New artistic styles classicism. Classic style in architecture

Among artistic styles, classicism, which became widespread in the advanced countries of the world in the period from the 17th to the beginning of the 19th century, is of no small importance. He became the heir to the ideas of the Enlightenment and manifested himself in almost all types of European and Russian art. He often came into conflict with the Baroque, especially at the stage of its formation in France.

Each country has its own age of classicism. It first developed in France - back in the 17th century, and a little later - in England and Holland. In Germany and Russia, the direction was established closer to the middle of the 18th century, when the time of neoclassicism had already begun in other countries. But this is not so significant. Another thing is more important: this direction became the first serious system in the field of culture, which laid the foundations for its further development.

What is classicism as a movement?

The name comes from Latin word classicus, which means “exemplary”. Main principle manifested itself in an appeal to the traditions of antiquity. They were perceived as the norm to which one should strive. The authors of the works were attracted by such qualities as simplicity and clarity of form, conciseness, rigor and harmony in everything. This applied to any works created during the period of classicism: literary, musical, pictorial, architectural. Each creator sought to find his place for everything, clear and strictly defined.

Main features of classicism

All types of art were characterized by following features that help you understand what classicism is:

• a rational approach to the image and the exclusion of everything related to sensuality;
• the main purpose of a person is to serve the state;
• strict canons in everything;
• an established hierarchy of genres, the mixing of which is unacceptable.

Concretization of artistic features

Analysis individual species art helps to understand how the style of “classicism” was embodied in each of them.

How classicism was realized in literature

In this art form, classicism was defined as special direction, in which the desire to re-educate with words was clearly expressed. The authors of works of art believed in a happy future where justice, freedom of all citizens, and equality would prevail. It meant, first of all, liberation from all types of oppression, including religious and monarchical. Classicism in literature certainly required compliance with three unities: action (no more than one storyline), time (all events fit within a day), place (there was no movement in space). More recognition in this style was given to J. Molière, Voltaire (France), L. Gibbon (England), M. Twain, D. Fonvizin, M. Lomonosov (Russia).

Development of classicism in Russia

New artistic direction established itself in Russian art later than in other countries - closer to the middle of the 18th century - and occupied a leading position until the first third of the 19th century. Russian classicism, in contrast to Western European, relied more on national traditions. This is where his originality manifested itself.

Initially it came to architecture, where it reached its greatest heights. This was due to the construction of a new capital and the growth Russian cities. The achievement of the architects was the creation of majestic palaces, comfortable residential buildings, country houses noble estates. The creation of architectural ensembles in the city center, which fully make it clear what classicism is, deserves special attention. These are, for example, the buildings of Tsarskoe Selo (A. Rinaldi), the Alexander Nevsky Lavra (I. Starov), the Spit of Vasilievsky Island (J. de Thomon) in St. Petersburg and many others.

The pinnacle of the architects’ activity can be called the construction of the Marble Palace according to the design of A. Rinaldi, in the decoration of which natural stone was used for the first time.

No less famous is Petrodvorets (A. Schlüter, V. Rastrelli), which is an example of landscape art. Numerous buildings, fountains, sculptures, the layout itself - everything amazes with its proportionality and cleanliness of execution.

Literary direction in Russia

The development of classicism in Russian literature deserves special attention. Its founders were V. Trediakovsky, A. Kantemir, A. Sumarokov.

However, the greatest contribution to the development of the concept of what classicism is was made by the poet and scientist M. Lomonosov. He developed a system of three styles, which determined the requirements for writing works of art, and created a model of a solemn message - an ode, which was most popular in the literature of the second half of the 18th century.

The traditions of classicism were fully manifested in the plays of D. Fonvizin, especially in the comedy “The Minor.” In addition to the mandatory observance of the three unities and the cult of reason, the features of Russian comedy include the following points:

• a clear division of heroes into negative and positive and the presence of a reasoner expressing the position of the author;
• the presence of a love triangle;
• the punishment of vice and the triumph of good in the finale.

Works of the era of classicism in general became the most important component in the development of world art.

Palace at Versailles.

The classicism style was formed in a number of Western European countries in the 17th century, and a little later - in Russia. The emergence of classicism is associated with the stages of the highest development of the monarchical system of these states, primarily absolutism in France.

Place des Stars in Paris is a unique square in world urban planning, crowned with the classic Arc de Triomphe.

