Why are cultural institutions needed? Main types and types of cultural institutions
The subject and object of the activities of cultural institutions is the individual. The activities of institutions should be aimed at the implementation process essential forces personality, satisfying its spiritual needs.
Areas of activity of cultural institutions:
Activities related to civic education.
Activities related to labor education.
Activities related to additional education.
Activities related to aesthetic education.
Activities related to recreational function.
Activities related to environmental education.
Activities related to promoting a healthy lifestyle.
In leisure activities, a person realizes primary, social and cultural needs in one dominant setting or another, therefore the content of the activities of cultural institutions should include: direct experiences, impressions and states in a specific leisure activity, comprehension by the subject and object of the perceived information, artistic images, assessment of service quality.
Successful activity is also determined by a person’s realization of his aspirations and the embodiment of his life position.
One of the main activities of cultural institutions is related to the circulation and understanding of professional art and folk culture, getting to know historical monuments And artistic masterpieces cultures of the peoples of the world.
Leisure activities of cultural institutions should be formed on the basis of positive socio-psychological and interpersonal contacts.
Types of cultural institutions.
1. Houses and palaces of culture. Conducts extensive cultural and leisure activities among the population, and does a lot of work to provide methodological assistance to all cultural institutions in the region. A universal institution in organizing people's leisure time.
2. Culture and recreation parks are natural objects of a cognitive and educational nature, with entertainment opportunities for emotional release and relieving fatigue. The activity is based on a fee basis, which provides the opportunity for independent economic development.
3. Libraries are a type of cultural institution that collects books and other printed publications, specially processes them, promotes them, and organizes mass work with readers (rural, district, city, regional, regional, republican). Regional library In addition to the above functions, it develops theoretical and methodological issues of library science and bibliography, and carries out scientific and methodological management of all public libraries.
4. Museums are a type of cultural institution that collects and exhibits material and spiritual values and conducts cultural and educational work. They organize lectures, excursions, arrange exhibitions, distribute specialized literature, and engage in research work.
5. Cinemas are a type of cultural institution designed to show films to the public. There are standard and mobile.
6. Leisure centers - a type of cultural institution engaged in creating optimal conditions for mass, group, family and individual development creativity, communication, relaxation, entertainment, restoration of spiritual and physical strength based on studying the cultural needs and interests of various categories of the population.
7. Cultural complexes - complexes created on the principles of voluntary merger of cultural institutions, regardless of their departmental affiliation, within one or more farms and pooling of material resources local authorities, the farm’s own income and appropriations from the fund for socio-cultural needs and sponsorship assistance.
8. Cultural and sports complexes - new type cultural institutions aimed at providing cultural services to the population based on the integration of culture and sports and all types of leisure management.
9. Youth leisure centers and cafes. They can engage in cultural and leisure activities to organize leisure and recreation for young people.
Type of ownership:
institutions of federal property,
institutions of constituent entities of the Russian Federation,
· municipal property institutions,
· private institutions.
Type of cultural institution:
1. producing goods and cultural products,
2. providing various types of services: material (restoration, video and photography), intangible (educational, cultural and developmental, informational, gaming)
3. trading in cultural goods and art objects.
Target focus:
1. cultural enlightenment,
2. artistic creativity,
3. development of aesthetic feelings,
5. entertainment.
Management method:
· commercial,
· non-profit,
· mixed,
Types of cultural institutions:
Libraries.
Natural landscape sites.
Parks of culture and recreation.
Sports grounds.
Playgrounds.
Diversified cultural centers.
Institutions of additional vocational education: sports, music, art schools.
The infrastructure of culture and leisure is a complex of institutions, industries and organizations of economic practice that create the conditions for their functioning as an economic sector, ensuring its existence.
Let's consider the main elements of the infrastructure of culture and leisure:
1. Production and service complexes of those sectors of the economy that serve the population in free time and create conditions for recreation, individual personal development, and entertainment.
· Historical centers, cultural monuments, memorial areas.
· Industry organizations in the field of culture and art (libraries, cinemas, theaters, museums, exhibition halls, Philharmonic, etc.)
· Development organizations, training companies.
· Urban recreation areas (parks, squares, beaches).
Recreational areas outside the city ( National parks, sanatoriums, resorts).
· Institutions and companies providing sports, recreational, cultural, artistic and educational services (stadiums, fitness clubs, water parks, dance classes)
· Travel agencies and related transportation, hospitality system.
