Guide to architectural styles (with examples). Architectural styles of different eras
Classification of architectural styles
style name
style characteristic
plan
image
Canonical
4 thousand BC.
332 AD
Superhuman dimensions, stability, strict symmetry, "quantitativeness", geometrism of forms, grandiosity. Architecture immortalized the pharaoh's deified power and belief in an afterlife.
(Pyramids at Giza, an ensemble of temples at Karnak)
Classical
8th century BC-
5th century AD
This style was developed in Antiquity: Greece, Rome. Light slender architecture Dr. Greece carries in its artistic structure a different spirit of heroism and the significance of man. The main achievement of Greek architects is the creation of an order. Harmony, lightness, simplicity, proportionality to the human scale, practicality, rationalism, solemnity.
(athenian acropolis, Roman Coliseum)
Romanesque
11th-12th centuries
Massiveness, heaviness, heaviness, serf character, the main means of expression- a stele with narrow openings - a cross-bathing system. Thick walls, narrow windows - loopholes in monasteries and castles. The main element of the composition -donjon. Around it were the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders.
(Cathedral Ensemble in Pisa,Cathedral in Worms
Gothic
13th - 14th centuries
The frame becomes the structural basis, huge openings filled with stained-glass windows appear. Arches and portals are drawn out and take on a lancet shape. Lightness, delicacy, weightlessness, aspiration upwards to the sky, to God.
(Cathedral Notre Dame of Paris, Cathedral in Reims V Cologne )
Ancient - Russian
9th - 17th centuries
Majestic simplicity, festivity, elegance, decorativeness, many heads.
(Church of St. Sophia in Kyiv, the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl,
Demetrius Cathedral in Vladimir)
Renaissance
13th - 17th centuries
Symmetry, harmony, balance, geometric correctness of forms. important achievement - creation new architectural form - floors.Windows are treated as the eyes of the building, facade - as the face of the building; those. outside expresses the internal architectural space.
(Church of Santa Maria del Fiore, Palazzo Rucelai, Michelangelo Buonarroti. Dome of St. Peter's Cathedral. Rome )
Baroque
17th century
Quaint, dynamic, restless, richly decorated, sculptural, creation of parks, ensembles, buildings richly decorated with stucco, painting, sculpture.
(Ensemble of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome, Tsarskoye Selo Palace, Hermitage Museum, )
Classicism
17th - 19th centuries
"Classus" is an example. Style absolute monarchies, calm grandeur and noble simplicity, strict rhythm, symmetry, elegance, solemnity.rigor of form, clarity of spatial solutions, geometrism of interiors, softness of colors and conciseness of external and interior decoration facilities
(palace ensemble of Versailles , arrows Vasilyevsky Island, Kazan Cathedral)
Rococo
18 century
"Rocaille" - shell. Refinement, mannerism, luxury, whimsical decorativeness, ornament in the form of a shell.characteristic is the tendency to asymmetry of compositions, fine detailing of the form, rich and balanced decor structure in the interiors, a combination of bright and pure color tones with white and gold, the contrast between the severity of the external appearance of buildings and the delicacy of their interior decoration.( Oval room of the Hotel Subise , palace interiors Winter Palace, Smolny Cathedral)
Empire
18 century
The style of the empire of the Napoleonic era, dryness, academicism, rigor, clarity of lines, cold grandeur.a combination of massive simple geometric shapes with military emblems. passion for the construction of various kinds of triumphal arches, commemorative columns, obelisks. Porticos become important elements of the decorative decoration of buildings. Bronze casting, painting of plafonds, alcoves are often used in interior decoration.
(Schalgren. Arch of the Star in Paris , the building of the main headquarters in St. Petersburg, Leper and Gonduin. Vendôme Column in Paris.)