Focus on ancient classics,

The driving principle of the mind, the rationalism of the worldview, clearly expressed in the philosophical views of Rene Descartes, his research into the mathematical foundations of the construction of the world became cornerstone new style ideologies,

Regularity, clarity, logic, strict hierarchy and the beauty of craftsmanship, manifested in painting (N. Poussin, M. Losenko, J.-L. David), sculpture (M. Kozlovsky, J. Houdon), literature (J.B. Molière , R. Corneille, G. R. Derzhavin)

The architecture of classicism, once again (after the Renaissance), turning to the inexhaustible heritage of antiquity, fulfilled the social order of the monarchical state. Classical buildings and their ensembles were supposed to emphasize the logic and grandeur of the status quo. The works of classicism performed this work. But now, many years later, it has become completely obvious that the utilitarian ideological role of the art and architecture of classicism in terms of social propaganda is only small part colossal historical and cultural potential of this style. The undeniable beauty and grandeur inherent in any work of classicism turned out to be those irreplaceable qualities that, one must assume, will remain reliable benchmarks for the development of civilization for a long time. It is not surprising that the most rapid modifications of the social structure in Western Europe and even more so in Russia they have always reckoned with the greatness and beauty of classicism. The most ardent critics of the dogma of classicism have still not found anything to replace classical education in art.

The textbook features of classicism architecture are a well-thought-out symmetrical composition, the measure of solemnity and grandeur of which is determined, in part, by the unchanged portico with a colonnade of the Greek or Roman order and a pediment with bas-reliefs. Typical details are accented stairs, classic antique decor, and in public buildings a dome. On the background pastel colors The walls have good views of the most important white elements of the building.

Queens House, Greenwich, architect Inigo Jones. The solemn calm of the classical composition with a clearly highlighted order element of the loggias.

View of Queens House from a distant viewing platform. Behind it are the buildings of the Naval Museum, closer to the Baroque, and even further away is London.

The first monuments of classicism were built in England. The outstanding architect I. Jones left us the Queens House in Greenwich (1635), the ensemble of Covent Garden Square in London (1630). These buildings amaze with their laconicism and purity of classical architecture, emphasized by the lack of decoration. The majestic St. Paul's Cathedral in London by the architect K. Wren shows some Baroque features, but the clear, expressive composition of the order of the cathedral is classical.

St. Paul's Cathedral in London. The symmetrical order composition is enlivened by two towers on the sides, typical of Baroque buildings. The classic two-tiered portico and dome dominate.

A stunning monument of classicism - Versailles (finished in 1708). This huge palace and park complex of a powerful symmetrical composition has long become a household name, denoting a whole layer of images and phenomena that goes far beyond the architectural and historical framework. The architecture of the palace of J. A. Mansart and the park of A. Le Nôtre remains unsurpassed in beauty and grandeur to this day.

Versailles. The front yard of the palace and the square in front of it are clearly visible. The structure of the French regular park is clearly visible.

There are numerous urban planning ensembles and individual monuments of classical architecture in Paris. Truly imperial scope and academic excellence characterize the ensemble of the axis of the Champs Elysees - Tuileries - Louvre, outlined by A. Le Nôtre and realized later, in particular by J. A. Gabriel (Place de la Concorde). The author of the Invalides Hospital, Places Vendôme and Victoire (Victory) was J.A. Mansart. The silhouette of Paris is unthinkable without the majestic dome of the Pantheon, built by the architect J. Soufflot in 1780.

Place de la Concorde in Paris is a classic square, made according to a single urban planning project by J.A. Gabriel.

Place Vendôme. Paris.

Place Vendôme is a solemn order of the beauty of classicism.

Pantheon in Paris.

In the 18th century, classicism served new order- the strengthened bourgeoisie, the main driving force those years. Ideas, rationalism, hierarchy, academic beauty were reflected in combination with skillfully used decor. Classicism reached the apogee of decoration and splendor in buildings of the 19th century, qualified separate style- Empire style

Formed later Western European classicism, the Russian style of this movement seemed to strive to compensate for its lateness on the stage with colossal ensembles and structures. The architecture of St. Petersburg and the ensembles of Moscow, created by famous Russian architects, whose socio-cultural significance and role far exceed their connection with the autocracy in Russia, are unprecedented in the scale of urban planning decisions.

