Literary arguments for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. The problem of spiritual and material poverty (Unified State Exam in Russian) The problem of humanity arguments from literature
What is poverty? What is worse: spiritual poverty or material poverty? Can a person, without having a penny behind him, be truly rich?
These questions arise when reading the text of Ivan Aleksandrovich Ilyin, and he also reflects on the problem of spiritual and material poverty. Nowadays, this problem is very common and is attracting more and more attention.
The author believes that there are two types of poverty: spiritual, when a person is poor in soul, but at the same time can consider himself superior to others, and material, when a person can experience financial difficulties, but do not lose heart and still remain happy.
I support the author's position. Man, by nature, is insatiable. He will always want more materially, and if this is not stopped, then material needs can “crush” spiritual ones. Then a person may gain wealth, but will lose his rich inner world. To prevent this, you should develop in different plans and not give free rein to greed.
Sometimes, while engaged in material accumulation, a person loses his essence, he may even lose his appearance, as, for example, happened with the character of N.
V. Gogol's "Dead Souls" - Stepan Plyushkin. His surname even became a common noun to denote morbid stinginess. He is a real example of how a person degrades having almost everything, materially, but having absolutely nothing in the soul.
We see typical and similar situations in real life, but there are still people who have not fallen morally and have preserved the riches of their souls. An example is Paralympic athletes. These are people who, having physical disabilities, did not break, did not become impoverished in soul, and did not give up. And even if they are weak physically, they can be mentally stronger than any other person.
Thus, a person, acquiring material values for the development and well-being of his life, should also not forget about the development of his inner world.
Arguments for an essay on the Russian language.
Reading. Books. Literature.
The problem of reading, the role of reading, the role of literature, attitudes towards literature, choice of books, displacement of books, the influence of books on a person, language, perception of literature and language.
What is the role of reading in a person's life? What is the role of literature in human life?
Every person is obliged to take care of his intellectual development. This is his responsibility to the society in which he lives and to himself. The main way of one’s intellectual development is reading.
How to love reading?
Argument from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
Reading, in order to be effective, must interest the reader. You need to develop an interest in reading. Interest can be largely the result of self-education. Literature gives us a colossal, vast and profound experience of life, and makes you wise. But all this is given only when you read, delving into all the little things. Because the most important thing is often hidden in the little things. And such reading is possible only when you read with pleasure, not because this or that work needs to be read, but because you like it. A person should have favorite works that he turns to repeatedly. “Disinterested” but interesting reading is what makes you love literature and what broadens a person’s horizons.
How to choose the right books?
Argument from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
Reading should not be random. This is a huge waste of time, and time is the greatest value that cannot be wasted on trifles. You should read according to the program, of course, without strictly following it, moving away from it where additional interests for the reader appear. You need to create reading programs for yourself in consultation with knowledgeable people, with existing reference guides of various types. But try to choose a book to your liking, take a break from everything in the world for a while, sit comfortably with a book, and you will understand that there are many books that you cannot live without, which are more important and more interesting than many programs.
Therefore, it is necessary to read modern literature. Don't just jump at every trendy book. Don't be fussy. Vanity causes a person to recklessly spend the largest and most precious capital he has - his time.
How to read correctly?
Argument from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
The danger of reading is the development (conscious or unconscious) of a tendency towards “diagonal” viewing of texts or various types of speed reading methods.
“Speed reading” creates the appearance of knowledge. It can be allowed only in certain types of professions, being careful not to create the habit of speed reading; it leads to attention disorders. Works read in a calm atmosphere make a great impression.
Know how to read not only for school answers and not only because everyone is reading this or that thing now - it’s fashionable. Know how to read with interest and slowly.
Why is TV replacing books?
Argument from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
Yes, because TV forces you to slowly watch some program, sit comfortably so that nothing disturbs you, it distracts you from your worries, it dictates to you how to watch and what to watch. I'm not saying stop watching TV. But I say: look with choice. Spend your time on things that are worth spending. Determine your choice yourself, depending on the role your chosen book has acquired in the history of human culture in order to become a classic. This means that there is something significant in it. Or maybe this essential for the culture of mankind will be essential for you too?
What does a book boom mean?
Argument from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
Today, personal libraries are in many homes. There is even such a phenomenon - a book boom. The book boom is wonderful! And the fact that people are interested in books, buy them, stand in line for books is good, it speaks of some kind of cultural upsurge in our society. But they can tell me that the books don’t go to those who need them. Sometimes they serve as decoration; purchased because of beautiful bindings, etc. But this is not so scary. A book will always find someone who needs it. We remember how people began to become interested in literature - through the libraries that they found with their father or with their relatives. So the book will one day find its reader.
How to properly compile a personal library?
Argument from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
As for a personal library, this issue must be approached very responsibly. Not only because a personal library is considered the owner’s calling card, but because it sometimes becomes a prestigious moment. If a person buys books only for prestige, then he is doing it in vain. In the first conversation he will give himself away. It will become clear that he himself did not read the books, and if he did, he did not understand. You don't need to make your library too big. At home there should be books of repeated reading, classics (and favorite ones at that), and most of all reference books, dictionaries, bibliographies. They can sometimes replace an entire library. Be sure to keep your own bibliography and, on the cards of this bibliography, note what in this book seems important and necessary to you.
I repeat. If you need a book for one-time reading, you should not purchase it. And the art of compiling personal libraries is to refrain from acquiring such books.
How can books influence a person?
An argument from Ray Bradbury's dystopian novel Fahrenheit 451
A striking example that shows the value of books is Ray Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451. The main character Guy Montag works as a fireman, but not in the usual sense: instead of putting out fires, he burns houses that have books in them. Books are strictly prohibited in this society, because it is easier for the government to control people who do not have knowledge and a free mind. Everything changes in Montag’s life when he gets acquainted with the world of books: he begins to think critically, he has his own opinion. This is how the hero turns into an agent of the resistance. At the end of the novel, there remains hope that perhaps it is he and people like him who will change the terrible reality.