Modern
19th century
Asymmetry, softened streamlined shapes, curving lines of the ornament, external decorative effect.use of new technologies (metal, glass).Stair railings, lights hanging from the ceiling, even doorknobs- everything was carefully designed in the same style
( (1906, arch. ), Victor HortaHouse of Tassel (1983),Sytin's house The mansion of S. Ryabushinsky. F. Shekhtel. Moscow. 1902
Art Nouveau - late XIX - early XX centuries; characterized various decorations houses, rounding, avoiding regular geometric shapes. Use of large, glazing areas. Facing surfaces are made of decorative bricks, porcelain stoneware, and in some cases - painting. (In the architecture of Moscow -Yaroslavsky railway station, Central Department Store, Metropol Hotel)
Modern
(constructivism,
organic,
retro)
20th century
The use of new building structures, new Construction Materials, abstraction of geometric shapes, aestheticization of structures.
Constructivism - construction environment, the possibilities of new technology, its logical, expedient designs, the aesthetic possibilities of such materials as metal, glass, wood. Constructivists sought to contrast the ostentatious luxury with the simplicity and emphasized utilitarianism of new objective forms, in which they saw the reification of democracy and new relations between people. (Moscow Planetarium, arch. M. Barshch, M. Sinyavsky; Eiffel Tower
G. Eiffel
France)
"organic architecture" - to affirm the necessity and pleasantness for the human eye of flexible natural forms, the connection of architectural structures with the natural environment. (Opera House, Jorn Ustson,
Australia, Sydney )
Retro style- spacious forms, verandas. The exterior decoration of the house is made of modern materials, but stylized antique. There is a contrast here dark colors and bright, roof breaks, valleys, skylights, spacious stairs.
"hi-tech" ("hi-tech") - maximum functionality. No decorative frills. Active implementation the latest technologies into the human environment. Sometimes defiant use of technical forms - brightly colored open pipes, air ducts, elements of engineering equipment, metal structures and other surroundings of the "age of technology"
Designs are characterized by: rigor and simplicity, straight lines, simple geometric shapes. The decor is calm. IN color scheme uniformity prevails. Lots of metal and glass. Metal-glass multi-tiered galleries are popular (Rainbow Center in Niagara Falls, USA, 1978 )
Teaching visual aids and course presentations
"History of Architecture" (CD, posters, slides)
Gothic is one of the most prominent styles of architecture, causing anyone to feel awkward and in awe. Terrifyingly majestic structures delight everyone who sees them.
Gothic architecture began to develop in the Middle Ages on the basis of Romanesque architecture. Gothic structures, which are mostly cathedrals and temples, are characterized by huge arches with a pointed top, decoration of the facade with various carved details, tall towers, narrow columns and, of course, beautiful stained-glass windows.
The most famous monuments of Gothic architecture
St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna is considered one of the most monumental buildings. The construction of the cathedral began in early XII century, but the fire of 1258 destroyed the cathedral almost to the ground. Only in 1511 St. Stephen's Cathedral was completed thanks to the efforts of Anton Pilgram.
The cathedral at Lincoln was rebuilt from a Norman cathedral. The construction of the cathedral took more than a hundred years, some parts of the cathedral still retain the features of the original building. After the earthquake in 1185, the cathedral was rebuilt.
The cathedral in Cologne was founded in 1248. The cathedral was built incredibly slowly, and in 1450 its construction was completely stopped. Only in 1842 was it decided to resume construction, which was completed in 1880. It is worth noting that the cathedral can hardly be called completely finished, it is still being completed. This is largely due to an unusual legend. The architect of the Cologne Cathedral, realizing that he was unable to complete such a monumental structure, invited the devil to help. The devil agreed to help the architect, but when the cathedral is finished and the last stone is in place, the world will end. To avoid the implementation of the threat, the cathedral is constantly being remodeled.
The first stone was laid in 1221, but the construction of the monument of Gothic architecture was completed only in the 19th century. The cathedral is a mighty ship crowned with stone lace.
The Cathedral in Toledo is one of the largest in Europe. Built in 1226-1493, the cathedral became the center of the Catholic faith in Spain. In many ways, this is why the cathedral has lost some features gothic style, but acquired many unusual elements from other architectural styles.
Milan Cathedral is considered one of the most significant creations of Gothic architecture. The first stone was laid in 1386, the construction of the cathedral was completed in the 19th century. Interestingly, the cathedral was built from the most valuable Candolian marble, and not from the usual red brick.