Pashkov's house in Moscow.

The Pashkov House in Moscow, built by V.I. Bazhenov in 1786, perfectly combines the academicism of the classics, the rigor of the order system with the picturesque features of the Baroque. The architect M. Kazakov built, among dozens of other buildings, the Senate in the Kremlin (1787), the Golitsin Hospital (1801). The architecture of St. Petersburg was created by many architects, but the building of the Exchange (A. Thomas de Thomon, 1816) is of key importance to the ensembles. A.D. Zakharov), Kazan Cathedral (A. Voronikhin) and, of course, the ensembles of the Palace and Senate Square K. Rossi, masterpieces of Petrodvorets and Pavlovsk.

Senate building in the Kremlin.

Senate Square in winter.

Palace Square in St. Petersburg.

Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg.

The Exchange building in St. Petersburg.

Classicism gave the world the architecture of such cities as London, Paris, Venice and St. Petersburg. Classicism in architecture dominated for more than three hundred years, from the 16th to the 19th centuries, and it was loved for its harmony, simplicity, rigor and, at the same time, grace. Turning to the forms of ancient architecture, classicism in architecture is characterized by clear volumetric forms, symmetrical axial compositions, direct monumentality and spacious urban planning system.

The origins of classicism in architecture, Italy

Classicism in architecture arose at the end of the Renaissance, in the 16th century, and the great Italian and Venetian architect Andrea Palladio is considered to be the father of this architectural style. As the writer Peter Weil said about Palladio in his book “Genius Loci”:

“Without going into architectural details, the easiest way is to conjure up Grand Theatre or the district House of Culture - they are such thanks to Palladio. And if we were to make a list of people through whose efforts the world - at least the world of the Hellenic-Christian tradition from California to Sakhalin - looks the way it does and not otherwise, Palladio would take first place.”

The city where Andrea Palladio lived and worked is Italian Vicenza, located in northeastern Italy near Venice. Now Vicenza is widely known in the world as the city of Palladio, who created many beautiful villas. In the second half of his life, the architect moved to Venice, where he designed and built wonderful churches, palazzos and others. public buildings. Andrea Palladio was awarded the title of “the most prominent citizen of Venice.”

Cathedral of San Giorgio Mangiore, Andrea Palladio

Villa Rotonda, Andrea Palladio

Loggia del Capitagno, Andrea Palladio

Teatro Olimpico, Andrea Palladio and Vincenzo Scamozzi

Andrea Palladio's follower was his talented student Vincenzo Scamozzi, who, after the death of his teacher, completed work on the Teatro Olimpico.

Palladio's works and ideas in the field of architecture were loved by his contemporaries and were continued in the works of other architects of the 16th and 17th centuries. The architecture of classicism received the most powerful impetus in its development from England, Italy, France and Russia.

Further development of classicism

Classicism in England

Classicism literally swept into England, becoming royal architectural style. A whole galaxy of the most talented architects in England of those times studied and continued the ideas of Palladio: Inigo Jones, Christopher Wren, Earl of Burlington, William Kent.

The English architect Inigo Jones, a fan of the works of Andrea Palladio, brought Palladio's architectural legacy to England in the 17th century. It is believed that Jones was one of the architects who laid the foundation for the English school of architecture.

Queens House, Greenwich, Inigo Jones

Banquet House, Inigo Jones

England was rich in architects who continued classicism - along with Jones, such masters as Christopher Wren, Lord Burlington and William Kent made a huge contribution to the architecture of England.

Sir Christopher Wren, an architect and professor of mathematics at Oxford, who rebuilt central London after the great fire of 1666, created the national English classicism "Wren classicism".

Royal Chelsea Hospital, Christopher Wren

Richard Boyle, Earl Architect of Burlington, philanthropist and patron of architects, poets and composers. The count-architect studied and collected the manuscripts of Andrea Palladio.

Burlington House, Earl Architect of Burlington

The English architect and gardener William Kent collaborated with the Earl of Burlington, for whom he designed gardens and furniture. In gardening he created the principle of harmony of form, landscape and nature.

palace complex in Golkhem

Classicism in French architecture

In France, classicism has been the dominant style since the Great french revolution, when the desire for brevity arises in architecture.

It is believed that the beginning of classicism in France was marked by the construction of the Church of Saint Genevieve in Paris , designed by the self-taught French architect Jacques Germain Soufflot in 1756, later called the Pantheon.