How does literature influence a person's life?
Literature makes a person spiritually developed. In the dystopian story, M. Gelprin paints the reader a terrible picture of reality, in which literature could not get along with progress and completely faded away. Literature was what shaped minds, it determined the inner world of a person, his spirituality. “Children are growing up soulless, that’s what’s scary,” exclaimed one of the few remaining literature teachers, Andrei Petrovich. Most people were not aware of the problem. The exception was the robot tutor, who realized that children were growing up soulless, and secretly from his masters, he came to one of the few literature teachers to learn the basics. His goal was to educate children. A robot named Maxim, who came into contact with the world of literature, “at first deaf to the word, not perceiving, not feeling the harmony embedded in the language, every day he comprehended it and knew it better, deeper than the previous one.” As a result, he was disposed of, but his sacrifice was not in vain; he taught Anya and Pavlik, the children of the owners, to love literature. This means that all is not lost yet.
What is literature?
Argument from Michael Gelprin's story "".
The main character of the story “On the Table” by M. Gelprina, while teaching the robot Maxim, talks about what literature is. “Literature is not only what is written about... It is also how it is written. Language... the very tool that great writers and poets used.” In other words, in literary works it is not only the intricate plot that is important, but also the richness of the language, which becomes a tool that awakens life in the reader. Language is harmony. The purpose of literature is to educate minds, and the beauty of literary language helps to achieve this main goal.
How to learn to perceive the beauty of artistic words?
Argument from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
The art of words is the most complex art, requiring from a person the greatest internal culture, philological knowledge and philological experience. This word, which is Greek in origin, can be translated as “love of the word.” But in reality, philology is broader. At different times, philology was understood as different areas of culture: namely culture, and not just science. Therefore, the answer to the question of what philology is can only be given through a detailed, painstaking historical study of this concept, starting from the Renaissance.
The role of philology is precisely connecting, and therefore especially important. It combines literary studies and linguistics in the field of studying the style of a work - the most complex area of literary criticism. It requires deep knowledge not only of the history of languages, but also knowledge of the realities of a particular era, aesthetic ideas of its time, the history of ideas, etc.
I will give examples of how important a philological understanding of the meaning of words is. New meaning arises from the combination of words, and sometimes from their simple repetition. Here are a few lines from the poem “Away” by a good Soviet poet, and, moreover, a simple, accessible one - N. Rubtsov:
And everything sticks out.
The neighbor is sticking in the doorway,
The awakened aunts are hanging around behind him,
Words stick out
A bottle of vodka sticks out,
A senseless dawn sticks out the window!
Again the window glass is in the rain,
Again it feels like fog and chills...
If there were no last two lines in this stanza, then the repetitions of “sticks out” and “stick out” would not be full of meaning. But only a philologist can explain this magic of words...
The fact is that literature is not only the art of the word, it is the art of overcoming the word, acquiring a special “lightness” for the word depending on the combinations in which the words are included. Above all the meanings of individual words in the text, above the text, there is still a certain super-meaning that turns the text from a simple sign system into an artistic system. Combinations of words, and only they give rise to associations in the text, reveal the necessary shades of meaning in the word, and create the emotionality of the text. Just as in dance the heaviness of the human body is overcome, in painting the uniqueness of color is overcome through combinations of colors, in sculpture the usual dictionary meanings of a word are overcome. Words in combinations acquire shades that cannot be found in the best historical dictionaries of the Russian language.
It is absolutely clear that one cannot study literature without being at least a little linguist; one cannot be a textual critic without delving into the hidden meaning of the text, the entire text, and not just individual words of the text.
Words in poetry mean more than what they say they are, "signs" of what they are. These words are always present in poetry - whether when they are part of a metaphor, a symbol or are themselves, or when they are associated with realities that require readers to have some knowledge, or when they are associated with historical associations.
Every intelligent person should be at least a little philologist. Culture demands this.
You may ask me: what, I encourage everyone to be philologists, to become specialists in the field of humanities? I don’t call for being specialists, professional humanitarians. Of course, all professions are needed, and these professions must be evenly and expediently distributed in society. But... every specialist, every engineer, doctor, every nurse, every carpenter or turner, driver or loader, crane operator and tractor driver must have a cultural outlook. There should not be people who are blind to beauty, deaf to words and real music, callous to goodness, or forgetful of the past. And for all this we need knowledge, we need intelligence, which is given by the humanities. Read fiction and understand it, read history books and love the past of humanity, read travel literature, memoirs, read art literature, visit museums, travel with meaning and be spiritually rich. Yes, be philologists, that is, “lovers of words,” for the word stands at the beginning of culture and completes it, expresses it.
What role do books play in our lives?
An argument from L. Ulitskaya's novel "The Green Tent"
A book is a man's friend. With the help of books, children learn about the world, and adults return to their childhood memories. In L. Ulitskaya’s novel, the book occupies an exceptional place in the life of the main characters: Mikha, Sanya and Ilya. While still at school, the children join a circle of lovers of Russian literature, become interested in Pushkin and Tolstoy, re-read the letters of the Decembrists and write their first poems. The love of reading does not fade in them over the years: during their student years they try to get forbidden books, carefully pass them from hand to hand, copy and photograph passages. Thoughts and theories gleaned from books become food for long night conversations. In them, children learn about new trends and “get acquainted” with an alternative position prohibited by official literature. You could say that books define their lives. Ilya becomes a dissident and distributes samizdat, and Mikha publishes in banned literary and political magazines. In the final chapter of the novel, the already elderly Sanya, who is in exile, goes to visit Joseph Brodsky to listen to his poetry for the last time.
Text from the Unified State Examination
(1) The most deadly boredom was written on the well-fed, shiny face of the gracious sovereign. (2) He had just emerged from the arms of Morpheus after dinner and did not know what to do. (3) I didn’t want to think or yawn... (4) I’ve been tired of reading since time immemorial, it’s too early to go to the theater, I’m too lazy to go for a ride... (5) What to do? (6) How to have fun?