Notre Dame Cathedral is considered one of the most famous monuments Gothic architecture, sung by Hugo himself. The construction of the cathedral began in 1163 and ended in the middle of the 14th century. The cathedral houses one of the greatest relics of Christianity - the crown of thorns of Jesus Christ. The cathedral was built with the money of the king, bishops, ordinary citizens and even prostitutes, who promised that their gift would remain a secret.
Reims Cathedral can be safely called the pinnacle of French Gothic architecture. The beautifully preserved cathedral proudly displays its original decoration and magnificent stained glass windows to visitors.
Construction gothic cathedral began in 1344 and ended in the 20th century. The first temple on the site of the cathedral was built back in 925, a small church was dedicated to St. Vitus.
Brief description of the main architectural styles
Architectural style can be defined as a set of main features and characteristics of architecture of a certain time and place, manifested in the features of its functional, constructive and artistic aspects (the purpose of buildings, building materials and structures, methods of architectural composition).
It is customary to single out architectural styles of global significance:
Prehistoric architecture
Antique architecture. 8th century BC e. - V c. n. e.
· Roman style. X - XII centuries.
· Gothic. XII - XV centuries.
· Revival. Beginning XV - beginning. 17th century
Baroque. Con. XVI century - con. 18th century
Rococo. Beginning XVIII - con. 18th century
· Classicism, incl. Palladian, Empire, neo-Greek. Ser. 18th - 19th centuries
Eclecticism. 1830s - 1890s
· Modern. 1890s - 1910s
· Modernism. Beginning 1900s - 1980s
· Constructivism. 1920s - early 1930s
Postmodernism. From Ser. 20th century
· High tech. From con. 1970s
Deconstructivism. From con. 1980s
In fact, there are practically no pure styles in architecture; they all exist simultaneously, complementing and enriching each other. Styles are not replaced mechanically by one another, they do not become obsolete, do not appear from nowhere and do not disappear without a trace. In any architectural style there is something from the previous and future style. When referring a building to a certain architectural style, we must understand that this is a conditional characteristic, since each piece of architecture is unique and unique in its own way. In order to attribute a building to a specific style, we need to choose the main, in our opinion, sign. It is clear that such a classification will always be approximate and imprecise.
Antique (Greek) style is architecture ancient rome and Greece. This style appeared on the lands of the Aegean Sea so long ago that it was considered the progenitor and even in some way for such trends as Classicism, Neoclassicism, Renaissance. Because the Romans were students of the Greeks, they immediately adopted the antique style, supplementing it with their own elements (dome, arched-order cell).
Roman style. X-XII centuries (in some countries XIII century) (with elements of Roman-antique culture). Medieval Western European art of the time of the complete domination of feudal-religious ideology. the main role in the Romanesque style, harsh, fortified architecture was assigned: monastic complexes, churches, castles were located on elevated places, dominating the area. The churches were decorated with murals and reliefs, in conditional, expressive forms, expressing the frightening power of the deities. The Romanesque era is characterized by nobility and austere beauty.
The Gothic style mainly manifested itself in the architecture of temples, cathedrals, churches, monasteries. In contrast to the Romanesque style, with its round arches, massive walls and small windows, the Gothic style is characterized by arches with pointed tops, narrow and high towers and columns, a richly decorated facade with carved details (wimpergi, tympanums, archivolts) and multicolored stained-glass lancet windows. . All style elements emphasize the vertical. In Gothic architecture, 3 stages of development are distinguished: early, mature (high gothic) and late (flaming gothic). The church of the monastery of Saint-Denis, designed by Abbot Suger, is considered the first Gothic architectural structure. During its construction, many supports and internal walls were removed, and the church acquired a more graceful appearance compared to the Romanesque "fortresses of God."