· Theme parks, gaming and cultural and leisure centers.
· Restaurants, cafes.
· Model business.
2. Production and broadcast of cultural and leisure information, as well as goods for cultural, leisure and information and artistic purposes:
· Entertainment television programs, radio programs.
· Internet.
· Art products (preparation and recording of various kinds of shows, television and radio programs, music CDs, computer games).
· Editorial and publishing activities (production of books, magazines, newspapers).
· Production of goods and equipment for cultural and sports purposes ( sportswear, souvenirs, Board games, stage equipment, etc.).
· Roads, communications, transport.
· Professional personnel and institutions for their training.
Leisure industry:
1. cultural goods industry,
2. tourism industry,
3. audio and video industry,
4. entertainment industry:
· newspapers, magazines, books of entertainment content,
· film industry and video production,
· film distribution network, TV channels, radio stations,
· music industry, producing and selling music products,
· art business (galleries, exhibition halls),
· organizing concerts, tours, show business,
· gaming and gambling business,
· theaters, concert organizations, circuses,
· leisure centers, clubs, entertainment complexes, discos,
· model business,
· public catering network.
Introduction
Currently, an extensive network of cultural institutions can be characterized on a territorial basis. The territorial attribute takes into account the number of institutions at their location on the scale of a district, city, region, region, republic. The trade union network is undergoing dramatic changes due to the transition to market relations. Many enterprises refuse to maintain Palaces of Culture, and they have to change their work profile.
In the process of reforming cultural construction, Various types– these are clubs, houses of culture, houses of creative intelligentsia, parks of culture and recreation, libraries, museums, cinemas, leisure centers, cultural complexes.
Further democratization of society gave rise to a large number of amateur associations, foundations, unions, centers, and associations in the field of culture and art.
Studying the practice of these associations, the experience of interaction between government, trade union and public structures is the most important condition functioning of cultural institutions.
An increasingly prominent role in cultural life played by the Russian Creative Union of Cultural Workers.
Analysis value orientations, programs of activity of cultural institutions, the presence of contacts between them and government agencies will make it possible to more competently assess the state of culture and significantly influence its development.
IN Lately activity intensified cultural associations, created by public funds. The actions they carry out, often of an international nature, create a wide public response. At the same time, foundations and associations invest significant funds to finance individual cultural programs.
The activities of national cultural centers are of particular importance in the context of aggravation of interethnic contradictions. Many of them think cultural activities its main task.
On associations, funds, unions, associations in the field of culture operating in the territory Russian Federation, and data on informal associations are presented in the form of business card certificates with brief information about their activities in various directories prepared by the state association “Russia” and published by the publishing house “Kultura”.
1. Club establishments
The most common type of cultural institution remains the club, which is a multifunctional plant capable of creating a variety of conditions for a person’s development and recreation, and having a complex intellectual and emotional impact on him.
Clubs have firmly entered into the life of people, especially in rural areas, and have become a necessary part public life. They act as the most important centers of human communication.
Club establishments– a generalized concept. These include small clubs and big houses and palaces of culture. There is no fundamental difference between the club, the House and the Palace of Culture. Their difference is in the capabilities they have, in the volume and scale of work.
Despite the fact that in the countryside there is a process of decollectivization, privatization, and denationalization, mainly club institutions have been preserved here. This is a regional House of Culture, a rural House of Culture, a rural club.
The district House of Culture, located in the district administrative center, along with conducting broad cultural and leisure activities among the population, does a lot of work to provide methodological assistance to all cultural institutions located in the district.
The district House of Culture has its own independent budget, current and current bank accounts. It has two sources of funding: from the local budget and from earned income. financial resources through a special account.
There are also clubs educational institutions, houses of officers, clubs of military units, houses of actors, writers, architects, teachers, medical workers etc.
At industrial, construction, transport enterprises, state farms, institutions, educational institutions, there are still mainly trade union clubs, houses and cultural palaces. According to their subordination, they are divided into three groups: clubs, houses and palaces of culture, serving workers of one enterprise, institution or educational institution and being directly subordinate to FZMK.
The unity of goals and objectives facing club institutions, regardless of their affiliation, makes them universal institutions in organizing people's leisure time and significantly distinguishes them from other types of cultural institutions.
2. Parks of culture and recreation
Culture and recreation parks were and are being created for optimal use natural conditions in the interests of promoting health, cultural development workers and organizing their leisure time in the open air.