- (7) Some young lady has come! - Yegor reported.
- (8) He’s asking you!
- (9) Young lady? Hm... (10) Who is this?
(11) A pretty brunette quietly entered the office, dressed simply... even very simply. (12) She entered and bowed.
“(13) Sorry,” she began in a trembling treble.
- (14) I, you know... (15) I was told that you... you can only be found at six o’clock...(16) I... I... the daughter of court councilor Paltsev...
- (17) Very nice! (18) How can I help? (19) Sit down, don’t be shy!
“(20) I came to you with a request...” the young lady continued, awkwardly sitting down and fiddling with her buttons with trembling hands. - (21) I came... to ask you for a ticket for free travel to my homeland. (22) I heard you give... (23) I want to go, but I... I’m not rich... (24) I need to go from St. Petersburg to Kursk...
- Hm... (25) So... (26) Why do you need to go to Kursk? (27) Is there anything you don’t like here?
- (28) No, I like it here. (29) I'm visiting my parents. (30) I haven’t been to them for a long time... (31) Mom, they write, is sick...
- Hm... (32) Do you serve or study here?(33) And the young lady told where and with whom she served, how much salary she received, how much work there was...
- (34) You served... (35) Yes, sir, it’s impossible to say that your salary was great...
(36) It would be inhumane not to give you a free ticket... Hm... (37) Well, I suppose there’s a little cupid in Kursk, huh? (38) Amurashka... (39) Groom? (40) Are you blushing? (41) Well, well! (42) It's a good thing. (43) Go for yourself. (44) It’s time for you to get married... (45) Who is he?
- (46) In officials.
- (47) It’s a good thing. (48) Go to Kursk... (49) They say that already a hundred miles from Kursk there is a smell of cabbage soup and cockroaches are crawling... (50) Perhaps there is boredom in this Kursk? (51) Take off your hat! (52) Egor, give us some tea!
(53) The young lady, who did not expect such an affectionate welcome, beamed and described to the gracious sovereign all the entertainment in Kursk... (54) She said that she had a brother who was an official, cousins who were high school students... (55) Yegor served tea.
(56) The young lady timidly reached for the glass and, afraid to smack, began to silently swallow...
(57) The gracious sir looked at her and grinned... (58) He no longer felt bored... - (59) Is your fiancé good-looking? - he asked. - (60) How did you get along with him?
(61) The young lady answered both questions with embarrassment. (62) She trustingly moved towards the gracious sovereign and, smiling, told how suitors had wooed her here in St. Petersburg and how she refused them... (63) She ended up taking a letter from her parents from her pocket and reading it to the gracious sovereign. (64) Eight o’clock struck.
- (65) And your father has good handwriting... (66) What squiggles he writes with! (67) Hehe...
:
(68) But, however, I have to go... (69) It has already begun in the theater... (70) Goodbye, Marya Efimovna!
- (71) So can I hope? - asked the young lady, getting up.
- (72) For what?
- (73) If you give me a free ticket...- (74) Ticket?.. (75) Hm... (76) I don’t have tickets! (77) You must have made a mistake, madam...
(78) He-he-he... (79) You got to the wrong place, at the wrong entrance... there really is some kind of railway worker who lives next to me, and I work in a bank, sir! (80) Egor, tell me to lay it down! (81) Goodbye, Marya Semyonovna! (82) Very glad... very glad...
(83) The young lady got dressed and went out... (84) At another entrance she was told that he left at half past seven for Moscow.
(According to A.P. Chekhov)
Introduction
In life, we often encounter injustice, the disdainful attitude of people who have some kind of power over others. People who are financially secure do not understand the poor, do not consider it necessary to take their opinion into account, and simply do not perceive them as equals. Simple, “little” people become the subject of ridicule and insults from those in power.
A comment
The presented text raises the topic of relationships between people of different classes - a young poor girl asking for money, and a bored “gracious sovereign” who does not know what to do with himself in the coming day.
The girl urgently needs to go home, and she, having heard somewhere that the master was giving out free tickets to everyone in need, came to him for help. He asks for all the details of her personal life, the reasons why she is in such a hurry to Kursk. The “young lady,” in her naivety, shares her hopes and dreams, rejoicing at such a warm welcome. However, in the end it turns out that she was at the wrong entrance, and the “dear sir” was just talking to her out of boredom.
Instead of somehow helping his interlocutor, he leaves. She acted as a kind of toy for the bank employee, and he is not at all worried about her future fate.
Soon the girl learns that the railway worker from the next door is no longer at home. So she is left with nothing.
Topic, problem, idea
In Russian literature, the theme of the little man has become classic. Satirist writers have thought a lot about this, exposing the imperfections of the social structure of our Motherland. A.P. was no exception. Chekhov, who thought a lot about social order, looked closely at many images typical of his time - officials of various ranks, landowners, peasants, the poor, beggars.
The text raises the problem of social inequality, in other words, the problem of the little man.
Author's position
Chekhov clearly has a negative attitude towards the “gracious sir.” This can be seen already from the first phrase of the text, which talks about “a well-fed, shiny face.” The girl, on the contrary, evokes sympathy from the author. Her descriptions are pleasant, without caricature: “pretty brunette”, “fiddle with her buttons with trembling hands.” We can say that Chekhov stands on the side of the “little people” who are afraid of everything in life, and condemns the inhumanity of the highest circles.
Your position
I really want to agree with the author, because, knowing all the life difficulties of the young brunette, the bank employee could at least give her money, if it didn’t work out with the ticket. The trouble is that rich people are looking for benefit in everything only for themselves, and the environment around them does not bother them. They seem to be dead internally. Chekhov, in my opinion, by raising this problem, wants to shake up society, force people of high rank to look at themselves from the outside.
Arguments and examples
The topic of social inequality, the relationship of the poor with the rich, and people without rights with people of high status has been repeatedly raised in literature.