Temple of Saint Genevieve in Paris (Pantheon), Jacques Germain Soufflot

Classicism brought major changes to the city's planning system; winding medieval streets were replaced by majestic, spacious avenues and squares, at the intersection of which architectural monuments were located. At the end of the 18th century, a unified urban planning concept appeared in Paris. An example of the new urban planning concept of classicism was the Rue de Rivoli in Paris.

Rue de Rivoli in Paris

Architects of the Imperial Palace, prominent representatives architectural classicism in France - Charles Percier and Pierre Fontaine. Together they created a number of majestic architectural monuments - Arc de Triomphe on Place Carrousel in honor of Napoleon's victory at the Battle of Austerlitz. They are responsible for the construction of one of the wings of the Louvre, the Marchand Pavilion. Charles Percier participated in the restoration of the Compiegne Palace, created the interiors of Malmaison, Saint-Cloud Castle and Fontainebleau Palace.

Arc de Triomphe in honor of Napoleon's victory at the Battle of Outerlitz, Charles Percier and Pierre Fontaine

Wing of the Louvre, Pavilion Marchand, Charles Percier and Pierre Fontaine

Classicism in Russia

In 1780, at the invitation of Catherine II, Giacomo Quaregi arrived in St. Petersburg as “Her Majesty’s Architect.” Giacomo himself was from Bergamo, Italy, studied architecture and painting, his teacher was the largest German painter era of classicism Anton Raphael Mengs.

Quarenghi is the author of several dozen beautiful buildings in St. Petersburg and its environs, including the English Palace in Peterhof, the pavilion in Tsarskoe Selo, the building of the Hermitage Theater, the Academy of Sciences, the Assignation Bank, the summer palace of Count Bezborodko, the Horse Guards Manege, the Catherine Institute of Noble Maidens and a lot others.

Alexander Palace, Giacomo Quarenghi

The most famous projects of Giacomo Quarenghi are the buildings of the Smolny Institute in St. Petersburg and the Alexander Palace in Tsarskoe Selo.

Smolny Institute, Giacomo Quarenghi

An admirer of the traditions of the Palladian and new Italian schools of architecture, Quarenghi designed surprisingly elegant, noble and harmonious buildings. The city of St. Petersburg owes its beauty largely to the talent of Giacomo Quarega.

Russia of the 18th and 19th centuries was rich in talented architects who worked in the style of classicism along with Giacomo Quarenghi. In Moscow the most famous masters architecture were Vasily Bazhenov and Matvey Kazakov, and Ivan Starov in St. Petersburg.

Artist and architect, teacher, Vasily Bazhenov, a graduate of the Academy of Arts and a student of the French professor of architecture Charles Devailly, created projects for the Tsaritsyn Palace and Park Ensemble and the Grand Kremlin Palace, which remained unrealized because the architect fell out of favor with Catherine II. The facilities were completed by M. Kazakov.

Plan of the architectural ensemble of Tsaritsino, Vasily Bazhenov

Russian architect Matvey Kazakov, during the reign of Catherine the Great, worked in the center of Moscow in the Palladian style. His works include such architectural ensembles, like the Senate Palace in the Kremlin, the Petrovsky Travel Palace, the Great Tsaritsyn Palace.

Petrovsky Travel Palace, Matvey Kazakov

Tsaritsin Palace, Vasily Bazhenov and Matvey Kazakov

Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Ivan Starov is the author of such architectural structures, like the Trinity Cathedral in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, the St. Sophia Cathedral near Tsarskoye Selo, the Pellinsky Palace, the Tauride Palace and other beautiful buildings.

The European direction of classicism was based on the ideas of rationalism and the canons of ancient art. It assumes strict rules creation work of art, which give it conciseness and logic. Attention is paid only to a clear elaboration of the main part, without being scattered on the details. The priority goal of this direction is to fulfill the social and educational function of art.

The formation of classicism occurs in each united territory, but in different time periods. The need for this direction is felt in historical period transition from feudal fragmentation to territorial statehood with absolute monarchy. In Europe, the emergence of classicism occurred primarily in Italy, but one cannot fail to note the significant influence of the emerging French and English bourgeoisie.