Renaissance (Renaissance). (fr. Renaissance), a period in cultural and ideological development Western countries. And Central Europe(in Italy XIV-XVI centuries, in other countries the end of the XV-XVI centuries), transitional from medieval culture to the culture of the new age. In architecture, secular structures began to play a leading role - public buildings, palaces, city houses. Using the order division of the wall, arched galleries, colonnades, vaults, domes, architects (Brunelleschi, Alberti, Bramante, Palladio in Italy, Lescaut, Delorme in France) gave their buildings majesty, clarity, harmony and proportionality to man. Particular importance in this direction is attached to the forms ancient architecture: symmetry, proportion, geometry and the order of the constituent parts, as clearly evidenced by the surviving examples of Roman architecture. The complex proportion of medieval buildings is replaced by an orderly arrangement of columns, pilasters and lintels, asymmetrical outlines are replaced by a semicircle of an arch, a hemisphere of a dome, niches, and aedicules.
Baroque (Italian barocco - “vicious”, “loose”, “prone to excesses”, port. perola barroca - “pearl of irregular shape” (literally “pearl with vice”); - characteristic European culture XVII-XVIII centuries, the center of which was Italy. Baroque art is characterized by grandiosity, pomp and dynamics, pathetic elation, intensity of feelings, passion for spectacular spectacles, the combination of the illusory and the real, strong contrasts of scales and rhythms, materials and textures, light and shadow. The palaces and churches of the Baroque, thanks to the luxurious, bizarre plasticity of the facades, the restless play of chiaroscuro, complex curvilinear plans and outlines, acquired picturesqueness and dynamism and, as it were, poured into the surrounding space. The ceremonial interiors of Baroque buildings were decorated with multicolored sculpture, molding, and carving; mirrors and murals illusoryly expanded the space, and ceiling paintings created the illusion of yawning vaults. Baroque architecture (L. Bernini, F. Borromini in Italy, V. V. Rastrelli in Russia) is characterized by spatial scope, unity, fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear forms. Various national variants of the baroque (for example, "Moscow", "Naryshkin" baroque in Russia).
Ukrainian or Cossack baroque - common in the Left-Bank and Dnieper Ukraine in XVII-XVIII centuries a variation of the Baroque style, which is characterized by a combination of decorative and plastic solutions of the Western European Baroque and Renaissance with a creative processing of the heritage of Orthodox church architecture and ancient Russian architecture.
Rococo (French Rococo, from rocaille - a decorative motif in the form of a shell), a style direction in European art 1st half of the 18th century. Rococo, associated with the crisis of absolutism, is characterized by a departure from life to the world of fantasy, theatrical play, mythical and pastoral plots, and erotic situations. Graceful, whimsical ornamental rhythm dominates in Rococo art. The characteristic features of Rococo are sophistication, great decorative loading of interiors and compositions, graceful ornamental rhythm, great attention to mythology, erotic situations, and personal comfort.
Classicism (French classicisme, from Latin classicus - exemplary) - architectural style and aesthetic trend in European art late XVII - early XIX centuries main feature architecture of classicism was an appeal to the forms of ancient architecture as a standard of harmony, simplicity, rigor, logical clarity and monumentality. The architecture of classicism as a whole is characterized by regular planning and clarity. volumetric form. The order, in proportions and forms close to antiquity, became the basis of the architectural language of classicism. Classicism is characterized by symmetrical-axial compositions, restraint of decorative decoration, and a regular system of city planning.
Empire (from French empire - "empire") - the style of late (high) classicism in architecture and applied arts. Originated in France during the reign of Emperor Napoleon I; developed during first three decades of the 19th century; replaced by eclectic currents. The Empire style is a kind of reflection of the Roman classics, combined with Egyptian motifs. Empire architecture is characterized by monumentality, geometric correctness of volumes and integrity ( triumphal arches, columns, palaces). The Empire through numerous attributes and symbols asserted the idea of imperial greatness. The creator of the St. Petersburg Empire style is considered to be the "Russian Italian" K. Rossi. Another prominent architect of the same style was V. Stasov.
Eclecticism (eclecticism) (from the Greek eklektikos - choosing), a mechanical combination of heterogeneous, often opposite principles, views, theories, artistic elements, etc.; in architecture and fine arts a combination of dissimilar stylistic elements or an arbitrary choice of stylistic design for buildings or art products having a qualitatively different meaning and purpose.