The first parks were conceived as universal centers of culture and recreation for workers, combining cultural, educational and physical culture and health activities.
The very name “culture and recreation parks” reflects the main idea of this institution. The "park" part of the name means that we're talking about primarily about a natural object. The word "culture" indicates educational, educational character activities of the park, and finally, the word “recreation” indicates that the park provides entertainment opportunities on attractions for emotional release and relieving fatigue.
A lot of new things have appeared in the activities of cultural and recreation parks, both in content and form.
On modern stage In the activities of cultural and recreation parks, the importance of the ecological function and its role in the formation of the environmental consciousness of the population is especially increasing. This phenomenon is associated with the already mentioned tendency of a certain separation of city dwellers from nature, weakening of contacts of modern city residents with the natural world.
Another feature of the activities of modern cultural and recreation parks is that changes are taking place in the content of recreation for visitors, therefore the importance of the recreational function is increasing. The recreational function today is associated with the intrinsic value of relaxation in the natural environment, with the fact that in natural conditions it is easier for a person to change his usual environment, the pace and rhythms of behavior, and the norms of his activities in the sphere of production, everyday life, and education.
Their activities are based on a paid basis, which provides an opportunity for independent economic development.
3. Libraries
This is a widespread type of cultural institution that collects books and other printed publications, specially processes them, promotes them, and organizes mass outreach to readers.
Based on the composition of book collections, methods of their processing, storage and use, libraries are divided into two main groups: mass libraries with universal book collections and special ones with book collections for certain types of scientific, educational, and production activities.
The most common types of state public libraries are rural, district, city, regional, regional, and republican.
Rural libraries, in addition to issuing books, organize mobile libraries, book distribution points at production facilities and door-to-door book distribution.
The district library is under the jurisdiction of the cultural department. It has a department for issuing books at home (subscription), a reading room with an auxiliary book collection, a mobile collection and a children's department (in the absence of an independent children's library). Along with serving the population, local institutions and organizations with literature, conducting a wide mass work The district library helps the cultural department in managing library institutions, coordinating their activities, and drawing up unified interdepartmental plans library services population in order to bring the book to every family. It organizes reference, bibliographic and consulting work, classes for employees and public activists of the district libraries.
Regional (territorial) library is a repository of printed works, a scientific, methodological and bibliographic center. Its typical structure is made up of departments: services (with sectors of subscription, reading rooms, interlibrary loan), scientific, methodological and bibliographic, collections and catalogs (with sectors of acquisition and book storage), special storage, administrative and economic.
The most important task of the regional (territorial) library is the development of theoretical and methodological issues of library science and bibliography, the implementation of scientific and methodological management of all public libraries and control over their work.
A new type consists of self-supporting libraries that have received last years widespread development. They are created in places where there is no nearby state libraries. Such libraries open when there are a small number of books. The opening of a paid library is documented with the appropriate documents.
Special libraries include: libraries of branch academies, republican academies, libraries of scientific institutions, research institutes, theater, museum, musical notation, military-technical, educational institutions, scientific and technical (technical), libraries of industrial enterprises. They are completed with special literature according to the profile of the enterprise or institution.
4. Museums
Museums occupy an important place in the cultural life of societies. Museums are not limited to collecting and exhibiting material and spiritual values. They also do a lot of cultural and educational work. They organize lectures, excursions, exhibitions, and distribution of specialized literature not only within their own walls, but also at enterprises. Many museums are engaged in research work.
All museums are divided into several types depending on their profile: historical, local history, material, natural science, art history, industry and others.
2.1. Concert and entertainment cultural institutions. They include theaters, concert organizations, sports and entertainment complexes, circuses, cinemas and are mainly focused on demonstrating and broadcasting samples and cultural values, i.e. to update the cultural fund, to introduce such values, samples, norms into circulation, reproduce them and introduce innovations into the existing cultural fund, including the fund of artistic culture. All of them do not exist outside the audience, outside direct contact with it. the exception is cinema, where such contact is mediated by technical means that allow the creative result (film) to be replicated. This makes film production accessible to the masses, while theatre, performance, concert, sport, spectacle, etc. represent individual events.
In relation to society, these institutions perform socializing role, introducing people to values and norms not only artistic, but also moral, political, etc., presenting them with examples, standards of socially significant situations. It is no coincidence that in Russia at all times there is a large social significance considered theater as a “teacher of life”, capable of influencing the mind and heart of a person. Characters in plays and films are often looked to as role models.