F.M. Dostoevsky in his novel “Crime and Punishment” presents a gallery of people who are beyond the poverty line. The main plot action begins precisely in the clash between a poor student and an old money-lender who profits from the misfortunes of other poor people.
Poverty drives Raskolnikov to thoughts of murder. By this action, he seems to be trying to prove to himself that he is not a simple “little man” who is not able to influence anything, but “has the right” - deciding the destinies of people.
I think that such a terrible act by Raskolnikov was initially caused by his desire to save the people around him from social injustice in the person of his grandmother-pawnbroker.
There are many examples in real life. According to statistics, more than half of the Russian population lives in very difficult living conditions, often without work, without money and, in fact, without rights. Remember how many homeless people froze to death on the street last winter, how many sick grandparents live in landfills. The worst thing is that it is very difficult for them to get out of poverty, because others do not respect them and consider them people without a future.
Conclusion
Unfortunately, as long as people in society are divided into rich and poor, as long as social inequality flourishes, there will be a place for callousness, immorality, and indifference in our society. However, I would like to believe that people will become kinder and more tolerant of each other, because we are all equal before God!
Doctor Startsev, a young talented doctor, comes to the city of S., where he meets the Turkins family. At the beginning of the story, he is cheerful, hardworking and reaches out to beauty, sings romances, listens to the music of Kotik and the novel of the mother of the family. He realizes how primitive the “art” is in this house. But he is so comfortable in the chair, the smell of fried onions comes from the kitchen. The thirst for comfort drowns out the natural desire to say how poorly the daughter plays, how mediocre Vera Iosifovna’s “novel” is. Thus, spiritual laziness becomes the cause of gradual personality degradation. A few years later, having met Ekaterina Ivanovna, he feels how for a moment a fire of emotional experiences lights up in his soul, but remembering how he counts banknotes in the evenings, the fire goes out. Gradually getting richer, acquiring houses, he becomes important and rude, reminiscent of a pagan god, only one passion remains in his life - money.
2. N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"
The power of profit and enrichment deprives Stepan Plyushkin, a stingy landowner, of his humanity, whose image personifies the complete death of the human soul. From simple frugality grows an enormous passion for hoarding. Plyushkin's life becomes a parody. Chichikov cannot recognize the owner of a rich estate in the clumsy housekeeper with a hole in the robe on the back below the waist. He himself eats at the homes of his peasants, and tons of bread rot in the owner’s yard, food goes to waste, which he himself does not eat and does not give to the peasants. He destroyed all relationships with his own children, dooming them to an existence of hunger. As a result, Plyushkin simply lost his human appearance.
3. A.S. Pushkin "The Queen of Spades"
The main character of the story is military engineer Hermann. He constantly moves among the golden youth of the capital, sees how every evening young people win and lose hundreds, thousands of rubles. Owning his father's inheritance (by the way, a very decent one), he dreams of getting rich. Having learned that the grandmother of his friend Tomsky knows the secret of the three cards, he decides to get this secret by any means. As a result, he becomes the unwitting killer of the old countess, the cause of the suffering of Lizaveta Ivanovna, her pupil. But the cards, as expected, did not make Hermann happy: the old woman in the form of the Queen of Spades fell to him in the last bet, and the loser lost all the money. Madness became a punishment for his thirst for profit.
4. I.A. Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco"
A wealthy manufacturer from the United States, having, in his opinion, accumulated enough money, decides to take a prestigious cruise around Europe. His money was not earned in the sense in which it is commonly believed, the author ironically writes: “He worked tirelessly - the Chinese, whom he hired thousands of to work for him, knew well what this meant!” But his whole life is surrounded by brilliance and luxury. His whole world is a world of expensive things: they press on him, they squeeze him, but he forcefully pushes his feet into stockings, then into shoes, and tries with all his might to fasten his neck cufflink. He literally fights with her, she bites him as if resisting. As a result, the master has a stroke, regardless of his wealth or the pathos with which he has surrounded himself in this life. Thus ends the fate of a person who has spent all his energy on money-grubbing and hoarding.
Literary arguments for an essay - reasoning. Unified State Examination, Russian language.
1) What is the meaning of life?
1. The author writes about the meaning of life, and Eugene Onegin in the novel of the same name by A.S. Pushkin comes to mind. Bitter is the fate of those who have not found their place in life! Onegin is a gifted man, one of the best people of that time, but he did nothing but evil - he killed a friend, brought misfortune to Tatyana who loved him:
Having lived without a goal, without work
Until twenty-six years old,
Languishing in idle leisure,
No work, no wife, no business
I didn't know how to do anything.
2. People who have not found the purpose of life are unhappy. Pechorin in “Hero of Our Time” by M.Yu. Lermontov is active, smart, resourceful, observant, but all his actions are random, his activity is fruitless, and he is unhappy, none of the manifestations of his will has a deep purpose. The hero bitterly asks himself: “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born?..”
3. Throughout his life, Pierre Bezukhov tirelessly searched for himself and the true meaning of life. After painful trials, he became able not only to think about the meaning of life, but also to perform specific actions that require will and determination. In the epilogue of L.N. Tolstoy’s novel, we meet Pierre, carried away by the ideas of Decembrism, protesting against the existing social system and fighting for the just life of the very people of which he feels himself a part. According to Tolstoy, this organic combination of the personal and the national contains both the meaning of life and happiness.
2) Fathers and sons. Upbringing.
1. It seems that Bazarov is a positive hero in I.S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons.” He is smart, brave, independent in his judgment, a progressive man of his time, but readers are confused by his attitude towards his parents, who love their son madly, but he is deliberately rude to them. Yes, Evgeny practically does not communicate with old people. How sad they are! And only Odintsova he said wonderful words about his parents, but the old people themselves never heard them.
2. In general, the problem of “fathers” and “children” is typical for Russian literature. In A.N. Ostrovsky’s drama “The Thunderstorm,” it takes on a tragic sound, since young people who want to live by their own minds emerge from blind obedience to the domostroy.