Art Nouveau architecture is an architectural style that became widespread in Europe in the 1890s-1910s as part of artistic direction modern. Art Nouveau architecture is distinguished by the rejection of straight lines and angles in favor of more natural, "natural" lines, the use of new technologies (metal, glass). Like a number of other styles, Art Nouveau architecture is also distinguished by the desire to create both aesthetically beautiful and functional buildings. great attention paid not only appearance buildings, but also the interior, which was carefully designed. All structural elements: stairs, doors, pillars, balconies - were artistically processed. Art Nouveau architecture has a number of characteristic features, for example, the rejection of mandatory symmetrical forms. New forms appear in it, such as, for example, "shop windows", that is, wide ones designed to play the role of showcases. During this period, the type of residential apartment building finally takes shape. Multi-storey construction is being developed.
Constructivism, direction in contemporary art 1920s, which put forward the task of constructing the material environment, human environment. Constructivism sought to use new technology to create simple, logical, functionally justified forms, expedient designs ( architectural projects brothers A.A., V.A. and L.A. Vesninykh, M.Ya.Ginzburg, I.I. Leonidov).
Hi-tech (English hi-tech, from high technology - high technology) is a style in architecture and design that originated in the depths of postmodern architecture in the 1970s and found wide application in the 1980s. It is characterized by pragmatism, the idea of an architect as an elite professional, the provision of service architecture, complex simplicity, sculptural form, hyperbole, manufacturability, structure and design as an ornament, anti-historicity, monumentality.
Deconstructivism - a direction in modern architecture, which took shape as an independent movement in the late 1980s in America and Europe and then spread in one form or another around the world.
Imagine that you are traveling to another country. Without cultural program and tourist routes are indispensable, otherwise what's the point of going somewhere at all. You can, of course, lock yourself up in a hotel for the duration of your vacation and have a great time, traditionally lying in bed ..
If you prepare in advance for the trip and study the traditions of the country you are going to, then a foreign culture will become much clearer. How about learning to distinguish between architectural styles and putting one more check in the list of your self-education? In addition, you will be able to impress girls, and it will be much more effective than, for example, the ability to distinguish beers with your eyes closed.
In general, architectural styles are quite confusing and difficult topic for a beginner, and if you do not want to study boring literature, we offer you a simplified guide to world architecture (forgive us professional architects).
1. Classicism
Classicism is a stronghold of symmetry, rigor and straightness. If you see something similar, and even with round long columns, this is classicism.
2. Empire
Empire - this is when classicism decided to become pathetic to the point of impossibility, and even strives to be higher.
3. Stalinist Empire
Of course, the leader of all peoples, Comrade Stalin, lacked pathos and solemnity in the usual Empire style, and in order to show the power of the USSR in all its glory, this style was cubed. This is how the Stalinist Empire style appeared - an architectural style that frightens with its colossality.
4. Baroque
Baroque is when a building looks like a pie with whipped cream, often decorated with gold, stone sculptures and ornate stucco that clearly says its “fi!” classicism. This architectural style spread throughout Europe, including being adopted by Russian architects.
5. Rococo
If it seemed to you that the building was designed by a woman, and there are a lot of all sorts of ruffles and bows covered with gold on it - this is rococo.
6. Ultrabaroque
If you look at the building and from the abundance of stucco and sculptures you cease to understand what is happening around, you can be sure that this is ultra-baroque. The main thing is not to lose consciousness while contemplating such beauty.
7. Russian baroque
Russian baroque is no longer a cake, it is a real cake, painted in Khokhloma.
8. Pseudo-Russian style
Pseudo-Russian style is when he tried to “mow down” under antiquity, but he overdid it and decorated everything too richly.
9. Neo-Gothic
Neo-Gothic is when you are afraid of cutting yourself on a building just by looking at it. Thin long spiers, window openings and fear of injections.
10. Gothic
If you look at the building and there is less danger of cutting yourself, and in the center it has a round window or a stained-glass window with towers on the sides - this is Gothic. On the stucco molding of such buildings in the architectural style, they often like to torment all sorts of sinners and other antisocial personalities.
11. Art Deco
Art Deco is when looking at a building, old American songs by Frank Sinatra played in your head, and imaginary cars from the 60s began to drive through the streets.