Important and consolidating role institutions of this type, uniting certain categories of people on the basis of common interests. These are groups, communities, even clubs for theater lovers, fans of some artists, sports fans.
The block of functions focused on the activity of the individual occupies a generally more modest place. They are largely perceived and declared as satisfying the diverse tastes of different groups of the population.
2.2. Museums- These are research and educational institutions. Museums mainly implement two blocks of functions: a block of functions focused on the actualization of cultural values - the creation, expansion of museum funds, collections, their recording, study; exhibiting museum objects and other materials; block of personality socialization functions
Education. education of different social groups, formation of standard cultural environments. Social functions are performed specifically by museum means. where the primary role is played museum item, i.e. reference samples related to the historical past and present of national and world culture are distributed and broadcast.
Museumification covers various areas culture, art, history of countries and peoples, industrial, everyday activities, natural and artificial environment
Less space in the functioning of the museum is occupied by a set of tasks related to personal problems - self-realization, self-education, amateur cultural activities, etc.
2.3. Public and specialized libraries. These are independent cultural institutions where funds of printed materials are collected and stored, specially processed, distributed, and organized for use in society. Thus, libraries contribute to the actualization of cultural potential. Libraries are scientific, informational, cultural and educational institutions. They are a connecting link in the “book-reader” system, which in real functioning experts often put at the forefront. This applies mainly to mass public libraries, which do not have a so-called memorial function, i.e. do not store a legal copy of printed materials, original, unique documents, etc. For such libraries, the main thing is not the book collections as such, but their use by the reader. Hence the great importance of the block of socialization functions aimed at educating readers, developing their skills in working with printed publications, periodicals, and providing a variety of information. The personal, functional block is, as it were, relegated to the background. This is the creation of conditions for a person’s self-development, his self-education.
The ratio of functional blocks is flexible and depends not only on the type of library, but also on the specific socio-cultural situation and the quality of the social environment.
2.4. Park of Culture. It differs from other institutions in that its functions are connected with the natural basis, the natural environment. On this basis, its orientation towards personal and socialization functions is formed. This is primarily a recreational and health direction, i.e. active, recreational, recreational, developmental recreation, individual and group, associated with the processes of social integration, establishing social connections (festivities, sports and other games, holidays). Socializing functions must be woven into recreational processes. They are carried out through human involvement in the park environment, landscape, and park architecture.
The function of socialization of the cultural value fund is somewhat inferior to the first two functional directions, although the park as a natural and cultural formation allows the accumulation and transmission of cultural experience, activates human concerns about natural objects, and forms adequate behavior in the natural environment.
2.5. Club institutions. Club institutions, unlike other cultural and leisure institutions, are primarily social institutions. This means that their activities should primarily solve social problems in the region, offering new lifestyle models.
The club must be viewed from two perspectives:
As a club institution subordinate to the Ministry of Culture, trade unions, other departments or organizations, which is an instrument of state policy and lives in accordance with the legal norms established by the state;
As a certain social institution, “a voluntary association of people for the purpose of communication related to various interests” (according to the definition given in the Encyclopedic Dictionary).
The range of these interests is quite extensive - from joint entertainment to collective solutions to serious socio-political problems. A club, “clubdom” - in this case, is not defined by the forms of departmental affiliation - it is a special way of communication, relationships between people, and even more - a certain way of their life. It should be noted that club communities as an institution of social activity of the population were not fully realized at any stage of the existence of our society. Turning to club issues shows that today there is a rethinking of the traditional functions of culture in society. Now this is not ideological education and cultural services, but the creation of conditions for normal human life. In connection with this, cultural leisure also changed its content, which became one of the mechanisms of social stabilization and adaptation. In the leisure space, the formation of social and cultural sphere that protects people. The compensatory function of the club team has always played an important role, since the club represents an additional space for self-realization and development, relaxation and recovery. Therefore, today we can talk about strengthening the role of the club as a means of easing the severity of social tension, helping to adapt to new economic and political conditions, and promoting psychological relaxation.
To fulfill these functions, new types of socio-cultural activities are needed - individual and group, based on an awareness of the social value of leisure as a space for self-actualization of the individual, no less important than professional activity, and contributing to the social integration of people.
To summarize what has been said, it should be noted that the leading place in the functioning of a club institution is occupied by a set of tasks related to the problems of cultural self-realization, manifestations of social activity and individual initiative, amateur cultural activities and recreation.