Classicism in painting

(Giovanni Battista Tiepolo "Cleopatra's Feast")

IN creative searches sculptors and artists turned to ancient art and transferred its features into their works. This generated a wave of public interest in art. Despite the fact that the views of classicism imply a natural depiction of everything that is presented in the picture, the masters of the Renaissance, like ancient creators, idealized human figures. The people depicted in the paintings are more like sculptures: they “freeze” in eloquent poses, male bodies athletic and female figures they are hyperbolically feminine, even the heroes of old age have taut and elastic skin. This trend, borrowed from ancient Greek sculptors, is explained by the fact that in ancient times man was presented as an ideal creation of God without flaws and shortcomings.

(Claude Lorrain "Afternoon. Rest on the Flight to Egypt")

Ancient mythology also had a significant impact on the development of style. On initial stages it was expressed literally, in the form mythical stories. Over time, the manifestations became more veiled: mythology was represented by ancient buildings, creatures or objects. Late period was marked by a symbolistic interpretation of myths: through individual elements the artists conveyed their own thoughts, emotions and moods.

(Fyodor Mikhailovich Matveev "View of Rome. Colosseum")

The function of classicism in the bosom of the world artistic culture- this is moral public education, the formation of ethical norms and rules. The regulation of creative laws established a strict hierarchy of genres, each of which contained formal boundaries:

• Low(still life, landscape, portrait);
• High(historical, mythological, religious).

(Nicolas Poussin "The Arcadian Shepherds")

The founder of the style is considered to be the painter Nicolas Poussin. His works are built on sublime philosophical subjects. From a technical point of view, the structure of the paintings is harmonious and complemented by rhythmic coloring. Vivid examples works by the master: “The Finding of Moses”, “Rinaldo and Armida”, “The Death of Germanicus” and “The Arcadian Shepherds”.

(Ivan Petrovich Argunov "Portrait of an unknown woman in a dark blue dress")

IN Russian art classicism is dominated by portrait images. Admirers of this style are A. Agrunov, A. Antropov, D. Levitsky, O. Kiprensky, F. Rokotov.

Classicism in architecture

The fundamental features of the style are clarity of lines, clear, uncomplicated forms, and lack of abundance of details. Classicism sought to rationally use every square meter space. Over time, style has been influenced different cultures and the worldview of masters from all over Europe. In the architecture of classicism, the following directions are distinguished:

• Palladianism

The initial form of manifestation of classicism, the founder of which is considered to be the architect Andrea Palladio. The absolute symmetry of the buildings reveals the spirit of architecture Ancient Greece and Rome;

• empire style

The direction of high (late) classicism, the birthplace of which is considered to be France during the reign of Napoleon I. The royal style combines theatricality and classical elements (columns, stucco molding, pilasters), arranged in accordance with clear rules and perspective;

• neo-Greek

The "return" of ancient Greek imagery with features of the Italian Renaissance in the 1820s. The founders of the direction are Henri Labrouste and Leo von Klenze. The uniqueness lies in the detailed reproduction of classics on parliament buildings, museums, and churches;

• regency style

In 1810-1830 a style has developed that combines classical directions with French design. Particular attention is paid to the decoration of the facades: geometrically correct patterns and ornaments of the walls are complemented by decorated window openings. The emphasis is on decorative elements framing the front door.

(Stupinigi - country residence of the monarchs of the House of Savoy, province of Turin, Italy)

The main features of classicism in architecture:

• Majestic simplicity;
• Minimal amount details;
• Conciseness and rigor both external and interior decoration structures;
• A dim color palette dominated by milky, beige, and light gray shades;
• High ceilings decorated with stucco;
• The interior included items exclusively with a functional purpose;
• Decorative elements used were regal columns, arches, exquisite stained glass windows, openwork railings, lamps, carved fireplace grates, and light curtains made of simple materials.

(Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow)

Classicism is recognized as one of the most widespread styles throughout the world. In Europe, the vector of development of this trend was influenced by the works of the masters Palladio and Scamozzi. And in France, the architect Jacques-Germain Soufflot was the author of structural solutions basic to the style. Germany acquired several administrative buildings in the classical style thanks to the masters Leo von Klenze and Karl Friedrich Schinkel. Andreyan Zakharov, Andrey Voronikhin and Karl Rossi made an invaluable contribution to the development of this direction in Russia.