And in the novel by I.S. Turgenev, the generation of children represented by Yevgeny Bazarov is already decisively going their own way, sweeping away established authorities. And the contradictions between two generations are often painful.
3) Impudence. Rudeness. Behavior in society.
1. Human incontinence, disrespectful attitude towards others, rudeness and rudeness are directly related to improper upbringing in the family. Therefore, Mitrofanushka in D.I. Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor” says unforgivable, rude words. In Mrs. Prostakova's house, rude language and beatings are a common occurrence. So mother says to Pravdin: “...now I scold, now I fight; This is how the house holds together.”
2. Famusov appears before us as a rude, ignorant person in A. Griboedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit.” He is rude to dependent people, speaks grumpily, rudely, calls the servants names in every possible way, regardless of their age.
3. You can cite the image of the mayor from the comedy “The Inspector General”. A positive example: A. Bolkonsky.
4) The problem of poverty, social inequality.
1. With stunning realism, F.M. Dostoevsky depicts the world of Russian reality in the novel “Crime and Punishment”. It shows the social injustice, hopelessness, and spiritual impasse that gave rise to Raskolnikov’s absurd theory. The heroes of the novel are poor people, humiliated by society, poverty is everywhere, suffering is everywhere. Together with the author, we feel pain for the fate of the children. Standing up for the disadvantaged is what matures in the minds of readers when they get acquainted with this work.
5) The problem of mercy.
1. It seems that from all the pages of F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” disadvantaged people ask us for help: Katerina Ivanovna, her children, Sonechka... The sad picture of the image of a humiliated person calls for our mercy and compassion: “Love your neighbor ..." The author believes that a person must find his way "to the kingdom of light and thought." He believes that a time will come when people will love each other. He claims that beauty will save the world.
2. In maintaining compassion for people, a merciful and patient soul, the moral height of a woman is revealed in A. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor.” In all the trials that degrade human dignity, Matryona remains sincere, responsive, ready to help, capable of rejoicing in the happiness of others. This is the image of a righteous woman, a keeper of spiritual values. Without her, according to the proverb, “the village, the city, the whole land is not worth it.”
6) The problem of honor, duty, feat.
1. When you read about how Andrei Bolkonsky was mortally wounded, you feel horror. He did not rush forward with the banner, he simply did not lie down on the ground like the others, but continued to stand, knowing that the cannonball would explode. Bolkonsky could not do otherwise. He, with his sense of honor and duty, noble valor, did not want to do otherwise. There are always people who cannot run, remain silent, or hide from danger. They die before others because they are better. And their death is not meaningless: it gives birth to something in the souls of people, something very important.
7) The problem of happiness.
1. L.N. Tolstoy in the novel “War and Peace” leads us, the readers, to the idea that happiness is not expressed in wealth, not in nobility, not in fame, but in love, all-consuming and all-encompassing. Such happiness cannot be taught. Before his death, Prince Andrei defines his state as “happiness”, located in the intangible and external influences of the soul - “happiness of love”... The hero seems to be returning to the time of pure youth, to the ever-living springs of natural existence.
2. To be happy, you need to remember five simple rules. 1. Free your heart from hatred - forgive. 2. Free your heart from worries - most of them do not come true. 3. Live a simple life and appreciate what you have. 4.Give more. 5. Expect less.
8) My favorite work.
They say that every person in his life must raise a son, build a house, plant a tree. It seems to me that in spiritual life no one can do without Leo Tolstoy’s novel War and Peace. I think this book creates in the human soul the necessary moral foundation on which a temple of spirituality can be built. The novel is an encyclopedia of life; The fates and experiences of the heroes are relevant to this day. The author encourages us to learn from the mistakes of the characters in the work and live a “real life.”
9) Friendship.
Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov in Leo Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” are people of “crystal honest, crystal soul.” They constitute the spiritual elite, the moral core to the “marrow of the bones” of a rotten society. These are friends, they are connected by liveliness of character and soul. Both hate the “carnival masks” of high society, complement each other and become necessary to each other, despite the fact that they are so different. The heroes seek and learn the truth - such a goal justifies the value of their life and friendship.
10) Faith in God. Christian motives.
1. In the image of Sonya, F.M. Dostoevsky personifies the “man of God”, who has not lost his connection with God in a cruel world with a passionate desire for “Life in Christ”. In the scary world of the novel Crime and Punishment, this girl is a moral ray of light that warms the heart of a criminal. Rodion heals his soul and returns to life with Sonya. It turns out that without God there is no life. So Dostoevsky thought, so Gumilyov later wrote:
2. The heroes of F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” read the parable of the resurrection of Lazarus. Through Sonya, the prodigal son, Rodion, returns to real life and God. Only at the end of the novel does he see “morning”, and under his pillow lies the Gospel. Biblical stories became the basis for the works of Pushkin, Lermontov, and Gogol. The poet Nikolai Gumilyov has wonderful words:
There is God, there is peace, they live forever;
And people's lives are instantaneous and miserable,
But a person contains everything within himself,
Who loves the world and believes in God.
11)Patriotism.
1. True patriots in Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace do not think about themselves, they feel the need for their own contribution and even sacrifice, but do not expect rewards for this, because they carry in their souls a genuine holy feeling of the Motherland.
Pierre Bezukhov gives his money, sells his estate to equip the regiment. True patriots were also those who left Moscow, not wanting to submit to Napoleon. Petya Rostov is rushing to the front because “The Fatherland is in danger.” Russian men, dressed in soldiers' greatcoats, fiercely resist the enemy, because the feeling of patriotism is sacred and inalienable for them.
2. In Pushkin’s poetry we find sources of the purest patriotism. His “Poltava”, “Boris Godunov”, all appeals to Peter the Great, “slanderers of Russia”, his poem dedicated to the Borodino anniversary, testify to the depth of popular feeling and the power of patriotism, enlightened and sublime.
12) Family.