Institutions are divided into: Budgetary, extrabudgetary (self-sustaining, self-supporting)
Types of institutions:
1 type Club establishments
Rural - urban - departmental - at the place of residence (club young technician) etc. - house of culture
Palace of Culture
Type 2 Theater and entertainment institutions
Theater of all types – Cinemas - Circus art - Concert halls, sites, organizations
3 type Museums
Industry - memorial - local history - museums-reserves - estate museums ( Yasnaya Polyana)
Galleries - military-patriotic museums (Kulikovo Field) - museums of curiosities (kunskamera), etc.
Type 4 Library institutions
Territorial division (district, city, Russian, etc.) - sectoral division (foreign liters, pedagogical liters, medical liters) - educational division (school, colleges, universities) - demographic division (children's, youth, for pensioners, etc.) d.)
Type 5 Parks of culture and recreation
City recreation centers - central recreation centers - gardens - squares
New types of cultural institutions are emerging.
· 2 Section I. GENERAL PROVISIONS
o 2.1 Article 1. Objectives of the legislation of the Russian Federation on culture
o 2.2 Article 2. Legislation of the Russian Federation on culture
o 2.3 Article 3. Basic concepts
o 2.4 Article 4. Scope of application of the Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on culture
o 2.5 Article 5. Sovereignty of the Russian Federation in the field of culture
o 2.6 Article 6. Equal dignity of cultures of peoples and others ethnic communities Russian Federation, their rights and freedoms in the field of culture
o 2.7 Article 7. Mandatory cultural aspects in government programs development
· 3 Section II. HUMAN RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS IN THE FIELD OF CULTURE
· 4 Section III. RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS OF PEOPLES AND OTHER ETHNIC COMMUNITIES IN THE FIELD OF CULTURE
· 5 Section IV. NATIONAL CULTURAL PROPERTY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE PEOPLES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
· 6 Section V. POSITION OF CREATIVE WORKERS
· 7 Section VI. RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE STATE IN THE FIELD OF CULTURE
· 8 Section VII. POWERS OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT BODIES, STATE AUTHORITIES OF THE SUBJECTS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT BODIES IN THE FIELD OF CULTURE
· 9 Section VIII. ECONOMIC REGULATION IN THE FIELD OF CULTURE
· 10 Section IX. CULTURAL EXCHANGES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES
· 11 Section X. LIABILITY FOR VIOLATION OF CULTURAL LEGISLATION
Name of the Program - federal target program "Culture of Russia (2006 - 2010)"
Decision date on the development of the Program (name and number of the relevant legal act) - order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated September 15, 2005 N 1432-r
State customer-coordinator - Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation
Government customers- Federal Agency for Culture and Cinematography, Federal Agency for Press and Mass Communications, Federal Archival Agency
Main developers of the Program- Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation, Federal Agency for Culture and Cinematography, Federal Agency for Press and Mass Communications, Federal Archival Agency
Program Goals- preservation cultural heritage Russian Federation; formation of a single cultural space, creating conditions to ensure equal access to cultural values and information resources of various groups of citizens; creating conditions for the preservation and development of the cultural potential of the nation; integration into the world cultural process; ensuring adaptation of the cultural sphere to market conditions
Program Objectives- ensuring the safety of historical and cultural heritage; preservation and development of the system art education, support for young talents; targeted support for professional art, literature and creativity; providing conditions for artistic creativity and innovation activity; ensuring cultural exchange; development and implementation of information products and technologies in the field of culture; support for domestic producers of cultural goods and their promotion to the world market; updating special equipment of organizations in the sphere of culture and mass communications; modernization of the television and radio broadcasting network of the Russian Federation
Expected final results implementation of the Program and indicators of socio-economic efficiency - ensuring the safety of cultural heritage sites of the Russian Federation, including immovable historical and cultural monuments, museum valuables, library collections and archival documents:
Increasing the share of cultural heritage objects in satisfactory condition in the total number of cultural heritage objects of federal significance to 33.5 percent;
Increasing the share of restored unique and especially valuable archival documents in the total volume of documents in this category subject to restoration to 3 percent;
Increasing the share of archival documents located in conditions that ensure their permanent (eternal) storage in the total number of archival documents to 21 percent;
Strengthening a single cultural space, cultural ties between regions, ensuring equal access to cultural values and information resources for various groups of citizens:
Increasing the share of museum objects presented (in all forms) to the viewer in the total number of museum objects in the main fund to 15 percent;
Increasing the number of visits to museums;
Increasing the number of visits to performances, concerts, performances, including tours and festivals;
Increasing the average book supply;
Increasing the number of creative debuts and innovative projects in the industry (increasing the share of new works of professional art in the total repertoire of performing arts organizations to 18 percent);
Strengthening the position of domestic cinema in the Russian and world markets (increasing the share of national films in the total distribution volume to 22 percent);
Strengthening influence Russian culture on the global cultural process, strengthening world cultural ties, using experience foreign countries in the development of domestic culture (increase in the number of Russian cultural events held abroad, compared to the previous year, to 1.15 percent in 2010)
List of Program events
In 2006 - 2010, a complex of repair and restoration work should be carried out on 300 cultural heritage sites of federal significance, including the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin, the Astrakhan Kremlin, the Lefortovo Palace in Moscow, the Governor's Palace in Tobolsk, the Arsenal building in Chelyabinsk, Ostafyevo estate, objects Literary Museum, State Museum-Reserve"Gatchina" and the State Museum-Reserve "Pavlovsk", Gostiny Dvor in Arkhangelsk, Suzdal Kremlin, Traveling Palace in Tver and others.
