikolsky, two libraries were organized: one public, the other - in the Nikolsky school. Both libraries provided books to read for free.

All this activity of S.T.Morozov deserved the high appraisal of his contemporaries. Vladimir gendarmerie colonel N.I. Voronov wrote in his essays: “Better than others, the life of workers in the factories of Savva Morozov is furnished. The workers enjoy healthy comfortable apartments, the premises are exemplary, they satisfy the necessary hygienic conditions, as well as the factories themselves, where the workers spend half their lives.

As a philanthropist and philanthropist, S.T.Morozov fully proved himself in the capital of Russia, Moscow. He helped and individuals and organizations. Donations were always significant: several tens of thousands of rubles for the construction of a maternity hospital at the Staroyekaterininskaya hospital, 10 thousand rubles “for the charity of the mentally ill in Moscow.”

Savva Morozov supported cultural initiatives based on his views. So Morozov did not donate a penny to the Museum of Fine Arts. He had a passion for the theater and often asked that his donations be kept secret. This was the case in the early 90s. 19th century, when he provided funds to the Moscow private theater. “You see,” he said, “commerce has its own catechism. And so I will ask you and your comrades not to say anything about me.

Everyone knows the help of S.T. Morozov to Moscow art theater, to whom he not only gave a total of about half a million rubles, but was also the organizer and soul of the team of creators of this theater. Solved many production problems, gave everything during construction free time and even lived in a theater under construction.

Widely known among contemporaries for her charity was the mother of Savva Morozov - M.F. Morozov (nee Simonova). Deep religiosity, combined with enormous financial resources, allowed Maria Fedorovna Morozova to distribute hundreds of thousands of rubles to charity every year for decades. According to contemporaries, "... in Moscow there is not a single public educational or charitable institution that would not benefit from large donations from her." In her house in Trekhsvyatitelsky Lane, she built a church in the name of St. Apostle Timothy. Every Saturday and Sunday and holidays divine services were held there, at which Maria Fedorovna was rigorously present.

The breadth and generosity of M.F. Morozova impressed even well-known Moscow merchants-philanthropists. So, for example, after the death of Timofey Savvich, in his memory, she donated 100 thousand rubles to the Rogozhsky cemetery (for the bell tower, bishop's house, almshouse, school, repair of the temple). Even more significant amounts of M.F. Morozova handed over to the church and charitable purposes by will.

On the day of Maria Feodorovna's funeral, according to her dying will and in accordance with Orthodox customs, charitable distributions of money and food to the poor were made, including paid dinners on the day of the funeral for a thousand people in two Moscow free canteens. More than 26,000 workers of Morozov's factories received money (approximately in the amount of a day's wage) and "commemoration grubs"...

Morozov - millionaires, patrons, public figures… Many of them have become examples of active charitable work in various fields of culture. Alexey Vikulovich created the Museum of Porcelain, Ivan Abramovich collected impressionists (now the collection of the Pushkin Museum), Mikhail Abramovich sponsored the Greek Hall of the Pushkin Museum, was the director of the Russian Musical Society; Varvara Alekseevna created a library reading room named after. Turgenev, Sergey Timofeevich - a museum of handicraft art. There are also numerous "Morozov" hospitals and schools built in Moscow, Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Tver, Bogorodsk.

5. SITUATION WITH CHARITY ACTIVITIES IN MODERN RUSSIA AND POSSIBILITIES FOR ITS IMPROVEMENT.

The present modern stage of development of charity has no more than 2 decades. We see that there is no need to talk about the restoration of Russian charity in its traditional form for pre-revolutionary Russia.

Traditional charity was based on emotions - the attraction of the heart, compassion, the consciousness of sin, the fear of God's judgment, etc. Now much of what is listed in the structure of the personality of modern people has either been crossed out or has changed significantly. The religious motive, which previously dominated, is now often only an external entourage of other motives. It is often used in PR politics to achieve a certain status.

In modern Russian charity, it is the status motive that occupies a leading position. "Charity" becomes prerequisite access to government structures. And here there are differences from the operation of the status motive in pre-revolutionary Russia.

Rice. Motives for charitable activities

Previously, a person who had already reached a certain social status was engaged in charitable activities. By his actions, he simply strengthened it and sought to realize the memorial motif. currently practical a Russian uses charity as a tool for occupying a status position and career growth.

Unfortunately, Russian state failed to ensure a fair distribution of the Soviet economic legacy among the citizens of the country. Therefore, it must create economic and political prerequisites for the voluntary motivation of the propertied classes to decide social problems society. Some work is being done in this direction.

According to the State Duma newspaper, about 2/3 of commercial structures are now engaged in corporate charity. Basically, these are representatives of small and medium-sized businesses, which, by definition, are closer to the people. But effective tool corporate philanthropy has not yet begun to smooth out the monstrous stratification of our society.

Rice. 2. Forms of charity of commercial enterprises.

It should be noted that the legislative base of all levels of government is not sufficiently developed to take into account all the motives for citizens' participation in charitable activities and does not encourage them enough. Ideally, we should strive for a model in which all sectors of society would benefit from the provision of charitable assistance.

Rice. 3. Negative conditions for the development of charity in modern Russia

Thus, as shown Scientific research However, there are several serious obstacles to the effective development of charity in the country. The main ones are:

1. unfavorable taxation system for philanthropists and beneficiaries;
2. distrustful, often negative attitude towards charity and its representatives on the part of the Russian society.

To create favorable conditions for the development of philanthropy in Russia, it is necessary:

Improving the legislative and regulatory framework in the field of charity;

The introduction of favorable tax regime for donors and recipients of charitable funds;

Ensuring guarantees of property rights and creating conditions for the development of entrepreneurship;

Increasing the openness and transparency of donor structures for society and government

Formation of a culture of charity, ethical standards, high professionalism and responsibility of donors;

Formation of a positive attitude towards philanthropic activities and institutions of philanthropy;

Formation of a system of state incentives.