We, the readers, arouse special sympathy for the Rostov family in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace,” whose behavior reveals high nobility of feelings, kindness, even rare generosity, naturalness, closeness to the people, moral purity and integrity. The sense of family, which the Rostovs take sacred in their peaceful life, will prove historically significant during the Patriotic War of 1812.
13) Conscience.
1.Probably, the last thing we, readers, expected from Dolokhov in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” was an apology to Pierre on the eve of the Battle of Borodino. In moments of danger, during a period of general tragedy, conscience awakens in this tough man. Bezukhov is surprised by this. We seem to see Dolokhov from the other side and one more time we will be surprised when he, with other Cossacks and hussars, frees a party of prisoners, where Pierre will be, when he has difficulty speaking, seeing Petya lying motionless. Conscience is a moral category, without it it is impossible to imagine a real person.
2. Conscientious means a decent, honest person, endowed with a sense of dignity, justice, and kindness. The one who lives in harmony with his conscience is calm and happy. The fate of one who missed it for the sake of momentary gain or renounced it out of personal egoism is unenviable.
3. It seems to me that issues of conscience and honor for Nikolai Rostov in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” are the moral essence of a decent person. Having lost a lot of money to Dolokhov, he promises himself to return it to his father, who saved him from dishonor. And one more time Rostov surprised me when he entered into an inheritance and accepted all his father’s debts. This is what people usually do with honor and duty, people with a developed sense of conscience.
4. The best features of Grinev from A.S. Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter,” conditioned by his upbringing, appear in moments of severe trials and help him get out of difficult situations with honor. In conditions of rebellion, the hero maintains humanity, honor and loyalty to himself; he risks his life, but does not deviate from the dictates of duty, refusing to swear allegiance to Pugachev and make compromises.
14) Education. His role in human life.
1. A.S. Griboedov, under the guidance of experienced teachers, received a good initial education, which he continued at Moscow University. The writer's contemporaries were amazed by the level of his education. He graduated from three faculties (the verbal department of the Faculty of Philosophy, the Faculty of Science and Mathematics and the Faculty of Law) and received the academic title of candidate of these sciences. Griboyedov studied Greek, Latin, English, French and German, and spoke Arabic, Persian and Italian. Alexander Sergeevich was fond of theater. He was one of the excellent writers and diplomats.
We consider 2. M. Yu. Lermontov to be one of the great writers of Russia and the progressive noble intelligentsia. He was called a revolutionary romantic. Although Lermontov left the university because the leadership considered his stay there undesirable, the poet was distinguished by a high level of self-education. He began to write poetry early, drew beautifully, and played music. Lermontov constantly developed his talent and left his descendants a rich creative heritage.
15) Officials. Power.
1. I. Krylov, N. V. Gogol, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in their works ridiculed those officials who humiliate their subordinates and pander to their superiors. Writers condemn them for rudeness, indifference to the people, embezzlement and bribery. It’s not for nothing that Shchedrin is called the prosecutor of public life. His satire was full of sharp journalistic content.
2. In the comedy “The Inspector General,” Gogol showed the officials inhabiting the city - the embodiment of the passions rampant in it. He denounced the entire bureaucratic system, portrayed a vulgar society plunged into universal deception. Officials are far from the people, busy only with material well-being. The writer not only exposes their abuses, but also shows that they have acquired the character of a “disease.” Lyapkin-Tyapkin, Bobchinsky, Zemlyanika and other characters are ready to humiliate themselves before their superiors, but they do not consider simple petitioners to be people.
3. Our society has moved to a new level of management, so the order in the country has changed, the fight against corruption and inspections are underway. It is sad to recognize in many modern officials and politicians emptiness covered by indifference. Gogol's types have not disappeared. They exist in a new guise, but with the same emptiness and vulgarity.
16) Intelligence. Spirituality.
1. I evaluate an intelligent person by his ability to behave in society and by his spirituality. Andrei Bolkonsky in Leo Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” is my favorite hero, whom young men of our generation can imitate. He is smart, educated, intelligent. He is characterized by such character traits that make up spirituality as a sense of duty, honor, patriotism, and mercy. Andrey is disgusted by the world with its pettiness and falseness. It seems to me that the prince’s feat is not only that he rushed with a banner at the enemy, but also that he consciously abandoned false values, choosing compassion, kindness and love.
2. In the comedy “The Cherry Orchard,” A.P. Chekhov denies intelligence to people who do nothing, are incapable of work, don’t read anything serious, only talk about science, and understand little about art. He believes that humanity must improve its strength, work hard, help those who suffer, and strive for moral purity.
3. Andrei Voznesensky has wonderful words: “There is a Russian intelligentsia. Do you think no? Eat!"
17)Mother. Motherhood.
1. With trepidation and excitement, A.I. Solzhenitsyn remembered his mother, who sacrificed a lot for her son. Persecuted by the authorities because of her husband’s “White Guard” and her father’s “former wealth,” she could not work in an institution that paid well, although she knew foreign languages perfectly and had studied shorthand and typewriting. The great writer is grateful to his mother for doing everything to instill in him diverse interests and give him a higher education. In his memory, his mother remained an example of universal moral values.
2.V.Ya.Bryusov connects the theme of motherhood with love and composes an enthusiastic praise to the woman-mother. This is the humanistic tradition of Russian literature: the poet believes that the movement of the world, humanity comes from a woman - a symbol of love, self-sacrifice, patience and understanding.
18) Labor is laziness.
Valery Bryusov created a hymn to labor, which also contains the following passionate lines:
And the right to a place in life
Only to those whose days are in labor:
Glory to the workers only,
Only for them - a wreath for centuries!
19)Theme of love.
Every time Pushkin wrote about love, his soul became enlightened. In the poem: “I loved you...” the poet’s feeling is anxious, love has not yet cooled down, it lives in him. Light sadness is caused by an unrequited strong feeling. He confesses to his beloved, and how strong and noble his impulses are:
I loved you silently, hopelessly,
We are tormented by timidity and jealousy...