During 2006 - 2010, during the implementation of the Program, additional opportunities will be created to enhance cultural exchange, increase the accessibility of art, and ensure social significant literature residents of various regions of the country.
Activities carried out within the framework of the Program involve the development of domestic cinema. It is planned to create more than 80 feature films, 1,100 parts of non-fiction films and 30 animated films.
The Program's resources should be aimed at overcoming the backlog of museums, libraries and archives in Russia in the use of modern information technologies, creating cultural works on electronic media, ensuring the safety of their storage.
Important for libraries and archives in Russia today is the transfer of information resources from paper to electronic media, the development of information exchange systems using global computer networks.
Supposed further development networks of regional and interregional centers for the conservation of documents, the formation of a system of automated state accounting of documents of the Archival Fund of the Russian Federation.
The implementation of the Program will make it possible to continue the formation of the database of the State Catalog of the Museum Fund of the Russian Federation and ensure the annual entry of more than 1.5 million entries into it. The number of museums with Internet access will increase. Restoration of museum objects, unique and especially valuable documents of the Archival Fund of the Russian Federation will be carried out.
Notes from travelers, chronicles, memoirs of war participants and many other evidence of the past are contained in books. Books can be handwritten or printed. They are of great value to the historian. There is no researcher of the past who would not go to the library. Translated from Greek, “biblion” means book, “theka” means repository, that is, this word means “book depository.”
Studying sources helps historians see how people lived in the past. To do this, you first need to collect historical materials and then carefully check their accuracy.
Pictures (photos, drawings)
Storing documents in an archive
State historical Museum. Russia, Moscow
House-Museum of A.P. Chekhov. Russia, Taganrog
Artistic and architectural palace and park museum-reserve "Peterhof". Russia, near St. Petersburg
National Museum. Czech Republic, Prague
Museum of Art and History. Austria, Vienna
Uffizi Gallery. Italy, Florence
National Gallery. UK, London
Yard British Museum, London
Louvre. France, Paris
In the hall of the Louvre
Museum under open air. Italy, Rome
Exhibits of the Capitoline Museum. Italy, Rome
Cairo Museum. Egypt
In the hall Cairo Museum
Summer Imperial Palace. China, Shanghai
Exhibits from the Shikumen Museum. China, Shanghai
National Museum of Anthropology. Model ancient city Tenochtitlan, who was on site modern city Mexico City. Mexico, Mexico City
Exhibits from the National Museum of Anthropology. Mexico, Mexico City
National Museum of the Republic of Tuva. Russia, Kyzyl
Exhibits Memorial Museum astronautics. Russia, Moscow
In the halls State Museum fine arts them. A.S. Pushkin. Russia, Moscow
Museum of the History of Moscow Railway Technology railway. Russia, Moscow
State Museum of Weapons. Russia, Tula
In the hall of the State Arms Museum
Arabic botanical atlas. XV century Princeton University Library. USA
British Museum Library, London
Handwritten book page. XV century British Library
Missal. XV century British Library
Library of José Vasconcelos. Mexico, Mexico City
Library of the Strakhov Monastery. Czech Republic, Prague
National Library France, Paris
Library of Congress, Washington, DC