Conclusion

The era of classicism left behind many magnificent creations of artists and architects, which can be seen throughout Europe to this day. The most large-scale projects late XVII And early XIX centuries passed under the auspices of classicism: city parks, resorts and even new cities were rebuilt. By the 20s of the 19th century strict style was diluted with elements of luxurious Baroque and Renaissance.

The Propylaea of ​​the Bavarian architect Leo von Klenze (1784-1864) is based on the Athens Parthenon. This is the entrance gate to Königsplatz Square, designed according to the ancient model. Königsplatz, Munich, Bavaria.

Classicism begins its chronology in the 16th century during the Renaissance, partially returns to the 17th century, actively develops and gains positions in architecture in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Between early and late classicism, the dominant positions were occupied by the Baroque and Rococo styles. The return to ancient traditions, as an ideal model, occurred against the backdrop of a change in the philosophy of society, as well as technical capabilities. Despite the fact that the emergence of classicism is associated with archaeological finds, which were made in Italy, and the monuments of antiquity were mainly in Rome, the main political processes in the 18th century occurred mainly in France and England. Here the influence of the bourgeoisie increased, the ideological basis of which was the philosophy of enlightenment, which led to the search for a style reflecting the ideals of the new class. Antique forms and organization of space corresponded to the ideas of the bourgeoisie about the order and correct structure of the world, which contributed to the emergence of features of classicism in architecture. The ideological mentor of the new style was Winckelmann, who wrote in the 1750s and 1760s. works “Thoughts on the imitation of Greek art” and “History of the arts of antiquity”. In them he spoke of Greek art, filled with noble simplicity, calm majesty, and his vision formed the basis of admiration for ancient beauty. The European enlightener Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (Lessing. 1729 -1781) strengthened the attitude towards classicism by writing the work “Laocoon” (1766). Enlighteners of the 18th century, representatives of progressive thought in France returned to the classics, as a direction directed against the decadent art of the aristocracy, which they considered Baroque and Rococo. They also opposed the academic classicism that ruled during the Renaissance. In their opinion, the architecture of the era of classicism, true to the spirit of antiquity, should not mean a simple repetition of ancient models, but be filled with new content, reflecting the spirit of the times. Thus, the features of classicism in the architecture of the 18th and 19th centuries. consisted in the use of ancient shaping systems in architecture, as a way of expressing the worldview of the new bourgeois class and, at the same time, supporting the absolutism of the monarchy. As a result, France of the Napoleonic period was at the forefront of the development of classical architecture. Then - Germany and England, as well as Russia. Rome became one of the main theoretical centers of classicism.

Residence of the kings in Munich. Residenz München. Architect Leo von Klenze.

The philosophy of architecture of the era of classicism was supported by archaeological research, discoveries in the field of development and culture of ancient civilizations. The results of the excavations, presented in scientific works, albums with images, laid the foundations of a style whose adherents considered antiquity to be the height of perfection, a model of beauty.

Features of classicism in architecture

In the history of art, the term “classic” means the culture of the ancient Greeks of the 4th-6th centuries. BC. In a broader sense it is used to refer to the art of ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. The features of classicism in architecture draw their motifs from the traditions of antiquity, the personification of which was the façade Greek temple or a Roman building with a portico, colonnades, triangular pediment, division of walls with pilasters, cornices - elements of the order system. The facades are decorated with garlands, urns, rosettes, palmettes and meanders, beads and ionics. The plans and facades are symmetrical relative to the main entrance. The coloring of the facades is dominated by a light palette, despite the fact that White color serves to focus attention on architectural elements: columns, porticos, etc., which emphasize the tectonics of the structure.

Tauride Palace. St. Petersburg. Architect I. Starov. 1780s

Characteristic features of classicism in architecture: harmony, orderliness and simplicity of forms, geometrically correct volumes; rhythm; balanced layout, clear and calm proportions; use of order elements ancient architecture: porticos, colonnades, statues and reliefs on the surface of the walls. Features of classicism in architecture different countries became a combination of ancient and national traditions.

London's Osterley Mansion is a park in the classicist style. It combines the traditional order system of antiquity and echoes of Gothic, which the British considered national style. Architect Robert Adam. Start of construction - 1761

The architecture of the Classical era was based on norms brought into a strict system, which made it possible to build according to the drawings and descriptions of famous architects not only in the center, but also in the provinces, where local craftsmen acquired engraved copies of exemplary designs created by great masters and built houses according to them . Marina Kalabukhova