The nobility of the poet's feelings, tinged with light and subtle sadness, is expressed simply and directly, warmly and, as always with Pushkin, enchantingly musical. This is the true power of love, which resists vanity, indifference, and dullness!
20)Purity of language.
1.During its history, Russia has experienced three eras of contamination of the Russian language. The first happened under Peter 1, when there were over three thousand marine terms of foreign words alone. The second era came with the 1917 revolution. But the darkest time for our language is the endXX- StartXXIcenturies, when we witnessed the degradation of language. Just look at the phrase heard on television: “Don’t slow down – grab a snicker!” Americanisms have overwhelmed our speech. I am sure that the purity of speech must be strictly monitored, it is necessary to eradicate clericalism, jargon, and the abundance of foreign words that displace beautiful, correct literary speech, which is the standard of Russian classics.
2. Pushkin did not have the opportunity to save the Fatherland from enemies, but he was given the opportunity to decorate, elevate and glorify its language. The poet extracted unheard-of sounds from the Russian language and “hit the hearts” of readers with unknown force. Centuries will pass, but these poetic treasures will remain for posterity in all the charm of their beauty and will never lose their strength and freshness:
I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly,
How God grant that your beloved be different!
21)Nature. Ecology.
1. I. Bunin’s poetry is characterized by a caring attitude towards nature, he worries about itcprotection for purity, therefore his lyrics contain many bright, rich colors of love and hope. Nature feeds the poet with optimism; through her images he expresses his philosophy of life:
My spring will pass, and this day will pass,
But it's fun to wander around and know that everything passes,
Meanwhile, the happiness of living will never die...
In the poem “Forest Road,” nature is the source of happiness and beauty for humans.
2.V. Astafiev’s book “The Fish Tsar” consists of many essays, stories and short stories. The chapters “Dream of the White Mountains” and “King Fish” talk about the interaction of man with nature. The writer bitterly names the reason for the destruction of nature - this is the spiritual impoverishment of man. His duel with the fish has a sad outcome. In general, in his discussions about man and the world around him, Astafiev concludes that nature is a temple, and man is part of nature, and therefore is obliged to protect this common home for all living things, to preserve its beauty.
3.Accidents at nuclear power plants affect the inhabitants of entire continents, even the entire Earth. They have long-term consequences. Many years ago, the worst man-made disaster occurred - the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The territories of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia suffered the most. The consequences of the disaster are global. For the first time in human history, an industrial accident has reached such a scale that its consequences can be found anywhere in the world. Many people received terrible doses of radiation and died painful deaths. Chernobyl contamination continues to cause increased mortality among people of all ages. Cancer is one of the typical manifestations of the effects of radiation. The accident at the nuclear power plant resulted in a decrease in the birth rate, an increase in mortality, genetic disorders... People must remember Chernobyl for the sake of the future, know about the dangers of radiation and do everything to ensure that such disasters never happen again.
22) The role of art .
My contemporary, poet and prose writer Elena Taho-Godi, wrote about the influence of art on people:
You can live without Pushkin
And without Mozart's music too -
Without everything that is spiritually dearer,
Without a doubt, you can live.
Even better, calmer, simpler
Without absurd passions and worries
And more carefree, of course,
Just how to meet this deadline?..
23) About our little brothers .
1. I immediately remembered the amazing story “Tame Me,” where Yulia Drunina talks about an unfortunate, trembling from hunger, fear and cold, an unwanted animal in the market, which somehow immediately turned into a household idol. The whole family of the poetess joyfully worshiped him. In another story, the title of which is symbolic, “Responsible for everyone I have tamed,” she will say that the attitude towards “our smaller brothers,” towards creatures who are completely dependent on us, is a “touchstone” for each of us .
2. In many of Jack London’s works, humans and animals (dogs) go through life side by side and help each other in all situations. When, for hundreds of kilometers of snowy silence, you are the only representative of the human race, there is no better and more devoted assistant than a dog, and, moreover, unlike a person, it is not capable of lies and betrayal.
24) Homeland. Small homeland.
Each of us has our own small homeland - the place from which our first perception of the world around us begins, the comprehension of love for the country. The poet Sergei Yesenin’s most cherished memories are associated with the Ryazan village: with the blue that fell into the river, a raspberry field, a birch grove, where he experienced “lake melancholy” and aching sadness, where he overheard the cry of an oriole, the conversation of sparrows, the rustle of grass. And I immediately imagined that beautiful dewy morning that the poet encountered in his childhood and which gave him a holy “sense of homeland”:
Woven over the lake
Scarlet light of dawn...
25) Historical memory.
1. A. Tvardovsky wrote:
The war has passed, the suffering has passed,
But pain calls to people.
Come on people, never
Let's not forget about this.
2. The works of many poets are dedicated to the people’s feat in the Great Patriotic War. The memory of what we experienced does not die. A.T. Tvardovsky writes that the blood of the fallen was not shed in vain: the survivors must maintain peace so that descendants live happily on earth:
I bequeath in that life
You should be happy
And to my native fatherland
Thanks to them, the war heroes, we live in peace. The Eternal Flame burns, reminding us of the lives given for our homeland.
26) Beauty.
Sergei Yesenin glorifies everything beautiful in his lyrics. Beauty for him is peace and harmony, nature and love for the homeland, tenderness for his beloved: “How beautiful the Earth is and the people on it!”
People will never be able to overcome the feeling of beauty, because the world will not change endlessly, but what pleases the eye and excites the soul will always remain. We freeze with delight, listening to eternal music born of inspiration, admiring nature, reading poetry... And we love, idolize, dream of something mysterious and beautiful. Beauty is everything that gives happiness.
27) Philistinism.
1. In the satirical comedies “The Bedbug” and “Bathhouse” V. Mayakovsky ridicules such vices as philistinism and bureaucracy. There is no place in the future for the main character of the play “The Bedbug”. Mayakovsky's satire has a sharp focus and reveals the shortcomings that exist in any society.