12. Modernism
Everything is simple here. Modernism in architectural style is a house from the future, but built with notes of nostalgia for the past.
13. Modern
Art Nouveau in architecture can be studied ancient history. There are a lot of little things and elaborate details, which together represent an integral composition.
14. Constructivism
Constructivism in architectural style is when lovers of cylinders and other strict geometric shapes begin to build houses. They put some kind of trapezoid or cylinder and cut windows in it.
15. Deconstructivism
If you look at a building and see that it has been completely, completely broken, bent and wrinkled, this is deconstructivism. A real geometric hell for a perfectionist.
16. Hi-tech
High-tech architecture includes buildings where there is a lot of glass, concrete, everything is transparent, mirrored and glitters in the sun. Maximum geometricity, rigor and angularity.
17. Postmodernism
Postmodernism is when you look at a building like Malevich's Black Square and don't understand what the author wanted to say, how he was allowed to build it, and why he wasn't treated for drug addiction. However, such bizarre forms also have their advantages.
Of course, professional architects may find such a top of architectural styles blasphemous and generally offended, but make allowances for those who are not so good at history and defining styles. After all, the automotive mechanic will smile indulgently as the architect tries to figure out which way to approach the crankshaft.
The architectural style reflects common features in the design of building facades, plans, forms, structures. architectural styles formed in certain conditions of economic and social development society influenced by religion, state structure, ideology, traditions of architecture and national characteristics, climatic conditions, landscape. The emergence of a new type of architectural style has always been associated with technical progress, changes in the ideology and geopolitical structures of society. Consider some types of architectural styles that served as the basis for a variety of trends in architecture in different periods time.
archaic architecture
Buildings erected before the 5th century BC are usually referred to as archaic architecture. Stylistically, the buildings of Mesopotamia and Assyria (the states of Western Asia) are related to the buildings ancient egypt. They are related by simplicity, monumentality, geometric forms, the desire for large sizes. There were also differences: symmetry is characteristic of Egyptian buildings, asymmetry is present in the architecture of Mesopotamia. The Egyptian temple consisted of a suite of rooms and was stretched horizontally; in the Mesopotamian temple, the rooms seem to be attached to each other randomly. In addition, one of the parts of the temple had a vertical orientation (ziggurat (sigguratu - peak) - temple tower, characteristic temples of the Babylonian and Assyrian civilizations).
antique style
Antiquity, as a type of architectural style, refers to Ancient Greece. Greek buildings were built in the likeness of a residential building "megaron" of the Cretan-Mycenaean era. IN Greek temple the walls were made thick, massive, without windows; a hole was made in the roof for light. The construction was based on a modular system, rhythm and symmetry.
Megaron - means in translation "great hall" - a house of a rectangular plan with a hearth in the middle (beginning 4 thousand BC)
The ancient architectural style became the basis for the development of the order system. There were directions in the order system: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian. The Doric order appeared in the 6th century BC, it was distinguished by its severity and massiveness. The Ionic order, lighter and more elegant, appeared later, and was popular in Asia Minor. The Corinthian order appeared in the 5th century. BC. Colonnades became a sign of this type of architectural style. The architectural style, the photo of which is located below, is defined as the antique, Doric order.
The Romans, who conquered Greece, adopted the architectural style, enriched it with decor and introduced the order system into the construction of not only temples, but also palaces.
Roman style
View of the architectural style of the 10th-12th centuries. - received its name "Romanesque" only in the 19th century. thanks to art critics. Structures were created as a construction of simple geometric shapes: cylinders, parallelepipeds, cubes. This style was used to build castles, temples and monasteries with powerful stone walls with teeth. In the 12th century towers with loopholes and galleries appeared near castle-fortresses.
The main buildings of that era were a temple - a fortress and a castle. The buildings of this era were simple geometric figures: cubes, prisms, cylinders, during their construction vaulted structures were created, the vaults themselves were made cylindrical, cross-rib, cross. In the early Romanesque architectural style, the walls were painted, and by the end of the 11th century. volumetric stone reliefs appeared on the facades.