2. In the story of the same name by A.P. Chekhov, Jonah is the personification of the passion for money. We see the impoverishment of his spirit, physical and spiritual “detachment.” The writer told us about the loss of personality, the irreparable waste of time - the most valuable asset of human life, about personal responsibility to oneself and society. Memories of the loan notes he had with himWith such pleasure he takes it out of his pockets in the evenings, it extinguishes the feelings of love and kindness in him.
28) Great people. Talent.
1. Omar Khayyam is a great, brilliantly educated man who lived an intellectually rich life. His rubai is the story of the ascent of the poet’s soul to the high truth of existence. Khayyam is not only a poet, but also a master of prose, a philosopher, a truly great man. He died, and in the “firmament” of the human spirit his star has been shining for almost a thousand years, and its light, alluring and mysterious, does not dim, but on the contrary, becomes brighter:
Be I the Creator, the Ruler of the heights,
It would incinerate the old firmament.
And I would pull on a new one, under which
Envy does not sting, anger does not scurry around.
2. Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn is the honor and conscience of our era. He was a participant in the Great Patriotic War and was awarded for heroism shown in battle. For disapproving statements about Lenin and Stalin, he was arrested and sentenced to eight years in forced labor camps. In 1967, he sent an open letter to the USSR Writers' Congress calling for an end to censorship. He, a famous writer, was persecuted. In 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. The years of recognition were difficult, but he returned to Russia, wrote a lot, his journalism is considered to be moral sermons. Solzhenitsyn is rightly considered a fighter for freedom and human rights, a politician, ideologist, and public figure who served the country honestly and selflessly. His best works are “The Gulag Archipelago”, “Matryonin’s Dvor”, “Cancer Ward”...
29) The problem of material support. Wealth.
Unfortunately, money and the passion for hoarding have recently become the universal measure of all the values of many people. Of course, for many citizens this is the personification of well-being, stability, reliability, security, even a guarantor of love and respect - no matter how paradoxical it may sound.
For people like Chichikov in N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls” and many Russian capitalists, it was not difficult to first “curry favor”, flatter, give bribes, be “pushed around”, so that later they themselves could “push around” and take bribes, and live luxuriously .
30) Freedom - non-freedom.
I read E. Zamyatin’s novel “We” in one breath. Here we can see the idea of what can happen to a person and society when, submitting to an abstract idea, they voluntarily give up freedom. People turn into an appendage of the machine, into cogs. Zamyatin showed the tragedy of overcoming the human in a person, the loss of a name as the loss of one’s own “I”.
31) Time problem .
During his long creative life, L.N. Tolstoy was constantly short of time. His working day began at dawn. The writer absorbed the morning smells, saw the sunrise, awakening and... created. He tried to get ahead of his time, warning humanity against moral catastrophes. This wise classic either kept pace with the times, or was one step ahead of it. Tolstoy’s work is still in demand all over the world: “Anna Karenina”, “War and Peace”, “The Kreutzer Sonata”...
32) Morality.
It seems to me that my soul is a flower that guides me through life so that I live according to my conscience, and the spiritual power of man is that luminous matter that is woven by the world of my sun. We must live according to the commandments of Christ in order for humanity to be humane. To be moral, you need to work hard on yourself:
And God is silent
For a grave sin,
Because they doubted God,
He punished everyone with love
So that in pain we learn to believe.
33) Space.
Hypostasis of T.I.’s poetry Tyutchev is the world of Copernicus, Columbus, a daring personality reaching out to the abyss. This is what makes the poet close to me, a man of the century of unheard-of discoveries, scientific daring, and the conquest of space. He instills in us a feeling of the boundlessness of the world, its greatness and mystery. The value of a person is determined by the ability to admire and be amazed. Tyutchev was endowed with this “cosmic feeling” like no other.
34Favorite city.
In the poetry of Marina Tsvetaeva, Moscow is a majestic city. In the poem “Over the blue of the groves near Moscow .....” the ringing of Moscow bells sheds a balm on the soul of the blind. This city is sacred for Tsvetaeva. She confesses to him the love that she absorbed, it seems, with her mother’s milk, and passed on to her own children:
And you don’t know what will dawn in the Kremlin
It’s easier to breathe than anywhere on earth!
35) Love for the Motherland.
In S. Yesenin’s poems we feel the complete unity of the lyrical hero with Russia. The poet himself will say that the feeling of the Motherland is the main thing in his work. Yesenin has no doubt about the need for changes in life. He believes in future events that will awaken dormant Rus'. Therefore, he created such works as “Transfiguration”, “O Rus', Flap Your Wings”:
O Rus', flap your wings,
Put up another support!
With other names
A different steppe is emerging.
36) Historical memory.
1. “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy, “Sotnikov” and “Obelisk” by V. Bykov - all these works are united by the theme of war, it bursts into an inevitable disaster, dragging it into a bloody whirlpool of events. Its horror, senselessness, and bitterness were clearly demonstrated by Leo Tolstoy in his novel “War and Peace.” The writer’s favorite heroes realize the insignificance of Napoleon, whose invasion was only the entertainment of an ambitious man who found himself on the throne as a result of a palace coup. In contrast to him, the image of Kutuzov is shown, who was guided in this war by other motives. He fought not for the sake of glory and wealth, but for the sake of loyalty to the Fatherland and duty.
2. 68 years of the Great Victory separate us from the Great Patriotic War. But time does not reduce interest in this topic; it draws the attention of my generation to the distant years at the front, to the origins of the courage and feat of the Soviet soldier - hero, liberator, humanist. When the guns thundered, the muses were not silent. While instilling love for the Motherland, literature also instilled hatred of the enemy. And this contrast carried within itself the highest justice and humanism. The golden fund of Soviet literature includes such works created during the war years as “Russian Character” by A. Tolstoy, “The Science of Hate” by M. Sholokhov, “The Unconquered” by B. Gorbaty...
